five_o year_n ago_o by_o a_o certain_a prince_n who_o name_n be_v yao_n which_o last_o opinion_n be_v hold_v among_o they_o as_o a_o article_n of_o faith_n shall_v any_o chinese_n refuse_v to_o believe_v he_o will_v be_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o heretic_n and_o as_o such_o a_o one_o be_v severe_o punish_v so_o that_o shall_v the_o preacher_n of_o the_o gospel_n but_o once_o testify_v either_o by_o write_v or_o by_o word_n of_o mouth_n that_o they_o make_v a_o doubt_n of_o it_o that_o alone_o will_v be_v sufficient_a to_o shut_v the_o door_n upon_o our_o sacred_a religion_n and_o cause_v we_o all_o to_o be_v sentence_v to_o death_n the_o very_a bare_a suspicion_n without_o any_o foundation_n of_o a_o man_n incredulity_n in_o that_o point_n be_v a_o sufficient_a ground_n for_o banishment_n for_o this_o reason_n it_o be_v that_o the_o father_n of_o the_o mission_n have_v obtain_v leave_n from_o the_o holy_a see_v to_o stick_v to_o the_o version_n of_o the_o seventy_o approve_v by_o the_o church_n in_o the_o five_o general_n council_n as_o well_o for_o that_o the_o two_o latter_a opinion_n be_v very_o probable_a as_o to_o avoid_v the_o forementioned_a inconvenience_n and_o many_o other_o which_o may_v be_v easy_o imagine_v and_o indeed_o it_o must_v be_v acknowledge_v that_o there_o be_v not_o any_o kingdom_n in_o the_o world_n that_o can_v boast_v a_o train_n of_o king_n so_o ancient_a and_o so_o well_o continue_v those_o of_o the_o assyrian_n the_o persian_n the_o greek_n and_o roman_n have_v have_v their_o period_n whereas_o that_o of_o china_n continue_v still_o like_o a_o great_a river_n that_o never_o cease_v roll_v along_o the_o stream_n that_o fall_v from_o its_o first_o fountain_n this_o long_a continuance_n and_o other_o excellency_n of_o china_n of_o which_o we_o have_v already_o speak_v and_o of_o which_o we_o be_v to_o speak_v in_o the_o progress_n of_o this_o relation_n infuse_v into_o the_o chinese_n a_o pride_n most_o insupportable_a they_o put_v the_o high_a value_n imaginable_a upon_o their_o empire_n and_o all_o that_o belong_v to_o they_o but_o as_o for_o stranger_n they_o scorn_v they_o to_o the_o low_a pitch_n of_o contempt_n and_o all_o the_o advantage_n of_o their_o wit_n and_o learning_n though_o they_o themselves_o have_v little_a or_o no_o knowledge_n which_o be_v not_o so_o much_o to_o be_v wonder_v at_o since_o pride_n proceed_v from_o blindness_n and_o ignorance_n in_o their_o map_n they_o allow_v a_o vast_a extent_n to_o china_n but_o represent_v all_o other_o kingdom_n round_o about_o it_o without_o any_o order_n position_n or_o any_o other_o mark_v of_o good_a geography_n small_a contract_v and_o with_o title_n ridiculous_a and_o contemptible_a as_o for_o example_n siaò_fw-la gîn_fw-la que_fw-la or_o the_o kingdom_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o which_o be_v all_o dwarf_n and_o so_o little_a that_o they_o be_v constrain_v to_o tie_v themselves_o several_a in_o a_o bunch_n together_o for_o fear_n of_o be_v carry_v away_o by_o the_o eâ—…gles_n and_o kite_n niù_fw-fr gîn_fw-fr que_fw-fr or_o the_o kingdom_n where_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v woman_n who_o conceive_v by_o look_v upon_o their_o shadow_n in_o a_o well_o or_o in_o a_o river_n and_o bring_v forth_o none_o but_o girl_n chuen_fw-ge sin_n que_fw-fr or_o a_o kingdom_n where_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v all_o a_o hole_n in_o their_o breast_n into_o which_o they_o stick_v a_o piece_n of_o wood_n and_o so_o carry_v one_o another_o from_o place_n to_o place_n a_o kingdom_n where_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v body_n like_o man_n and_o face_n like_o dog_n a_o kingdom_n where_o he_o inhabitant_n have_v such_o long_a arm_n that_o they_o reach_v down_o to_o the_o ground_n with_o many_o other_o such_o description_n of_o the_o same_o nature_n in_o short_a they_o represent_v the_o neighbour_a kingdom_n such_o as_o be_v those_o of_o the_o tartar_n the_o japanner_n of_o the_o peninsula_n of_o corea_n and_o those_o other_o that_o border_n round_o about_o upon_o china_n under_o the_o title_n of_o the_o four_o barbarous_a nation_n they_o say_v that_o beside_o china_n there_o be_v seventy_o two_o kingdom_n which_o they_o paint_v all_o very_a diminutive_a in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o sea_n like_v so_o many_o nutshell_n and_o their_o inhabitant_n all_o deform_a and_o monstrous_a with_o gesture_n so_o ridiculous_a or_o terrible_a that_o they_o resemble_v rather_o ape_n and_o wild_a beast_n then_o men._n of_o latter_a time_n have_v understand_v something_o of_o europe_n they_o have_v add_v it_o to_o their_o map_n as_o if_o it_o be_v the_o island_n of_o tenariff_n or_o some_o desert_n island_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v that_o the_o viceroy_n of_o quam_fw-la tum_fw-la in_o the_o year_n 1668_o after_o he_o have_v speak_v of_o the_o embassy_n of_o the_o portuguese_n in_o a_o memorial_n which_o he_o send_v to_o the_o emperor_n add_v these_o word_n we_o find_v very_o plain_o that_o europe_n be_v no_o more_o then_o only_o two_o little_a island_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o sea._n they_o divide_v the_o heaven_n into_o eight_o and_o twenty_o constellation_n and_o china_n into_o so_o many_o quarter_n to_o every_o one_o of_o which_o they_o allow_v one_o of_o these_o constellation_n and_o call_v they_o by_o their_o name_n not_o leave_v so_o much_o as_o one_o for_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n they_o give_v to_o their_o own_o most_o loâ—…ty_a and_o magnificent_a title_n but_o to_o foreign_a country_n most_o barbarous_a disagreeable_a and_o scornful_a name_n on_o purpose_n to_o exalt_v their_o own_o empire_n by_o disgrace_v all_o other_o kingdom_n at_o what_o time_n i_o reside_v with_o father_n lewis_n buglio_n in_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o province_n of_o sum_n chuen_fw-ge there_o be_v a_o persecution_n begin_v against_o the_o christian_a religion_n at_o the_o instigation_n of_o several_a thousand_o of_o bonze_n who_o assemble_v together_o from_o all_o part_n of_o the_o province_n and_o the_o same_o time_n accuse_v we_o in_o all_o the_o tribunal_n of_o the_o province_n more_o especial_o before_o the_o tribunal_n of_o crime_n which_o be_v call_v gán_n chan_o sum_o the_o precedent_n of_o which_o make_v answer_v to_o the_o petition_n of_o the_o bonze_n in_o this_o manner_n if_o these_o stranger_n remain_v in_o their_o habitation_n without_o stir_v forth_o or_o teach_v new_a invention_n chum_n que_fw-la chi_fw-mi tá_fw-la uû_fw-fr sò_fw-la pù_fw-fr yûm_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v this_o kingdom_n be_v so_o vast_a that_o it_o be_v able_a to_o contain_v both_o the_o native_n and_o the_o foreigner_n there_o be_v room_n enough_o for_o as_o many_o more_o but_o if_o they_o teach_v any_o new_a doctrine_n different_a from_o the_o sacred_a and_o true_a doctrine_n which_o we_o profess_v in_o this_o great_a empire_n or_o if_o they_o go_v about_o to_o surprise_v and_o delude_v the_o people_n let_v they_o be_v punish_v with_o every_o one_o forty_o lash_n and_o expel_v the_o province_n father_n nicholas_n longobardo_n have_v discourse_v for_o some_o time_n concern_v the_o law_n of_o god_n to_o some_o of_o the_o eunuch_n and_o with_o those_o solid_a reason_n and_o argument_n that_o it_o be_v apparent_a enough_o that_o they_o be_v inward_o convince_v they_o give_v no_o more_o than_o the_o follow_a reply_n chum_n que_fw-la chi_fw-mi uâi_fw-mi hûan_fw-mi yeù_fw-fr tao_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v what_o be_v this_o that_o we_o see_v what_o be_v this_o this_o that_o we_o hear_v be_v it_o possible_a that_o without_o the_o limit_n of_o this_o empire_n there_o shall_v be_v any_o rule_n or_o any_o path_n whereby_o to_o arrive_v at_o true_a virtue_n be_v there_o any_o other_o belief_n or_o any_o other_o law_n and_o i_o have_v many_o time_n observe_v that_o when_o i_o have_v be_v discourse_v with_o the_o learned_a concern_v the_o christian_a religion_n and_o the_o science_n of_o europe_n they_o ask_v i_o whether_o we_o have_v their_o book_n to_o which_o when_o i_o answer_v no_o they_o reply_v altogether_o surprise_v waver_v and_o scandalize_v if_o in_o europe_n you_o have_v not_o our_o book_n and_o our_o write_n what_o learning_n or_o what_o science_n can_v you_o have_v however_o these_o insidel_n deserve_v both_o to_o be_v pity_v and_o excuse_v since_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o imagine_v the_o high_a idea_n which_o not_o only_o the_o great_a lord_n and_o learned_a man_n but_o also_o the_o vulgar_a people_n have_v conceive_v of_o this_o empire_n and_o certain_o beside_o that_o our_o nature_n incline_v we_o always_o to_o put_v a_o value_n upon_o ourselves_o and_o all_o that_o belong_v to_o we_o the_o extraordinary_a grandeur_n and_o advantage_n of_o this_o kingdom_n contribute_v very_o much_o to_o puff_v up_o the_o mind_n of_o the_o chinese_n with_o foolish_a imagination_n and_o unparalleled_a pride_n note_n upon_o the_o three_o chapter_n a._n p._n 59_o the_o chronology_n of_o china_n be_v of_o extraordinary_a importance_n
unprovided_a of_o reason_n as_o to_o believe_v he_o to_o be_v the_o real_a son_n of_o heaven_n but_o only_o that_o he_o be_v a_o adopt_a son_n who_o heaven_n have_v make_v choice_n of_o to_o be_v lord_n of_o the_o empire_n for_o the_o government_n and_o defence_n of_o the_o people_n nevertheless_o we_o can_v deny_v but_o that_o these_o title_n demonstrate_v not_o a_o little_a presumption_n in_o those_o that_o ascribe_v and_o in_o he_o that_o assume_v they_o but_o it_o be_v in_o some_o measure_n excusable_a in_o a_o pagan_a people_n and_o which_o inhabit_v a_o empire_n so_o spacious_a so_o puissant_a and_o so_o flourish_a so_o much_o the_o rather_o for_o that_o the_o king_n never_o make_v use_v of_o they_o when_o he_o speak_v of_o himself_o for_o in_o private_a he_o only_o use_v the_o word_n ngo_n or_o i_o and_o which_o be_v common_a to_o all_o his_o subject_n and_o when_o he_o speak_v in_o public_a seat_v upon_o his_o throne_n he_o use_v the_o word_n chin_n which_o signify_v the_o same_o only_o with_o this_o difference_n that_o no_o other_o person_n but_o himself_o can_v make_v use_n of_o it_o wherein_o he_o be_v more_o modest_a than_o many_o of_o our_o prince_n who_o be_v continual_o swell_v out_o the_o catalogue_n of_o their_o affect_a title_n with_o new_a addition_n the_o most_o part_n of_o sovereign_a prince_n create_v duke_n marquess_n and_o other_o great_a lord_n as_o well_o as_o the_o emperor_n of_o china_n but_o he_o outvie_v they_o in_o this_o that_o of_o late_a day_n he_o take_v upon_o he_o a_o power_n of_o make_v god_n and_o idol_n it_o be_v former_o a_o custom_n in_o this_o empire_n that_o when_o the_o king_n be_v desirous_a to_o recompense_v the_o merit_n of_o any_o illustrious_a person_n for_o the_o great_a service_n which_o he_o have_v do_v the_o kingdom_n he_o build_v he_o up_o after_o his_o death_n a_o magnificent_a palace_n where_o his_o name_n be_v usual_o set_v up_o engrave_v in_o gold_n with_o title_n and_o encomium_n proportionable_a to_o his_o merit_n for_o example_n somewhat_o above_o a_o thousand_o year_n ago_o there_o be_v in_o china_n a_o most_o renown_a captain_n who_o for_o several_a year_n defend_v the_o empire_n and_o the_o people_n and_o restore_v the_o king_n and_o kingdom_n to_o its_o ancient_a lustre_n after_o he_o have_v win_v several_a famous_a victory_n with_o vast_a labour_n and_o toil_n with_o great_a expense_n of_o blood_n and_o at_o length_n the_o loss_n of_o his_o own_o blood_n while_o brave_o fight_v against_o the_o rebel_n of_o his_o king_n and_o country_n therefore_o in_o acknowledgement_n of_o so_o much_o fidelity_n and_o so_o many_o heroic_a action_n the_o emperor_n resolve_v after_o his_o death_n to_o keep_v up_o that_o honour_n which_o he_o have_v so_o well_o preserve_v in_o his_o life-time_n to_o which_o purpose_n he_o build_v he_o a_o magnificent_a temple_n wherein_o he_o put_v his_o statue_n and_o declare_v he_o emperor_n of_o all_o china_n this_o valiant_a captain_n and_o several_a other_o of_o equal_a virtue_n be_v now_o adore_v as_o pagod_n or_o deity_n by_o the_o king_n and_o all_o the_o chinese_n who_o forget_v that_o the_o intention_n of_o their_o ancestor_n be_v only_o to_o honour_v virtuous_a person_n and_o to_o excite_v and_o encourage_v other_o by_o their_o example_n to_o be_v valiant_a and_o faithful_a lose_v by_o degree_n the_o knowledge_n of_o what_o they_o former_o have_v obtain_v that_o there_o be_v but_o one_o only_a god_n and_o plunge_v themselves_o headlong_o into_o idolatry_n at_o present_v the_o king_n assume_v to_o themselves_o a_o privilege_n to_o deisie_n who_o they_o please_v as_o it_o be_v ancient_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o senate_n of_o rome_n of_o which_o i_o shall_v here_o produce_v two_o instance_n that_o merit_v observation_n when_o father_n matthew_n ricci_n first_o enter_v into_o china_n it_o be_v govern_v by_o the_o emperor_n van_fw-mi lie_v who_o reign_n which_o last_v eight_o and_o forty_o year_n be_v no_o less_o happy_a for_o the_o kingdom_n which_o he_o all_o along_o maintain_v in_o peace_n and_o plenty_n than_o he_o himself_o be_v unfortunate_a in_o the_o government_n of_o his_o family_n for_o he_o make_v choice_n for_o tutor_n to_o the_o prince_n who_o be_v heir_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o a_o colao_n or_o counsellor_n of_o state_n a_o person_n of_o great_a policy_n and_o great_a learning_n who_o name_n be_v châ—…_n kâ—…_n cheâ—…_n this_o person_n abuse_v the_o easy_a freedom_n which_o he_o have_v of_o enter_v into_o the_o palace_n which_o his_o great_a reputation_n and_o dignity_n allow_v he_o insinuate_v himself_o into_o that_o familiarity_n with_o the_o emperor_n mother_n that_o she_o abandon_v herself_o entire_o to_o the_o lust_n of_o that_o great_a officer_n which_o when_o the_o emperor_n come_v to_o understand_v he_o forthwith_o put_v he_o to_o death_n as_o for_o the_o lady_n she_o lay_v deep_o to_o heart_n the_o asfront_n and_o death_n of_o the_o colao_n and_o fear_v the_o same_o destiny_n herself_o within_o a_o few_o day_n fall_v sick_a and_o die_v but_o then_o the_o emperor_n in_o some_o measure_n to_o repair_v the_o reputation_n of_o his_o mother_n by_o give_v her_o honour_n more_o than_o ordinary_a solemn_o declare_v that_o she_o be_v kieu_n lien_n pu_fw-fr sa_fw-fr that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o goddess_n of_o nine_o flower_n and_o erect_v her_o temple_n over_o the_o whole_a empire_n where_o she_o be_v adore_v under_o this_o title_n as_o the_o courtesan_n flora_n be_v honour_v among_o the_o roman_n for_o the_o goddess_n of_o flower_n after_o the_o death_n of_o this_o colao_n the_o mandarin_n advise_v the_o emperor_n to_o burn_v the_o commentary_n which_o he_o have_v make_v upon_o the_o book_n compose_v by_o cu_z sum_z sius_fw-la but_o he_o answer_v they_o with_o his_o wont_a prudence_n that_o he_o only_o punish_v his_o evil_a deed_n and_o not_o the_o good_a work_n which_o he_o have_v make_v for_o the_o instruction_n of_o the_o prince_n and_o the_o whole_a empire_n in_o short_a that_o commentary_n be_v the_o most_o excellent_a piece_n which_o the_o chineses_n have_v upon_o that_o subject_a it_o be_v full_a of_o moral_a discourse_n well_o handle_v full_a of_o solid_a maxim_n and_o argument_n and_o of_o clear_a and_o true_a decision_n of_o many_o difficult_a controversy_n and_o for_o those_o reason_n it_o be_v a_o book_n which_o our_o father_n who_o have_v acquire_v the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o language_n study_v very_o much_o it_o be_v about_o four_o hundred_o year_n ago_o that_o a_o bonze_a of_o the_o sect_n of_o those_o that_o never_o shave_v their_o head_n yet_o marry_o by_o the_o chineses_n call_v tao_n su_n so_o insinuate_v himself_o into_o the_o affection_n of_o the_o prince_n then_o reign_v by_o mean_n of_o his_o skill_n in_o chemistry_n and_o after_o that_o by_o his_o magic_a art_n and_o other_o diabolical_a invention_n that_o he_o not_o only_o esteem_v he_o as_o one_o that_o be_v more_o than_o a_o man_n during_o his_o life_n but_o also_o after_o his_o death_n declare_v he_o god_n and_o lord_n of_o heaven_n of_o the_o sun_n the_o moon_n and_o star_n by_o these_o two_o example_n it_o be_v evident_a how_o great_a the_o ignorance_n of_o the_o people_n be_v to_o believe_v that_o the_o emperor_n have_v a_o power_n to_o make_v a_o almighty_a god_n of_o a_o feeble_a miserable_a man_n and_o to_o what_o a_o excess_n the_o flattery_n of_o the_o learned_a extend_v itself_o who_o not_o only_o approve_v but_o persuade_v the_o king_n to_o action_n so_o contrary_a to_o all_o manner_n of_o reason_n which_o give_v we_o a_o opportunity_n to_o convince_v they_o with_o the_o great_a ease_n in_o the_o world_n by_o this_o dilemma_n either_o the_o king_n be_v more_o powerful_a than_o this_o pagod_n or_o this_o deity_n or_o this_o pagod_n be_v more_o powerful_a than_o the_o king._n if_o they_o say_v that_o the_o king_n be_v more_o powerful_a how_o come_v it_o then_o to_o pass_v say_v we_o that_o the_o king_n throw_v himself_o upon_o his_o knee_n before_o the_o pagod_n and_o adore_v he_o by_o bow_v his_o head_n to_o the_o earth_n why_o do_v he_o offer_v he_o incense_n why_o do_v he_o implore_v of_o he_o long_o life_n for_o himself_o and_o peace_n for_o his_o kingdom_n with_o several_a other_o blessing_n iâ—…_n they_o say_v as_o usualthey_v do_v that_o the_o pagod_n be_v more_o powerful_a than_o we_o answer_v they_o thus_o this_o power_n can_v proceed_v from_o any_o other_o reason_n but_o only_o that_o he_o be_v a_o pagod_n now_o it_o be_v the_o king_n that_o make_v the_o pagod_n and_o therefore_o the_o king_n be_v more_o powerful_a than_o he._n and_o to_o let_v they_o see_v that_o the_o pagod_n have_v no_o power_n we_o ask_v they_o whether_o the_o king_n can_v grant_v they_o long_a life_n health_n child_n etc._n etc._n they_o answer_v that_o he_o be_v so_o far_o from_o be_v
a_o new_a history_n of_o china_n contain_v a_o description_n of_o the_o most_o considerable_a particular_n of_o that_o uast_o empire_n write_a by_o gabriel_n magaillans_n of_o the_o society_n of_o jesus_n missionary_n apostolic_a do_v out_o of_o french._n london_n print_v for_o thomas_n newborough_n at_o the_o golden_a ball_n in_o s._n paul_n churchyard_n 1688._o the_o preface_n for_o these_o hundred_o year_n last_o pass_v there_o have_v be_v print_v such_o a_o great_a number_n of_o relation_n of_o china_n that_o they_o who_o have_v read_v they_o will_v perhaps_o believe_v too_o ready_o that_o they_o can_v receive_v no_o new_a information_n from_o this_o however_o my_o confidence_n be_v such_o that_o if_o they_o will_v but_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o read_v it_o they_o will_v hardly_o find_v therein_o any_o thing_n which_o they_o have_v read_v before_o in_o other_o china_n be_v a_o country_n so_o vast_a so_o rich_a so_o fertile_a and_o so_o temperate_a the_o multitude_n of_o the_o people_n so_o infinite_a their_o industry_n in_o manufacture_n and_o their_o policy_n in_o government_n so_o extraordinary_a that_o it_o may_v be_v true_o say_v that_o ever_o since_o the_o undertake_n of_o long_a voyage_n there_o be_v never_o any_o discovery_n make_v that_o may_v stand_v in_o competition_n with_o this_o kingdom_n these_o be_v thing_n know_v to_o all_o the_o world_n and_o so_o there_o need_v not_o much_o more_o to_o be_v say_v to_o make_v the_o learned_a apprehensive_a that_o the_o subject_n be_v large_a enough_o to_o fill_v many_o more_o volume_n than_o yet_o be_v extant_a and_o to_o employ_v the_o most_o able_a and_o judicious_a writer_n to_o this_o it_o may_v be_v add_v that_o among_o all_o the_o great_a number_n of_o relation_n that_o have_v be_v print_v upon_o this_o subject_a there_o be_v few_o that_o merit_v public_a reputation_n or_o that_o have_v be_v write_v with_o a_o design_n to_o inform_v we_o of_o the_o most_o considerable_a particular_n of_o that_o vast_a empire_n the_o relation_n of_o ferdinand_n mendez_n pinto_n in_o all_o other_o place_n where_o he_o do_v not_o speak_v of_o the_o portugal_n affair_n be_v stuff_v with_o fable_n and_o chimera_n which_o he_o have_v invent_v with_o a_o most_o wonderful_a fertility_n of_o imagination_n and_o which_o he_o have_v season_v with_o so_o many_o circumstance_n and_o study_a discourse_n to_o persuade_v and_o prepare_v the_o belief_n of_o his_o reader_n that_o there_o be_v several_a person_n who_o take_v they_o for_o real_a truth_n but_o those_o be_v error_n now_o not_o at_o all_o to_o be_v regard_v see_v that_o the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o nation_n of_o europe_n have_v give_v we_o very_o exact_a and_o sincere_a description_n of_o china_n and_o many_o other_o country_n of_o which_o that_o author_n speak_v for_o example_n he_o say_v that_o the_o city_n of_o nan_n kim_n which_o be_v know_v to_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o smooth_a and_o level_a plain_n be_v situate_v upon_o a_o mountain_n that_o the_o river_n of_o kiam_fw-la which_o run_v through_o it_o and_o be_v call_v barampina_fw-la come_v from_o pe_fw-la kim_n and_o the_o great_a tartary_n that_o china_n contain_v thirty_o two_o kingdom_n that_o the_o city_n of_o pe_n kim_n be_v thirty_o large_a league_n in_o compass_n whereas_o it_o be_v not_o above_o four_o in_o circuit_n or_o five_o at_o most_o take_v in_o the_o new_a city_n that_o it_o have_v three_o hundred_o and_o sixty_o gate_n a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o canal_n of_o three_o fathom_v deep_a and_o twelve_o broad_a and_o eighteen_o hundred_o bridge_n of_o freestone_n whereas_o there_o be_v only_o nine_o gate_n and_o one_o small_a river_n that_o belong_v to_o it_o that_o in_o one_o single_a prison_n of_o two_o league_n square_a there_o be_v keep_v three_o hundred_o thousand_o prisoner_n appoint_v still_o for_o the_o repair_n of_o the_o great_a wall_n that_o there_o be_v other_o building_n also_o to_o be_v see_v as_o wonderful_a or_o as_o extravagant_a and_o one_o among_o the_o rest_n of_o a_o league_n in_o circuit_n build_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o pretend_a river_n of_o barampina_fw-la etc._n etc._n that_o the_o king_n of_o tartary_n come_v and_o sit_v down_o before_o pekim_n with_o twelve_o hundred_o thousand_o foot_n six_o hundred_o thousand_o horse_n seventeen_o thousand_o ship_n and_o fourscore_o thousand_o rhinoceroces_n that_o carry_v the_o baggage_n belong_v to_o the_o army_n and_o that_o the_o same_o king_n lose_v in_o six_o month_n and_o a_o half_a above_o seven_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o thousand_o men._n i_o can_v give_v a_o account_n of_o several_a other_o of_o his_o fable_n particular_o of_o what_o he_o tell_v we_o of_o two_o pretend_a emperor_n both_o of_o equal_a puissance_n siammon_n and_o calaminban_n the_o first_o of_o which_o have_v in_o his_o empire_n seven_o hundred_o province_n fifty_o thousand_o elephant_n and_o eighteen_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o thousand_o soldier_n in_o continual_a pay_n and_o many_o other_o thing_n which_o none_o but_o this_o author_n ever_o hear_v of_o but_o i_o shall_v forbear_v to_o make_v any_o long_o stop_v upon_o these_o fable_n and_o story_n which_o there_o be_v no_o man_n but_o will_v be_v ashamed_a to_o believe_v more_o especial_o since_o there_o be_v not_o the_o least_o shadow_n of_o truth_n in_o any_o thing_n that_o he_o say_v of_o the_o island_n of_o calempluy_fw-fr or_o in_o what_o he_o report_v concern_v the_o language_n name_n manner_n and_o government_n of_o the_o chinese_n the_o relation_n of_o f._n gonzalez_n de_fw-fr mendoza_n be_v true_a and_o sincere_a as_o to_o what_o he_o recount_v of_o the_o the_o travel_n of_o martin_n de_fw-fr harrada_n and_o jerome_n marin_n into_o china_n but_o both_o those_o two_o father_n and_o the_o author_n himself_o listen_v with_o too_o much_o credulity_n to_o the_o vaunt_a relation_n which_o the_o chineses_n make_v of_o the_o grandeur_n of_o their_o empire_n as_o may_v be_v see_v by_o that_o which_o follow_v for_o he_o allow_v china_n to_o be_v eighteen_o hundred_o league_n in_o length_n though_o all_o the_o world_n know_v that_o it_o lie_v within_o twenty_o two_o or_o twenty_o three_o degeee_n that_o be_v to_o say_v not_o above_o four_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o league_n in_o length_n he_o alter_v and_o change_v the_o name_n of_o the_o province_n in_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o it_o be_v almost_o impossible_a to_o know_v they_o again_o he_o make_v the_o city_n of_o pe_n kim_n as_o big_a as_o ferdinand_n mendez_n pinto_n do_v assure_v we_o in_o two_o place_n of_o his_o relation_n that_o a_o man_n mount_v upon_o a_o good_a horse_n and_o ride_v from_o morning_n till_o night_n will_v have_v much_o ado_n to_o cross_v the_o city_n within_o the_o wall_n for_o the_o suburb_n be_v not_o include_v in_o this_o journey_n which_o take_v up_o altogether_o as_o much_o ground_n to_o which_o he_o add_v that_o the_o chineses_n also_o report_v it_o to_o be_v large_a he_o say_v moreover_o that_o in_o the_o single_a province_n of_o paguia_n which_o must_v certain_o be_v pekim_n there_o be_v two_o million_o five_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o thousand_o soldier_n and_o within_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n five_o million_o eight_o hundred_o forty_o six_o thousand_o five_o hundred_o foot_n and_o nine_o hundred_o forty_o eight_o thousand_o three_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o horse_n pedro_n cubero_n sebastian_n in_o his_o voyage_n of_o the_o world_n print_v at_o naples_n in_o 1682._o say_v almost_o the_o same_o thing_n but_o that_o be_v nothing_o to_o be_v wonder_v at_o for_o that_o beside_o that_o he_o often_o mistake_v in_o speak_v of_o the_o most_o know_a country_n of_o europe_n it_o be_v apparent_a that_o he_o have_v copy_v what_o he_o speak_v of_o china_n from_o the_o author_n before_o mention_v i_o can_v cite_v several_a other_o relation_n of_o china_n the_o author_n of_o which_o appear_v to_o have_v be_v very_o much_o misinform_v in_o several_a thing_n but_o beside_o that_o such_o a_o rehearsal_n will_v be_v both_o troublesome_a and_o unprofitable_a we_o have_v several_a other_o that_o make_v we_o amends_o for_o the_o imperfection_n of_o the_o other_o among_o the_o rest_n the_o relation_n which_o seem_v to_o i_o most_o worthy_a of_o credit_n and_o esteem_v be_v those_o of_o father_n trigaut_n the_o annual_a letter_n of_o china_n the_o relation_n of_o father_n semedo_n father_n martini_n and_o the_o modern_a one_o of_o father_n adam_n schall_n father_n greslon_n father_n rouge-mount_n father_n couplet_n r._n p._n of_o orleans_n and_o some_o other_o the_o relation_n of_o father_n trigauâ—…_n be_v the_o first_o that_o ever_o give_v we_o any_o exact_a information_n of_o china_n but_o in_o regard_v his_o principal_a design_n be_v to_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o original_a of_o the_o mission_n of_o the_o society_n of_o jesus_n in_o that_o vast_a country_n and_o of_o their_o settlement_n by_o father_n matthew_n ricci_n ricci_n he_o never_o
speak_v but_o occasional_o of_o the_o affair_n of_o china_n father_n semedo_n indeed_o apply_v himself_o whole_o to_o the_o description_n of_o the_o country_n in_o the_o first_o part_n of_o his_o relation_n wherein_o he_o have_v be_v very_o fortunate_a father_n couplet_n in_o his_o chronology_n and_o father_n martini_n in_o his_o first_o decad_n of_o the_o history_n of_o china_n and_o his_o relation_n of_o the_o tartar_n war_n have_v publish_v almost_o a_o complete_a succession_n of_o the_o history_n of_o that_o kingdom_n the_o same_o father_n martini_n in_o his_o atlas_n have_v make_v a_o geographical_a description_n of_o it_o so_o complete_a and_o full_a that_o there_o hardly_o remain_v any_o thing_n more_o for_o we_o to_o desire_v and_o last_o the_o annual_a letter_n and_o other_o piece_n which_o i_o have_v cite_v give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o various_a success_n of_o the_o mission_n which_o they_o undertake_v inform_v we_o of_o several_a notable_a and_o curious_a particular_n but_o though_o these_o author_n be_v every_o one_o worthy_a to_o be_v esteem_v and_o value_v certain_a it_o be_v that_o we_o want_v still_o a_o very_a great_a number_n of_o considerable_a particular_n whither_o it_o be_v that_o the_o subject_n be_v too_o copious_a to_o be_v exhaust_v or_o that_o those_o other_o design_n which_o they_o propose_v to_o themselves_o divert_v their_o particular_a industry_n however_o it_o be_v it_o be_v apparent_a that_o father_n magaillans_n have_v it_o in_o his_o thought_n to_o have_v supply_v all_o the_o defect_n which_o he_o find_v in_o those_o other_o piece_n and_o whatever_o be_v want_v that_o may_v give_v we_o a_o perfect_a knowledge_n of_o china_n for_o they_o who_o read_v this_o relation_n will_v find_v that_o the_o matter_n therein_o contain_v have_v either_o be_v whole_o omit_v by_o all_o other_o author_n or_o else_o but_o very_o slight_o touch_v and_o therefore_o in_o regard_n they_o be_v thing_n of_o great_a curiosity_n i_o make_v no_o question_n but_o this_o translation_n will_v be_v grateful_a to_o the_o more_o exact_a part_n of_o the_o learned_a world._n in_o a_o word_n it_o seem_v to_o i_o to_o have_v all_o those_o advantage_n that_o suffice_v to_o recommend_v it_o to_o the_o reader_n the_o matter_n be_v of_o great_a consequence_n and_o become_v the_o curiosity_n of_o all_o those_o that_o desire_v to_o know_v remote_a country_n since_o it_o have_v describe_v with_o a_o extraordinary_a exactness_n and_o part_n by_o part_n what_o be_v most_o considerable_a in_o that_o same_o famous_a empire_n of_o china_n there_o you_o shall_v find_v it_o determine_v by_o evident_a proof_n that_o the_o country_n of_o catay_n and_o mangi_n be_v comprehend_v in_o that_o spacious_a kingdom_n it_o discourse_n at_o large_a of_o the_o chinese_n language_n of_o the_o letter_n and_o their_o composition_n of_o the_o word_n which_o they_o comprehend_v of_o the_o excellency_n of_o the_o language_n and_o how_o easy_a a_o thing_n it_o be_v to_o attain_v it_o which_o give_v we_o a_o far_o different_a idea_n of_o it_o from_o whatever_o we_o have_v have_v till_o now_o of_o the_o chinese_n book_n and_o their_o antiquity_n and_o the_o great_a number_n of_o they_o upon_o all_o sort_n of_o subject_n of_o the_o antiquity_n of_o their_o kingdom_n and_o their_o king_n of_o the_o certain_a and_o successive_a continuance_n of_o the_o chinese_n chronology_n from_o the_o next_o age_n to_o the_o deluge_n it_o show_v we_o the_o industry_n of_o the_o chinese_n in_o many_o thing_n their_o wonderful_a form_n of_o government_n and_o all_o their_o different_a tribunal_n with_o a_o world_n of_o other_o circumstance_n there_o you_o find_v a_o exact_a acount_n of_o all_o their_o public_a work_n and_o a_o particular_a description_n of_o some_o magnificent_a bridge_n the_o great_a canal_n the_o city_n of_o pe_n kim_n their_o most_o sumptuous_a house_n their_o principal_a temple_n and_o the_o vast_a and_o spacious_a palace_n of_o the_o emperor_n which_o comprehend_v within_o it_o several_a other_o sufficient_a to_o make_v we_o admire_v their_o architecture_n and_o the_o form_n and_o contrivance_n of_o their_o building_n last_o there_o be_v a_o description_n of_o a_o certain_a sort_n of_o wax_n which_o be_v not_o any_o where_o else_o to_o be_v find_v of_o the_o riches_n of_o china_n of_o the_o emperor_n revenue_n of_o some_o remarkable_a ceremony_n and_o of_o so_o many_o other_o particular_n which_o it_o will_v be_v here_o too_o tedious_a a_o trouble_n to_o repeat_v the_o author_n be_v well_o inform_v of_o all_o those_o thing_n of_o which_o he_o give_v we_o a_o account_n he_o have_v travel_v over_o all_o the_o chief_a part_n of_o china_n from_o the_o year_n 1640._o to_o 1648._o at_o what_o time_n he_o be_v carry_v to_o pe_n kim_n where_o he_o stay_v nine_o and_o twenty_o year_n at_o the_o court_n that_o be_v to_o say_v till_o his_o death_n which_o happen_v in_o the_o year_n 1677._o without_o stir_v from_o thence_o unless_o it_o be_v once_o that_o he_o be_v send_v to_o macao_n by_o the_o command_n of_o the_o emperor_n so_o long_a and_o constant_a a_o residence_n the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o language_n and_o book_n his_o conversation_n with_o person_n the_o most_o considerable_a in_o the_o kingdom_n the_o liberty_n which_o he_o have_v to_o enter_v into_o the_o palace_n the_o choice_n which_o he_o make_v of_o the_o matter_n and_o particular_n of_o which_o he_o give_v a_o account_n will_v easy_o confirm_v we_o that_o he_o have_v a_o perfect_a knowledge_n of_o the_o thing_n of_o which_o he_o give_v we_o the_o relation_n so_o that_o although_o the_o description_n which_o he_o give_v we_o of_o the_o emperor_n palace_n do_v not_o agree_v with_o that_o which_o we_o find_v in_o the_o dutch_a embassy_n to_o china_n yet_o there_o be_v all_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o world_n to_o prefer_v the_o testimony_n of_o this_o author_n before_o that_o relation_n the_o sincerity_n also_o and_o reality_n of_o father_n magaillans_n far_o appear_v by_o this_o that_o he_o make_v no_o scruple_n to_o correct_a father_n martini_n where_o he_o know_v he_o to_o be_v in_o a_o error_n though_o in_o other_o place_n he_o confirm_v by_o his_o testimony_n the_o esteem_n which_o all_o europe_n have_v for_o the_o work_n of_o that_o father_n and_o for_o that_o he_o speak_v with_o moderation_n of_o many_o other_o thing_n where_o the_o author_n have_v stretch_v too_o far_o in_o their_o relation_n have_v thus_o far_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o worth_n and_o merit_n of_o this_o relation_n it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o tell_v the_o reader_n how_o it_o fall_v into_o my_o hand_n it_o be_v now_o about_o three_o year_n since_o that_o f._n couplet_n come_v to_o rome_n in_o the_o quality_n of_o procurator_n for_o the_o mission_n of_o china_n have_v several_a occasion_n to_o wait_v upon_o cardinal_n d'_fw-fr estrees_n where_o i_o have_v the_o honour_n to_o be_v at_o that_o time_n his_o eminency_n ask_v he_o several_a curious_a question_n concern_v china_n but_o chief_o concern_v pe_n kim_n the_o emperor_n court_n and_o the_o government_n and_o policy_n of_o that_o great_a kingdom_n to_o which_o the_o father_n give_v his_o eminency_n all_o the_o satisfaction_n he_o can_v desire_v so_o far_o as_o he_o know_v but_o in_o regard_n he_o have_v never_o be_v but_o once_o at_o pe_n kim_n when_o he_o be_v carry_v prisoner_n thither_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o late_a persecution_n he_o answer_v the_o cardinal_n with_o his_o usual_a sincerity_n that_o he_o be_v not_o so_o well_o inform_v as_o to_o those_o other_o particular_a question_n which_o his_o eminency_n put_v to_o he_o but_o that_o he_o have_v bring_v out_o of_o china_n a_o portugese_n manuscript_n write_v by_o f._n gabriel_n de_fw-fr magaillans_n where_o he_o will_v find_v the_o plenary_a satisfaction_n of_o all_o that_o he_o desire_v to_o know_v and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n present_v the_o manuscript_n to_o his_o eminency_n who_o have_v read_v it_o over_o with_o great_a delight_n give_v it_o into_o my_o hand_n upon_o a_o proffer_n which_o i_o make_v he_o to_o translate_v it_o however_o i_o find_v it_o a_o more_o difficult_a task_n than_o i_o imagine_v for_o though_o father_n de_fw-fr magaillan_n have_v deliver_v it_o fair_o write_v yet_o by_o a_o unfortunate_a accident_n it_o happen_v to_o be_v half_o burn_v so_o that_o i_o be_v force_v to_o have_v recourse_n to_o the_o confuse_a original_a which_o have_v be_v lucky_o preserve_v which_o be_v the_o great_a part_n write_v in_o loose_a paper_n it_o require_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o time_n to_o place_v they_o in_o order_n and_o find_v out_o the_o connection_n the_o author_n have_v entitle_v his_o work_n the_o twelve_o excellency_n of_o china_n but_o this_o title_n seem_v to_o i_o to_o be_v too_o much_o affect_v and_o not_o answerable_a to_o the_o subject_a for_o it_o be_v not_o limit_v to_o
as_o we_o pronounce_v it_o in_o totality_n and_o totus_fw-la v_o consonant_a as_o we_o do_v u_o vowel_n as_o the_o latin_a u_o or_o the_o french_a ou_fw-fr except_o in_o these_o word_n chu_n triu_n xiu_o thou_o tiu_n niu_n siu_n etc._n etc._n x_o be_v pronounce_v as_o in_o portuguese_a or_o ch_n in_o french_a as_o for_o example_n xansi_fw-fr xensi_fw-la as_o if_o it_o be_v write_v chansi_fw-la or_o chensi_fw-la i_o take_v those_o observation_n upon_o the_o pronunciation_n from_o father_n couplet_n from_o a_o chinese_n that_o be_v bring_v out_o of_o china_n from_o my_o author_n and_o out_o of_o father_n greslones_n preface_n to_o his_o relation_n the_o content_n chap._n i._n of_o the_o name_n which_o the_o chineses_n and_o foreigner_n give_v to_o china_n and_o of_o the_o country_n of_o catai_n and_o mangi_n p._n 1_o chap._n ii_o of_o the_o extent_n and_o division_n of_o china_n of_o the_o number_n of_o the_o city_n and_o other_o wall_a town_n and_o some_o other_o particular_n observe_v by_o the_o chinese_n author_n p._n 31_o chap._n iii_o of_o the_o antiquity_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o china_n and_o what_o a_o high_a opinion_n the_o chineses_n have_v of_o it_o p._n 59_o chap._n iu_o of_o the_o letter_n and_o language_n of_o china_n p._n 68_o chap._n v._o of_o the_o wit_n of_o the_o chinese_n and_o their_o principal_a book_n p._n 87_o chap._n vi_o of_o the_o civility_n and_o politeness_n of_o the_o chinese_n and_o of_o some_o of_o their_o feast_n p._n 101_o chap._n vii_o of_o the_o public_a work_n and_o building_n of_o the_o chinese_n and_o particular_o of_o the_o grand_a canal_n p._n 113_o chap._n viii_o of_o the_o great_a industry_n of_o this_o nation_n p._n 121_o chap._n ix_o of_o the_o navigation_n of_o the_o chinese_n p._n 128_o chap._n x._o of_o the_o great_a plenty_n of_o all_o thing_n in_o china_n p._n 133_o chap._n xi_o of_o the_o nobility_n of_o the_o empire_n p._n 145_o chap._n xii_o of_o the_o wonderful_a government_n of_o this_o empire_n of_o the_o distinction_n between_o the_o mandarin_n and_o of_o the_o council_n of_o state_n p._n 193_o chap._n xiii_o of_o the_o eleven_o supreme_a tribunal_n or_o of_o the_o six_o tribunal_n of_o the_o mandarin_n for_o letter_n and_o the_o five_o tribunal_n of_o the_o mandarin_n for_o military_a affair_n p._n 200_o chap._n fourteen_o of_o several_a other_o tribunal_n of_o pekim_n p._n 218_o chap._n xv._n of_o several_a tribunal_n and_o mandarin_n of_o province_n p._n 241_o chap._n xvi_o of_o the_o grandeur_n of_o the_o emperor_n of_o china_n and_o of_o his_o revenue_n p._n 250_o chap._n xvii_o a_o description_n of_o the_o city_n of_o pe_n kim_n of_o the_o wall_n that_o enclose_v the_o emperor_n palace_n and_o the_o form_n of_o the_o principal_a house_n of_o china_n p._n 265_o chap._n xviii_o of_o the_o twenty_o apartment_n belong_v to_o the_o emperor_n palace_n p._n 281_o chap._n xix_o a_o description_n of_o twenty_o particular_a palace_n contain_v in_o the_o inner_a enclosure_n of_o the_o emperor_n palace_n p._n 303_o chap._n xx._n of_o several_a other_o palace_n and_o some_o temple_n erect_v within_o the_o same_o enclosure_n p._n 314_o chap._n xxi_o of_o the_o emperor_n seven_o temple_n in_o pekim_n and_o how_o the_o king_n go_v abroad_o upon_o the_o performance_n of_o public_a ceremony_n p._n 319_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o city_n of_o pekim_n y_fw-fr e_o metropolis_n of_o china_n a_o scale_n of_o 10_o chinese_n furlong_n w_o ch_n amount_v to_o 2730_o geometrical_a pace_n one_o chinese_n furlong_n make_v 273_o geometrical_a pace_n a_o explanation_n of_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o city_n of_o pekim_n a_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o ancient_a city_n of_o pekim_n never_o 4_o league_n in_o circuit_n b_o the_o 9_o gate_n of_o the_o same_o wall_n c_o the_o street_n of_o the_o city_n d_o 1_o the_o first_o enclosure_n of_o the_o palace_n two_o league_n in_o circuit_n d_o 2_o the_o second_o enclosure_n d_o 3_o the_o three_o enclosure_n where_o the_o emperor_n reside_v e_z the_o south_n and_o principal_a gate_n of_o the_o city_n f_o the_o first_o street_n â—…_n ch_n you_o pass_v through_o upon_o youâ—…_n entrance_n into_o the_o city_n g_o a_o palace_n encempass_v with_o a_o marble_n baluâ—…_n trade_n h_o the_o second_o street_n â—…_n â—h_a two_o triumphal_a arch_n i_o the_o 〈◊〉_d apertim_fw-la 1_o the_o street_n of_o perpetual_a repose_n 2_o 2_o d._n 〈◊〉_d â—…_n ch_z be_v the_o first_o within_o the_o outer_a enclosure_n of_o the_o palace_n 3_o 3_o d._n call_v the_o portal_n of_o the_o beginning_n 4_o 4._o be_v the_o second_o enclosure_n 5_o 5_o call_v the_o supreme_a portal_n 6_o 6_o call_v the_o supreme_a imperial_a hall_n 7_o 7_o call_v the_o hall_n thrice_o exalt_v 8_o 8._o 〈◊〉_d the_o supreme_a hall_n in_o the_o middle_n 9_o 9_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o â—…overaigne_a concord_n where_o the_o emâ—…_n 〈◊〉_d in_o councâ—…l_a â—…_n â—h_a his_o colaos_n 10_o 10_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o heaven_n 11_o 11_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o heaven_n in_o â—…_n â—h_a and_o y_z e_z two_o 〈◊〉_d the_o emperor_n lodge_v himself_o 12_o 12_o the_o beautiful_a house_n 13_o 13_o the_o house_n which_o receive_v heaven_n 14_o 14_o 〈◊〉_d and_o garden_n 15_o 15_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o inner_a enclosure_n 16_o 16_o the_o high_a â—…aisd_v portal_n on_o the_o south_n side_n with_o a_o place_n to_o manage_v horse_n 17_o 17_o the_o park_n and_o artificial_a mountain_n 18_o 18_o consist_v of_o three_o house_n 19_o 19_o the_o portal_n on_o the_o north_n side_n 20_o 20_o the_o enclosure_n call_v y_o e_o portal_n of_o repose_n 123_o to_o 20_o be_v 20_o particular_a place_n belong_v to_o the_o emperor_n for_o several_a use_n k_o the_o first_o palace_n between_o the_o two_o enclosure_n l_o the_n second_o palace_n m_o 3_o palace_n upon_o the_o lake_n n_o 4_o palace_n upon_o a_o mountain_n o_o 5_o palace_n near_o the_o lake_n p_o 6_o palace_n near_o the_o lake_n q_o 7_o palace_n r_o 8_o palace_n of_o the_o fortress_n s_o 1_o temple_n of_o the_o 4_o within_z y_z e_o palace_n t_o 2_o temple_n five_o 3_o temple_n x_o 4_o temple_n y_o 24_o place_n for_o the_o mandarin_n z_o 5_o temple_n in_o y_z e_z new_a city_n mark_v 1_o 2_o 3_o 4_o 5_o &_o 1_o temple_n in_o the_o old_a city_n &_o 2_o temple_n in_o the_o old_a city_n a_o a_o the_o 6_o tribunal_n mark_v 1_o 2_o 3_o 4_o 5_o 6_o â—…_n â—h_a a_o a_o b_o b_o the_o 5_o tribunal_n of_o y_fw-fr e_o military_a mandarins_n a_o new_a relation_n of_o china_n contain_v a_o description_n of_o the_o most_o considerable_a particular_n of_o that_o great_a empire_n chap._n i._o of_o the_o name_n which_o the_o chineses_n and_o foreigner_n give_v to_o china_n and_o of_o the_o country_n of_o catai_n and_o mangi_n it_o be_v a_o custom_n usual_a in_o this_o empire_n that_o when_o any_o new_a family_n ascend_v the_o imperial_a throne_n the_o sovereign_n give_v a_o new_a name_n to_o his_o dominion_n thus_o under_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o precede_a family_n china_n be_v call_v taè_fw-la mim_fw-mi que_fw-fr that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o kingdom_n of_o great_a brightness_n but_o the_o tartar_n who_o govern_v it_o at_o present_a have_v call_v it_o taà _fw-la cim_o que_fw-la or_o a_o kingdom_n of_o great_a purity_n and_o this_o be_v the_o appellation_n most_o common_a among_o the_o chinese_n however_o in_o regard_n thâ—…_n former_o there_o have_v be_v kingdom_n in_o it_o high_o famâ—…s_v either_o for_o their_o long_a continuance_n or_o for_o the_o virtue_n of_o their_o prince_n or_o the_o number_n of_o learned_a man_n or_o for_o some_o other_o advantage_n they_o have_v preserve_v and_o still_o make_v use_n in_o their_o book_n of_o name_n which_o be_v then_o in_o practice_n 〈◊〉_d as_o be_v those_o of_o hia_n que_fw-fr xam_n que_fw-fr cheu_n que_fw-fr hâ—…n_fw-fr que_fw-fr etc._n etc._n which_o give_v we_o to_o understand_v that_o although_o these_o name_n signify_v china_n yet_o they_o be_v rather_o intend_v to_o denote_v the_o reign_n of_o several_a royal_a family_n than_o to_o signify_v the_o kingdom_n itself_o in_o their_o book_n and_o petition_n to_o the_o king_n they_o general_o make_v use_v of_o the_o word_n xam_n que_fw-fr that_o be_v high_a and_o sovereign_a kingdom_n the_o learned_a man_n in_o their_o write_n and_o their_o book_n make_v choice_n of_o the_o word_n chum_n que_fw-fr which_o signify_v the_o flower_n of_o the_o middle_a or_o centre_n and_o indeed_o the_o most_o usual_a and_o common_a name_n for_o all_o china_n be_v chum_n que_fw-fr or_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o centre_n which_o name_n be_v give_v to_o it_o either_o because_o they_o believe_v that_o china_n lie_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o world_n or_o because_o the_o first_o king_n of_o china_n establish_v his_o throne_n in_o the_o province_n of_o honan_n which_o be_v then_o as_o it_o be_v the_o centre_n
of_o the_o kingdom_n or_o last_o because_o it_o be_v much_o more_o considerable_a than_o all_o the_o barbarous_a and_o poor_a kingdom_n that_o surround_v it_o that_o same_o hyperbolical_a word_n also_o tien_n hia_n or_o the_o kingdom_n that_o contain_v all_o that_o be_v under_o heaven_n be_v very_o frequent_o make_v use_n of_o so_o that_o when_o they_o say_v tien_n hia_n 〈◊〉_d â—…im_n all_o that_o be_v under_o heaven_n be_v in_o peace_n it_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n as_o to_o say_v china_n be_v in_o peace_n china_n likewise_o have_v other_o name_n which_o i_o forbear_v to_o mention_v because_o they_o be_v less_o in_o practice_n foreigner_n call_v it_o hara_n kitai_n catai_fw-mi cataio_n mangi_n nica_n corum_n chin_n china_n and_o kina_n the_o tartar_n that_o lie_v to_o the_o west_n call_v the_o chinese_n hara_n kitai_n or_o the_o black_a barbarian_n which_o be_v the_o name_n they_o give_v also_o to_o china_n itself_o the_o european_n instead_o of_o hara_n say_n cara_fw-it for_o that_o in_o regard_n the_o tartar_n pronounce_v ha_o with_o a_o very_a strong_a aspiration_n stranger_n believe_v they_o say_v cara_fw-it and_o not_o hara_n for_o that_o reason_n it_o be_v that_o marcus_n paulus_n and_o other_o author_n call_v by_o the_o name_n of_o can_v that_o emperor_n who_o between_o the_o year_n 1260_o and_o 1275._o conquer_v the_o western_a tartary_n and_o all_o china_n instead_o of_o call_v he_o have_fw-mi that_o be_v to_o say_v king_n in_o the_o language_n of_o the_o western_a tartar_n the_o same_o word_n also_o be_v at_o present_a in_o use_n among_o the_o eastern_a tartar_n who_o be_v master_n of_o china_n and_o who_o be_v former_o so_o barbarous_a that_o they_o have_v not_o any_o king_n nor_o any_o word_n to_o signify_v a_o king_n as_o we_o shall_v relate_v in_o its_o due_a place_n the_o muscovite_n as_o i_o be_v inform_v by_o some_o reside_v in_o this_o court_n in_o imitation_n of_o the_o tartar_n call_v it_o kitai_n the_o kingdom_n of_o chahamalaha_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o which_o be_v mahumetan_n and_o which_o confine_n to_o the_o province_n of_o xansi_fw-la the_o kingdom_n of_o tumet_fw-la or_o tibet_n which_o environ_n a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o province_n of_o xensi_fw-la and_o xansi_fw-la and_o that_o of_o usangue_fw-fr border_v upon_o the_o province_n of_o sù_n chuen_n have_v corrupt_v the_o word_n kita_n call_v it_o kataâ—…_n and_o the_o merchant_n that_o come_v from_o indostan_n and_o other_o part_n of_o the_o indies_n call_v it_o cataio_n by_o which_o we_o clear_o find_v that_o the_o kingdom_n of_o cataio_n of_o which_o father_n anthony_n de_fw-fr andradâ—…_n speak_v in_o his_o relation_n of_o tibet_n where_o he_o have_v be_v signify_v no_o more_o than_o china_n and_o that_o grand_a catai_n be_v no_o other_o then_o grand_a china_n to_o which_o alone_o may_v be_v attribute_v whatever_o have_v be_v say_v of_o china_n so_o much_o the_o rather_o for_o that_o of_o all_o the_o kingdom_n seat_v between_o the_o indies_n and_o the_o eastern_a extremity_n of_o asia_n only_o those_o that_o lie_v upon_o the_o sea_n be_v know_v the_o rest_n be_v small_a barbarous_a poor_a and_o untilled_a the_o eastern_a tartar_n moreover_o in_o derision_n call_v china_n nica_n corum_n or_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o barbarian_n though_o at_o present_a now_o they_o be_v settle_v therein_o and_o be_v become_v master_n of_o it_o they_o call_v it_o tulimpa_n corum_n or_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o middle_a the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o indian_n as_o canara_n bengala_n and_o other_o call_v it_o chin_n as_o i_o be_v inform_v in_o the_o province_n of_o sù_n chuen_n by_o two_o jognes_n of_o which_o the_o one_o have_v be_v at_o goa_n and_o have_v learn_v some_o portugal_n word_n and_o as_o i_o understand_v at_o pekim_n by_o some_o merchant_n of_o the_o country_n this_o name_n of_o chin_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v give_v to_o china_n by_o the_o indian_n because_o of_o the_o family_n of_o chin_n who_o reign_v a_o hundred_o sixty_o nine_o year_n after_o christ_n though_o i_o find_v more_o probability_n to_o believe_v that_o it_o come_v from_o the_o family_n of_o cin_n who_o reign_v two_o hundred_o forty_o six_o before_o christ_n the_o chief_a of_o which_o family_n be_v master_n of_o all_o china_n and_o among_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o province_n of_o yûn_a nân_n which_o be_v not_o far_o distant_a from_o bengala_n because_o the_o chineses_n pronounce_v strong_o and_o whistle_v the_o word_n cin_n through_o the_o tooth_n the_o indian_n that_o can_v imitate_v they_o pronounce_v it_o chin_n and_o the_o portugal_n who_o take_v this_o word_n from_o the_o indian_n not_o have_v any_o word_n in_o their_o language_n that_o end_v in_o n_o have_v add_v a_o a_o at_o the_o latter_a end._n the_o italian_n write_v china_n like_o the_o portughese_n but_o they_o pronounce_v it_o kâ—…na_n and_o so_o they_o ought_v to_o write_v it_o cina_n to_o give_v it_o the_o same_o sound_n as_o the_o german_n who_o write_v schina_fw-la by_o what_o have_v be_v say_v we_o find_v apparent_o that_o cataio_n hara_n kitai_n and_o china_n be_v all_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n and_o not_o different_a kingdom_n as_o cluverius_n will_v have_v they_o to_o be_v who_o in_o his_o five_o book_n of_o his_o introduction_n to_o geography_n chapter_n five_o frame_v several_a kingdom_n as_o catai_n tangut_n tainfu_n and_o other_o which_o he_o seem_v to_o have_v borrow_a from_o marcus_n paulus_n whereas_o they_o be_v not_o the_o name_n of_o kingdom_n but_o only_o the_o corrupt_a name_n of_o certain_a city_n of_o china_n and_o this_o be_v particular_o manifest_a by_o the_o word_n tainfu_n which_o be_v no_o other_o than_o tai_n yuenfu_n the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o province_n of_o xansi_fw-la where_o the_o tartar_n settle_v their_o court_n before_o they_o conquer_a the_o province_n of_o pekim_n the_o description_n also_o which_o cluverius_n give_v of_o the_o province_n of_o tainfu_n agree_v perfect_o with_o that_o city_n and_o the_o country_n that_o belong_v to_o it_o for_o there_o be_v the_o best_a grape_n in_o china_n and_o good_a store_n of_o iron_n near_o the_o city_n of_o lû_fw-fr gân_n which_o furnish_v pekim_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o province_n especial_o those_o that_o lie_v towards_o the_o north_n with_o nail_n and_o all_o sort_n of_o iron_n utensil_n and_o instrument_n marcus_n paulus_n speak_v of_o another_o city_n of_o that_o province_n which_o he_o call_v pianfu_n though_o the_o chineses_n call_v it_o pim_n yà m_fw-la fù_fw-fr cluverius_n have_v also_o borrow_a from_o marcus_n paulus_n the_o corrupt_a word_n cambalu_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o catai_n for_o neither_o the_o western_a nor_o eastern_a tartar_n have_v any_o b._n as_o we_o shall_v show_v in_o due_a place_n in_o our_o tartarian_a alphabet_n so_o that_o marcus_n paulus_n instead_o of_o cam_n shall_v have_v write_v han_n that_o be_v king_n and_o instead_o of_o balu_n palu_n which_o signify_v court_n and_o consequent_o instead_o of_o cambalu_n hanpalu_n which_o in_o the_o tartarian_a language_n signify_v the_o king_n court._n and_o then_o he_o shall_v have_v take_v notice_n that_o there_o be_v two_o hanpalu_n or_o king_n court_n the_o ancient_a court_n at_o present_a but_o a_o mean_a place_n distant_a about_o three_o league_n from_o pekim_n towards_o the_o east_n which_o be_v call_v tum_o cheum_fw-la and_o the_o new_a court_n which_o be_v pekim_n which_o marcus_n paulus_n call_v taidu_n instead_o of_o tai_n tu_fw-la which_o signify_v the_o great_a court._n some_o author_n question_n whether_o the_o kingdom_n of_o mangi_n of_o which_o m._n paulus_n make_v such_o frequent_a mention_n be_v not_o a_o different_a kingdom_n from_o china_n but_o there_o be_v no_o doubt_n to_o be_v make_v but_o that_o it_o be_v comprehend_v within_o it_o for_o m._n paulus_n divide_v china_n into_o two_o kingdom_n catai_n and_o mangi_n comprise_v under_o the_o name_n of_o catai_n all_o the_o nor_o thern_a province_n and_o under_o that_o of_o mangi_n all_o the_o southern_a the_o word_n mangi_n be_v derive_v from_o mânt_n zù_n which_o signify_v barbarous_a for_o that_o the_o southern_a chineses_n to_o mock_v the_o northern_a call_v they_o pe_fw-la tai_fw-la that_o be_v fool_n of_o the_o north_n and_o the_o other_o to_o pay_v the_o southern_a chineses_n in_o the_o same_o coin_n call_v they_o nân_o mân_o barbarian_n of_o the_o south_n or_o else_o bare_o mantzu_n barbarian_n the_o tartarian_n likewise_o in_o contempt_n of_o the_o chinese_n call_v they_o also_o mantzu_n or_o barbarian_n but_o in_o regard_n the_o tartarian_n especial_o the_o eastern_a can_v well_o pronounce_v the_o syllable_n tzu_fw-fr they_o say_v give_v mangi_n which_o i_o have_v hear_v a_o thousand_o and_o a_o thousand_o time_n for_o three_o and_o twenty_o year_n together_o that_o i_o live_v among_o they_o and_o so_o without_o question_n it_o be_v in_o the_o time_n of_o m._n paulus_n who_o be_v
pekim_n be_v the_o court_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o the_o family_n of_o mim_n which_o of_o late_a year_n be_v destroy_v by_o the_o eastern_a tartar_n which_o be_v grant_v i_o answer_v that_o father_n martin_n to_o who_o i_o refer_v the_o reader_n for_o fear_n of_o be_v tedious_a have_v very_o well_o unravel_v those_o difficulty_n and_o correct_v the_o hyperbole_n of_o m._n polo_n who_o like_o a_o young_a man_n as_o he_o be_v have_v enlarge_v many_o thing_n much_o beyond_o the_o truth_n nevertheless_o as_o to_o the_o number_n of_o twelve_o thousand_o bridge_n which_o m._n polo_n tell_v we_o there_o be_v in_o kimsai_n and_o which_o father_n martin_n grant_v for_o a_o truth_n i_o can_v so_o easy_o give_v my_o consent_n for_o beside_o that_o we_o have_v see_v the_o contrary_a the_o chineses_n themselves_o who_o stuff_n their_o write_n with_o so_o many_o impertinent_a particular_n will_v never_o have_v omit_v a_o circumstance_n of_o that_o importance_n also_o what_o m._n polo_n relate_v of_o the_o vastness_n of_o several_a bridge_n under_o which_o vessel_n may_v sail_v without_o strike_v their_o mast_n be_v no_o way_n probable_a since_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v believe_v that_o they_o shall_v be_v all_o so_o ruin_v that_o there_o shall_v be_v no_o trace_n of_o such_o structure_n remain_v thus_o much_o i_o know_v that_o a_o famous_a chinese_n author_n who_o have_v write_v a_o treatise_n of_o the_o grandeur_n of_o this_o empire_n and_o of_o who_o i_o shall_v relate_v many_o thing_n hereafter_o do_v not_o allow_v the_o city_n of_o ham_n cheu_n which_o be_v the_o same_o with_o kimsai_n above_o five_o considerable_a bridge_n nor_o will_v he_o have_v fail_v to_o have_v speak_v of_o that_o extravagant_a height_n of_o the_o bridge_n of_o his_o country_n have_v there_o be_v any_o ground_n for_o his_o so_o do_v the_o rest_n that_o m._n polo_n relate_v concern_v this_o city_n be_v true_a grant_v he_o only_o some_o excursion_n and_o enlargement_n according_a to_o his_o custom_n but_o to_o clear_v all_o dispute_n concern_v this_o same_o city_n of_o kimsai_n more_o especial_o because_o father_n martini_n speak_v of_o this_o ham_n cheù_n in_o his_o atlas_n fol._n 109._o vary_v in_o what_o he_o say_v of_o the_o oriental_a and_o western_a tartar_n i_o shall_v here_o produce_v a_o extract_n which_o i_o take_v for_o this_o very_a purpose_n out_o of_o the_o chronicle_n of_o china_n to_o the_o end_n then_o that_o family_n may_v be_v reckon_v into_o the_o number_n of_o the_o imperial_a family_n of_o this_o empire_n of_o necessity_n that_o family_n must_v either_o have_v subdue_v the_o whole_a or_o the_o great_a part_n of_o it_o for_o if_o it_o have_v conquer_v no_o more_o than_o only_o two_o or_o three_o province_n that_o family_n be_v only_o call_v pam-chao_n or_o a_o collateral_a kingdom_n nor_o be_v it_o to_o be_v admit_v into_o the_o direct_a line_n of_o the_o imperial_a family_n those_o than_o that_o we_o be_v now_o to_o speak_v of_o be_v of_o that_o number_n in_o the_o year_n of_o jesus_n christ_n 1200._o a_o captain_n of_o the_o oriental_a tarâ—…ars_n that_o some_o year_n since_o subdue_v this_o empire_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o province_n of_o pekim_n xansi_fw-fr and_o xantum_fw-la which_o the_o yellow_a river_n separate_v from_o the_o other_o twelve_o thereupon_o he_o cause_v himself_o to_o be_v crown_v king_n and_o name_v his_o family_n tai-leao_a some_o year_n after_o another_o captain_n of_o the_o eastern_a tartar_n make_v war_n upon_o he_o get_v possession_n of_o his_o kingdom_n exterminate_v the_o reign_v family_n and_o call_v his_o own_o and_o his_o kingdom_n tai-kinque_a or_o the_o kingdom_n of_o gold_n which_o continue_v till_o the_o year_n 1260._o at_o what_o time_n the_o other_o twelve_o province_n be_v subdue_v by_o a_o emperor_n of_o the_o family_n of_o sûm_fw-la upon_o this_o some_o of_o his_o chief_a minister_n advise_v he_o to_o send_v great_a present_n to_o the_o grand_a have_fw-mi who_o have_v a_o little_a before_o subdue_v the_o western_a tartar_n and_o to_o desire_v his_o assistance_n for_o the_o expulsion_n of_o the_o tartar_n out_o of_o the_o three_o province_n which_o they_o have_v usurp_v but_o other_o of_o his_o councillor_n lay_v before_o he_o the_o ill_a consequence_n of_o provoke_v that_o terrible_a nation_n of_o the_o western_a tartar_n or_o molest_v the_o eastern_a with_o who_o they_o have_v for_o several_a year_n preserve_v a_o amicable_a correspondence_n withal_o that_o it_o be_v no_o good_a policy_n to_o expel_v tiger_n and_o bring_v more_o cruel_a lion_n into_o their_o room_n nevertheless_o the_o first_o counsel_n though_o the_o worst_a be_v follow_v and_o the_o grand_a have_fw-mi be_v call_v in_o with_o his_o tartar_n already_o the_o vanquisher_n of_o so_o many_o nation_n who_o in_o a_o short_a time_n exterminate_v the_o family_n of_o tai_n kim_n and_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o three_o province_n but_o so_o soon_o as_o they_o have_v finish_v that_o conquest_n perfidious_o they_o turn_v their_o arm_n against_o the_o king_n of_o china_n who_o keep_v his_o court_n in_o a_o city_n belong_v to_o the_o province_n of_o hônân_n border_v upon_o the_o yellow_a river_n this_o prince_n be_v terrify_v by_o the_o neighbourhood_n of_o those_o barbarian_n flee_v in_o all_o haste_n to_o the_o city_n of_o ham_n cheû_fw-fr in_o the_o province_n of_o the_o vhe_fw-it kiam_fw-la where_o he_o settle_v his_o court._n of_o which_o the_o have_fw-mi no_o soon_o have_v intelligence_n but_o he_o cross_v the_o yellow_a river_n and_o after_o little_a or_o no_o resistance_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o province_n of_o honorio_n nam_n nan_n kim_n and_o vhe_fw-it kiam_fw-la and_o consequent_o of_o the_o village_n of_o ham_n cheû_fw-fr which_o m._n polo_n call_v kimsai_n thereupon_o the_o king_n of_o china_n flee_v into_o the_o province_n of_o fokien_a and_o from_o thence_o into_o that_o of_o quamtum_fw-la where_o have_v embark_a himself_o with_o a_o design_n to_o seek_v out_o foreign_a shelter_n he_o suffer_v shipwreck_n in_o the_o golf_n of_o the_o island_n of_o haî_fw-la nân_fw-la and_o there_o miserable_o perish_v so_o that_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o china_n submit_v voluntary_o to_o the_o grand_a har._n this_o be_v what_o i_o have_v take_v out_o of_o the_o history_n of_o china_n by_o which_o it_o be_v clear_o to_o be_v see_v that_o ham_n cheû_fw-fr and_o kimsai_n be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o city_n and_o that_o the_o word_n tai_n kim_n do_v not_o signify_v a_o mountain_n there_o be_v no_o such_o thing_n in_o tartary_n as_o it_o be_v imagine_v but_o the_o kingdom_n of_o gold._n which_o be_v the_o title_n that_o be_v former_o give_v to_o the_o oriental_a tartar_n note_n and_o explanation_n of_o the_o first_o chapter_n p._n 3._o as_o we_o shall_v relate_v in_o its_o due_a place_n the_o author_n as_o have_v be_v already_o say_v in_o the_o preface_n not_o be_v able_a to_o finish_v this_o work_n have_v not_o according_a to_o his_o promise_n make_v out_o the_o original_a of_o the_o eastern_a tartar_n nevertheless_o several_a author_n have_v make_v some_o mention_n of_o they_o as_o father_n martini_n in_o his_o history_n of_o the_o war_n of_o the_o tartar_n and_o in_o his_o preface_n to_o his_o atlas_n of_o china_n the_o embassy_n of_o the_o hollander_n to_o pekim_n father_n adam_n schall_n in_o his_o letter_n print_v at_o vienna_n in_o the_o year_n 1665._o and_o father_n couplet_n in_o his_o chronology_n of_o china_n print_v this_o year_n by_o which_o author_n and_o particular_o by_o the_o two_o latter_a it_o appear_v that_o it_o be_v not_o above_o a_o little_a while_n since_o the_o eastern_a tartar_n now_o master_n of_o china_n have_v have_v any_o king_n and_o that_o the_o original_a of_o those_o princess_n be_v so_o obscure_a that_o as_o modern_a as_o it_o be_v it_o be_v altogether_o intermix_v with_o fable_n father_n adam_n report_v that_o the_o elder_a of_o the_o uncle_n of_o the_o emperor_n xunchi_n the_o father_n of_o he_o that_o now_o reign_v have_v tell_v he_o several_a time_n that_o it_o be_v about_o ten_o generation_n since_o that_o three_o nymph_n or_o goddess_n call_v augela_n chaugula_n and_o foecula_n descend_v from_o heaven_n to_o bathe_v themselves_o in_o a_o river_n of_o tartary_n that_o foecula_n have_v discover_v under_o her_o clothes_n which_o she_o leave_v upon_o the_o shore_n a_o sort_n of_o nightshade_n or_o herb_n call_v alkakengi_n with_o red_a fruit_n devour_v it_o with_o such_o a_o greedy_a appetite_n that_o she_o become_v with_o child_n that_o her_o two_o companion_n return_v to_o heaven_n she_o remain_v upon_o earth_n till_o she_o be_v bring_v to_o bed_n of_o a_o boy_n which_o she_o suckle_v and_o afterward_o leave_v in_o a_o island_n of_o the_o river_n tell_v he_o that_o she_o be_v return_v to_o heaven_n but_o that_o a_o fisherman_n will_v come_v and_o take_v
care_n of_o his_o education_n which_o happen_v according_o that_o this_o child_n become_v a_o man_n of_o a_o extraordinary_a valour_n and_o that_o his_o son_n and_o grand_a child_n rule_v this_o country_n but_o that_o in_o the_o five_o generation_n the_o people_n rebel_v against_o this_o family_n which_o they_o defeat_v and_o exterminate_v all_o but_o one_o who_o betake_v himself_o to_o flight_n this_o prince_n be_v close_o pursue_v and_o not_o be_v able_a to_o run_v any_o far_a sit_v himself_o down_o upon_o the_o ground_n despair_v to_o save_v his_o life_n at_o what_o time_n a_o magpie_n come_v and_o perch_v upon_o his_o head_n and_o delude_v his_o enemy_n who_o take_v he_o for_o the_o stump_n of_o a_o tree_n and_o not_o for_o a_o man._n and_o thus_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o see_v as_o father_n adam_n observe_v that_o thus_o far_o the_o relation_n be_v altogether_o fabulous_a and_o clear_o demonstrate_v that_o the_o original_a of_o the_o emperor_n of_o china_n be_v very_o obscure_a and_o have_v nothing_o of_o illustrious_a or_o renown_a that_o which_o follow_v be_v certain_a and_o unquestionable_a in_o regard_v the_o person_n such_o as_o he_o be_v live_v at_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o age_n and_o make_v himself_o sufficient_o know_v by_o the_o bloody_a war_n which_o he_o make_v upon_o the_o chinese_n in_o revenge_n of_o the_o death_n of_o his_o father_n who_o the_o chinese_n mandarin_n have_v cause_v to_o be_v murder_v and_o of_o other_o outrage_n commit_v against_o his_o nation_n father_n adam_n say_v that_o he_o be_v lord_n of_o the_o valley_n of_o moncheu_o which_o father_n martini_n take_v for_o a_o great_a city_n the_o emperor_n van-liè_a give_v he_o the_o government_n of_o that_o same_o valley_n and_o the_o neighbour_a country_n upon_o condition_n he_o shall_v defend_v they_o against_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o oriental_a tartar_n who_o be_v divide_v into_o seven_o small_a principality_n he_o be_v call_v tiel_n mini_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1628._o his_o son_n a_o person_n of_o more_o wisdom_n and_o moderation_n continue_v the_o war_n till_o his_o death_n which_o happen_v in_o the_o year_n 1634._o cumtè_fw-fr his_o son_n in_o some_o measure_n complete_v the_o conquest_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o china_n but_o die_v before_o he_o obtain_v the_o possession_n of_o it_o in_o the_o year_n 1644._o his_o son_n xunchi_fw-la at_o the_o age_n of_o six_o year_n be_v acknowledge_v emperor_n at_o pekim_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1662._o leave_v for_o his_o successor_n his_o son_n camtri_n the_o monarch_n reign_v at_o present_a this_o catalogue_n of_o the_o tartarian_a prince_n of_o father_n adam_n confirm_v by_o father_n couplet_n in_o his_o chronology_n by_o father_n rouge-mount_n in_o his_o historia_n tartaro-sinica_a and_o the_o embassy_n of_o the_o hollander_n give_v we_o to_o understand_v that_o father_n magaillans_n have_v good_a reason_n to_o justify_v himself_o for_o say_v that_o the_o tartar_n have_v neither_o any_o king_n nor_o any_o word_n to_o signify_v a_o king_n see_v that_o it_o be_v but_o in_o this_o age_n that_o their_o prince_n have_v derive_v their_o original_a from_o a_o petty_a captain_n of_o a_o hord_n or_o chief_a leader_n of_o banditi_n or_o wander_a tartar_n here_o we_o be_v far_a to_o observe_v that_o tartary_n which_o comprehend_v all_o the_o northern_a asia_n be_v divide_v by_o the_o chinese_n into_o western_a and_o eastern_a the_o inhabitant_n both_o of_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n night-wanderer_n with_o their_o flock_n and_o herd_n and_o live_v in_o tent_n but_o the_o western_a be_v incomparable_o more_o potent_a than_o the_o eastern_a in_o regard_n they_o possess_v all_o that_o country_n which_o lie_v between_o the_o extreme_a part_n of_o the_o province_n of_o pekim_n and_o the_o country_n of_o the_o mogul_n the_o persian_a and_o the_o muscovite_n all_o which_o they_o possess_v entire_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o saint_n lewis_n the_o eastern_a tartary_n reach_v from_o the_o country_n of_o leaotûm_fw-la beyond_o japon_n and_o comprehend_v the_o province_n of_o niuchè_fw-fr to_o the_o north_n of_o corea_n the_o province_n of_o niulhan_n to_o the_o north_n of_o niuchè_fw-fr that_o of_o yupi_n to_o the_o east_n of_o niuchè_fw-fr and_o the_o country_n of_o yâ—…co_n to_o the_o north-east_n of_o japon_n and_o to_o the_o east_n of_o yupi_n but_o these_o country_n be_v poor_a and_o ill_o people_v there_o be_v not_o above_o two_o or_o three_o little_a city_n in_o they_o all_o the_o rest_n be_v barren_a uncultivated_a and_o full_a of_o wood_n and_o mountain_n verbiest_n nevertheless_o these_o tartar_n be_v not_o a_o little_a formidable_a when_o they_o be_v unite_v as_o be_v harden_v to_o labour_n in_o a_o rigorous_a climate_n and_o almost_o always_o ahorleback_n and_o employ_v in_o hunt_v or_o busy_v in_o war._n they_o make_v themselves_o know_v by_o their_o incursion_n into_o china_n above_o two_o hundred_o year_n before_o the_o birth_n of_o christ_n and_o in_o the_o twelve_o age_n after_o the_o incarnation_n they_o possess_v themselves_o of_o the_o province_n of_o leaotum_n pekim_n xensi_fw-la xansi_fw-la and_o xantum_fw-la but_o the_o ancestor_n of_o the_o tartarian_a prince_n who_o reign_v in_o china_n be_v so_o far_o from_o be_v master_n of_o all_o the_o eastern_a tartary_n that_o they_o be_v not_o lord_n of_o all_o the_o province_n of_o niuchè_fw-fr where_o as_o have_v be_v say_v there_o be_v seven_o or_o eight_o destinct_a sovereign_n and_o father_n adam_n observe_v that_o tienâ—…um_n great_a grand_a father_n to_o the_o emperor_n reign_v at_o present_a when_o he_o enter_v into_o china_n have_v not_o above_o eight_o thousand_o man_n which_o be_v soon_o increase_v by_o the_o concourse_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o eastern_a tartar_n and_o a_o innumerable_a number_n of_o the_o western_a tartar_n which_o the_o fame_n of_o his_o victory_n and_o the_o noise_n of_o prodigious_a booty_n draw_v to_o his_o assistance_n p._n 3._o the_o kingdom_n of_o chahamalaha_n who_o inhabitant_n be_v mahometan_n and_o which_o border_n upon_o the_o province_n of_o xensi_fw-la this_o name_n of_o chahamalaha_n be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v as_o i_o very_o believe_v in_o any_o map_n nor_o in_o any_o other_o relation_n but_o i_o be_o persuade_v by_o what_o our_o author_n say_v of_o it_o that_o it_o be_v the_o same_o place_n which_o father_n martini_n call_v samahania_n and_o which_o as_o he_o do_v i_o take_v to_o be_v the_o country_n of_o the_o usbeg_n or_o of_o mauralnara_n of_o which_o samarcand_n be_v the_o chief_a city_n for_o that_o we_o know_v not_o of_o any_o other_o kingdom_n of_o mahometan_n to_o the_o west_n of_o xensi_fw-la where_o there_o be_v several_a considerable_a city_n palace_n and_o house_n artificial_o build_v and_o good_a architecture_n store_n of_o gold_n and_o silver-plate_n and_o other_o thing_n which_o the_o chineses_n allow_v the_o country_n of_o samahania_n or_o samahan_n by_o the_o report_n of_o father_n martini_n nor_o must_v we_o be_v surprise_v that_o the_o chineses_n assure_v we_o that_o this_o kingdom_n border_n upon_o the_o province_n of_o xensi_fw-la for_o that_o they_o never_o travel_v towards_o the_o west_n nor_o have_v any_o other_o knowledge_n of_o the_o country_n situate_v westward_o than_o what_o they_o learn_v from_o the_o information_n of_o the_o caravan_n that_o come_v once_o in_o two_o or_o three_o year_n to_o trade_n in_o china_n under_o pretence_n of_o a_o embassy_n for_o the_o merchant_n make_v use_v of_o that_o invention_n to_o get_v leave_n to_o enter_v into_o china_n which_o will_v be_v otherwise_o deny_v they_o they_o rendezvous_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o cascar_n as_o you_o may_v find_v in_o the_o travel_n of_o benedict_n goez_n insert_v into_o the_o relation_n of_o father_n trigaut_n but_o former_o and_o especial_o in_o the_o time_n of_o tamerlan_n who_o make_v samarcand_n one_o of_o the_o chief_a city_n in_o the_o world_n they_o go_v for_o the_o most_o part_n from_o that_o city_n and_o it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o those_o merchant_n to_o give_v themselves_o the_o great_a reputation_n assume_v to_o themselves_o to_o be_v all_o of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o samarcand_n and_o that_o the_o chinese_n who_o want_v the_o letter_n r_o and_o easy_o confound_v c._n with_o h_n write_v samahand_o instead_o of_o samarcand_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n also_o the_o chineses_n observe_v the_o merchant_n arrive_v à _fw-la sucheu_fw-la the_o last_o city_n of_o the_o province_n of_o xensi_fw-la and_o style_v themselves_o all_o native_n of_o samahan_n or_o samarcand_n may_v ready_o believe_v that_o samahan_n border_v upon_o the_o province_n of_o xensi_fw-la p._n 3._o usanguè_fw-fr this_o must_v certain_o be_v the_o same_o country_n which_o father_n martini_n call_v usucang_v and_o which_o be_v contain_v within_o the_o kingdom_n which_o the_o chineses_n call_v sifan_n situate_v to_o the_o west_n of_o the_o province_n
of_o suchuen_n the_o relation_n of_o father_n anthony_n de_fw-fr andrada_n call_v it_o also_o the_o country_n of_o ussanguè_fw-fr and_o say_v that_o it_o be_v situate_v to_o the_o east_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o tibet_n twenty_o day_n journey_n from_o china_n p._n 3._o father_n antony_n de_fw-fr andrada_n etc._n etc._n father_n anthony_n de_fw-fr andrada_n travel_v twice_o into_o the_o kingdom_n of_o tibet_n the_o relation_n of_o his_o second_o travel_n in_o the_o year_n 1624._o with_o father_n concalo_fw-la de_fw-fr sousa_n which_o be_v print_v at_o lisbon_n in_o the_o year_n 1628._o speak_v very_o clear_o of_o china_n for_o there_o we_o find_v that_o it_o be_v not_o above_o twenty_o day_n journey_n from_o the_o kingdom_n of_o ussanguè_fw-fr or_o ussang_n and_o that_o ussang_n be_v not_o above_o forty_o day_n journey_n from_o the_o city_n of_o caparange_n where_o the_o king_n of_o tibet_n keep_v his_o court_n and_o where_o those_o father_n arrive_v from_o agra_n in_o less_o than_o two_o month_n and_o a_o half_a pass_v through_o sirinagar_n as_o for_o catai_n in_o regard_n the_o people_n of_o tibet_n be_v very_o ignorant_a they_o speak_v of_o it_o very_o confuse_o to_o father_n andrada_n to_o who_o they_o assert_v that_o catai_n be_v a_o great_a city_n by_o the_o way_n we_o may_v observe_v that_o by_o that_o relation_n and_o by_o the_o atlas_n of_o father_n martini_n who_o in_o his_o history_n of_o the_o war_n of_o the_o tartar_n tell_v we_o also_o that_o the_o province_n of_o suchuen_n border_n upon_o the_o kingdom_n of_o tibet_n that_o the_o kingdom_n of_o tibet_n be_v situate_v to_o the_o east_n of_o the_o country_n of_o the_o great_a mogul_n and_o not_o to_o the_o north_n where_o the_o most_o part_n of_o our_o map_n place_v it_o so_o much_o the_o rather_o for_o that_o father_n benedict_n goez_n in_o his_o travel_n which_o he_o make_v always_o to_o the_o north_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o the_o great_a mogul_n from_o the_o country_n of_o the_o usbeg_n travel_v continual_o eastward_o as_o far_o as_o china_n p._n 5._o the_o tartarian_a alphabet_n which_o we_o shall_v give_v you_o in_o due_a place_n father_n magaillans_n not_o be_v able_a to_o perfect_v his_o work_n have_v not_o give_v we_o this_o tartarian_a alphabet_n but_o it_o be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o grammar_n make_v by_o father_n ferdinand_n de_fw-fr verbiest_n which_o will_v sudden_o be_v print_v at_o paris_n p._n 6._o mangi_n or_o mantzu_n barbarian_n father_n nicholas_n longobardo_n in_o his_o letter_n write_v from_o china_n 1598._o and_o print_v in_o latin_a at_o mayence_n in_o 1601._o tell_v we_o that_o the_o chineses_n call_v those_o of_o the_o province_n of_o quamtum_fw-la mangi_n that_o be_v to_o say_v barbarian_n manginos_n that_o be_v barbarous_a people_n which_o confirm_v the_o opinion_n of_o father_n magaillans_n p._n 10._o stone-coal_n and_o stove_n of_o china_n almost_o all_o author_n that_o speak_v of_o china_n agree_v that_o in_o the_o northern_a province_n the_o cold_a be_v much_o more_z intense_a than_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v consider_v the_o climate_n and_o situation_n under_o the_o forty_o or_o forty_o second_o degree_n they_o also_o speak_v of_o the_o stove_n which_o be_v very_o common_a and_o build_v all_o alike_o in_o all_o those_o northern_a province_n see_v the_o relation_n of_o father_n trigant_n l._n 4._o c_o 3_o father_n semedo_n part_n 1._o c._n 3._o and_o father_n martini_n atlas_n in_o his_o description_n of_o the_o province_n of_o xansi_fw-la and_o pekim_v where_o he_o say_v that_o the_o two_o mountain_n out_o of_o which_o they_o dig_v their_o coal_n be_v very_o near_o to_o the_o city_n of_o pimko_n and_o be_v call_v kie_fw-mi and_o siu_n vu_fw-fr p._n 12._o that_o which_o cause_v m._n polo_n to_o commit_v these_o mistake_v be_v this_o that_o three_o league_n etc._n etc._n father_n martini_n in_o the_o description_n of_o the_o province_n of_o pekim_n confirm_v this_o conjecture_n in_o these_o word_n the_o river_n lu._n keu_o which_o be_v also_o call_v sangean_o pass_v to_o the_o south-west_n of_o the_o royal_a city_n you_o cross_v over_o a_o stately_a bridge_n where_o a_o man_n may_v count_v several_a arch_n of_o stone_n it_o be_v plain_a that_o he_o speak_v of_o the_o river_n that_o run_v to_o the_o west_n of_o pekim_n and_o the_o bridge_n build_v over_o it_o and_o that_o this_o be_v that_o of_o which_o m._n polo_n make_v mention_v for_o that_o there_o be_v no_o great_a difference_n between_o the_o name_n of_o sangean_n which_o father_n martini_n give_v it_o and_o that_o of_o sangean_n or_o buli_n sangan_n as_o m._n polo_n call_v it_o father_n greslon_n in_o his_o history_n of_o china_n l._n 3._o c._n 8._o speak_v of_o a_o eastern_a bridge_n in_o these_o word_n in_o the_o province_n of_o pekim_n there_o be_v a_o bridge_n of_o a_o admirable_a structure_n above_o three_o hundred_o pace_n in_o length_n of_o which_o two_o arch_n be_v break_v and_o father_n magaillans_n tell_v the_o true_a reason_n of_o the_o fall_n of_o those_o two_o arch_n the_o nine_o of_o august_n 1668._o to_o which_o father_n greslon_n add_v that_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o bridge_n fall_v the_o 26._o of_o the_o month_n of_o aug._n the_o same_o year_n he_o say_v moreover_o that_o it_o be_v call_v lo-co-kaio_a that_o it_o have_v be_v build_v a_o thousand_o year_n and_o that_o it_o be_v not_o above_o six_o league_n from_o pekim_n the_o father_n rouge-mount_n and_o intorcetta_n in_o their_o relation_n confirm_v the_o fall_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o bridge_n the_o 26_o of_o august_n 1668._o three_o thousand_o year_n after_o it_o be_v first_o lay_v and_o the_o first_o of_o those_o father_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o same_o bridge_n be_v three_o hundred_o and_o sixty_o pace_n in_o length_n p._n 15._o these_o reason_n of_o father_n magaillans_n be_v so_o much_o the_o strong_a because_o his_o opinion_n be_v conformable_a to_o the_o practice_n of_o all_o those_o that_o have_v write_v concern_v china_n both_o before_o and_o after_o he_o as_o father_n adam_n a_o german_a father_n greslon_n a_o frenchman_n father_n semedo_n a_o italian_a father_n rouge-mount_n a_o fleming_n etc._n etc._n and_o for_o that_o father_n martini_n have_v not_o be_v follow_v by_o any_o but_o by_o the_o author_n of_o the_o embassy_n who_o have_v either_o copy_v or_o borrow_v from_o father_n martini_n all_o that_o he_o speak_v concern_v china_n except_o the_o gest_n of_o the_o ambassador_n from_o camtum_fw-la to_o pekim_n and_o their_o negotiation_n so_o that_o it_o be_v no_o wonder_n the_o one_o have_v imitate_v the_o other_o in_o his_o orthography_n father_n greslon_n also_o in_o the_o preface_n to_o his_o relation_n prove_v against_o father_n martini_n that_o the_o chinese_n word_n ought_v to_o be_v pronounce_v as_o our_o author_n tell_v we_o p._n 16._o we_o can_v add_v several_a other_o reason_n to_o prove_v that_o catai_n be_v no_o other_o than_o china_n deduce_v from_o the_o silk_n many_o fruit_n plant_n and_o animal_n which_o according_a to_o m._n polo_n breed_v and_o grow_v in_o china_n and_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v in_o any_o part_n of_o tartary_n but_o this_o have_v be_v so_o often_o bandy_v about_o for_o these_o hundred_o year_n and_o all_o author_n who_o have_v write_v upon_o this_o subject_a have_v prove_v it_o by_o so_o many_o different_a argument_n beside_o what_o our_o author_n allege_v that_o it_o will_v be_v but_o time_n ill_o spend_v to_o labour_v any_o more_o about_o it_o beside_o that_o there_o be_v no_o person_n now_o that_o question_n or_o can_v doubt_v of_o it_o unless_o he_o will_v be_v wilful_o blind_a i_o shall_v only_o observe_v that_o the_o reason_n why_o man_n may_v former_o be_v delude_v be_v this_o because_o that_o when_o the_o western_a tartar_n undertake_v the_o conquest_n of_o china_n there_o be_v two_o emperor_n the_o one_o be_v the_o real_a chinese_n emperor_n of_o the_o family_n sum_n who_o possess_v the_o twelve_o southern_a province_n the_o other_o be_v the_o king_n of_o the_o eastern_a tartar_n of_o the_o family_n tai-kin_n who_o possess_v the_o three_o northern_a province_n the_o country_n of_o leaotum_n and_o the_o eastern_a tartary_n these_o two_o emperor_n be_v vanquish_v one_o after_o the_o other_o and_o their_o kingdom_n subdue_v between_o the_o year_n 1225._o and_o 1280._o this_o be_v grant_v it_o may_v be_v ready_o apprehend_v how_o easy_a it_o be_v for_o the_o oriental_a author_n and_o such_o as_o have_v hear_v talk_n of_o those_o conquest_n to_o believe_v that_o the_o real_a emperor_n of_o china_n be_v master_n of_o all_o china_n as_o now_o we_o know_v it_o and_o that_o the_o other_o emperor_n of_o the_o family_n tai-kin_n who_o empire_n be_v more_o northerly_a live_v in_o tartary_n to_o the_o north_n of_o the_o great_a wall_n where_o for_o that_o reason_n our_o ancient_a geographer_n have_v place_v
cambalu_n and_o many_o other_o city_n and_o country_n chap._n ii_o of_o the_o extent_n and_o division_n of_o china_n of_o the_o number_n of_o the_o city_n and_o other_o wall_a town_n and_o some_o other_o particular_n observe_v by_o the_o chinese_n author_n it_o be_v now_o eighteen_o year_n since_o father_n francis_n fierrado_n vice-provincial_a of_o china_n and_o afterward_o visitor_n of_o japan_n and_o china_n order_v i_o to_o write_v the_o history_n of_o this_o empire_n and_o the_o progress_n of_o the_o gospel_n there_o first_o begin_v to_o be_v preach_v now_o fourscore_o and_o thirteen_o year_n ago_o but_o the_o employment_n of_o the_o mission_n and_o the_o persecution_n we_o have_v undergo_v have_v hinder_v i_o from_o go_v on_o with_o it_o the_o father_n nicholas_n trigaut_n a_o fleming_n alvero_n semedo_n a_o portugese_n martini_n native_a of_o trent_n antony_n govea_n and_o ignatius_n de_fw-fr costa_n in_o their_o yearly_a relation_n have_v treat_v very_o large_o upon_o this_o subject_a but_o the_o beauty_n the_o grandeur_n and_o the_o antiquity_n of_o this_o empire_n be_v such_o copious_a subject_n that_o though_o there_o have_v be_v much_o already_o write_v concern_v they_o yet_o there_o remain_v much_o more_o to_o be_v say_v wherefore_o i_o think_v it_o my_o duty_n to_o set_v down_o in_o this_o place_n the_o chief_a observation_n which_o i_o have_v collect_v together_o china_n be_v seat_v almost_o at_o the_o utmost_a extremity_n of_o asia_n towards_o the_o east_n it_o lie_v under_o twenty_o three_o degree_n from_o north_n to_o south_n from_o the_o fortress_n of_o caiazzo_n pim_n place_v upon_o the_o frontier_n of_o the_o province_n of_o pekim_n in_o forty_o one_o degree_n of_o latitude_n to_o the_o meridional_a point_n of_o the_o island_n of_o hai_o nan_n in_o eighteen_o degree_n of_o elevation_n and_o a_o to_o the_o south_n of_o the_o province_n of_o quamtum_fw-la so_o that_o the_o length_n of_o china_n from_o north_n to_o south_n according_a to_o the_o chinese_n book_n be_v five_o thousand_o seven_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o li_n or_o furlong_n which_o make_v 402½_n spanish_n or_o portugal_n league_n at_o 17½_n to_o a_o degree_n 575_o french_a league_n at_o 25._o to_o a_o degree_n â—…45_n german_n at_o 15._o to_o a_o degree_n 1380_o italian_a mile_n at_o 60._o to_o a_o degree_n 5750_o li_n or_o chinese_n furlong_n at_o 250._o to_o a_o degree_n from_o the_o point_n of_o nîm_n pô_o a_o seaport_n town_n in_o the_o province_n of_o chekiam_a where_o the_o portugal_n be_v former_o wont_n to_o trade_n and_o which_o ferdinand_n mendez_n call_v leam_fw-la po_n to_o the_o extremity_n of_o the_o province_n of_o suchuen_n in_o a_o straight_a line_n from_o east_n to_o west_n it_o be_v account_v 297_o spanish_n and_o portugal_n league_n 426_o french_a league_n 255_o german_a mile_n 1020_o italian_a mile_n 4080_o chinese_n furlong_n at_o 240_o to_o a_o degree_n but_o if_o you_o will_v have_v the_o length_n of_o china_n where_o it_o be_v long_a you_o must_v take_v it_o from_o the_o last_o place_n to_o the_o northwest_n of_o the_o province_n of_o leaotum_n call_v caiyven_v to_o the_o last_o city_n of_o the_o province_n of_o yunnan_n call_v cin_n tien_n kiun_n min_fw-mi fu._n take_v it_o thus_o and_o then_o the_o long_a length_n of_o this_o empire_n will_v bâ—…_n 525_o spanish_a league_n 750_o french_a league_n 1800_o italian_a mile_n 8400_o chinese_n furlong_n at_o four_o and_o a_o half_a to_o a_o mile_n of_o italy_n the_o true_a breadth_n of_o china_n to_o take_v it_o from_o tamburlaine_n chan_n the_o most_o easterly_a place_n of_o the_o country_n of_o leao_n tum_fw-la and_o which_o join_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o corea_n to_o the_o place_n call_v tum_o tim_o to_o the_o west_n of_o the_o province_n of_o xensi_fw-la be_v 350_o spanish_a league_n 500_o french_a league_n 300_o german_a mile_n 1200_o italian_a mile_n 5400_o chinese_n furlong_n there_o be_v fifteen_o province_n in_o this_o empire_n which_o for_o their_o largeness_n 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kiamsi_fw-la quci_fw-la cheu_fw-la by_o which_o it_o appear_v that_o cluverius_n trust_v too_o unwary_o to_o false_a relation_n when_o he_o reckon_v up_o eighteen_o province_n in_o china_n and_o among_o the_o rest_n the_o kingdom_n of_o cochinchina_n for_o though_o that_o kingdom_n and_o that_o of_o tum_o kim_n be_v former_o subject_a to_o china_n it_o be_v but_o for_o a_o very_a few_o year_n and_o it_o be_v a_o long_a time_n ago_o since_o they_o throw_v off_o that_o subjection_n there_o be_v several_a island_n also_o belong_v to_o china_n as_o the_o great_a and_o little_a lieu_fw-fr kieu_fw-fr tai_n van_n which_o the_o portuguese_n call_v formosa_fw-la where_o the_o hollander_n have_v a_o fortress_n which_o be_v wrest_v out_o of_o their_o hand_n by_o a_o chinese_n pirate_n some_o year_n since_o and_o where_o they_o lose_v a_o great_a number_n of_o man_n and_o great_a gun_n and_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o good_n hai_o nan_n and_o hiam_fw-la xan_n where_o stand_v the_o city_n of_o amagao_n or_o macao_n upon_o the_o southern_a promontory_n of_o that_o island_n and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o other_o some_o inhabit_a other_o quite_o desert_n the_o kingdom_n of_o corea_n be_v not_o a_o island_n adjoin_v to_o china_n as_o cluverius_n believe_v but_o a_o great_a promontory_n of_o the_o firm_a land_n extend_v itself_o from_o the_o north_n to_o the_o south_n neither_o be_v xam_n haì_n a_o island_n as_o martini_n write_v in_o his_o atlas_n and_o mark_n it_o in_o his_o map_n but_o a_o fortress_n so_o vast_a and_o so_o well_o fortify_v by_o art_n and_o nature_n that_o it_o may_v compare_v with_o the_o best_a in_o europe_n it_o stand_v upon_o the_o firm_a land_n near_o the_o sea_n between_o the_o province_n of_o pe_n kim_n and_o the_o country_n of_o leao_n tum_fw-la the_o place_n wall_v in_o through_o the_o whole_a extent_n of_o this_o empire_n amount_v to_o the_o number_n of_o four_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o and_o two_o and_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o order_n the_o 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prince_n these_o town_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n so_o environ_v with_o high_a mountain_n and_o steep_a rock_n as_o if_o nature_n have_v take_v a_o particular_a care_n of_o their_o fortification_n within_o which_o mountain_n lie_v field_n and_o plain_n for_o several_a day_n journey_n where_o be_v to_o be_v see_v city_n both_o of_o the_o first_o and_o second_o rank_n together_o with_o many_o town_n and_o village_n the_o chineses_n call_v these_o lord_n tù_fw-fr sù_n or_o tù_fw-fr quon_n that_o be_v to_o say_v mandarin_n of_o the_o country_n for_o that_o as_o they_o believe_v there_o be_v no_o emperor_n of_o the_o world_n but_o the_o emperor_n of_o china_n so_o they_o be_v conceit_v that_o there_o be_v no_o other_o prince_n or_o lord_n but_o such_o as_o they_o to_o who_o the_o emperor_n give_v that_o title_n nor_o do_v they_o give_v the_o title_n of_o mandarin_n of_o the_o land_n or_o country_n to_o those_o but_o to_o distinguish_v
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that_o it_o be_v to_o the_o foot_n of_o paris_n as_o seven_o to_o eight_o that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o the_o foot_n of_o paris_n exceed_v the_o chinese_n cubit_n a_o seven_o part_n of_o that_o cubit_n but_o in_o regard_n it_o be_v very_o requisite_a to_o know_v the_o proportion_n of_o these_o measure_n we_o be_v to_o understand_v that_o in_o geography_n all_o itinerary_a measure_n be_v â—…o_o be_v reduce_v to_o one_o degree_n of_o a_o great_a circle_n of_o the_o earth_n there_o have_v be_v great_a labour_n and_o industry_n employ_v in_o all_o age_n and_o among_o all_o the_o more_o eminent_a nation_n to_o determine_v the_o measure_n of_o one_o of_o these_o degree_n but_o with_o so_o little_a success_n and_o so_o much_o uncertainty_n that_o you_o shall_v hardly_o meet_v with_o two_o geographer_n that_o agree_v in_o this_o particular_a as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o their_o work_n and_o more_o especial_o in_o the_o reform_a geography_n of_o father_n riccioli_n a_o jesuit_n who_o have_v make_v a_o large_a collection_n of_o those_o variety_n of_o opinion_n opinion_n â—…would_v be_v to_o no_o purpose_n to_o dive_v into_o the_o cause_n of_o both_o their_o error_n or_o of_o the_o great_a difficulty_n to_o determine_v precise_o the_o measure_n of_o a_o degree_n let_v it_o suffice_v therefore_o to_o say_v that_o at_o length_n the_o royal_a society_n of_o science_n at_o paris_n compose_v of_o the_o most_o learned_a man_n and_o most_o ingenious_a astronomer_n and_o geometrician_n of_o europe_n have_v bring_v this_o difficult_a undertake_n to_o perfection_n with_o so_o much_o caution_n care_n and_o exactness_n that_o we_o can_v believe_v that_o future_a age_n will_v be_v able_a to_o add_v any_o thing_n to_o their_o invention_n here_o then_o be_v the_o proportion_n or_o measure_n of_o the_o great_a circle_n of_o the_o earth_n according_a to_o the_o measure_n of_o several_a country_n the_o measure_n of_o the_o great_a circle_n of_o the_o earth_n fathom_n of_o paris_n 57060_o 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2â—…80_n value_n of_o a_o degree_n 57060_o fathom_n of_o a_o minute_n 951_o of_o a_o second_o 16_o fathom_n by_o these_o measure_n it_o be_v apparent_a that_o it_o be_v to_o no_o purpose_n to_o say_v that_o a_o degree_n contain_v so_o many_o foot_n of_o france_n or_o spain_n or_o so_o many_o italian_a or_o german_a mile_n if_o you_o do_v not_o at_o the_o same_o time_n tell_v the_o number_n of_o fathom_n and_o foot_n which_o those_o mile_n and_o league_n contain_v and_o the_o measure_n and_o proportion_n of_o the_o say_a fathom_n and_o foot_n this_o be_v grant_v it_o be_v no_o wonder_n that_o the_o itinerary_a measure_n have_v be_v so_o uncertain_a in_o europe_n till_o now_o that_o they_o shall_v be_v much_o morâ—…_n uncertain_a in_o china_n more_o especial_o consider_v that_o the_o chineses_n be_v very_o ignorant_a in_o geometry_n and_o very_o little_a skill_a in_o astronomy_n and_o for_o that_o the_o missionary_n can_v hardly_o find_v time_n and_o requisite_a convenience_n to_o 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for_o want_v of_o art_n and_o knowledge_n not_o for_o defect_n of_o wit_n they_o have_v also_o several_a book_n that_o treat_v of_o the_o mathematics_n and_o military_a discipline_n and_o several_a excellent_a treatise_n of_o physic_n wherein_o they_o show_v the_o smartness_n of_o their_o wit_n by_o make_v several_a solid_a and_o learned_a discourse_n upon_o the_o pulse_n or_o beat_v of_o artery_n of_o which_o they_o have_v a_o particular_a knowledge_n upon_o the_o manner_n of_o know_v and_o distinguish_v between_o disease_n and_o disease_n they_o have_v several_a pleasant_a romance_n and_o book_n of_o chivalry_n like_o those_o of_o amadis_n de_fw-fr gaul_n oâ—…lando_n furioso_n d._n quixote_n etc._n etc._n and_o volume_n of_o history_n and_o precedent_n of_o obedience_n of_o child_n towards_o their_o parent_n of_o the_o loyalty_n of_o subject_n towards_o their_o prince_n of_o agriculture_n eloquent_a discourse_n pleasant_a poem_n full_a of_o witty_a invention_n tragedy_n and_o 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endeavour_v to_o have_v kill_v he_o several_a time_n but_o he_o suffer_v all_o their_o cruelty_n with_o a_o extraordinary_a patience_n among_o other_o example_n of_o his_o virtue_n there_o be_v two_o philosopher_n who_o report_n how_o that_o one_o day_n his_o father_n and_o his_o brother_n who_o be_v both_o as_o wicked_a as_o he_o be_v virtuous_a command_v he_o to_o go_v down_o into_o a_o well_o to_o cleanse_v it_o immediate_o he_o obey_v but_o he_o be_v no_o soon_o at_o the_o bottom_n but_o those_o barbarian_n transport_v with_o fury_n and_o malice_n draw_v the_o ladder_n and_o throw_v down_o great_a stone_n piece_n of_o wood_n and_o what_o ever_o they_o can_v find_v next_o at_o hand_n to_o destroy_v he_o in_o the_o well_o however_o he_o get_v out_o through_o a_o passage_n which_o he_o discover_v under_o ground_n nevertheless_o he_o be_v so_o far_o from_o seek_v to_o revenge_v that_o excess_n of_o fury_n and_o inhumaniâ—…y_n that_o he_o repay_v they_o with_o great_a mark_n than_o 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three_o hundred_o sixty_o five_o for_o in_o regard_v the_o emperor_n be_v style_v the_o sun_n of_o heaven_n there_o be_v nothing_o that_o appertain_v to_o he_o to_o which_o the_o chineses_n do_v not_o ascribe_v some_o relation_n to_o the_o celestial_a being_n as_o the_o heaven_n the_o sun_n the_o moon_n the_o planet_n and_o the_o star_n thus_o lum_o y_o signify_v the_o habit_n of_o the_o dragon_n for_o that_o the_o impreze_n and_o arm_n of_o the_o king_n of_o china_n be_v compose_v of_o dragon_n with_o five_o claw_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n his_o habit_n and_o his_o movable_n of_o necessity_n must_v be_v adorn_v with_o dragon_n either_o in_o paint_v or_o embroidery_n so_o that_o when_o you_o say_v lum_n then_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o dragon_n or_o lum_n y_fw-fr the_o habit_n of_o the_o dragon_n all_o the_o chineses_n understand_v that_o you_o mean_v the_o emperor_n eye_n or_o the_o emperor_n garment_n and_o so_o of_o the_o rest_n last_o there_o be_v other_o vessel_n call_v lám_n chuen_fw-ge very_o light_a and_o small_a in_o comparison_n of_o the_o other_o and_o which_o be_v almost_o as_o broad_a as_o they_o be_v long_o these_o be_v for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o man_n of_o learning_n and_o other_o wealthy_a person_n and_o people_n of_o quality_n that_o go_v and_o come_v to_o and_o from_o the_o court._n they_o have_v belong_v to_o they_o a_o fair_a cabin_n a_o bed_n a_o table_n and_o chair_n where_o you_o may_v sleep_v eat_v study_n write_v and_o receive_v visit_n with_o the_o same_o convenience_n as_o if_o you_o be_v at_o home_n in_o your_o house_n the_o prow_n belong_v to_o the_o mariner_n and_o waterman_n and_o the_o master_n of_o the_o boat_n live_v in_o the_o poop_n with_o his_o wife_n and_o child_n where_o also_o the_o victual_n be_v dress_v for_o he_o that_o hire_v the_o bark_n these_o last_o vessel_n with_o several_a other_o of_o several_a form_n belong_v to_o particular_a person_n and_o be_v almost_o innumerable_a and_o i_o myself_o in_o the_o year_n 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quantity_n which_o the_o chineses_n have_v rammase_v together_o must_v needs_o be_v immense_a and_o incredible_a so_o much_o the_o rather_o for_o that_o whatever_o enter_v once_o be_v never_o carry_v out_o again_o in_o regard_n the_o law_n so_o strict_o forbid_v it_o you_o shall_v rare_o hear_v in_o europe_n of_o present_n make_v of_o five_o hundred_o or_o a_o thousand_o crown_n but_o in_o china_n it_o be_v a_o usual_a thing_n to_o make_v present_n not_o only_o of_o a_o thousand_o but_o ten_o twenty_o thirty_o forty_o thousand_o crown_n and_o certain_a it_o be_v that_o through_o the_o whole_a empire_n but_o more_o especial_o at_o court_n several_z million_o be_v expend_v in_o present_n and_o entertainment_n and_o that_o the_o same_o thing_n be_v there_o every_o day_n to_o be_v see_v which_o be_v
it_o be_v a_o great_a advantage_n to_o the_o king_n so_o be_v it_o no_o less_o gainful_a to_o the_o wealthy_a sort_n for_o that_o they_o get_v employment_n which_o they_o can_v never_o have_v obtain_v but_o by_o that_o mean_n &_o wherein_o that_o nation_n place_n their_o chief_a glory_n and_o felicity_n however_o this_o expedient_a can_v not_o satisfy_v the_o generality_n who_o be_v unwilling_a and_o grumble_v to_o part_v with_o their_o commodity_n and_o provision_n for_o a_o piece_n of_o pasteboard_n which_o be_v the_o occasion_n of_o many_o quarrel_n and_o dispute_n so_o that_o at_o last_o the_o court_n be_v oblige_v to_o suppress_v these_o billet_n to_o avoid_v those_o inconvenience_n and_o many_o other_o which_o they_o every_o day_n foresee_v so_o that_o after_o some_o few_o age_n those_o pastboard_n be_v no_o long_o in_o use_n however_o there_o be_v no_o question_n to_o be_v make_v but_o that_o these_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o induce_v m._n polo_n to_o assert_v in_o several_a 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and_o colour_n but_o rich_a and_o costly_a garment_n for_o the_o king_n the_o queen_n the_o prince_n their_o child_n and_o all_o the_o lady_n of_o the_o court._n to_o which_o we_o may_v add_v the_o hundred_o of_o thousand_o pound_n of_o raw_a and_o wrought_a silk_n which_o the_o other_o province_n pay_v by_o way_n of_o tribute_n to_o the_o king_n of_o which_o i_o shall_v present_o give_v a_o account_n so_o that_o of_o necessity_n china_n must_v have_v a_o undrainable_a plenty_n of_o silk_n since_o the_o tribute_n which_o it_o pay_v be_v so_o great_a the_o wax_n be_v the_o most_o beautiful_a the_o clear_a &_o the_o white_a that_o ever_o be_v see_v and_o though_o it_o be_v not_o so_o common_a as_o bâ—…es-wax_n in_o europe_n however_o there_o be_v enough_o to_o serve_v the_o king_n and_o all_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o palace_n for_o the_o grandee_n the_o lord_n and_o all_o the_o mandarin_n that_o be_v in_o actual_a employment_n for_o all_o the_o learned_a and_o rich_a people_n it_o be_v 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province_n of_o xan_n tumm_n where_o the_o inhabitant_n pick_v the_o egg_n of_o these_o animal_n out_o of_o the_o tree_n and_o hoard_v they_o up_o these_o egg_n in_o the_o spring_n turn_v to_o little_a worm_n with_o which_o they_o fill_v the_o hollowness_n of_o large_a cane_n and_o carry_v they_o into_o the_o province_n of_o hû_fw-fr quam_fw-la to_o sell._n at_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o spring_n they_o lay_v these_o worm_n at_o the_o root_n of_o the_o tree_n where_o they_o be_v no_o soon_o lay_v but_o with_o a_o incredible_a swiftness_n they_o run_v up_o the_o body_n of_o the_o tree_n and_o take_v possession_n of_o the_o branch_n and_o bough_n as_o it_o be_v by_o a_o kind_n of_o natural_a instinct_n where_o be_v always_o in_o motion_n with_o a_o wonderful_a activity_n they_o bite_v pierce_v and_o penetrate_v to_o the_o very_a pith_n which_o by_o a_o peculiar_a property_n that_o god_n have_v give_v they_o they_o prepare_v purify_v and_o turn_v to_o wax_n as_o white_a as_o snow_n afterward_o they_o thrust_v it_o up_o through_o the_o hole_n which_o they_o have_v make_v to_o the_o superficies_n where_o by_o mean_n of_o the_o wind_n and_o the_o cold_a it_o congeal_v and_o hang_v like_o so_o many_o drop_n or_o icicle_n and_o then_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o tree_n come_v and_o gather_v it_o and_o make_v it_o into_o cake_n like_o our_o cake_n of_o wax_n and_o then_o sell_v it_o all_o over_o the_o kingdom_n it_o be_v true_a that_o there_o be_v not_o in_o any_o part_n of_o this_o empire_n any_o woollen_a cloth_n comparable_a to_o the_o cloth_n which_o we_o make_v use_v of_o in_o europe_n nevertheless_o there_o be_v several_a sort_n of_o serge_n and_o those_o very_a fine_a and_o very_o costly_a of_o a_o ashy_a or_o cinnamon_n colour_n which_o be_v wear_v by_o old_a people_n and_o person_n of_o quality_n in_o the_o winter_n the_o country_n people_n and_o mean_a sort_n make_v their_o garment_n of_o cotton_n cloth_n of_o which_o there_o be_v such_o a_o extraordinary_a plenty_n and_o of_o so_o many_o several_a colour_n that_o it_o be_v scarce_o possible_a to_o express_v it_o but_o much_o more_o impossible_a to_o express_v the_o value_n richness_n beauty_n plenty_n and_o variety_n of_o the_o fur_n in_o this_o nation_n which_o be_v wear_v in_o all_o the_o northern_a province_n especial_o at_o the_o court_n at_o pekim_a i_o shall_v only_o make_v this_o observation_n for_o the_o better_a confirmation_n of_o the_o truth_n of_o what_o i_o say_v that_o when_o the_o king_n appear_v public_o in_o his_o royal_a room_n of_o state_n which_o he_o do_v four_o time_n in_o a_o month_n the_o four_o thousand_o mandarin_n that_o come_v to_o pay_v he_o their_o homage_n be_v all_o cover_v from_o head_n to_o foot_n with_o sable_n of_o a_o extraordinary_a value_n the_o woman_n also_o be_v clad_v with_o the_o same_o sort_n and_o the_o chineses_n not_o only_a line_n their_o buskin_n and_o their_o bonnet_n but_o face_n the_o saddle_n of_o their_o horse_n with_o several_a sort_n of_o fur_n nay_o they_o line_n their_o seat_n their_o chair_n and_o the_o inside_n of_o their_o tent_n with_o fur_n among_o the_o common_a people_n the_o more_o wealthy_a sort_n wear_v lambskin_n the_o poor_a sort_n wrap_v themselves_o in_o sheepskin_n so_o that_o in_o 〈◊〉_d winter_n time_n there_o be_v not_o any_o person_n that_o be_v no_o 〈◊〉_d up_o in_o the_o skin_n and_o fur_n of_o several_a 〈◊〉_d as_o sables_n martin_n fox_n wolf_n 〈◊〉_d several_a other_o of_o which_o i_o do_v not_o know_v the_o name_n in_o portuguese_a and_o some_o of_o these_o skin_n be_v so_o high-prized_a that_o a_o garment_n will_v cost_v a_o hundred_o three_o hundred_o and_o four_o hundred_o crown_n as_o for_o flesh_n fish_n fruit_n and_o other_o provision_n it_o be_v enough_o to_o say_v that_o
admit_v the_o least_o thought_n of_o revolt_n to_o slide_v into_o their_o heart_n as_o rather_o to_o be_v the_o bulwark_n and_o fortress_n of_o his_o kingdom_n these_o be_v the_o nine_o rule_n or_o maxim_n of_o cum_fw-la fu_fw-la sius_fw-la what_o follow_v be_v the_o exposition_n of_o a_o commentatour_n if_o the_o king_n say_v he_o put_v in_o practice_n these_o nine_o rule_n he_o may_v immortallize_v his_o reign_n and_o not_o only_o acquire_v great_a renown_n but_o attain_v the_o end_n for_o which_o heaven_n have_v advance_v he_o to_o so_o high_a a_o degree_n of_o dignity_n for_o if_o a_o prince_n govern_v himself_o well_o at_o the_o same_o time_n he_o shall_v also_o obtain_v that_o sovereign_a perfection_n and_o universal_a virtue_n of_o golden_a mediocrity_n he_o shall_v be_v a_o crystal_n mirror_n wherein_o his_o subject_n may_v behold_v themselves_o and_o a_o live_a rule_n and_o enliven_v d_o model_n for_o they_o to_o imirate_n if_o he_o esteem_v and_o honour_n man_n of_o learning_n and_o virtue_n with_o equal_a complacency_n they_o will_v discover_v to_o he_o the_o method_n and_o maxim_n of_o good_a government_n he_o will_v every_o day_n become_v more_o and_o more_o enlighten_v and_o acquire_v prudence_n judgement_n experience_n and_o knowledge_n how_o to_o govern_v himself_o and_o his_o people_n and_o he_o will_v find_v himself_o from_o moment_n to_o moment_n less_o uncertain_a and_o less_o entangle_v in_o the_o conduct_n of_o affair_n both_o of_o his_o house_n and_o kingdom_n if_o he_o love_v his_o uncle_n brother_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o kindred_n they_o will_v live_v together_o with_o he_o and_o serve_v he_o with_o concord_n and_o satisfaction_n if_o he_o favour_v and_o cherish_v his_o grandee_n they_o will_v be_v faithful_a and_o diligent_a they_o will_v serve_v he_o as_o instrument_n to_o increase_v his_o power_n they_o will_v act_v sincere_o and_o just_o in_o all_o affair_n of_o importance_n in_o a_o word_n they_o will_v be_v a_o help_n and_o assistance_n to_o he_o in_o all_o thing_n nor_o shall_v he_o ever_o be_v expose_v while_o he_o make_v use_v of_o their_o counsel_n to_o be_v without_o a_o guide_n and_o hazard_v his_o dominion_n by_o the_o rash_a error_n of_o his_o government_n if_o he_o consider_v his_o subject_n as_o his_o own_o member_n they_o will_v do_v their_o utmost_a to_o serve_v he_o with_o all_o the_o mark_n of_o entire_a sidelity_n in_o return_n of_o their_o prince_n s_o esteem_n and_o favour_n if_o he_o love_v his_o people_n as_o his_o child_n he_o will_v fill_v their_o heart_n with_o joy_n and_o affection_n while_o they_o on_o the_o other_o side_n prostrate_v themselves_o at_o his_o foot_n ensâ—…amed_v with_o love_n and_o veneration_n for_o their_o king_n their_o parent_n and_o their_o master_n if_o he_o invite_v to_o his_o court_n artificer_n and_o artist_n of_o all_o sort_n they_o will_v make_v it_o their_o business_n to_o settle_v or_o improve_v commerce_n agriculture_n and_o all_o such_o trade_n and_o art_n to_o which_o they_o have_v be_v breed_v thus_o the_o kingdom_n will_v be_v enrich_v and_o by_o that_o mean_v the_o people_n the_o whole_a empire_n and_o the_o king_n himself_o will_v live_v in_o plenty_n and_o enjoy_v a_o abound_a and_o durable_a peace_n if_o he_o be_v courteous_a and_o liberal_a to_o ambassador_n and_o other_o foreigner_n the_o fame_n of_o his_o virtue_n will_v spread_v itself_o to_o all_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o distant_a nation_n will_v glory_v to_o be_v under_o his_o subjection_n if_o he_o cherish_v in_o his_o bosom_n the_o great_a lord_n of_o his_o kingdom_n he_o will_v excite_v they_o to_o all_o the_o heroic_a and_o illustrious_a action_n of_o which_o their_o quality_n and_o nobility_n render_v they_o capable_a and_o all_o with_o a_o respectful_a awe_n and_o ardent_a affection_n for_o their_o prince_n will_v embrace_v virtue_n and_o be_v guard_n to_o the_o emperor_n and_o bulwark_n to_o the_o empire_n these_o be_v the_o reflection_n of_o the_o commentator_n upon_o the_o nine_o rule_n of_o good_a government_n i_o translate_v they_o out_o of_o chinese_n into_o portugueze_n to_o the_o end_n that_o by_o this_o essay_n man_n may_v be_v able_a to_o judge_v of_o their_o sentiment_n upon_o this_o subject_a and_o the_o reader_n more_o clear_o understand_v the_o rest_n that_o follow_v the_o mandarin_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n be_v distinguish_v into_o nine_o order_n and_o every_o order_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o degree_n for_o example_n it_o be_v say_v such_o a_o one_o be_v a_o mandarin_n of_o the_o second_o degree_n of_o the_o first_o second_o or_o three_o order_n or_o else_o he_o be_v a_o mandarin_n of_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o the_o first_o second_o or_o three_o order_n this_o division_n signify_v no_o more_o than_o only_o the_o particular_a title_n which_o the_o king_n give_v they_o without_o any_o respect_n to_o their_o employment_n for_o though_o usual_o the_o mandarin_n be_v of_o a_o order_n superior_a or_o inferior_a according_a to_o the_o dignity_n of_o their_o employment_n nevertheless_o that_o be_v no_o general_a rule_n because_o sometime_o be_v happen_v that_o to_o recompense_v the_o merit_n of_o a_o person_n who_o office_n have_v be_v usual_o enjoy_v by_o a_o mandarin_n of_o the_o inferior_a order_n the_o king_n may_v give_v he_o the_o title_n of_o a_o mandarin_n of_o the_o first_o or_o second_o order_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n to_o punish_v a_o person_n who_o office_n belong_v to_o the_o superior_a mandarin_n he_o debase_v he_o to_o the_o title_n of_o mandarin_n of_o the_o inferior_a order_n and_o the_o knowledge_n distinction_n and_o subordination_n of_o these_o order_n be_v so_o perfect_a and_o exact_a the_o veneration_n and_o submission_n of_o the_o latter_a towards_o the_o former_a be_v so_o great_a and_o last_o the_o sovereign_a power_n of_o the_o prince_n over_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o so_o absolute_a that_o i_o never_o meet_v with_o any_o thing_n that_o can_v compare_v with_o it_o among_o all_o the_o search_v i_o have_v make_v into_o any_o of_o our_o government_n whether_o temporal_a or_o ecclesiastical_a the_o mandarin_n of_o the_o first_o order_n be_v counsellor_n of_o the_o king_n council_n of_o state_n which_o be_v the_o great_a honour_n and_o the_o high_a dignity_n to_o which_o a_o learned_a man_n can_v arrive_v in_o this_o empire_n they_o have_v several_a name_n and_o several_a title_n both_o ancient_a and_o modern_a annex_v to_o their_o office_n of_o which_o the_o most_o common_a be_v nui_fw-la co_n co_z lao_n caiazzo_n siam_n siam_n cum_fw-la siam_n queen_n yet_o all_o these_o with_o little_a difference_n signify_v no_o more_o than_o assistant_n judge_n lateral_a and_o supreme_a counsellor_n to_o the_o king._n there_o be_v also_o several_a hall_n in_o the_o king_n palace_n magnificent_a as_o well_o for_o their_o architecture_n as_o for_o their_o spaciousness_n and_o furniture_n which_o be_v distinguish_v into_o inferior_a or_o superior_a according_a to_o the_o business_n therein_o transact_v for_o when_o the_o king_n will_v bestow_v any_o great_a favour_n upon_o some_o one_o of_o his_o counsellor_n he_o give_v he_o the_o name_n of_o one_o of_o those_o hall_n as_o chum_n chie_a tien_n that_o be_v to_o say_v supreme_a royal_a hall_n of_o the_o middle_a and_o then_o he_o add_v this_o new_a title_n to_o his_o usual_a name_n the_o king_n also_o give_v they_o other_o title_n by_o which_o they_o acquire_v a_o extraordinary_a same_n and_o honour_n when_o they_o merit_v those_o title_n by_o any_o glorious_a action_n as_o que_fw-fr chu_fw-mi which_o signify_v the_o pillar_n that_o support_v the_o empire_n of_o these_o counsellor_n there_o be_v no_o determine_a number_n be_v sometime_o more_o sometime_o few_o as_o it_o please_v the_o emperor_n who_o choose_v they_o at_o his_o own_o pleasure_n out_o of_o the_o mandarin_n of_o other_o tribunal_n nevertheless_o there_o be_v always_o one_o call_v neu_n siam_n who_o be_v their_o precedent_n and_o as_o it_o be_v the_o emperor_n be_v prime_a minister_n and_o favourite_n the_o tribunal_n of_o these_o counsellor_n as_o it_o be_v the_o high_a of_o all_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o empire_n so_o it_o be_v also_o place_v in_o the_o king_n palace_n on_o the_o left_a hand_n of_o the_o supreme_a royal_a hall_n where_o the_o king_n give_v audience_n and_o receive_v the_o homage_n of_o the_o mandarin_n when_o he_o go_v abroad_o and_o here_o we_o must_v observe_v by_o the_o way_n that_o among_o the_o chinese_n the_o left_a hand_n be_v the_o place_n of_o honour_n this_o tribunal_n be_v call_v nui_fw-la yuen_v or_o the_o tribunal_n within_o the_o king_n palace_n it_o be_v compose_v of_o three_o order_n of_o mandarin_n the_o first_o be_v the_o king_n counsellor_n of_o who_o we_o have_v already_o speak_v these_o be_v to_o view_v examine_v and_o judge_v of_o all_o the_o memorial_n which_o the_o six_o chief_a tribunal_n of_o
establish_a and_o confirm_v they_o share_v their_o employment_n and_o regulate_v their_o function_n with_o so_o much_o prudence_n that_o there_o be_v not_o one_o which_o be_v so_o absolute_a in_o the_o affair_n which_o be_v under_o their_o jurisdiction_n but_o they_o depend_v one_o upon_o another_o for_o example_n the_o first_o precedent_n of_o the_o four_o tribunal_n which_o be_v that_o of_o war_n have_v it_o a_o independent_a authority_n have_v a_o easy_a opportunity_n to_o rebel_v because_o all_o the_o force_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v at_o their_o disposal_n but_o they_o want_v money_n and_o therefore_o of_o necessity_n they_o must_v have_v the_o king_n leave_n and_o order_n to_o require_v it_o from_o the_o tribunal_n of_o the_o exchequer_n the_o pioner_n bark_n boat_n wagon_n tent_n and_o other_o instrument_n of_o war_n belong_v to_o the_o six_o tribunal_n to_o which_o the_o four_o must_v address_v themselves_o beside_o that_o the_o horse_n be_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o a_o petty_a separate_a tribunal_n of_o which_o we_o shall_v speak_v hereafter_o the_o military_a mandarin_n make_v five_o tribunal_n which_o be_v call_v u_o furio_n or_o five_o cass_n their_o palace_n be_v place_v westward_o on_o the_o right_a hand_n of_o the_o palace_n royal_a and_o be_v thus_o distinguish_v by_o their_o name_n the_o first_o be_v call_v heu_fw-la furio_n or_o the_o rereguard_n the_o second_o tso_n su_n or_o the_o left_a wing_n the_o three_o you_o furio_n or_o the_o right_a wing_n the_o four_o chum_n furio_n or_o the_o main_a battle_n and_o the_o five_o lien_n furio_n or_o the_o vanguard_n the_o five_o tribunal_n be_v govern_v by_o fifteen_o great_a lord_n as_o marquess_n count_n etc._n etc._n three_o in_o each_o tribunal_n of_o which_o the_o one_o be_v precedent_n and_o the_o other_o two_o his_o assessor_n they_o be_v all_o fifteen_o of_o the_o first_o order_n of_o the_o mandarin_n but_o the_o precedent_n be_v of_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o that_o order_n and_o the_o assessor_n of_o the_o second_o all_o the_o officer_n and_o soldier_n of_o the_o court_n be_v under_o their_o care_n these_o five_o tribunal_n have_v one_o superior_a tribunal_n above_o they_o which_o be_v call_v ium_o chim_z fu_fw-mi that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o supreme_a tribunal_n of_o war_n the_o precedent_n of_o which_o be_v always_o one_o of_o the_o great_a lord_n in_o the_o kingdom_n the_o authority_n of_o this_o tribunal_n extend_v itself_o over_o all_o these_o five_o tribunal_n and_o over_o all_o the_o officer_n and_o soldier_n of_o the_o empire_n but_o to_o prevent_v their_o abuse_n so_o large_a a_o power_n they_o be_v curb_v by_o a_o assessor_n set_v over_o they_o who_o be_v a_o mandarin_n of_o learning_n with_o the_o title_n of_o supreme_a regent_n of_o arm_n and_o two_o royal_a controller_n who_o be_v equal_o concern_v in_o the_o management_n of_o affair_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o precede_a family_n these_o tribunal_n have_v a_o very_a great_a authority_n and_o be_v much_o more_o high_o honour_v and_o esteem_v nevertheless_o they_o have_v much_o more_o reputation_n than_o real_a power_n in_o regard_n the_o execution_n of_o business_n belong_v to_o the_o superior_a tribunal_n of_o arm_n call_v pim_n pu_fw-fr it_o may_v be_v object_v perhaps_o that_o these_o five_o tribunal_n be_v superfluous_a because_o they_o depend_v upon_o the_o four_o of_o the_o six_o superior_a court_n but_o in_o answer_n to_o this_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o there_o be_v at_o court_n at_o that_o time_n a_o great_a number_n of_o lord_n which_o the_o chineses_n call_v hium_fw-la chin_n or_o vassal_n of_o great_a merit_n who_o ancestor_n have_v assist_v the_o first_o king_n of_o the_o precede_a race_n to_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o empire_n beside_o it_o be_v most_o certain_a that_o there_o be_v no_o passion_n so_o prevail_v over_o the_o chinese_n as_o the_o violent_a ambition_n of_o rule_n and_o command_n as_o be_v that_o wherein_o they_o place_v all_o their_o chief_a glory_n and_o happiness_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o answer_n which_o a_o mandarin_n make_v to_o father_n matthew_n ricci_n for_o that_o same_o father_n discourse_v of_o our_o holy_a law_n and_o of_o that_o eternal_a felicity_n which_o they_o who_o embrace_v it_o enjoy_v hereafter_o come_v come_v say_v the_o mandarin_n hold_v your_o tongue_n and_o lay_v aside_o these_o idle_a conceit_n your_o great_a glory_n and_o happiness_n as_o a_o stranger_n it_o be_v to_o abide_v in_o this_o kingdom_n and_o this_o court._n and_o for_o my_o own_o part_n all_o my_o glory_n and_o happiness_n consist_v in_o this_o same_o girdle_n and_o habit_n of_o a_o mandarin_n all_o the_o rest_n be_v nothing_o but_o fable_n and_o word_n which_o the_o wind_n blow_v away_o mere_a story_n of_o thing_n invisible_a or_o rather_o never_o to_o be_v see_v that_o which_o be_v visible_a be_v to_o command_v other_o gold_n and_o silver_n wife_n and_o concubine_n and_o multitude_n of_o servant_n of_o both_o sex_n these_o be_v visible_a noble_a house_n great_a wealth_n banquet_n divertisement_n these_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o a_o word_n estate_n honour_n and_o glory_n be_v the_o consequence_n of_o be_v a_o mandarin_n this_o be_v all_o the_o felicity_n which_o we_o desire_v and_o enjoy_v in_o this_o large_a empire_n and_o not_o your_o vain_a felicity_n which_o be_v as_o unprofitable_a as_o it_o be_v invisible_a and_o impossible_a to_o obtain_v these_o be_v the_o carnal_a sentiment_n of_o man_n no_o less_o blind_a than_o proud_a and_o haughty_a which_o be_v so_o the_o king_n who_o understand_v the_o humour_n of_o that_o nation_n especial_o of_o the_o grandee_n for_o their_o satisfaction_n be_v think_v themselves_o of_o these_o tribunal_n which_o they_o erect_v and_o regulate_v in_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o they_o give_v they_o a_o opportunity_n to_o satisfy_v their_o ambition_n with_o the_o honour_n and_o profit_n belong_v to_o their_o office_n and_o prevent_v they_o from_o do_v mischief_n by_o the_o small_a authority_n which_o they_o have_v allow_v they_o now_o as_o there_o be_v some_o mandarin_n who_o be_v not_o of_o any_o of_o the_o nine_o order_n which_o be_v call_v vi_o jo_o lieu_n or_o man_n not_o settle_v there_o be_v other_o which_o be_v call_v vu_z pin_n or_o such_o for_o who_o there_o be_v no_o degree_n high_a enough_o or_o such_o who_o merit_n be_v so_o great_a that_o they_o be_v above_o all_o order_n and_o degree_n these_o be_v the_o petty_a king_n duke_n marquess_n &c._n &c._n which_o govern_v the_o two_o tribunal_n of_o arms._n but_o though_o they_o be_v honour_v with_o title_n and_o some_o small_a authority_n which_o they_o enjoy_v by_o virtue_n of_o their_o quality_n of_o mandarin_n nevertheless_o the_o dignity_n of_o duke_n and_o marquess_n which_o their_o great_a service_n have_v purchase_v be_v far_o more_o value_v and_o esteem_v and_o thus_o much_o for_o the_o eleven_o superior_a court_n or_o tribunal_n we_o shall_v now_o brief_o give_v you_o a_o prospect_n of_o the_o other_o tribunal_n of_o the_o court_n and_o whole_a empire_n chap._n fourteen_o of_o several_a other_o tribunal_n at_o pekim_n the_o licentiate_n of_o all_o the_o kingdom_n who_o the_o chineses_n call_v kiu_fw-mi gin_fw-mi or_o man_n famous_a for_o learning_n meet_v together_o every_o three_o year_n at_o the_o court_n at_o pekim_n and_o be_v there_o examine_v for_o thirteen_o day_n together_o a_o month_n after_o the_o degree_n of_o doctor_n be_v give_v to_o three_o hundred_o and_o sixty_o six_o who_o have_v display_v the_o most_o pregnant_a of_o part_n and_o ingenuity_n in_o their_o composition_n out_o of_o these_o young_a doctor_n the_o king_n make_v choice_n of_o the_o young_a and_o most_o ingenious_a and_o prefer_v they_o to_o a_o tribunal_n call_v han_n len_n ve_v that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o garden_n or_o wood_n flourish_v in_o learning_n and_o knowledge_n this_o tribunal_n contain_v a_o great_a number_n of_o mandarin_n all_o very_a learned_a and_o the_o most_o sprightly_a wit_n of_o the_o empire_n which_o be_v divide_v into_o five_o class_n and_o compose_v five_o tribunal_n with_o the_o name_n and_o employment_n of_o which_o i_o shall_v not_o trouble_v the_o reader_n for_o fear_n of_o be_v tedious_a but_o only_o give_v a_o general_a account_n of_o their_o function_n they_o be_v tutor_n to_o the_o prince_n who_o be_v heir_n to_o the_o empire_n who_o they_o instruct_v in_o virtue_n civility_n and_o the_o liberal_a science_n by_o degree_n also_o as_o he_o grow_v in_o year_n they_o teach_v he_o the_o true_a art_n of_o govern_v and_o the_o method_n of_o good_a conduct_n they_o set_v down_o all_o the_o remarkable_a accident_n that_o happen_v either_o at_o court_n or_o throughout_o the_o whole_a empire_n and_o which_o most_o deserve_v to_o be_v deliver_v to_o posterity_n they_o compile_v the_o general_a history_n of_o the_o kingdom_n they_o be_v always_o at_o
their_o study_n and_o write_v book_n upon_o several_a subject_n they_o be_v proper_o the_o king_n be_v learned_a people_n who_o frequent_o discourse_v with_o they_o upon_o several_a science_n and_o make_v choice_n of_o several_a of_o they_o to_o be_v his_o colao_n or_o counsellor_n or_o for_o his_o other_o tribunal_n and_o general_o he_o commit_v to_o their_o care_n the_o execution_n of_o all_o affair_n that_o require_v secrecy_n and_o fidelity_n in_o short_a this_o tribunal_n be_v a_o royal_a academy_n or_o as_o i_o may_v so_o say_v a_o royal_a magazine_n furnish_v with_o man_n of_o wit_n and_o learning_n always_o ready_a to_o serve_v the_o state_n and_o the_o emperor_n they_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o first_o tribunal_n be_v of_o the_o three_o order_n of_o mandarin_n they_o of_o the_o second_o of_o the_o four_o order_n and_o they_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o other_o three_o be_v of_o the_o five_o order_n yet_o though_o they_o be_v of_o those_o inferior_a order_n nevertheless_o they_o be_v very_o much_o esteem_v respect_a and_o dread_a the_o tribunal_n call_v gue_n thu_n kien_n be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o royal_a school_n or_o university_n of_o the_o whole_a empire_n and_o it_o have_v two_o sort_n of_o employment_n the_o first_o be_v that_o when_o the_o king_n make_v any_o sacrifice_n to_o the_o heaven_n the_o earth_n the_o sun_n or_o moon_n or_o to_o any_o one_o of_o his_o subject_n decease_v to_o recompense_v his_o great_a service_n the_o mandarin_n of_o this_o tribunal_n present_v the_o wine_n which_o be_v do_v with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o ceremony_n their_o next_o business_n be_v to_o take_v care_n of_o all_o the_o licentiate_n and_o undergraduate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o of_o all_o the_o student_n to_o who_o for_o some_o particular_a reason_n the_o king_n be_v please_v to_o confer_v title_n and_o dignity_n which_o equal_v they_o in_o some_o measure_n with_o the_o bachelor_n graduate_n these_o student_n be_v of_o eight_o sort_n the_o first_o be_v call_v cum_fw-la sem_fw-mi who_o be_v bachelor_n of_o art_n and_o learned_a be_v of_o a_o age_n not_o to_o be_v examine_v or_o who_o have_v be_v examine_v have_v not_o the_o good_a fortune_n to_o come_v off_o with_o applause_n and_o therefore_o to_o make_v they_o amends_o the_o king_n give_v they_o a_o pension_n as_o long_o as_o they_o live_v the_o second_o call_v quen_o sem_fw-mi be_v the_o son_n of_o great_a mandarin_n upon_o who_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o eminent_a service_n of_o their_o parent_n the_o king_n confer_v employment_n without_o suffer_v they_o to_o undergo_v the_o rigour_n of_o examination_n the_o three_o sort_n call_v ngen_fw-mi sem_fw-mi be_v certain_a student_n who_o the_o king_n make_v mandarin_n at_o his_o come_n to_o the_o crown_n or_o upon_o the_o birth_n or_o marriage_n of_o the_o prince_n his_o elder_a son._n the_o four_o be_v call_v cum_fw-la sem_fw-mi be_v student_n upon_o who_o the_o king_n bestow_v his_o favour_n and_o advance_v they_o to_o dignity_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o great_a personal_a merit_n or_o the_o great_a service_n of_o their_o ancestor_n the_o five_o sort_n call_v kien_fw-mi sem_fw-mi comprehend_v all_o those_o who_o have_v be_v bachelor_n for_o some_o time_n and_o after_o their_o examination_n not_o be_v able_a to_o merit_v the_o degree_n of_o licentiate_n or_o else_o fear_v to_o lose_v their_o degree_n of_o bachelor_n give_v the_o king_n a_o sum_n of_o money_n for_o which_o he_o grant_v they_o the_o title_n of_o kien_fw-fr sem_fw-mi which_o confirm_v they_o for_o ever_o into_o their_o batchelour_n degree_n and_o make_v they_o capable_a of_o be_v elect_v mandarin_n the_o six_o be_v compose_v of_o student_n that_o learn_v foreign_a language_n that_o they_o may_v be_v able_a to_o interpret_v when_o stranger_n come_v to_o court._n to_o who_o the_o king_n for_o their_o encouragement_n give_v this_o title_n with_o revenue_n proportionable_a and_o after_o they_o have_v serve_v for_o some_o year_n they_o may_v be_v make_v mandarin_n without_o any_o examination_n the_o seven_o consist_v of_o the_o son_n of_o great_a lord_n who_o in_o this_o tribunal_n learn_v virtue_n civility_n and_o the_o liberal_a science_n and_o when_o they_o be_v of_o age_n to_o be_v mandarin_n the_o king_n prefer_v they_o to_o some_o employment_n or_o other_o the_o eight_o be_v accidental_a and_o of_o a_o peculiar_a sort_n for_o when_o the_o emperor_n have_v any_o daughter_n that_o be_v call_v lady_n of_o the_o palace_n or_o cum_fw-la chu_n and_o that_o he_o have_v a_o intention_n to_o marry_v they_o he_o make_v choice_n at_o pekim_n of_o several_a young_a lad_n hopeful_a for_o their_o part_n handsome_a and_o between_o fourteen_o and_o seventeen_o year_n of_o age_n whether_o they_o be_v the_o son_n of_o mandarin_n tradesman_n or_o poor_a people_n out_o of_o these_o the_o tribunal_n of_o ceremony_n choose_v the_o most_o accomplish_a for_o beauty_n and_o wit_n and_o present_v they_o to_o the_o king_n who_o cull_v out_o one_o that_o please_v he_o most_o and_o send_v the_o rest_n back_o to_o their_o parent_n after_o he_o have_v give_v to_o every_o one_o a_o sum_n of_o money_n and_o a_o piece_n of_o silk_n but_o as_o for_o those_o who_o be_v thus_o make_v choice_n of_o to_o be_v his_o son_n in_o law_n he_o set_v over_o they_o a_o mandarin_n of_o the_o tribunal_n of_o ceremony_n and_o place_n he_o in_o that_o college_n to_o be_v instruct_v the_o precedent_n of_o this_o college_n be_v of_o the_o four_o order_n of_o mandarin_n and_o his_o assessor_n who_o be_v regent_n in_o the_o college_n be_v of_o the_o five_o order_n the_o mandarin_n that_o compose_v the_o tribunal_n call_v tu_fw-la cha_fw-mi yuen_v be_v controller_n of_o the_o court_n and_o of_o all_o the_o empire_n the_o precedent_n be_v equal_a in_o dignity_n to_o the_o precedent_n of_o the_o six_o superior_a tribunal_n so_o that_o he_o be_v a_o mandarin_n of_o the_o second_o degree_n his_o first_o assessor_n be_v of_o the_o three_o and_o his_o second_o assistant_n of_o the_o four_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o mandarin_n which_o be_v very_o numerous_a and_o of_o great_a authority_n be_v of_o the_o seven_o order_n their_o employment_n be_v to_o take_v care_n both_o at_o court_n and_o over_o all_o the_o empire_n that_o the_o law_n and_o good_a custom_n be_v strict_o observe_v and_o put_v in_o execution_n that_o the_o mandarin_n perform_v their_o function_n just_o and_o true_o and_o that_o the_o people_n do_v their_o duty_n they_o punish_v slight_a fault_n in_o their_o own_o tribunal_n and_o inform_v the_o king_n of_o great_a offence_n every_o three_o year_n they_o make_v a_o general_a visitation_n send_v fourteen_o visitor_n abroad_o that_o be_v one_o for_o every_o province_n so_o soon_o as_o the_o visitor_n enter_v the_o province_n they_o be_v superior_a to_o the_o viceroy_n and_o other_o mandarin_n as_o well_o the_o great_a as_o the_o petty_a one_o and_o they_o control_v they_o with_o so_o much_o majesty_n authority_n and_o rigour_n that_o the_o dread_n wherein_o the_o mandarin_n stand_v of_o they_o have_v give_v occasion_n to_o this_o usual_a proverb_n among_o the_o chinese_n lao_n xu_o kien_n mao_o that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o rat_n have_v see_v the_o cat._n nor_o be_v it_o without_o reason_n that_o they_o stand_v in_o so_o much_o awe_n of_o they_o in_o regard_n it_o be_v in_o their_o power_n to_o take_v away_o their_o employment_n and_o ruin_v their_o person_n the_o visitation_n be_v finish_v they_o return_v to_o court_n general_o load_v with_o four_o or_o five_o hundred_o thousand_o crown_n more_o or_o less_o which_o the_o mandarin_n give_v they_o for_o they_o that_o be_v guilty_a will_v bleed_v very_o free_o for_o fear_n they_o shall_v be_v accuse_v to_o the_o king._n other_o be_v more_o spare_v but_o give_v however_o to_o prevent_v the_o invent_v of_o accusation_n against_o they_o at_o their_o return_n they_o divide_v their_o spoil_n with_o the_o first_o precedent_n and_o his_o assistant_n and_o after_o that_o give_v both_o they_o and_o the_o king_n a_o account_n of_o their_o visitation_n generally_n they_o never_o impeach_v any_o one_o of_o the_o mandarin_n but_o such_o who_o injustice_n and_o tyranny_n be_v so_o public_a that_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o conceal_v they_o or_o such_o who_o through_o their_o virtue_n or_o their_o poverty_n be_v not_o able_a to_o gratify_v their_o avarice_n this_o visitation_n be_v call_v ta_o chai_n or_o the_o great_a and_o general_a visitation_n the_o second_o tribunal_n make_v a_o second_o tribunal_n every_o year_n which_o be_v call_v chum_n chai_n or_o the_o middle_a super-visor_n this_o tribunal_n also_o send_v visitor_n to_o nine_o quarter_n of_o the_o frontier_n on_o that_o side_n which_o be_v next_o the_o vast_a wall_n that_o separate_a china_n from_o tartary_n they_o send_v other_o visitor_n to_o the_o salt_n pit_n which_o yield_v
may_v be_v the_o first_o king_n of_o china_n in_o the_o regard_n that_o if_o we_o set_v aside_o the_o fable_n which_o the_o chineses_n have_v add_v and_o of_o which_o the_o greek_n and_o roman_n be_v no_o less_o guilty_a when_o they_o speak_v of_o their_o first_o founder_n the_o sequel_n of_o their_o story_n and_o the_o successive_a train_n of_o their_o king_n seem_v to_o have_v much_o of_o truth_n for_o according_a to_o the_o computation_n of_o their_o history_n and_o chronology_n we_o clear_o find_v that_o the_o first_o king_n of_o china_n begin_v to_o reign_v about_o two_o hundred_o year_n after_o the_o universal_a deluge_n according_a to_o the_o version_n of_o the_o seventy_o interpreter_n in_o which_o time_n the_o descendant_n of_o noah_n may_v well_o spread_v themselves_o to_o the_o far_a end_n of_o asia_n see_v that_o within_o the_o same_o space_n they_o expanded_a themselves_o over_o all_o the_o western_a part_n of_o asia_n into_o africa_n and_o a_o good_a part_n of_o europe_n the_o three_o opinion_n assert_n that_o the_o first_o king_n of_o china_n be_v yao_n who_o according_a to_o their_o chronology_n begin_v to_o reign_v four_o thousand_o and_o twenty_o five_o year_n ago_o their_o history_n relate_v that_o in_o his_o time_n there_o be_v both_o mathematician_n and_o astrologer_n that_o he_o cause_v great_a ditch_n and_o channel_n to_o be_v make_v for_o the_o drain_n away_o of_o the_o water_n of_o the_o grand_a deluge_n that_o till_o then_o cover_v the_o valley_n and_o the_o champaign_n ground_n this_o king_n be_v a_o prince_n illustrious_a for_o his_o virtue_n and_o his_o transcendent_a part_n and_o be_v still_o honour_a as_o one_o of_o the_o will_z sest_z and_o most_o virtuous_a prince_n of_o china_n this_o opi_fw-la nion_n pass_v for_o currant_n and_o unquestionable_a among_o the_o chinese_n and_o all_o the_o father_n that_o have_v have_v the_o great_a knowledge_n and_o insight_n into_o their_o book_n and_o history_n hold_v this_o latter_a opinion_n for_o certain_a and_o the_o second_o for_o probable_a and_o because_o that_o according_a to_o the_o version_n of_o the_o holy_a scripture_n call_v the_o vulgar_a it_o will_v of_o necessity_n follow_v that_o fohi_n and_o yao_n must_v have_v be_v bear_v and_o reign_v before_o the_o deluge_n therefore_o we_o be_v force_v in_o this_o country_n to_o follow_v the_o version_n of_o the_o seventy_o which_o be_v grant_v the_o history_n of_o this_o empire_n seem_v very_o probable_a well_o trace_v and_o conformable_a not_o only_o to_o the_o egyptian_a assyrian_a greek_a and_o roman_a history_n but_o which_o be_v yet_o far_o more_o surprise_v to_o the_o chronology_n of_o sacred_a scripture_n according_a to_o the_o second_o opinion_n then_o which_o be_v most_o probable_a from_o king_n tohi_n who_o begin_v to_o reign_v about_o two_o hundred_o year_n after_o the_o deluge_n to_o the_o emperor_n cam_n he_o who_o reign_v in_o the_o year_n 1668._o there_o have_v be_v two_o hundred_o thirty_o six_o king_n divide_v into_o twenty_o two_o sidifferent_a family_n who_o have_v govern_v this_o empire_n for_o the_o space_n of_o four_o thousand_o five_o hundred_o thirty_o four_o year_n which_o family_n endure_v for_o a_o long_o or_o lesser_a time_n according_a as_o they_o govern_v well_o or_o ill_o and_o till_o another_o revolt_a put_v the_o king_n to_o death_n rout_v out_o all_o the_o prince_n of_o his_o family_n and_o all_o the_o nobility_n which_o he_o have_v raise_v and_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o empire_n at_o the_o beginning_n these_o rebel_n be_v either_o petty_a king_n or_o great_a lord_n but_o afterward_o they_o happen_v to_o be_v man_n of_o low_a birth_n and_o mean_a condition_n the_o first_o king_n of_o the_o precede_a family_n be_v a_o person_n of_o very_a obscure_a parentage_n who_o name_n be_v chum_n he_o be_v a_o long_a time_n a_o servant_n among_o the_o priest_n of_o the_o idol_n after_o which_o he_o betake_v himself_o to_o be_v a_o robber_n upon_o the_o highway_n afterward_o be_v banish_v he_o put_v himself_o at_o the_o head_n of_o certain_a free_a booter_n and_o after_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o prosperous_a success_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o empire_n at_o his_o coronation_n he_o call_v himself_o hum_n vu_fw-fr or_o the_o valiant_a and_o warlike_a but_o then_o the_o learned_a flatterer_n advance_v his_o title_n and_o call_v he_o tai_n mim_n which_o signify_v a_o reign_n of_o great_a luster_n his_o posterity_n reign_v in_o china_n two_o hundred_o seventy_o six_o year_n and_o till_o the_o year_n 1643_o that_o the_o tartar_n make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o destroy_v the_o royal_a family_n all_o those_o that_o revolt_v pretend_v that_o it_o be_v by_o the_o decree_n of_o heaven_n that_o send_v they_o to_o ease_v the_o people_n oppress_v by_o the_o tyranny_n of_o their_o governor_n and_o this_o opinion_n or_o rather_o vision_n find_v so_o much_o credit_n in_o the_o priest_n of_o the_o chinese_n and_o be_v so_o deep_o root_v in_o their_o mind_n as_o if_o it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o great_a truth_n in_o the_o world_n insomuch_o that_o there_o be_v hardly_o one_o among_o they_o that_o do_v not_o hope_n to_o be_v a_o emperor_n at_o one_o time_n or_o other_o and_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n of_o those_o frequent_a revolt_v which_o we_o find_v in_o this_o empire_n to_o day_n in_o one_o province_n to_o morrow_n in_o another_o nay_o many_o time_n only_o in_o one_o city_n or_o in_o one_o town_n many_o time_n you_o shall_v see_v a_o miserable_a wretch_n advance_v to_o be_v a_o king_n sometime_o by_o a_o troop_n of_o fifty_o bandity_n sometime_o by_o a_o hundred_o or_o two_o hundred_o peasant_n but_o more_o frequent_o by_o a_o certain_a sect_n of_o idolater_n who_o make_v a_o profession_n of_o create_v new_a king_n and_o establish_v a_o new_a government_n in_o the_o empire_n it_o be_v a_o wonderful_a thing_n to_o see_v the_o comedy_n or_o rather_o tragedy_n which_o be_v act_v every_o day_n upon_o the_o theatre_n of_o this_o empire_n for_o he_o that_o but_o to_o day_n be_v but_o a_o ignominious_a robber_n and_o under_o that_o notion_n both_o dread_v and_o hate_v let_v he_o but_o shift_v his_o habit_n and_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o crown_n the_o robe_n and_o ornament_n of_o a_o king_n and_o the_o same_o man_n to_o morrow_n shall_v be_v belove_v and_o respect_v by_o all_o the_o world_n and_o though_o he_o be_v know_v to_o be_v of_o vile_a and_o abject_a birth_n they_o shall_v present_o call_v he_o the_o son_n of_o heaven_n and_o lord_n of_o the_o universe_n for_o that_o the_o chinese_n as_o we_o have_v say_v call_v their_o kingdom_n tien_n hia_n that_o be_v to_o say_v all_o that_o which_o be_v under_o the_o heaven_n or_o su_n hai_fw-fr chinun_n that_o be_v to_o say_v all_o that_o be_v between_o the_o four_o sea_n title_n conformable_a to_o their_o pride_n and_o their_o ignorance_n and_o to_o their_o scorn_n of_o stranger_n so_o that_o it_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n among_o they_o to_o call_v a_o man_n master_n of_o all_o that_o be_v under_o the_o heaven_n or_o between_o the_o four_o sea_n as_o to_o call_v he_o king_n of_o china_n the_o chineses_n give_v their_o emperor_n several_a losty_a and_o magnificent_a title_n for_o example_n they_o call_v he_o tien_n hu_o son_n of_o heaven_n xim_o tien_n hu_o holy_a son_n of_o heaven_n hoam_o ti_o august_n and_o great_a emperor_n xim_o xoam_n holy_a emperor_n hoam_n xam_n august_n sovereign_a xim_o kium_n holy_a prince_n xim_o xam_n holy_a sovereignty_n que_fw-fr chu_n lord_n of_o the_o kingdom_n chaos_n tim_n palace_n royal_a van_n svi_fw-la ten_o thousand_o year_n with_o several_a other_o title_n full_a of_o grandeur_n and_o majesty_n which_o i_o omit_v for_o fear_v of_o be_v tedious_a so_o that_o it_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n to_o say_v son_n of_o heaven_n or_o ten_o thousand_o year_n or_o palace_n royal_a as_o to_o say_v king_n or_o emperor_n yet_o notwithstanding_o all_o these_o idle_a flattery_n this_o prince_n be_v far_o from_o be_v so_o vain_a as_o the_o king_n of_o monomotopa_fw-mi who_o believe_v it_o to_o be_v in_o his_o power_n to_o command_v the_o sun_n the_o moon_n and_o star_n or_o so_o ambitious_o politic_a as_o the_o king_n of_o siam_n who_o know_v by_o experience_n that_o the_o great_a river_n that_o cross_v his_o country_n overflow_v its_o bank_n every_o year_n at_o a_o certain_a season_n and_o that_o it_o return_v again_o by_o degree_n within_o a_o certain_a time_n march_v forth_o in_o great_a pomp_n out_o of_o his_o palace_n to_o command_v the_o water_n to_o retire_v and_o fall_v down_o into_o the_o sea._n for_o though_o the_o chineses_n give_v these_o great_a title_n to_o their_o king_n and_o though_o he_o suffer_v they_o yet_o neither_o he_o nor_o they_o at_o least_o the_o learned_a and_o more_o prudent_a sort_n be_v so_o
taste_v fruit_n about_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o repast_n he_o send_v we_o another_o plate_n of_o gold_n wherein_o be_v twenty_o apple_n of_o the_o large_a and_o best_a in_o the_o kingdom_n call_v by_o the_o name_n of_o pin_n quo_fw-la at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o feast_n he_o send_v we_o another_o plate_n full_a of_o pear_n and_o those_o apple_n of_o gold_n of_o which_o we_o have_v speak_v in_o another_o place_n the_o favour_n which_o the_o emperor_n do_v we_o at_o that_o time_n seem_v to_o we_o surprise_o extraordinary_a as_o it_o do_v to_o all_o those_o that_o hear_v the_o relation_n of_o it_o but_o it_o be_v no_o more_o than_o what_o be_v usual_a to_o all_o the_o rest_n that_o be_v invite_v in_o regard_n they_o be_v feast_v by_o the_o king_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n every_o day_n not_o but_o that_o at_o other_o time_n upon_o certain_a occasion_n of_o public_a rejoice_v he_o treat_v much_o more_o magnificent_o all_o the_o great_a lord_n and_o mandarin_n of_o the_o court_n which_o be_v about_o five_o thousand_o by_o which_o the_o reader_n may_v ready_o conjecture_v at_o the_o grandeur_n and_o puissance_n of_o this_o emperor_n and_o that_o the_o abundance_n of_o provision_n which_o be_v bring_v continual_o to_o the_o court_n be_v far_o beyond_o the_o relation_n which_o i_o have_v make_v note_n upon_o the_o sixteen_o chapter_n father_n magaillans_n have_v already_o speak_v of_o the_o three_o opinion_n of_o the_o chineses_n 250._o concern_v the_o antiquity_n of_o china_n and_o i_o make_v no_o question_n but_o that_o if_o he_o have_v live_v to_o finish_v this_o work_n he_o will_v have_v put_v all_o that_o he_o say_v of_o it_o in_o the_o same_o chapter_n however_o i_o do_v not_o think_v it_o proper_a for_o i_o to_o pare_v off_o any_o thing_n from_o this_o chapter_n as_o well_o for_o that_o i_o will_v not_o make_v a_o alteration_n so_o considerable_a as_o for_o that_o the_o author_n have_v insert_v several_a new_a and_o 〈◊〉_d circumstance_n and_o for_o that_o the_o matter_n be_v also_o of_o great_a moment_n beside_o that_o this_o chapter_n be_v compose_v in_o the_o year_n 1669._o serve_v for_o a_o confirmation_n of_o the_o three_o which_o f._n magaillans_n have_v write_v in_o the_o year_n before_o as_o may_v be_v see_v by_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o date_n which_o he_o set_v down_o in_o this_o work._n chap._n xvii_o a_o desoription_n of_o the_o city_n of_o pe_n kim_n of_o the_o wall_n that_o enclose_v the_o emperor_n palace_n and_o the_o form_n of_o the_o principal_a house_n of_o china_n the_o city_n or_o court_n of_o pe_n kim_n be_v seat_v in_o a_o plain_n it_o form_v a_o vast_a square_n each_o of_o the_o side_n of_o which_o be_v twelve_o chinese_n furlong_n in_o length_n which_o make_v about_o three_o italian_a mile_n or_o near_o a_o portugal_n league_n it_o have_v nine_o gate_n three_o upon_o the_o south_n side_n and_o two_o upon_o each_o of_o the_o other_o side_n not_o twelve_o gate_n according_a to_o the_o relation_n of_o f._n martini_n in_o his_o atlas_n p._n 29._o wherein_o he_o seem_v to_o have_v follow_v m._n polo_n l._n 2._o c._n 7._o this_o city_n be_v now_o inhabit_v by_o the_o tartar_n and_o their_o troop_n divide_v into_o eight_o quarter_n or_o banner_n as_o they_o call_v call_v they_o but_o in_o regard_n that_o under_o the_o precede_a king_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v so_o multiply_v that_o the_o capital_a be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o contain_v they_o nor_o the_o nine_o suburb_n answer_v to_o the_o nine_o gate_n which_o if_o they_o be_v not_o every_o one_o a_o great_a city_n be_v at_o least_o as_o big_a as_o many_o great_a borough_n there_o be_v a_o new_a city_n build_v of_o a_o square_a form_n like_o the_o old_a one_o of_o which_o each_o of_o the_o side_n be_v six_o chinese_n furlong_n or_o a_o italian_a mile_n and_o a_o half_a in_o length_n have_v the_o north_n side_n join_v to_o the_o south_n side_n of_o the_o old_a city_n it_o have_v seven_o gate_n and_o every_o one_o a_o suburb_n well_o people_v more_o especial_o that_o which_o look_v towards_o the_o west_n for_o that_o be_v the_o side_n where_o all_o that_o come_v from_o all_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n enter_v into_o the_o capital_a city_n both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o city_n be_v divide_v into_o five_o quarter_n or_o jurisdiction_n as_o we_o have_v say_v in_o the_o fourteen_o chapter_n the_o principal_a street_n some_o run_v from_o the_o north_n to_o the_o south_n other_o from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n but_o they_o be_v all_o so_o straight_o so_o long_o so_o broad_a and_o so_o well_o proportion_v that_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o see_v they_o be_v mark_v out_o with_o a_o line_n and_o not_o build_v by_o hap_n hazard_n as_o in_o our_o city_n of_o europe_n the_o little_a street_n run_v all_o from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n and_o divide_v all_o the_o space_n between_o the_o great_a street_n into_o equal_a and_o proportionable_a island_n both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o be_v know_v by_o their_o particular_a name_n as_o the_o street_n of_o the_o king_n kindred_n the_o white_a tower-street_n the_o iron_n lyons-street_n the_o fish-street_n the_o aquavity-street_n and_o so_o of_o the_o rest_n there_o be_v a_o book_n to_o be_v sell_v that_o speak_v of_o the_o name_n and_o situation_n of_o the_o street_n which_o serve_v for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o lackey_n that_o attend_v upon_o the_o mandarin_n in_o their_o visit_n and_o to_o their_o tribunal_n and_o carry_v their_o present_n their_o letter_n and_o their_o order_n to_o several_a part_n of_o the_o city_n and_o empire_n for_o they_o be_v continual_o send_v a_o great_a number_n all_o over_o the_o kingdom_n whence_o come_v that_o proverb_n so_o often_o in_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o chinese_n that_o the_o province_n send_v mandarin_n to_o pe_n kim_n and_o pe_n kim_n in_o exchange_n send_v they_o none_o but_o lackey_n and_o messenger_n and_o indeed_o it_o be_v a_o rare_a thing_n to_o meet_v with_o a_o mandarin_n who_o be_v a_o native_a of_o that_o city_n the_o fair_a of_o all_o the_o street_n be_v that_o which_o be_v call_v cham_n begin_v kiai_fw-mi or_o the_o street_n of_o perpetual_a repose_n it_o run_v from_o east_n to_o west_n bound_v on_o the_o north_n side_n by_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o king_n palace_n and_o upon_o the_o south_n side_n by_o several_a tribunal_n and_o palace_n of_o great_a lord_n it_o be_v so_o spacious_a that_o it_o be_v about_o thirty_o fathom_n broad_a and_o so_o famous_o know_v that_o the_o learned_a in_o their_o write_n make_v use_v of_o it_o to_o signify_v the_o whole_a city_n take_v a_o part_n for_o the_o whole_a for_o it_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n to_o say_v such_o a_o one_o life_n in_o the_o street_n of_o perpetual_a repose_n as_o to_o say_v he_o live_v at_o pe_n kim_n if_o the_o house_n be_v but_o high_a and_o build_v to_o the_o street_n like_o we_o the_o city_n will_v show_v much_o more_o stately_a but_o they_o be_v all_o low_a building_n to_o show_v the_o respect_n which_o they_o have_v to_o 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father_n gabriel_n de_fw-fr magaillans_n a_o native_a of_o portugal_n be_v bear_v in_o the_o year_n 1609._o he_o spend_v his_o first_o year_n in_o the_o house_n of_o one_o of_o his_o uncle_n who_o be_v a_o canon_n and_o who_o take_v care_n to_o educate_v he_o in_o piety_n and_o the_o fear_n of_o god._n afterward_o he_o study_v in_o the_o school_n of_o the_o society_n of_o jesus_n in_o the_o famous_a university_n of_o conimbre_n where_o move_v by_o the_o good_a example_n of_o those_o father_n he_o resolve_v to_o forsake_v the_o world_n and_o be_v receive_v into_o the_o society_n at_o seventeen_o year_n of_o age_n be_v as_o yet_o but_o a_o noviciate_n he_o beg_v leave_v that_o he_o may_v be_v send_v to_o the_o mission_n of_o the_o east_n indies_n which_o will_v not_o be_v grant_v he_o however_o till_o he_o have_v complete_v his_o study_n of_o rhetoric_n and_o philosophy_n he_o arrive_v at_o goa_n in_o the_o year_n 1634_o where_o he_o be_v immediate_o employ_v to_o teach_v rhetoric_n to_o 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