old_a all_o of_o palmyra_n who_o by_o divers_a torment_n obtain_v the_o crown_n of_o martyrdom_n it_o be_v true_a there_o be_v no_o mention_n of_o these_o brave_a woman_n in_o the_o old_a roman_a martyrology_n as_o rosweyd_a account_n it_o nor_o in_o ado_n of_o vienna_n but_o the_o act_n of_o st._n febronia_n who_o suffer_v under_o dioclesian_n at_o sibapolis_n perhaps_o scythopolis_n 25._o v._o mart._n jun._n 25._o or_o the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o syria_n mention_v they_o as_o person_n who_o suffer_v in_o the_o same_o cruel_a persecution_n it_o be_v plain_a from_o the_o inscription_n find_v at_o tadhmur_n that_o dioclesian_n have_v be_v in_o that_o country_n and_o from_o the_o church-historian_n that_o he_o raise_v a_o violent_a persecution_n in_o syria_n and_o that_o which_o give_v rise_v to_o it_o be_v in_o all_o likelihood_n that_o which_o eusebius_n observe_v that_o a_o little_a while_n after_o the_o christian_n of_o nicodemia_n have_v feel_v the_o fury_n of_o the_o emperor_n several_a confederacy_n be_v form_v in_o melitene_n and_o other_o part_n of_o syria_n to_o seize_v the_o empire_n and_o to_o dethrone_v dioclesian_n now_o in_o every_o insurrection_n or_o tumult_n the_o christian_n be_v sure_a to_o suffer_v as_o the_o author_n of_o sedition_n though_o they_o be_v the_o most_o peaceable_a and_o loyal_a man_n in_o the_o world_n both_o by_o principle_n and_o practice_n thus_o christianity_n subsist_v in_o those_o day_n of_o persecution_n when_o the_o number_n of_o martyr_n increase_v the_o number_n of_o confessor_n but_o than_o peace_n and_o plenty_n be_v by_o the_o bounty_n of_o the_o great_a constantine_n and_o his_o successor_n make_v the_o church_n patrimony_n i_o question_v not_o but_o the_o follower_n of_o our_o bless_a saviour_n at_o palmyra_n have_v their_o share_n of_o the_o prosperity_n which_o their_o brethren_n enjoy_v till_o the_o viciousness_n of_o the_o christian_a moral_n and_o the_o execrable_a opinion_n and_o heresy_n that_o debauch_v the_o faith_n of_o the_o oriental_n subject_v those_o once_o famous_a church_n to_o the_o mahometan_a yoke_n for_o as_o soon_o as_o syria_n submit_v to_o the_o power_n and_o acknowledge_v the_o dominion_n of_o the_o successor_n of_o that_o false_a prophet_n i_o presume_v palmyra_n be_v by_o degree_n reduce_v to_o the_o mean_a condition_n in_o which_o it_o now_o be_v for_o perhaps_o no_o one_o city_n have_v run_v so_o many_o risk_n of_o different_a fortune_n as_o palmyra_n though_o it_o have_v hitherto_o preserve_v its_o ancient_a name_n and_o situation_n while_n of_o ctesiphon_n and_o persepolis_n niniveh_n and_o babylon_n with_o many_o other_o city_n in_o that_o part_n of_o asia_n it_o may_v be_v aver_v what_o the_o psalmist_n say_v of_o sodom_n and_o the_o other_o city_n which_o god_n destroy_v their_o memorial_n be_v perish_v with_o they_o chap._n vi_o it_o be_v a_o very_a difficult_a task_n to_o give_v a_o just_a and_o clear_a account_n of_o the_o several_a fate_n of_o ancient_a kingdom_n and_o government_n especial_o when_o nature_n have_v seem_v to_o please_v itself_o by_o place_v they_o in_o a_o remote_a situation_n and_o at_o a_o distance_n both_o of_o place_n and_o communication_n from_o other_o nation_n and_o this_o be_v the_o case_n of_o tadhmur_n which_o be_v repair_v if_o not_o build_v by_o solomon_n a_o great_a a_o wise_a and_o a_o victorious_a prince_n who_o beautify_v it_o with_o whatever_o may_v afford_v it_o strength_n and_o ornament_n lose_v i_o take_v it_o for_o grant_v in_o a_o little_a time_n after_o under_o his_o son_n rehoboam_n when_o through_o his_o folly_n and_o god_n just_a judgement_n the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o territory_n revolt_v from_o he_o i_o conjecture_v that_o as_o long_o as_o the_o kingdom_n of_o damascus_n keep_v up_o its_o grandeur_n so_o long_a palmyra_n be_v in_o peace_n either_o under_o those_o king_n or_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o its_o own_o senate_n 23.29_o 2_o king_n 23.29_o but_o when_o pharaoh_n necoh_n go_v up_o against_o the_o king_n of_o assyria_n to_o the_o river_n euphrates_n and_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o all_o syria_n i_o doubt_v not_o but_o it_o be_v for_o a_o while_o subject_a to_o he_o till_o nabuchadnezzar_n conquer_v all_o those_o country_n home_n to_o the_o gate_n of_o pelusium_n now_o damiata_n the_o 152._o the_o jo._n males_n par_fw-fr 2._o pag._n 152._o fabulous_a historian_n of_o antioch_n will_v have_v the_o world_n believe_v that_o when_o nabuchadnezzar_n intend_v to_o besiege_v jerusalem_n it_o be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o jew_n who_o have_v man_v it_o with_o a_o very_a stout_a garrison_n and_o that_o victorious_a prince_n not_o think_v fit_a to_o leave_v a_o place_n so_o well_o fortify_v behind_o he_o sit_v down_o before_o it_o and_o when_o he_o have_v take_v it_o burn_v it_o and_o then_o besiege_v and_o take_v jerusalem_n after_o this_o it_o continue_v tributary_n to_o the_o prince_n of_o the_o babylonish_n and_o persian_a empire_n though_o perhaps_o govern_v by_o a_o senate_n of_o its_o own_o citizen_n and_o in_o the_o same_o state_n it_o remain_v under_o the_o successor_n of_o the_o great_a alexander_n the_o king_n of_o syria_n be_v unite_v by_o seleucus_n i_o doubt_v not_o to_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o territory_n whence_o in_o like_a manner_n as_o the_o other_o city_n under_o his_o government_n it_o receive_v the_o use_n of_o the_o syrian_a epocha_n the_o aera_fw-la antiochena_fw-la dhilcarnain_n or_o seleucidarum_fw-la and_o the_o name_n of_o the_o macedonian_a month_n which_o the_o inscription_n undeniable_o prove_v chap._n vii_o syria_n say_v 676._o say_v bell._n civ_o l._n 5._o p._n 676._o appian_n be_v govern_v by_o the_o posterity_n of_o selencus_fw-la nicator_n to_o the_o day_n of_o antiochus_n pius_n and_o his_o son_n but_o when_o pompey_n the_o great_a conquer_v it_o and_o make_v it_o a_o province_n it_o be_v govern_v by_o a_o roman_a precedent_n the_o first_o who_o bear_v that_o office_n be_v scaurus_n and_o after_o he_o though_o not_o immediate_o gabinius_n gabinius_n be_v succeed_v by_o crassus_n who_o be_v slay_v by_o the_o parthian_n leave_v his_o government_n to_o bibulus_n but_o whether_o in_o all_o this_o space_n of_o time_n while_o the_o roman_a eagle_n hover_v over_o the_o east_n palmyra_n be_v a_o sharer_n in_o in_o the_o common_a calamity_n and_o feel_v the_o talon_n of_o that_o bird_n of_o prey_n we_o have_v no_o account_n after_o the_o death_n of_o julius_n caesar_n every_o city_n submit_v to_o a_o prince_n of_o their_o own_o the_o parthian_n afford_v they_o their_o assistance_n have_v upon_o the_o invitation_n of_o those_o tyrant_n penetrate_v syria_n this_o incense_a marc_n antony_n who_o expel_v the_o usurper_n exact_v heavy_a tax_n from_o other_o city_n and_o attempt_v palmyra_n for_o when_o cleopatra_n who_o wait_v on_o he_o in_o cilicia_n be_v return_v home_o antony_n who_o have_v give_v himself_o up_o to_o her_o embrace_n and_o to_o the_o loss_n of_o his_o honour_n obey_v all_o her_o dictate_v command_v his_o horse_n to_o plunder_n palmyra_n upon_o the_o light_n and_o trifle_a pretext_n that_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o situation_n in_o the_o confine_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o parthian_n the_o palmyrenian_o be_v firm_a to_o neither_o interest_n but_o mind_v their_o own_o profit_n and_o the_o increase_n of_o their_o trade_n and_o merchandise_n but_o in_o truth_n that_o he_o may_v pay_v his_o soldier_n with_o the_o spoil_n of_o that_o wealthy_a city_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o palmyra_n be_v aware_a of_o the_o invasion_n carry_v all_o their_o rich_a movable_n to_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o river_n the_o bank_n of_o which_o they_o line_v with_o their_o archer_n upon_o which_o antony_n troop_n find_v the_o city_n empty_a of_o inhabitant_n and_o of_o the_o riches_n they_o so_o eager_o covet_v have_v lose_v their_o labour_n return_v to_o their_o camp_n this_o invasion_n occasion_v the_o next_o parthian_a war_n many_o of_o the_o petty_a prince_n of_o syria_n fly_v for_o shelter_n to_o the_o parthian_n while_o marc_n antony_n have_v be_v so_o scandalous_o foil_v stay_v no_o long_o in_o syria_n to_o settle_v affair_n and_o quiet_a disturbance_n but_o hasten_v into_o egypt_n to_o attend_v cleopatra_n to_o who_o he_o have_v entire_o devote_v himself_o and_o his_o fortune_n chap._n viii_o in_o this_o state_n of_o freedom_n ease_n and_o plenty_n it_o continue_v under_o augustus_n and_o the_o succeed_a emperor_n govern_v by_o their_o own_o officer_n and_o law_n as_o pliny_n express_o averr_v till_o the_o reign_n of_o trajan_n when_o i_o conjecture_v it_o fall_v into_o the_o same_o common_a calamity_n with_o edessa_n nisibis_n traj_n dio_fw-mi cass_n traj_n and_o other_o frontier_n town_n of_o the_o east_n who_o fate_n it_o be_v common_o to_o be_v harass_v on_o both_o side_n for_o trajan_n have_v in_o his_o six_o consulate_v declare_a war_n against_o the_o armenian_n and_o parthian_n upon_o the_o
conjecturer_n in_o such_o case_n be_v the_o best_a critic_n it_o be_v plain_a from_o the_o historian_n etc._n v._o tristan_n tom._n 3._o p._n 2â—8_n etc._n etc._n that_o there_o be_v violent_a contest_v between_o herod_n and_o zenobia_n while_o odenathus_n be_v alive_a as_o it_o seldom_o happen_v that_o mothers-in-law_n look_v over-favourable_o on_o their_o predecessor_n child_n but_o that_o those_o dispute_v serve_v only_o to_o advance_v the_o son_n in_o his_o father_n favour_n who_o have_v declare_v he_o his_o copartner_n a_o little_a while_n after_o himself_o have_v be_v make_v emperor_n and_o consequent_o his_o successor_n and_o according_o the_o coin_n mention_v the_o three_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n whereas_o odenathus_n wear_v the_o purple_a but_o four_o year_n be_v then_o murder_v and_o with_o he_o his_o son_n herod_n upon_o who_o death_n i_o doubt_v not_o but_o vaballathus_n immediate_o assume_v the_o imperial_a title_n and_o dignity_n as_o in_o right_n he_o ought_v and_o probable_o be_v confirm_v in_o his_o pretension_n by_o claudius_n and_o aurelian_a otherwise_o his_o name_n and_o title_n can_v never_o have_v appear_v on_o the_o reverse_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o aurelian_a for_o neither_o zenobia_n nor_o either_o of_o her_o son_n name_n be_v find_v on_o any_o of_o the_o imperial_a coin_n of_o the_o roman_n because_o in_o open_a hostility_n with_o they_o which_o confirm_v i_o that_o vaballathus_n be_v not_o the_o son_n of_o that_o great_a queen_n his_o four_o year_n be_v coincident_a with_o the_o first_o his_o fifth_z with_o the_o second_o of_o aurelian_a which_o unquestionable_o prove_v he_o to_o have_v be_v declare_v augustus_n as_o soon_o as_o his_o father_n be_v dead_a but_o be_v convince_v that_o zenobia_n have_v make_v the_o army_n firm_a to_o her_o interest_n and_o declare_v she_o own_o son_n emperor_n he_o flee_v to_o the_o roman_n for_o protection_n who_o be_v well_o assure_v of_o the_o justice_n of_o his_o title_n his_o grandfather_n odenathus_n have_v be_v declare_v emperor_n at_o rome_n who_o right_a heir_n vâ—ballathus_n be_v whereas_o zenobia_n have_v no_o such_o pretension_n treat_v he_o with_o that_o respect_n which_o those_o great_a prince_n use_v to_o pay_v to_o distress_a monarch_n and_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o in_o gratitude_n to_o his_o patron_n he_o assist_v aurelian_a not_o only_o with_o the_o equity_n of_o his_o cause_n but_o with_o what_o force_n he_o can_v bring_v into_o the_o field_n in_o the_o six_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o have_v the_o satisfaction_n to_o see_v his_o competitor_n conquer_v and_o lead_v captive_a to_o rome_n 73._o goltz_n thesaur_n p._n 73._o and_o the_o coin_n tell_v we_o that_o he_o bear_v the_o title_n of_o emperor_n in_o the_o four_o year_n of_o aurelian_a which_o be_v the_o seven_o of_o vaballathus_n αυτ._n κ._n ουαβαλλαθοϲϲεβ_n λ._n ζ_n which_o be_v the_o year_n after_o palmyra_n be_v ruin_v from_o whence_o it_o plain_o appear_v to_o i_o that_o he_o be_v a_o confederate_a of_o the_o roman_n in_o that_o war_n his_o effigy_n and_o title_n be_v stamp_v on_o the_o reverse_n of_o aurelian_n coïn_n that_o very_a year_n that_o he_o undertake_v his_o expedition_n into_o the_o east_n as_o well_o as_o the_o year_n after_o zenobia_n be_v subdue_v for_o that_o be_v a_o privilege_n never_o grant_v but_o to_o those_o prince_n who_o be_v in_o league_n with_o and_o have_v do_v good_a service_n to_o the_o roman_a commonwealth_n so_o rhemetalces_n king_n of_o thrace_n be_v join_v with_o augustus_n and_o abgarus_n the_o toparch_n of_o edessa_n with_o marcus_n aurelius_n to_o demonstrate_v their_o be_v in_o the_o interest_n of_o those_o prince_n but_o with_o some_o distinction_n in_o the_o habit_n of_o the_o head_n or_o crown_n to_o denote_v their_o subjection_n for_o when_o vaballathus_n wear_v a_o wreath_n or_o diadem_n than_o aurelian_a wear_v a_o crown_n of_o laurel_n but_o when_o vaballathus_n wear_v a_o crown_n of_o laurel_n aurelian_a wear_v a_o crown_n radiate_v or_o as_o the_o herald_n call_v it_o rayoneé_v how_o long_o vaballathus_n live_v after_o the_o eight_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n or_o what_o his_o fate_n be_v i_o know_v not_o but_o i_o be_o incline_v to_o believe_v that_o he_o sink_v by_o degree_n in_o the_o favour_n of_o aurelian_a and_o be_v deprive_v of_o the_o imperial_a dignity_n be_v force_v to_o content_v himself_o with_o the_o mean_a title_n of_o king_n or_o viceroy_n and_o that_o this_o happen_v in_o the_o two_o last_o year_n of_o that_o emperor_n for_o to_o that_o year_n i_o refer_v those_o coin_n wherein_o he_o be_v style_v vabalathus_n rex_fw-la 29._o v._o fulu._n vrsin_n not._n ad_fw-la vopisc_n aurel._n mezzob_n p._n 407._o patin_n jud._n f._n 29._o vabal_n lathus_n rex_fw-la vcrim_fw-la p._n p._n vcrimor_n vcrimp_n vcrimdr_n verimp_n vabalatus_n iter_fw-la imp._n r._n all_o which_o be_v latin_a and_o consequent_o seem_v to_o be_v coin_v not_o in_o the_o east_n but_o somewhere_o near_o room_n but_o all_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o aurelian_a and_o from_o they_o i_o conjecture_v that_o aurelian_a after_o he_o have_v settle_v his_o authority_n in_o syria_n destroy_v palmyra_n and_o put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o pretension_n of_o the_o family_n of_o odenathus_n oblige_v vaballathus_n to_o decline_v the_o title_n of_o emperor_n and_o to_o use_v that_o of_o the_o imperial_a vicegerent_n in_o the_o east_n and_o that_o this_o be_v employ_v in_o the_o coin_n where_o he_o be_v say_v to_o be_v vcrimor_n wrong_o in_o other_o vcrimdr_n or_o vcrimp_n not_o vice_n caesaris_n rector_n imperii_fw-la orientalis_n as_o f._n harduin_n very_o ingenious_o because_o in_o aurelian_n age_n and_o long_o before_o caesar_n be_v a_o title_n of_o honour_n inferior_a to_o that_o of_o imperator_n 24._o sparta_n p._n 35._o capitolin_n p._n 24._o aelius_n verus_n be_v the_o first_o who_o be_v declare_v caesar_n but_o never_o be_v emperor_n the_o title_n at_o that_o time_n and_o in_o future_a age_n be_v appropriate_v to_o the_o heir_n apparent_a of_o the_o empire_n so_o that_o it_o shall_v have_v be_v vice_n imperatoris_fw-la as_o nemesius_n be_v style_v in_o 4._o in_o clxviii_o 4._o gruter_n but_o vir_fw-la clarissimus_fw-la rector_n imperii_fw-la orientalis_n for_o so_o the_o governor_n of_o province_n be_v style_v 9_o grut._n cl._n 9_o in_o the_o language_n of_o the_o law_n and_o in_o the_o old_a inscription_n fabius_n maximus_n v._o c._n rect._n prov._n etc._n etc._n this_o province_n vaballathus_n manage_v more_o than_o once_o be_v say_v to_o be_v iter_fw-la imp._n r._n i._n e._n iterum_fw-la imperii_fw-la rector_n a_o second_o time_n the_o emperor_n vicegerent_n in_o the_o east_n for_o such_o be_v the_o toparch_n of_o that_o country_n the_o name_n demonstrate_v it_o toparcha_n be_v vicemgerens_n which_o be_v in_o some_o age_n fill_v with_o those_o roytelet_n such_o also_o be_v phylarch_n of_o the_o arabian_n who_o hold_v their_o dignity_n at_o the_o pleasure_n of_o either_o the_o roman_n or_o persian_n to_o who_o they_o be_v subject_a thus_o agrippa_n upon_o his_o father_n death_n be_v make_v prince_n of_o chalcis_n but_o when_o he_o have_v continue_v in_o that_o government_n four_o year_n 5._o joseph_n antiq_fw-la l._n 20._o c._n 3_o 5._o be_v displace_v by_o claudius_n but_o make_v tetrarch_n of_o iturea_n batanaea_n trachonitis_n and_o abilene_n to_o which_o the_o same_o emperor_n afterward_o add_v a_o part_n of_o galilee_n but_o though_o their_o territory_n be_v small_a their_o ambition_n common_o be_v very_o great_a and_o the_o title_n which_o they_o affect_v very_o pompous_a witness_v a_o coin_n of_o antiochus_n the_o four_o 587._o v._o harduin_n num._n p._n 587._o one_o of_o the_o little_a prince_n of_o sebaste_n a_o corner_n of_o cilicia_n erect_v into_o a_o kingdom_n by_o vespasian_n say_v 7._o say_v ant._n l._n 18._o c._n 7._o josephus_n who_o style_v himself_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o great_a king_n and_o another_o of_o abgarus_n on_o the_o reverse_n of_o severus_n with_o the_o same_o title_n it_o be_v very_o likely_a that_o vaballathus_n prompt_v by_o the_o like_a vanity_n style_v himself_o vaballathus_n rex_fw-la vcrim_fw-la p._n p._n vaballathus_n the_o king_n and_o the_o father_n of_o his_o country_n as_o in_o a_o latin_a coin_n of_o zenobia_n who_o theodorit_n who_o be_v of_o cyrrhestica_n a_o province_n not_o far_o from_o palmyrene_n call_v the_o toparch_n of_o palmyra_n she_o be_v say_v to_o be_v queen_n or_o governess_n of_o all_o the_o east_n zenobia_n aug._n totius_fw-la orientis_fw-la r._n i._n e._n rectrix_fw-la or_o regina_fw-la as_o she_o style_v herself_o in_o her_o letter_n to_o aurelian_a unless_o this_o inscription_n intimate_v to_o we_o another_o change_n in_o his_o fortune_n and_o tenure_n that_o he_o be_v constitute_v the_o prince_n of_o that_o part_n of_o cyrrhestica_n who_o chief_a city_n be_v vrima_n in_o the_o coin_n by_o mistake_n vcrima_fw-la and_o verima_fw-la situate_v on_o the_o
of_o the_o famous_a mithradates_n march_v against_o aretas_n the_o king_n of_o the_o arab_n appian_n call_v he_o king_n of_o the_o nabataean_a arab_n ann_n v._o c._n 690._o ante_fw-la christum_fw-la 63._o his_o kingdom_n reach_v from_o the_o river_n euphrates_n to_o the_o red_a sea_n say_v dio_n l._n 36._o in_o which_o compass_n palmyra_n must_v be_v include_v this_o aretas_n be_v doubtless_o one_o of_o the_o al-hariths_a of_o the_o arabian_n who_o be_v king_n of_o gessan_n and_o in_o late_a age_n lord_n of_o taahmur_n after_o which_o time_n i_o believe_v it_o acknowledge_v the_o roman_a power_n but_o be_v govern_v by_o its_o own_o law_n have_v under_o its_o immediate_a jurisdiction_n beside_o the_o three_o city_n on_o the_o river_n already_o mention_v twelve_o more_o in_o the_o inland_n of_o syria_n when_o trajan_n make_v his_o glorious_a expedition_n into_o persia_n i_o conjecture_v palmyra_n be_v a_o sufferer_n in_o the_o common_a calamity_n of_o that_o country_n for_o pliny_n say_v it_o be_v sometime_o in_o the_o roman_a at_o other_o in_o the_o parthian_a interest_n or_o else_o it_o will_v not_o have_v need_v hadrian_n assistance_n to_o rebuild_v and_o beautify_v it_o while_o other_o city_n taste_v of_o trajan_n bounty_n for_o from_o trajan_n expedition_n in_o the_o 8_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n of_o christ_n 105._o the_o inhabitant_n of_o bozra_n and_o petra_n date_v their_o write_n say_v the_o author_n of_o the_o alexandrian_a chronicle_n l._n 3._o p._n 105._o and_o zosimus_n affirm_v that_o at_o zaragardia_n not_o far_o from_o the_o euphrates_n on_o the_o persian_a side_n in_o his_o time_n there_o stand_v a_o noble_a throne_n build_v of_o stone_n which_o the_o native_n call_v trajan_n throne_n erect_v i_o doubt_v not_o in_o memory_n of_o his_o illustrious_a achievement_n in_o that_o country_n but_o whatever_o palmyra_n may_v have_v suffer_v under_o trajan_n be_v repair_v by_o his_o successor_n who_o give_v the_o city_n his_o own_o name_n and_o they_o in_o gratitude_n make_v vow_n for_o his_o recovery_n not_o in_o the_o last_o the_o 19_o of_o his_o reign_n as_o through_o haste_n be_v say_v f._n 35_o 36._o he_o reign_v almost_o 22_o year_n but_o in_o the_o seventeen_o from_o which_o sickness_n he_o recover_v to_o die_v afterward_o in_o great_a torment_n and_o this_o i_o mention_v here_o that_o i_o may_v correct_v the_o mistake_n in_o the_o history_n to_o this_o city_n septimius_n severus_n may_v also_o be_v presume_v a_o benefactor_n to_o who_o before_o his_o famous_a expedition_n against_o the_o parthian_n sparta_n vit_fw-mi septim_fw-la p._n 67._o when_o he_o rout_v niger_n with_o who_o the_o arab_n parthian_n and_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o adiabene_n join_v their_o force_n the_o republic_a give_v their_o assistance_n against_o the_o ally_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o adopt_v his_o name_n into_o their_o most_o eminent_a family_n after_o which_o time_n till_o the_o reign_n of_o zenobia_n i_o take_v they_o to_o have_v be_v in_o confederacy_n with_o and_o subject_a to_o the_o emperor_n for_o they_o assist_v both_o alexander_n severus_n and_o gordian_n in_o their_o expedition_n into_o the_o east_n against_o the_o persian_n as_o the_o inscription_n testify_v only_o it_o look_v probable_a that_o upon_o the_o captivity_n of_o valerian_n the_o senate_n for_o a_o while_o dissemble_v their_o interest_n and_o acknowledge_v the_o power_n of_o sapores_fw-la in_o the_o battle_n at_o immae_n where_o zenobia_n be_v rout_v s._n hierom_n affirm_v that_o pompeianus_n the_o frank_n settle_v at_o antioch_n but_o the_o family_n be_v unquestionable_o fix_v in_o that_o country_n long_o before_o capitol_n marcus_n for_o when_o marcus_n the_o philosopher_n undertake_v the_o german_a war_n he_o marry_v his_o daughter_n to_o claudius_n pompeianus_n who_o be_v of_o antioch_n this_o also_o i_o mention_v to_o correct_v another_o mistake_n after_o the_o captivity_n of_o zenobia_n the_o city_n be_v a_o spectacle_n of_o pity_n but_o be_v a_o necessary_a frontier_n be_v repair_v and_o in_o dioclesian_n time_n be_v the_o seat_n of_o the_o governor_n of_o the_o province_n in_o the_o day_n of_o constantius_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v note_v as_o now_o for_o great_a robber_n p._n 8._o say_v the_o old_a geographer_n set_v out_o by_o gothofred_n and_o govern_v by_o woman_n but_o that_o i_o take_v for_o grant_v be_v a_o error_n as_o if_o when_o zenobia_n have_v begin_v to_o wield_v a_o sceptre_n none_o but_o her_o own_o sex_n in_o that_o country_n dare_v pretend_v to_o command_v malel_n part_n 2._o p._n 39_o theodosius_n the_o great_a divide_a libanesia_n from_o the_o sea-coast_n of_o phoenicia_n and_o make_v it_o a_o distinct_a province_n emesa_n be_v the_o metropolis_n under_o who_o jurisdiction_n palmyra_n be_v put_v and_o so_o continue_v when_o the_o follower_n of_o mahomet_n have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o that_o country_n and_o for_o many_o century_n after_o for_o in_o abulfedas_n time_n above_o 1300_o after_o christ_n tadhmur_v acknowledge_v hem_n emesa_n its_o metropolis_n and_o probable_o it_o be_v so_o after_o his_o time_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o same_o theodosius_n if_o p._n 28._o ed._n gron._n ethicus_n or_o whoever_o go_v under_o that_o name_n live_v in_o those_o day_n or_o before_o for_o st._n hierome_n be_v say_v to_o have_v translate_v he_o palmyra_n be_v reckon_v among_o the_o famous_a town_n of_o the_o east_n as_o it_o be_v also_o by_o p._n 8._o julius_n honorius_n who_o live_v before_o theodoric_n for_o cassiodore_n mention_n he_o palmira_n damascus_fw-la read_v palmyra_n damascus_n and_o the_o author_n of_o the_o alexandrian_a chronicon_fw-la among_o the_o famous_a city_n of_o the_o four_o climate_n reckon_v palmyra_n with_o apamea_n emesa_n etc._n etc._n in_o caele_n syria_n in_o justinian_n time_n it_o become_v the_o residence_n of_o the_o governor_n of_o the_o east_n and_o subject_a to_o the_o constantinopolitan_a empire_n but_o it_o be_v probable_a do_v not_o continue_v long_o in_o that_o state_n for_o about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 640._o when_o heraclius_n be_v emperor_n jabalah_n the_o son_n of_o al_n iham_n be_v king_n of_o gassan_n and_o lord_n of_o tadhmur_n perhaps_o a_o tributary_n to_o heraclius_n who_o be_v overcome_v by_o omar_n the_o caliph_n one_o of_o mahomet_n successor_n submit_v and_o turn_v mahometan_n but_o repent_v he_o afterward_o go_v to_o constantinople_n pococ_fw-la not_o in_o specim_fw-la hist_o ar._n p._n 77_o 136._o and_o become_v a_o christian_a and_o at_o this_o time_n i_o believe_v mahometanism_n settle_v itself_o at_o tadhmur_n the_o tribe_n of_o gassan_n be_v before_o those_o day_n christian_n i_o shall_v not_o particular_o undertake_v to_o demonstrate_v the_o usefulness_n of_o coin_n and_o inscription_n the_o learned_a world_n have_v be_v already_o full_o convince_v of_o that_o truth_n how_o many_o difficult_a and_o obscure_a passage_n in_o chronology_n have_v be_v set_v in_o their_o due_a light_n how_o many_o series_n of_o king_n have_v be_v regular_o deduce_v what_o rite_n and_o custom_n both_o sacred_a and_o civil_a have_v be_v by_o those_o help_v discover_v needs_o no_o further_a proof_n though_o be_v there_o nothing_o else_o at_o palmyra_n to_o be_v see_v but_o the_o noble_a ruin_n of_o the_o temple_n and_o palace_n build_v according_a to_o the_o best_a and_o bold_a rule_n of_o the_o ancient_a architecture_n i_o shall_v think_v a_o journey_n thither_o on_o that_o errand_n alone_o worth_a the_o undertake_n and_o though_o the_o old_a of_o the_o palmyrene_n inscription_n be_v a_o hundred_o year_n young_a than_o our_o bless_a saviour_n incarnation_n as_o i_o have_v make_v appear_v in_o the_o commentary_n yet_o they_o be_v not_o so_o contemptible_a as_o some_o have_v imagine_v but_o afford_v we_o some_o memorial_n of_o those_o time_n which_o no_o where_n else_o occur_v and_o by_o the_o same_o argument_n the_o use_n of_o the_o greek_a ε_n which_o appear_v not_o till_o about_o domitian_n time_n by_o which_o i_o postpone_v the_o old_a inscription_n at_o tadhmur_n a_o hundred_o year_n may_v we_o prove_v the_o spuriousness_n of_o that_o table_n preserve_v at_o rome_n which_o be_v report_v to_o contain_v the_o very_a title_n which_o by_o pilat_n order_n be_v affix_v to_o the_o cross_n of_o our_o lord_n for_o therein_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v write_v with_o the_o same_o sort_n of_o ε._n it_o must_v be_v confess_v that_o in_o the_o palmyrene_n inscription_n be_v some_o peculiar_a word_n which_o occur_v not_o in_o the_o lexica_fw-la as_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d etc._n etc._n of_o which_o sort_n there_o be_v more_o in_o other_o old_a marble_n nor_o be_v it_o any_o wonder_n that_o in_o a_o remote_a part_n of_o syria_n where_o a_o different_a language_n be_v speak_v pric_n in_o apul._n apolog._n p._n 67._o de_fw-fr foedere_fw-la hierapytniorum_fw-la &_o priansens_n sciunt_fw-la doctiores_fw-la usquequo_fw-la huc_fw-la progredi_fw-la licet_fw-la scripta_fw-la hoc_fw-la genus_fw-la non_fw-la
old_a syriac_a name_n keep_v its_o interest_n among_o the_o native_n and_o have_v at_o this_o day_n recover_v a_o entire_a possession_n as_o some_o other_o neighbour_a city_n in_o that_o country_n have_v do_v so_o caesarea_n in_o palestine_n be_v at_o present_a call_v as_o of_o old_a paneas_n and_o petra_n in_o arabia_n be_v now_o name_v bosra_n to_o omit_v other_o instance_n for_o as_o lib._n 14._o c._n 8._o seleucus_n nicator_n urbes_fw-la construxit_fw-la multis_fw-la opibus_fw-la firmas_fw-la &_o viribus_fw-la quarum_fw-la ad_fw-la praesens_fw-la plereque_fw-la licet_fw-la graecis_fw-la nominibus_fw-la appellentur_fw-la quae_fw-la iisdem_fw-la ad_fw-la arbitrium_fw-la imposita_fw-la sunt_fw-la conditoris_fw-la primogenita_fw-la tamen_fw-la nomina_fw-la non_fw-la amittunt_fw-la quae_fw-la ex_fw-la assyriâ_fw-la linguâ_fw-la institutores_fw-la veteres_fw-la indiderunt_fw-la ammianus_n marcellinus_n have_v well_o observe_v when_o seleucus_n nicator_n rebuilt_a many_o old_a city_n in_o syria_n among_o who_o we_o may_v reckon_v palmyra_n and_o give_v they_o strength_n and_o riches_n though_o many_o of_o they_o be_v still_o call_v by_o the_o greek_a name_n which_o their_o founder_n seleucus_n give_v they_o yet_o they_o do_v at_o the_o same_o time_n among_o the_o native_n retain_v their_o old_a syrian_a appellation_n which_o their_o first_o founder_n impose_v hence_o come_v it_o that_o the_o new_a name_n of_o adrianople_n give_v to_o palmyra_n be_v in_o a_o little_a time_n wear_v out_o and_o though_o the_o greek_n call_v the_o island_n of_o corsica_n diod._n sic._n l._n 5._o p._n 205._o cyrnus_n the_o native_n still_o maintain_v the_o interest_n of_o the_o true_a name_n and_o it_o continue_v to_o this_o day_n steph._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o though_o heraclea_n be_v for_o a_o while_n call_v plistarchia_n in_o time_n it_o assert_v its_o ancient_a right_n and_o be_v call_v as_o former_o heraclea_n and_o i_o hearty_o wish_v that_o the_o learned_a man_n who_o have_v visit_v those_o oriental_a country_n have_v furnish_v themselves_o with_o instrument_n and_o spend_v some_o time_n in_o take_v the_o exact_a longitude_n and_o latitude_n of_o the_o several_a city_n in_o the_o chronological_a account_n i_o have_v follow_v the_o common_o receive_v epochas_n and_o according_o fix_v my_o series_n of_o time_n without_o enter_v into_o a_o overnice_a examination_n of_o particular_a dispute_n in_o chronology_n which_o be_v not_o so_o consonant_a to_o my_o present_a subject_n have_v fix_v the_o year_n of_o the_o creation_n according_a to_o the_o computation_n of_o our_o most_o learned_a archbishop_n usher_n i_o have_v free_o use_v the_o name_n of_o the_o heathen_a god_n though_o for_o the_o most_o part_n with_o a_o distinguish_a epithet_n and_o beside_o the_o necessity_n of_o my_o subject_n which_o oblige_v i_o to_o it_o i_o may_v plead_v the_o usual_a practice_n in_o other_o language_n that_o the_o father_n do_v the_o same_o and_o some_o of_o the_o ancient_a christian_n who_o go_v large_a length_n than_o i_o ever_o dare_v witness_v that_o epitaph_n in_o gruter_n 1050._o jovis_n optimi_fw-la maximi_fw-la beneficio_fw-la hic_fw-la in_o spe_fw-la resurrectionis_fw-la quiescit_fw-la nor_o can_v i_o be_v persuade_v that_o such_o study_n be_v disagreeable_a to_o my_o profession_n if_o any_o passage_n of_o that_o kind_n appear_v in_o the_o history_n i_o here_o renounce_v it_o and_o may_v it_o be_v as_o if_o it_o have_v never_o be_v say_v or_o write_v while_o the_o learned_a synesius_n have_v publish_v the_o life_n of_o typhon_n and_o osiris_n st._n ambrose_n as_o it_o be_v say_v and_o palladius_n the_o history_n of_o the_o brachmanes_n and_o nonnus_n beside_o his_o paraphrase_n upon_o st._n john_n be_v the_o author_n of_o the_o dionysiaca_n though_o after_o all_o i_o must_v profess_v i_o expect_v to_o be_v treat_v rude_o by_o some_o sour_a critic_n but_o have_v no_o private_a design_n in_o these_o paper_n i_o shall_v please_v myself_o to_o be_v correct_v by_o a_o man_n of_o sense_n and_o temper_n and_o for_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o tribe_n they_o be_v beneath_o consideration_n it_o must_v be_v acknowledge_v that_o a_o treatise_n of_o this_o kind_a aught_o to_o have_v be_v write_v in_o the_o learned_a language_n as_o probable_o it_o may_v be_v hereafter_o but_o it_o be_v requisite_a to_o publish_v the_o commentary_n in_o the_o same_o language_n with_o the_o text_n and_o that_o the_o journal_o have_v be_v set_v forth_o in_o english_a the_o history_n ought_v to_o be_v write_v in_o the_o same_o tongue_n and_o have_v not_o a_o good_a part_n of_o my_o paper_n when_o finish_v be_v unhappy_o lose_v past_o retrieve_v my_o genius_n also_o nauseat_v the_o drudgery_n of_o do_v the_o same_o thing_n over_o again_o i_o may_v perhaps_o have_v manage_v the_o subject_a with_o more_o accuracy_n p._n 258._o i_o have_v affirm_v that_o the_o satur_n and_o jupiter_n of_o the_o heathen_n be_v bear_v after_o the_o day_n of_o job_n and_o of_o joshua_n and_o herein_o i_o have_v follow_v the_o father_n particular_o theophilus_n of_o antioch_n a_o excellent_a chronologist_n and_o who_o by_o that_o unanswerable_a argument_n have_v ruin_v all_o that_o be_v then_o say_v for_o the_o eternity_n of_o the_o world_n and_o of_o the_o heathen_a god_n who_o in_o one_o place_n of_o his_o excellent_a work_n against_o autolycus_n which_o for_o this_o reason_n be_v just_o style_v by_o lactantius_n libre_fw-la de_fw-la temporibus_fw-la affirm_v l._n 2._o p._n 58._o that_o saturn_n jupiter_n neptune_n and_o pluto_n be_v much_o young_a than_o the_o creation_n in_o a_o second_o l._n 3._o p._n 258._o that_o jupiter_n be_v much_o young_a than_o moses_n and_o the_o law_n but_o more_o express_o in_o a_o three_o p._n 282._o that_o cronus_n and_o belus_n i._n e._n saturn_n as_o thallus_n say_v in_o his_o history_n live_v but_o 322_o year_n before_o the_o trojan_a war_n whereas_o moses_n live_v 630_o year_n before_o that_o famous_a epocha_n and_o the_o chronologer_n petavius_n prove_v that_o when_o saturn_n flee_v into_o italy_n drive_v out_o by_o his_o son_n jupiter_n ehud_n be_v then_o a_o judge_n in_o israel_n about_o the_o year_n 1330_o before_o christ_n and_o that_o from_o the_o time_n of_o janus_n to_o who_o saturn_n flee_v to_o aeneas_n the_o whole_a be_v not_o 200_o year_n the_o arabic_a author_n as_o well_o as_o the_o common_a people_n of_o the_o country_n be_v to_o this_o day_n possess_v with_o the_o opinion_n that_o tadmur_n be_v build_v by_o solomon_n and_o that_o by_o the_o help_n of_o spirit_n as_o be_v also_o baalbec_n say_v benjamin_n tudelensis_n the_o superstitious_a jew_n and_o arab_n think_v it_o impossible_a that_o art_n shall_v perfect_v a_o stupendous_a building_n without_o the_o assistance_n of_o a_o familiar_a if_o the_o city_n be_v destroy_v by_o nabuchadnezzar_n before_o he_o lay_v siege_n to_o jerusalem_n as_o john_n malela_n express_o affirm_v and_o in_o this_o account_n we_o may_v give_v he_o credit_n because_o he_o be_v of_o that_o country_n and_o may_v be_v presume_v not_o to_o be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o affair_n of_o syria_n than_o it_o be_v not_o improbable_a that_o seleucus_n nicator_n the_o founder_n of_o the_o syrian_a empire_n rebuilt_a tadhmur_n as_o he_o do_v many_o other_o city_n and_o that_o then_o in_o honour_n to_o he_o and_o compliance_n with_o both_o their_o benefactor_n and_o conqueror_n they_o date_v their_o public_a write_n from_o the_o first_o year_n of_o his_o empire_n the_o aera_fw-la seleucidarum_fw-la as_o it_o be_v common_o style_v the_o situation_n of_o the_o city_n fit_v it_o for_o a_o public_a mart_n and_o the_o city_n alalis_n sura_n ptol._n l._n 5._o c._n 15._o and_o alamata_n be_v part_n of_o palmyrene_n and_o build_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o euphrates_n may_v be_v presume_v the_o port_n where_o they_o bring_v their_o good_n either_o export_v or_o import_v on_o that_o noble_a river_n the_o city_n be_v subject_n to_o the_o republic_a of_o what_o bigness_n and_o capacity_n for_o carriage_n the_o river_n that_o do_v run_v by_o its_o wall_n be_v we_o know_v not_o it_o have_v be_v many_o year_n since_o absorb_v that_o there_o run_v a_o river_n there_o in_o ptolemy_n time_n the_o geogragrapher_n affirm_v express_o that_o many_o other_o river_n have_v be_v lose_v in_o earthquake_n to_o which_o the_o eastern_a region_n be_v very_a subject_n no_o man_n doubt_n and_o some_o which_o yet_o continue_v to_o run_v be_v soon_o bury_v l._n 1._o c._n 13._o mela_n aver_v that_o a_o great_a river_n arise_v near_o corycus_n in_o cilicia_n and_o have_v make_v a_o great_a noise_n be_v immediate_o swallow_v and_o disappear_v and_o the_o river_n that_o run_v by_o aleppo_n be_v in_o a_o few_o hour_n afterward_o bury_v in_o the_o sand_n when_o the_o roman_n begin_v to_o enlarge_v their_o conquest_n in_o syria_n i_o question_v not_o but_o palmyra_n be_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o arab_n for_o when_o pompey_n the_o great_a after_o the_o death_n