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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A38811	Sylva, or, A discourse of forest-trees, and the propagation of timber in His Majesties dominions as it was deliver'd in the Royal Society the XVth of October, MDCLXII upon occasion of certain quæries propounded to that illustrious assembly, by the Honourable the Principal Officers, and Commissioners of the Navy : to which is annexed Pomona, or, An appendix concerning fruit-trees in relation to cider, the making, and severall wayes of ordering it published by expresse order of the Royal Society : also Kalendarivm hortense, or, the Gard'ners almanac, directing what he is to do monthly throughout the year / by John Evelyn ...	Evelyn, John, 1620-1706.	1670 (1670)	Wing E3517; ESTC R586	328,786	359

every way if you would design Walks or Groves of them if the environs of Fields Banks of Rivers High-wayes c. twelve or fourteen foot may suffice but the farther distant the better 5. Another Expedient to increase Mulberries is by Layers from the Suckers at the foot this done in Spring leaving not above two Buds out of the Earth which you must diligently water and the second year they will be rooted They will also take by passing any branch or Arm slit and kept a little open with a wedge or stone through a basket of Earth which is a very sure way Nay the very Cuttings will strike in Spring but let them be from Shoots of two years growth with some of the old Wood though of seven or eight years these set in Rills like Vines having two or three Buds at the top will root infallibly especially if you twist the old Wood a little or at least hack it though some slit the foot inserting a stone or grain of an Oate to suckle and entertain the Plant with moysture 6. They may also be propagated by Graffing them on the black Mulberry in Spring or inoculated in July taking the cyons from some old tree that has broad even and round leaves which causes it to produce very ample and tender leaves of great emolument to the Silk-master 7. Some experienc'd Husbandmen advise to poll our Mulberries every three or four years as we do our Willows others not till 8 years both erroneously The best way is yearly to prune them of their dry and superfluous branches and to form their heads round and natural The first year of removal where they are to abide cut off all the shoots to five or six of the most promising the next year leave not above three of these which dispose in triangle as near as may be and then disturb them no more unless it be to purge them as we taught of dead Scare-wood and extravagant parts which may impeach the rest and if afterward any prun'd branch shoot above three or four Cyons reduce them to that number One of the best ways of Pruning is what they practise in Sicily and Province to make the head hollow and like a bell by cleansing them of their inmost branches and this may be done either before they bud viz. in the New Moon of March or when they are full of leaves in June or July if the season prove any thing fresh Here I must not omit what I read of the Chinese culture and which they now also imitate in Virginia where they have found a way to raise these Plants of the Seeds which they mow and cut like a crop of grasse which sprout and bear leaves again in a few moneths 8. The Mulberry is much improv'd by stirring the Mould at root and Lestulion 9. We have already mentioned some of the Vses of this excellent tree especially of the white so called because the fruit is of a paler colour which is also of a more luscious taste and lesser than the black The rind likewise is whiter and the leaves of a mealy clear green colour and far tenderer and sooner produc'd by at least a fortnight which is a marvellous advantage to the newly disclos'd Silk-worm Also they arrive sooner to their maturity and the food produces a finer web Nor is this tree less beautiful to the eye then the fairest Elm very proper for Walks and Avenues The timber amongst other properties will last in the water as well as the most solid Oak and the bark makes good and tough Bast-ropes It suffers no kind of Vermin to breed on it whether standing or fell'd nor dares any Caterpillar attaque it save the Silk-worm only The Loppings are excellent fuel but that for which this tree is in greatest and most worthy esteem is for the Leaves which besides the Silk-worm nourishes Cows Sheep and other cattel especially young Porkers being boil'd with a little bran and the fruit excellent to feed Poultry In summe what ever eats of them will with difficulty be reduc'd to endure any thing else as long as they can come by them to say nothing of their other soveraign qualities as relaxing of the belly being eaten in the morning and curing Inflammations and Ulcers of the mouth and throat mix'd with Mel Rosarum in which Receipt they do best being taken before they are over-ripe 10. To proceed with the Leaf for which they are chiefly cherish'd the benefit of it is so great that they are frequently let to farm for vast summes so as some one sole tree has yielded the proprietor a rent of twenty Shillings per Annum for the Leaves onely and six or seven pounds of Silk worth as many pounds Sterling in five or six weeks to those who keep the worms We know that till after Italy had made Silk above a thousand years they receiv'd it not in France it being hardly yet an hundred since they betook themselves to this manufacture in Province ●anguedoc Dauphine Lionnois c. and not in Tourain and Orleans till Hen. the fourth's time but it is incredible what a Revenue it amounts to in that Kingdom About the same time or a little after it was that King James did with extraordinary care recommend it to this Nation by a Book of Directions Acts of Councel and all other Princely assistance But this did not take no more then that of Hen. the fourth's Proposal about the Invirons of Paris who filled the High-ways Parks and Gardens of France with the trees beginning in his own Gardens for encouragement Yet I say this would not be brought into example till this present great Monarch by the indefatigable diligence of Monsieur Colbert Superintendent of His Majesties manufactures who has so successfully reviv'd it that 't is prodigious to consider what an happy progress they have made in it to our shame be it spoken who have no other discouragements from any insuperable difficulty whatever but our sloth and want of industry since where ever these trees will grow and prosper the Silk-worms will do so also and they were alike averse and from the very same suggestions where now that manufacture flourishes in our neighbour Countries It is demonstrable that Mulberries in four or five years may be made to spread all over this Land and when the indigent and young daughters in proud Families are as willing to gain three or four Shillings a day for gathering Silk and busying themselves in this sweet and easie imployment as some do to get four pence a day for hard work at Hemp Flax and Wool the reputation of Mulberries would spread in England and other Plantations I might say something like this of Saffron which we yet too much neglect the culture of but which for all this I do not despair of seeing reassum'd when that good Genius returns In order to this hopeful Prognostick we will add a few Directions about the gathering of their Leaves to render this chapter one of

by nature almost eternal 15. Thus I read that in the Temple of Apollo at Vtica there was found Timber of near two thousand years old and in Sagunti of Spain a Beam in a certain Oratory consecrated to Diana which had been brought from Zant two hundred years before the Destruction of Troy 16. And here I cannot omit my Wishes that since this precious material may be had at such tollerable rates as certainly it might from Cape Florida the Bermudas and other parts of the West Indias I say I cannot but suggest that our more Wealthy Citizens of London now Building might be encourag'd to use of it in their Shops at least for Shelves Comptoires Chests Tables Wainscot c. It might be done with moderate Expense especially in some small proportions and in Faneering as they term it and mouldings since beside the everlastingnesse of the wood not obnoxious to the Worms and which would also be a means to preserve cloth and other Ware from Moths and corruption it would likewise be a Cure to reform the Malignity and corrosivenesse of the Air and even preserve the whole City as if it stood amongst the Spices of the happy Arabia or the prospects of Mount Libanus Note that the Cedar is of so dry a nature that it will not well endure to be fastned with Nails from which it usually shrinks and therefore pinns of the same wood are better 17. The Sittim mention'd in holy Writ is believ'd to have been a kind of Cedar of which the most precious Vtensils were formed so that when they said a thing was cedro digna the meaning was worthy of eternity CHAP. XXV Of the Cork Ilex Alaternus Phyllyrea Granad Lentisc Myrtle Jasmine c. 1. THe Cork Suber of which there are two sorts and divers more in the Indias one of a narrower lesse jagged leaf and perenneal the other of a broader falling in Winter grows in the coldest parts of Biscany in the North of New-England in the South-West of France especially the second Species fittest for our Climate and in all sorts of ground dry Heaths Stony and Rockie-Mountains so as the Roots will run even above the Earth where they have little to cover them all which considered methinks we should not despair We have said where they grow plentifully in France but by Pliny Nat. Hist l. 16. c. 8. it should seem they were since transplanted thither for he affirms there were none either there or in Italy in his time But I exceedingly wonder that Carolus Stephanus and Crusius should write so peremptorily that there were none in Italy where I my self have travell'd through vast Woods of them about Pisa Aquin and in divers tracts between Rome and the Kingdom of Naples The Spanish Cork is a species of the Enzina differing chiefly in the Leaf which is not so prickly and in the bark which is frequently four or five inches thick The manner of decortication whereof is once in two or three years to strip it in a dry season otherwise the intercutaneous moisture indangers the Tree when the bark is off they unwarp it before the fire and presse it even and that with weights upon the convex part and so it continues being cold 2. The uses of Cork is well known amongst us both at Sea and Land for its resisting both Water and Air The Fisher-men who deal in Nets and all who deal with Liquors cannot be without it Antient Persons prefer it before Leather for the soles of their Shooes being light dry and resisting moisture whence the Germans name it Pantoffel-holts Slipper-wood perhaps from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for I find it first applied to that purpose by the Grecian Ladies whence they were call'd light-footed I know not whether the Epithite do still belong to that Sex but from them its likely the Venetian Dames took it up for their monstrous Choppines affecting or usurping an artificial eminency above Men which Nature has denied them Of one of the sorts of Cork are made pretty Cups and other Vessels esteem'd good to drink out of for Hectical persons The Aegyptians made their Coffins of it which being lin'd with a r●sinous composition preserv'd their Dead incorrupt The poor People in Spain lay broad Planks of it by their Beds-side to tread on as great Persons use Turkie and Persian Carpets to defend them from the floor and sometimes they line or Wainscot the Walls and inside of their Houses built of Stone with this Bark which renders them very warm and corrects the moisture of the Air Also they employ it for Bee-Hives and to double the insides of their Contemplores and leather Cases wherein they put Flasquera's with Snow to refrigerate their Wine This Tree has beneath the Cortex or Cork two other Coats or Libri of which one is reddish which they strip from the bole when 't is fell'd onely and this bears good price with the Tanner The rest of the wood is very good firing and applicable to many other uses of Building Palisade work c. 3. Ilex major glandifera or great Scarlet Oak thrives manifestly with us witnesse His Majesties Privy Garden at White-Hall where once flourish'd a goodly Tree of more than fourscore years growth though there be now but a sickly Impe of it remaining 4. By what I have touch'd in the Chapter of the Elms concerning the peregrination of that Tree into Spain where even in Plinie's time there were none and where now they are in great abundance why should we not more generally endeavour to propagate the Ilex amongst us I mean that Baccifera which the Spaniards call the Enzina and of which they have such Woods and profitable Plantations They are an hardy sort of Tree and familiarly rais'd from the Acorn if we could have them sound and well put up in Earth or Sand as I have found by experience 5. The wood of these Ilex's is serviceable for many uses as stocks of Tools Mallet-heads Mall-balls Chairs Axeltrees Wedges Beetles Pins and above all for Palisadoes us'd in Fortifications Besides it affords so good fuel that it supplies all Spain almost with the best and most lasting of Charcoales in vast abundance Of the first kind is made the Paynten Lac extracted from the berries to speak nothing of that noble Confection Alkermes The Acorns of the first yield excellent nourishment for Rustics sweet and little if at all inferiour to the Chesse-nut and this and not the Fagus was doubtlesse the true Esculas of the Antients the Food of the Golden Age. The wood of the Enzina when old is curiously chambletted and embroidered with Natural vermiculations as if it were painted 6. The Alaternus which we have lately receiv'd from the hottest parts of Languedoc and that is equal with the heat of almost any Countrey in Europe thrives with us in England as if it were an Indigene and Natural 7. I have had the honour to be the