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A50940 Pro populo adversus tyrannos, or, The sovereign right and power of the people over tyrants, clearly stated, and plainly proved with some reflections on the late posture of affairs / by a true Protestant English-man, and well-wisher to posterity. Milton, John, 1608-1674. 1689 (1689) Wing M2164; ESTC R432 21,897 27

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and at her Age joyning in that false termed Holy League and had been ever since and was then a powerful Enemy of the Truth For that she rested wholly upon Popish hopes to be delivered and advanced and was so devoted and doted in that Profession that she would as well for the satisfaction of others as for the feeding her own humour supplant the Gospel where and whensoever she might which Evil was so much the greater and the more to be avoided for that it slayeth the Soul and would spread it self not only over England and Scotland but also into all Parts beyond the Sea where the Gospel of God is maintained the which cannot but be exceedingly weakened if Defection should be in these two most violent Kingdoms For that if she prevailed she would rather take the Subjects of England for Slaves than for Children For that she had already provided them a Foster father and a Nurse the Pope and the King of Spain into whose hands if it should happen them to fall what would they else look for but Ruin Destruction and utter Exterpation of Goods Lands Lives Honours and all For that as she had already by her poyson'd Baits brought to Destruction more Noble-men and their Houses and a greater multitude of Subjects during her being here than she would have done if she had been in Possession of her own Country and arm'd in the Field against them so would she be still continually the cause of the like spoil to the greater loss and peril of this Estate and therefore this Realm neither could nor mought endure her For that her Sectaries both Wrote and Printed that the Protestants would be at their Wits end Worlds end if she should out-live Queen Elizabeth meaning thereby that the end of the Protestant World was the beginning of their own and therefore if she the said Queen of Scots were taken away their World would be at an end before its beginning For that since the sparing of her in the Fourteenth year of Queen Elizabeths Reign Popish Traytors and Recusants had multiplied exceedingly And if she were now spared again they would grow both innumerable and invincible also And therefore Mercy in that case would prove Cruelty against them all Nam est quaedam crudelis misericordia and therefore to spare her Blood would be to spill all theirs And for Gods Vengeance against Saul for sparing the life of Agag and against Ahab for sparing the life of Benhadad was most apparent for they were both by the just Judgement of God deprived of their Kingdoms for sparing those wicked Princes whom God had delivered into their hands And those Magistrates were much commended who put to death those mischievous and wicked Queens Jezabel and Athaliah So much for these Reasons which I leave to the perusal of our present Prelates who have extreamly degenerated from the good and laudable Principles of their Fore-fathers I will now return to the History and after having mentioned one President more of Protestants Revolution from their Kings will conclude this Subject In the Year 1581. the States of Holland in a General Assembly at the Hague abjured all Obedience and Subjection to Philip King of Spain and in a Declaration justifie their so doing for that by his Tyrannous Government against Faith so often given and broken he had lost his Right to all the Belgick Provinces that therefore they deposed him and declared it lawfull to choose another in his stead Thuan. lib. 14. From that time to this no State or Kingdom in the World hath equally prospered But what need these Examples to any who have but sense enough to conceive what monstrous Inconveniences and Miseries the Doctrine of Submission to a Tyrannical Power brings along with it Thereby the Property of all Subjects and the Laws of all Countries are destroyed together and we are contrary to the Law of Nature Reason and Christianity obliged to fit still while our Children are Murthered Wives Ravish'd Estates consumed and our own Throats cut besides an unspeakable deal more of Barbarity commited by the Irregular Partizans of Inhumane Tyrants In a word the Lawfulness of raising War against and Deposing of a Tyrant in Defence of Religion and Liberty has not been denied but constantly warranted and maintained by all the Protestant Churches round from the first Waldenses of Lyons and Languedoc to this day Having now I think sufficiently cleared what the People by their just Right may do in change of Government and Governor besides other ample Authority even from the Mouths of Princes themselves give me leave to add further That surely they who shall boast as we do to be a Free Nation and yet not have in themselves the power to remove or to abolish any Governor Supream or Subordinate with the Government it self upon urgent Causes may please their fancy with a ridiculous and painted freedom fit to cozen Babies but are indeed under Tyranny and Servitude as wanting that power which is the Root and Source of that Liberty to dispose and oeconomize in the Land which God hath given them as Masters of Families in their Houses and free Inheritance Without which natural and essential Power of a Free Nation how high soever they bear their heads they can in due esteem be thought no better than Slaves and Vassals Born in the Tenure and Occupation of another Inheriting Lord whose Government though not Illegal or Intolerable hangs over them as a Lordly Scourge not as a free Government and therefore to be Abrogated How much more justly may they fling off Tyranny or Tyrants who having once forsaken the Kingdom and being justly Excluded can be no more than Private Men as subject to the reach of Justice and Arraignment as any other Transgressors as Grotius affirms de jur Bell. lib. 1. Chap. 4. Si Rex aut alius quis Imperium abdicavit aut manifeste habet pro derelicto in eum post tempus omnia licent qua in privatum And certainly if Men not to speak of Heathen both Wise and Religions have done Justice upon Tyrants what way they could soonest how much more mild and human then is to Dethrone them and divest them of their Prerogative nay to bring them to Legal and open Tryals to teach Lawless Kings and all that so much adore them that not Mortal Man or his Imperious will but Justice is the only true Soveraign and Supream Majesty upon Earth Let Men therefore cease out of Faction and Malice to make Outcries and report horrid things of things so just and honourable as our most Renowned Convention hath acted hitherto agaist our common Adversary and we hope they will go on to act upon him such Justice as may be a President to future Ages to imitate who if they prove not too degenerate shall look up with Honour and aspire towards those exemplary deeds of their Ancestors as the highest top of their Glory and Emulation which heretofore in the pursuance of Fame and Foreign
of God to an Idol with two Faces looking at once two several ways and with Quotations to charge others which in the same Cause they have at other times made serve to justifie themselves for while the hopes to have that unlawful and unlimited Power which their late Kings gave them as finding them the most fit and chief Instruments to serve their Arbitrary ends continued to them by the present Powers led them on then to Write and Fight against the Kings Party was Lawful it was no resisting of Superior Powers they only were Powers not to be resisted who countenanc'd the Good and punish'd the Evil But now that they are we hope justly afraid their unsufferable and unchristian Domineering Persecuting Lordly Power will be abridg'd and taken away and themselves depriv'd of those vast Revenues which the most of them consume Riotously and Pluralities to be now no more now to talk of bringing all Delinquents without Exception or Exemption to a fair Tryal is to be no less than Corah Dathan and Abiram He who but ere while was industriously by them reported to be a Tyrant an enemy to Cod the Protestant Religion and Liberty of People is now though not one jot more Penitent or altered from his Principles a Lawful Magistrate a Sovereign Lord the Lords Anointed not to be touch'd though by themselves forc'd to fly Good God! what Inconstancy what Folly and Madness possesses the Breasts of this People to what a miserable Slavery would they lead us and how fond and eager do they seem to have him rule over us who like the Stork in the Fable has and would make it his greatest delight to devour the best of Free-born Subjects But hoping all their Attempts to bring us to our old Slavery will be blasted and that their eagerness in prosecuting them will make us the more resolv'd to confound both them and their Devices I shall leave this Subject and according to my promise endeavour to give suitable Instruction on to those last and fearful sort of People I mentioned but now To begin then who in particular is a Tyrant cannot be determin'd in a general Discourse otherwise than by Supposition his particular charge and the sufficient proof of it must determine that which I leave to Magistrates at least to the uprighter sort of them and of the People though in number less by many those in whom Faction and Interest least have prevailed above the Law of Nature and right Reason to judge as they find But this I dare own as part of my Faith that if such a one there be by whose Commission Cities have been burnt Royal Relations Murther'd Multitudes of Innocent Subjects Butcher'd Nobles taken off by Sham-Plots Poyson Perjuries or Massacres part of his Kingdom promised as their share whom he had sollicited to help him to destroy his Protestant Subjects and an Impostor put on the Nation to deprive the next Heir of the Crown I say if such a one there is be he King or Tyrant or Emperor the Sword of Justice is above him in whose hand soever is found sufficient Power to avenge the Effusion of so much Innocent Blood and those other unspeakable wicked Tyrannies For if all Humane Power to execute not accidentally but intendedly the Wrath of God upon Evil Doers without Exception be of God then that Power whether Ordinary or if that fail Extraordinary so executing that intent of God is lawful and not to be resisted But to unfold more at large this whole Question though with all expedient Brevity I shall here set down from the first beginning the Original of Kings how and wherefore exalted to that Dignity above their Brethren and from thence shall prove that turning to Tyranny they may be as lawfully Depos'd and Punish'd as they were at first Elected This I shall do by Authorities and Reasons not learn'd among Schisms and Heresies as our doubting Divines are ready to calumniate but fetch'd out of the midst of choicest and authentick Learning and no prohibited nor many Heathen but Mosaical Christian and Orthodoxal Authors No man that knows any thing can be so stupid to deny that all men naturally were born Free being the Image and resemblance of God himself and were by Priviledge above all the Creatures born to command and not to obey and that they lived so till from the root of Adam's Transgression falling among themselves to do Wrong and Violence and foreseeing that such courses must needs tend to the destruction of them all they agreed by common League to bind each other from mutual Injury and joyntly to defend themselves against any that gave disturbance or opposition to such agreement Hence come Cities Towns and Commonwealths And because no Faith in all was found sufficiently binding they saw it needful to ordain some Authority that might restrain by Force and Punishment what was violated against Peace and common Right The Authority and Power of Self-defence and Preservation being originally and naturally in every one of them and united in them all for ease and for order And left each man should be his own partial Judge they communicated and derived either to one whom for the eminency of his Wisdom and Integrity they chose above the rest or to more than one whom they thought of equal deserving The first was called a King the other Magistrates Not to be their Lords and Masters though afterwards those Names in some places were given voluntarily to such as had been Authors of inestimable good to the People but to be their Deputies and Commissioners to execute by virtue of their intrusted Power that Justice which else every Man by the Bond of Nature and of Covenant must have executed for himself and for one another And to him that shall consider well why among Free Persons one Man by civil Right should bear Authority and Jurisdiction over another no other end or reason can be imaginable These for a while governed well and with much Equity decided all things at their own Arbitrement till the Temptation of such a Power left absolute in their hands perverted them at length to injustice and Partiality Then did they who now by tryal had found the danger and inconveniencies of committing Arbitrary Power to any invent Laws either framed or consented to by all that should confine and limit the Authority of whom they chose to govern them that so man of whose failing they had proof might no more rule over them but Law and Reason abstracted as much as might be from personal Errors and Frailties When this would not serve but that the Law was either not executed or misapplied they were constrained from that time the only Remedy left them to put Conditions and take Oaths from all Kings and Magistrates at their first Installment to do impartial Justice by Law who upon those terms and no other received Allegiance from the People that is to say Bond or Covenant to obey them in Execution of those Laws which they the