Midlefare Swinberg with several other good Towns four Royal Castles and 264 Villages besides Gentlemens Houses Alsen is a small Island belonging to the Dukedom of Sleswick whose chief place is the Castle of Sunderberg giving Name to a Branch of the Royal Family the Duke of Holstein Sunderberg Arroe or Aria is a small Island belonging also to the Duke of Sleswick Langland and Laland the first is the largest the other the most plentiful in Corn and Chesnuts whose chief place is Naskow a Town well Fortified Falster is a small Island fertile in Corn its chief place is Nicopin of a pleasant situation called the Naples of Denmark Mone Isle is about twelve Miles long and six broad the chief place is Stekoo where the Swedish Forces found a greater resistance than in any of the other Islands Huen or Ween is remarkable for the observations of that famous Astronomer Tycho Brahe The Island of Bornholm was granted to the Crown of Sweden by the late Treaty of Peace but since the Danes have exchanged it for an equivolent propriety of certain Lands in Schonen Cross we now over the Sound and take notice of the other part of this Kingdom which lies on the East Continent called Scandia under which general Name it contains the whole Kingdom of Norway the greater part of the Kingdom of Sweden and some part of Denmark That which belongs to Denmark is divided into three Provinces Haland Schonen and Bleking now under the King of Sweden by the Roschilt Treaty yet here mentioned because the places in the Map are more plainly seen than in the Map of Sweden Haland is a Province for fertility of Soil sweetness of Air store of Fish plenty of Lead and Brass Mines scarce inferior to any its chief places are Wansbourg Laholm Helmstat Falkenburg and Torkow Schonen is the pleasantest Country in all Denmark most abundant in fruits and shoals of Herrings its chief places are Lunden the Metropolitan Archbishoprick of Denmark with its famous Dial where the Year Month Week Day and Hour throughout the Year as also the Motions of the Sun and Moon through each Degree of the Zodiack the movable and fixed Feasts c. are distinctly seen being finely adorned and set forth in variety of delightful Colours Other places are Goburgam or Elsinberg Fortified with an impregnable Castle and one of the Forts defending the Sound over against Cronenburg Lanscroon Corona-Scaniae Malmogia or Elbogen Tillburg Vdsted Walleburg Simmers-haven and Christiernstadt or Christiern-dorp Bleking is Mountainous and barren its chiefest places are Christianâ—ple Ahuys Selborg Ellholm Rotenby and Carels-haven often mentioned in the late Wars It hath been an Hereditary Kingdom ever since the year 1660 for before it was Elective so the Nobility do not enjoy those Priviledges which they did before The King stiles himself Earl of Oldenburg and Delmenherst as being the Eighth King of that House to which the Crown of Denmark fell in the year 1448 by the Election of Christiern the first and is to this day in their possession The opinion of Luther hath been entertained in Denmark ever since the Reign of Frederick the First who was Elected Anno 1523 so that there are two Archbishops and thirteen Bishops for Denmark The Forces of this Kingdom may be known by their former and now late Undertakings against the Swedes by which it appears that they can raise a strong power at Sea and make good Levies at Land for defence of their own Dominions The Revenue of this King consists chiefly in the great Impost laid upon all Ships which pass through the Sound which is the Key of the Baltick also in some Crown-Lands a great yearly Toll made of the Cattel as also of the Fish transported into other Countries The Danes are generally of good Stature clear of Complexion and healthful crafty and provident in their affairs peremptory in their assertions and opinionated of their Actions Religious Just in their Words and Contracts good Soldiers both at Sea and Land. The Women are fair discreet and courteous fruitful of Children The Danish Ladies love hunting and more freely entertain at their Tables than in their Beds those that come to visit them For great Captains and men of War it is famous for Godfrey or Gotricus who endangered the Empire of France for Sweno and Canutus the Conquerours of England For men of Learning Tycho Brahe the Prince of Astronomers Hemingius a Learned Divine Bertholinus a Physician and Philosopher John Cleverius the Historian and Geographer Of the KINGDOM of NORWAY NOrvegia Lat. Nerigos Plin. Norway Angl. contains the Western part of the Peninsula of Scandinavia the Eastern part being part of Swedeland A long ridg of Mountains making the separation leaving Norway toward the Ocean and Swedeland toward the Baltick Sea. From hence are transported Train-Oyl Pitch Stock-fish Masts for Ships Deal-boards The Coast of Norway though of a large extent has few good Ports by reason of the small Islands and Rocks that inviron it and the Gulf of Maelstroom which swallows and endangers all the Ships that come nigh it Herbinius tells us that this Northern Charybdis or Vorago by the Inhabitants Moskestroom is forty miles in extent Kircher saith 't is thirteen miles in Circumference that it hath a motion ascending and descending six Hours by sucking in waters and as many throwing them forth again That part which lyes toward the Pole is full of Forests and Mountains wherein there are some few Mines of Copper and Iron In the year 1646 was discovered near Opslow or Anslo a Mine of very good Gold which gave the Inhabitants occasion to say that they had got the Northern Indies But that Boast endured no longer than the Mine which presently vanished for fear of being riâ—ed Opslo Ansloye Galis the Ansloga of old it was burnt down in the time of Christiern the Fourth King of Denmark and since called Christiana 't is a Bishops See. Aggerhad is a Castle near to it full North from Seagen the most Northern point of Jutland Stafanger is a Sea-Town with a good Port near which is the Fort Doeswick There is the Herb Ossifraga of Norway which sna s the bones of Cattel that tread upon it East of Drontheim lies the Country of Jemperland formerly part of Norway but was by the Treaty of Bromsbroo Anno 1645 yielded to the Swedes to whom it is still subject This Kingdom has five Governments with as many Castles Bahus Aggerhus Berghen-hus Dronthem-hus and Ward-hus That of Bahus with a Castle of the same name upon a Rock was delivered to the Swedes by the Treaty of Roschilt Berghen is the better City the Seat of the Vice-Roy with a new Fort called Fredericksburg and a Port into which Vessels have an easier entrance and where they are safe from the Winds by reason of the high Mountains which inviron it the Merchants of the Hans-Towns have there a House and a Magazine Dronthem in Latin Nidrosia the Court of the ancient Kings of
their first and more wonted name of Irish The first Onset it received by way of Invasion was by the Saxon Monarchs who made themselves Masters of some places but could not long continue in possession of them The next that in Hostile manner Visited it were the Northern Nations Danes Swedes and Normans who scowring along the Sea-coasts by way of Piracy and afterwards finding the weakness of the Island made an Absolute Conquest of it under the Conduct of one Tungâ—sus but were soon routed out by the Policy of the King of Meath After this the petty Princes enjoyed their former Dominions till the Year 1172 at what time the King of Leinster having forced the Wife of the King of Meath was driven by him out of this Kingdom who applying himself to Henry the Second of England for uccour received Aid under the Leading of Richard de Clare Sirnamed Strongbow Earl of Pembroke by whose good Success and the Kings presence the pâ—tty Kings or great Lords submitted themselves promising to pay him Tribute and acknowledg him their Chief and Sovereign Lord. But as the Conquest was but slight and superficial so the Irish submissions were but weak and fickle Assurances to hold in Obedience so considerable a Kingdom though the Charter was confirmed by Pope Hadrian So that it was not till the latter end of Queen Elizabeth's Reign that the same was wholly subjugated and the Foundation laid of a lasting Peace with Ireland which soon after was very far proceeded in by King James and fully perfected according to all Humane appearance by our Gracious Sovereign King Charles the Second So that now Ireland is a Flourishing Island Civil in its self and a good additional strength to the British Empire Ireland called by the Latins Hibernia by the Greeks Irnia by Pomponius and Sâ—linus called Juverna by Ptolomy Juernia by Orpheus Aristotle Strabâ— Stephanus and Claudianus Jerna by Eustathius Vernia by Diodorus Irim by the Welsh Yverdhon by the Inhabitants Eryn Irlandt Germanis Irlanda Italis Irlande Gallis Is in length 300 and in breadth 130 miles about half as big as England and was Anciently Divided into five Provinces each one a Kingdom in its self viz. 1. Leinster 2. Meath 3. Vlster 4. Connaught And 5. Munster But now the Province of Meath is reckoned for a Member or part of Leinster These four Provinces compose that Kingdom as beautiful and sweet a Country as any under Heaven being stored with many goodly Rivers Replenished with abundance of all sorts of Fish sprinkled with brave Islands and goodly Lakes adorned with goodly Woods full of very good Forts and Havens The Soil most Fertile and the Heavens most mild and temperate but not so clear and subtil as the Air in England and therefore not so favourable for the Ripening of Corn and Fruits as to the Grass for all kind of Cattel And in the Winter more subject to Wind Clouds and Rain than Snow or Frost It is an Island of great strength as well by Nature as Art by reason of its Situation in such dangerous Seas and the several Fortificaons and Castles that the English have built since they were Masters of it It s chief Rivers are the spacious Shannon the rolling Liffie the sandy Slany the pleasant Boyne the Fishy Banne swift Awiduffe or Blackwater sad Trowis wide Mayre now Bantry Bay the Woody Barrow the spreading Lee the Baleful Oure or Shoure Besides these Rivers there are several Lakes of which Lough Erne is the greatest being about 30 miles in length and 15 in breadth and this as all other of its Lakes are well stored with Fish The Irish have had the Character of being Religious by which perhaps some understand Superstitious Amorous Patient of Labour Excellent Horsemen and the meaner sort extreamly Barbarous till Civilized by the Neighbourhood and intermixture of the English yet still the wild Irish retain several of their absurd and ridiculous Customs accounting ease and idleness their greatest liberty and riches The Ecclesiastical Government of Ireland is committed to the care of four Arch-Bishops under whom are 19 Suffragan-Bishops The Temporal Government is now by one Supreme Officer sent over by the King of England who is called the Lord Lieutenant or Lord Deputy of Ireland who for Majesty State and Power is not inferiour to any Vice-Roy in Europe The present Lord Deputy is the Earl of Tyrconnel Their Laws are correspondent with those of England and they have their several Courts of Justice as Chancery Common-Pleas Kings-Bench Exchequer Courts of Parliament and Justices of the Peace in every County The Commodities of this Island are Cattel Hides Tallow Butter Cheese Honey Wax Furs Salt Hemp Linnen Cloth Pipe-staves VVool of which they make Cloth and several Manufactures as Freezes Ruggs Mantles c. Its Seas yield great plenty of C d-fish Herrings Pilchers and other Fish The Bowels of the Earth afford Mines of Lead Tin and Iron The Province of Leinster by the Natives called Leighingh contains the Counties of Kilkenny Caterlough Queens-County Kings-County Kildare East-Meath VVest-Meath VVestford VVicklo and Dublin in which are comprehended 926 Parishes whereof 47 are Towns of Note 102 Castles well Fortified by the English Vlster being the largest Province of all Ireland called by the Irish Cui Guilly is divided into the Counties of 1. Lough 2. Cavan 3. Fermanagh 4. Down 5. Monaghan 6. Armagh 7. Colvane 8. Dunnaâ—l or Tyrcâ—nnel 9. Tir-Oen And 10. Antrim In which are comprehended 214 Parishes whereof 14 are Towns of Note for Commerce and Traffique and 30 Castles for defence of the Country Connaught by the Irish Conaughly is divided into these five Shires or Counties 1. Iâ—trim 2. Roscommon 3. Majo 4. Mego 5. Galloway 6. Thomond or Clare-Country in which are comprehended but eight Towns of any consequence for Commerce and Traffique and a-about 24 Cas les of old Erection besides Fortresses as have been raised in its later Troubles the whole contains 366 Parishes Munster is now distinguished into the Counties of 1. Limâ—rick 2. Kery 3. Cork 4. VVaterford 5. Tipperary And in these Counties are comprehended 24 Towns of Note and Trading 66 Castles of old Erection including in the whole 80 Parishes It s chief places are 1. Dublin a City Rich and Populous as being the Metropolis of all the Island the Seat of the Lord-Deputy an Arch-Bishops See and an University Adorned with many fair Buildings viz. the Castle the Cathedral the Church the Arch-Bishops Palace the Collegiate Church called Christ-Church the Town-Hall the Colledg c. 2. VVaterford the chief City of Munster on the River Shoâ—r a well Traded Port a Bishops See and the second City of the Kingdom endowed with many ample Priviledges Being safe and commodiously seated for the Use of Shipping for though a good distance from the Sea yet Ships of the greatest Burthen may safely Sail to and ride at Anchor before the Key and also for the conveniency of sending Commodities in smaller Vessels to several Towns in
the Misfortunes of the Kingdom for they Leagued themselves with the lesser Tartars and put themselves into the Great Turks Protection Insomuch that we may safely say that the Invasion of the Swedes the Hostilities of the Muscovites the Irruption of the Transylvanians the Treachery of the Cossacks the Rebellion of whole Armies in Poland and Lithuania the different Factions of the Kingdom the Contests of the Neighbouring Nations gave a cruel Blow to this Crown and were the causes that moved the Great Turk to make War upon them Poland contains Ten great Divisions four to the West and upon the Vistula Poland Mazovia Cujavia and Prussia the Royal. Six toward the East and to the West of Borysthenes Lithuania Samogitia Polaquia Nigra Russia Volhinia and Podolia These Provinces have been gained for the most part either by Arms or Alliances They are divided into Palatinates the Palatinates into Castellains and the Castellains into Captainships They call the Government of places Starosties Besides these Provinces there is one part of Muscovia which was yielded to the Muscovite in the year 1634 after that Ladislaus the Fourth before he was King had the year before valiantly Relieved Smolensko and reduced to utmost Extremity an Army of an hundred thousand Muscovites who were constrained to ask him Pardon to save their Lives That Treaty which they call the Treaty of Viasma gained to Poland Smolensko Novogrodeck Sevierski Czernihou and other places The Truce for thirteen years beginning February 1667 leaves the Grand Duke of Muscovy in the Possession of Smolensko as also of that part of the Vkraine to the East of Borysthenes and regain'd to the Crown of Poland Dunenbourg Polâ—czk and Witepski Ducal Prussia where stands Konigsberg or Mons Regius a fair City University and Mart generally by our Seamen called Queenborow belonging to the Elector of Brandenburgh who is absolute Sovereign of it independent from Poland The City is so much the bigger because it incloseth two others within the same circuit of Walls Pinau and Memel are two Forts upon the Sea of the greatest concernment of any in that Dominion Curland is a Dukedom for which the Duke of the House of Ketler does Homage to the Crown His Residence is at Mitaw the chief of the Province of Semigallia in Livonia near this City Zernesky the Polish General and Lubermisky the great Chancellor vanquished the Swedish Army and killed 14000 upon the place And Vindaw was the Seat of the great Master of the Teutonick Order Poland the best Peopled is Divided into Vpper and Lower In the first stands Cracovia or Crackow the chief City in all Poland where the Kings and Queens are Crowned Inhabited by a great Number of Germans Jews and Italians encompassed with two strong Walls of Stone on the East-side is the Kings Castle on the West a Chappel where the Kings are Interred Upon the Confines of Silesia stands the City of Czentochow with the Cloyster of Nostre-dame of Clermont an extraordinary strong place and which the Swedes Besieged in vain twice in the Years 1655 and 1656. Sandomiria or Sendomierz a Walled Town and Castle upon a Hill. Lublin or Lublinium is a Walled Town with a strong Castle Environed with Waters and Marishes Here are held three great Fairs at the Feasts of Pentecost St. Simon and Jude and at Candlemas and much resorted unto by Merchants The Lower Poland though lesser than the Higher is nevertheless called Great Poland because it is more a part of the Kingdom than the other The City of Guesna there Seated in the Palatinate of Kalish is very Ancient and the Seat of the first Kings so called from an Eagles Nest which was found there while it was Building and which gave Occasion to the King of Poland to bear Gules an Eagle Argent Crown'd Beak'd and Armed Or bound under the Wings with a Ribband of the same Kalick Calisia is a Walled Town upon the Prosna naming the Country The Province of Mazovia only has above thirty or forty thousand Gentlemen the most part Catholicks Warsovia Warsaw is the Capital thereof and of the whole Kingdom in regard the General Diets are kept there and because its Castle is the Kings Court. In Cujavia stands the City Wladislau where the Houses are Built of Brick and the Lake Gopla out of which came the Rats that Devoured King Popiel Posnania or Posen is a Bishops See seated amongst Hills upon the River Warsa fairly built of Stone subject to Inundations chief of the Palatinate In which is also Miedzyrzecze a strong Town upon the Borders of Schlesia impregnably seated amongst Waters and Marshes Koscien a double Walled Town amongst dirty Marshes Sivadia Sirad a Walled Town and Castle seated upon the River Warsa naming the Country sometimes a Dukedom belonging to the second Sons of the Kings of Poland Lancicia Lancitz a Walled Town with a Castle mounted on a Rock upon the River Bsura Rava built all of Wood with a Castle naming the Palatinate Plozko and Dobrzin are two Palatinates on the other side of the Nieper Prussia Royal which belongs to the King of Poland are several Cities which the Knights of the Teutonick Order Built The Lakes and the Sea-Coast afford great store of Amber Marienburgh Mariiburgum is a strong Town where Copernicus was born a Town of good Trade with a fair Wooden Bridge over the Vistula Dantzick Gedanum one of the Capital Hans-Towns drives all the Trade of Poland and has not its equal over all the Baltick Sea It is a Free Town and is Priviledged to send Deputies to the States of the Kingdom The King of Poland has some Rights there upon Entry of Goods and upon the Custom The City of Elbing contends for Priority in the States of Prussia The Generous Resolution of the Towns-men to maintain the Authoriry of their King against the Swedes without accepting the Neutrality was the Preservation of the whole Kingdom Lithuania is the greatest Province of all those which compose the Estates of the Crown of Poland It received the Christian Religion 1389 United to Poland 1569. It has the Title of a Grand Dukedom wherein there are also to this day as many great Officers as in the Kingdom of Poland The Country is so full of Marshes and Sloughs that there is no Travelling in Winter for the Ice Vilna the Capital City incloses so many sorts of Religions that there is no City in the World where God is Worshipped after so many different ways unless in Amsterdam a Liberty too much allowed in most parts of Christendom but rara temporum felicitas There are also in Lithuania eight parts or Palatinates viz Breslaw Mâ—â—sco Mscizlaw Novogrodeck Poloczk Troki Vilna and Witepsk as also the Dutchy of Smolensko Novogrodeck Czernihou with the Territories of Rohaczow and Rzeczych and Sluckz whose chief places bears the same name other chief places of Note in Lithuania you may find in the Map. Samogitia is a Country where the Inhabitants live very poorly it hath no Palatinate
of this Age. The two Families of Bathori and Ragotzi have afforded this Country several Princes It being made a Soveraignty in the Year 1512 by John Zapolia by favour of Soliman the Great The last Ragotzi who was slain in Battel against the Turks in the Year 1659 was the fourteenth Prince He styl'd himself By the Grace of God Prince of the Kingdom of Transylvania Lord of one part of Hungary and Earl of the Ciculians He paid Annually to the Grand Signior a Tribute of 30000 Dollars the Ministers of the Port have advanced it to five hundred thousand Rix-dollars The Emperor as King of Hungary pretends to have the Right of Installation of the Prince of Transylvania For the Emperor Rodolphus Established Botscai upon Condition that the Principality should return for defect of Issue Male. The Ancient Inhabitants were the Anartes of Caesar the Anarte of Ptol. Of Hungaria A New Map of HUNGARY by Robt. Morden HVNGARIA Lat. Indiginis Maglar Slavis Wagierska Germanis Hungerland Gallis Hungrie Italis Hispanis Ongaria now vulgarly but improperly called the Pannonia of the Ancients The ancient Inhabitants were the Jaziges Metanastae of Ptol. included within the Rivers Danow and Tissa and the Capatian Mountains Part of the Dacii lying East of the River Tissa or Tibiscus The Paones or Pannonii inhabiting beyond the Danow betwixt it and the Savas afterwards it was the Seat of the Huns Longabards and Avares and lastly of the Hungarians So called from the Huns and Avares a people known by the Rapines they committed in several parts of Europe under Attila one of their Kings whose mighty Acts and numerous Forces are very remarkable He it was that over-ran most part of Germany and great part of Italy that forced his way through all the Nations between him and France beating down all the Towns and Fortresses before him That compelled the Emperor Theodosius to buy his Peace at 6000 Pound-weight of Gold and a yearly Tribute Sacked and burnt Aâ—quilea and Mâ—lâ—n fought the great Battel with Aetius the Roman General where were ten Kings present and 200000 slain Once a great and flourishing Kingdom whose Dominions extended as far as the Adriatick and Euxine Sea. Now divided by the Danow into the Upper Hungary lying North of the River and the lower Hungary lying towards the South containing before the Turkish Subjection 54 Juridicial Resorts or Counties Viz. Abanvivariensis d'Abanvivar 1. Albensis d'Ekekes-Feveruar 2. Arvensis d'Arva 3. Barsiensis de Bars 4. Barzodiensis de Barzod 5. Bathiensis de Bath 6. Bihoriensis de Debreczin 7. Bistriciensis de Bistricz 8. Bogrogensis de Bodrogh 9. Castriferrensis d' Sarvvar 10. Cepusiensis de Czepuss 11. Chonadiensis de Chonad 12. Comariensis de Komara 13. Gevinariensis de Gewinar 14. Hewesensis de Hewecz 15. Hontensis de Sag 16. Javariensis de Gewer 17. Liptoviensis de Lypeze 18. Moramarusiensis de Moramaruss 19. Musoniensis de Muzon 20. Nitriensis de Neytracht 21. Novigradiensis de Novigrad 22. Orodiensis Czongrad 23. Pelysiensis Pelicz 24. Peregiensis de Peretzaz 25. Pestensis de Pest 26. Ptosegiensis de Posega 27. Posoniensis de Poson 28. Risiensis de Kreiss at Creutz 29. Sagoriensis de Sellia 30. Saladiensis de Salavvar 31. Sariensis de Saraz 32. Semlyniensis de Semlyn 33. Sigetensis de Szygeth 34. Simigiensis de Zegzard 35. Sirmiensis de Szerem 36. Soproniensis de Sopron 37. Strigoniensis de Gran 38. Temesuensis de Temesuar 39. Tolnâ—nsis de Tolna 40. Torantaliensis de Thurtur 41. Tornensis de Torna 42. Transchiniensis de Transchyn 43. Turocensis de Owar 44. Valconiensis de Valpon 45. Varadiensis de Varadin 46. Varaniensis de Baranguar 47. Vesprimiensis de Vesprim 48. Ugoghensis de Ugoza 49. Unghensis de Unghuuar 50. Zabolcensis de Chege 51. Zagrabiensis de Zagrabia 52. Zatmariensis de Zatmar 53. Zolnocensis de Zolnock 54. First Invaded by Amarah the second Ottoman Emperor of the Turks with almost incredible numbers of men who yet found that the valiant off-spring of the once Victorious Huns were not so easily subdued but stood as the Bulwark of the Christian World for 300 years putting a stop to the Turkish Conquest and further Invasion into the other parts of Europe no other Nation being able to check their unruly rage nor set bounds to their Empire Yet such was the unhappy fate of that people that after long Wars sundry Victories and brave Resistances it was for the greatest part inthralled to the Turks the rest containing about a third part obeyed the German Emperor of the House of Anstria Descended from Anne Sister to Lewis the Second the last Native Prince slain by Solyman at the Battel of Mohacz But those that write the History of Hungary tell us that though scruples of Conscience and Contests about Religion have been the pretentions of the Discontents and Rebellions there yet Ambition and Soveraignty have been the cause of the Wars and miseries of that bleeding Country That their own Divisions indeed contributed to their Subjection for neither the Roman Eagle nor the Ottoman Crescent had waved proudly over their lofty Towers had not the Civil Dissentions of the Inhabitants by wounding deep each others bosoms made way for the enemy The Soil of Hungary is very fertile the Plains which are exceeding lovely bear Corn in abundance and the little Hills produce excellent Wines those of Tokay are highly esteemed the Sirmian Wines are very rich and pleasant And its deep Pasturages are stored with infinite Herds of large and fat Cattel It also exceeds most Countries of Europe in Mines of Gold Silver Tin Lead and Copper as also Baths and Mineral Waters some of a strong nature which falling upon the ground is turned to a Stone others again flow in Winter and freeze in Summer others which falling into Ditches make a kind of mud out of which tried and melted they make very good Copper and others there are that turn Iron into Copper The Veins of the Copper Mine near Newsol are very large and the Ore is very rich in a hundred pound of Ore they ordinarily find 20 l. of Copper sometimes 30 40 to 60 in the hundred there are also two Springs of a Vitriolate Water which turns Iron into Copper in 14 days time and the Copper thus changed is more ductile maleable and more easily melted than the other Three Hungarian miles from Newsol and two from Chrenmitz there are divers Hot Baths of great esteem and much frequented at Boinitz there are also five natural Baths of a gentle heat and delightful to Bathe in being beautified by Count Palsi then Palatine of Hungary It produces abundance of Salt and other Provisions for human sustenance plenty of Deer Hares all sorts of Poultry Patridges and Pheasants great store of Sheep great numbers of Oxen of which 100000 are yearly sent into Italy and Germany The Hungarians are generally Warriers and good Soldiers strong of Body well proportioned and valiant more addicted to Mars than to
undertake it Of Canada or Nova Francia CAnada so called from the River Canada which hath its Fountains in the undiscovered parts of this Western Tract sometimes inlarging it self into greater Lakes and presently contracted into a narrow Chanel with many great windings and falls having embosomed almost all the rest of the Rivers After a known Eastern course of near fifteen hundred Miles it empties it self into the great Bay of St. Lawrence over against the Isle of Assumption being at the Mouth thirty Leagues in breadth and one hundred and fifty fathom deep On the Northside whereof the French following the Tract of the said Cabot made a further discovery of the said Northern parts by the Name of Nova Francia The Country is full of Stags Bears Hares Martins and Foxes store of Conies Fowl and Fish not very fruitful or fit for Tillage the Air more cold than in other Countries of the same Latitude The chief places are Brest Quebeck and Taduosac a safe but small Haven The French Trade here for Bever Mouse-skins and Furs and are said to be about five thousand what discoveries have been made of late years of the Southern parts of this Country may be seen in the Map of Florida c. Nova Scotia COntains that part of Land which the French call Accadie or Cadie being so much of the main Land as lieth between the River Canada and the large Bay called Bay Francoise from the River of St. Croix upon the West to the Isle of Assumption on the East first discovered by Sebastian Cabot who setting sail from Bristol at the charge of King Henry the Seventh made a discovery of it unto the Latitude of sixty seven and a half Which being neglected after this the French planted on the North-side of the River Canada And after that Monsieur du Monts settled on part of that Land called Nova Scotia but in the year 1613 was outed by Sir Samuel Argal And in the year 1621 King James by Letters Patents made a donation of it to Sir William Alexander afterwards Lord Secretary of Scotland calling it Nova Scotia in pursuance of which Grant he in the year 1622 sent a Colony thither And I am informed that it was after by Acts of Parliament annexed to the Crown and Kingdom of Scotland however I think the French have now a Colony at Port Royal and are the only possessors of that Country Of Newfoundland THIS was first discovered by the two Cabots John and his Son Sâ—bastian employed by King Henry the seventh 1497 the business laid aside was afterward revived by Thorn and Elliot two of Bristol who ascribed to themselves the discovery of it and animated King Henry unto the enterprise Anno 1527. In the mean time the French and Portugals resorted to it But the English would not relinquish their pretensions to the Primier Seisin and therefore in the year 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert took possession of it in the name of the Queen of England who being Shipwrack'd in his return the sending of a Colony was discontinued till the year 1608 when undertook by John Guy a Merchant of Bristol and in the year 1626 Sir George Calvert Knight then principal Secretary of State afterward Lord Baltimore obtained a Patent of part of Newfoundland which was erected into a Province and called Avalon where he caused a Plantation to be setled and a stately House and Fort to he built at Ferriland 'T is an Island for extent they say equalizing England from whence it is distant about five hundred and forty Leagues situate between the Degrees of forty five and fifty three Northern Latitude and is only severed from the Continent of America by an Arm of the Sea as England is from France It is famous for many excellent Bays and Harbors it hath great plenty of Fish Land and Water Fowl and is sufficiently stockt with Deers Hares Otters and Foxes which yield great Fur it affords stately Trees fit for Timber Masts Planks and other uses The Soil is esteemed fertile the Climate wholsom but the rigor of Winter and excessive Heats of Summer much detract from its praise Before the Island at the distance of twenty Leagues from the Raze lieth a long Bank or Ridge of Ground extending in length about two hundred and forty Leagues in breadth in the broadest place about five and twenty Leagues by Cabot called Bacalaos from the great multitude of Codfish which swarmed there so numerous that they hindred the passage of the Ships and is now called the Grand Bank where our Ships salt and dry their Fish There is no part of Newfoundland more happy for multiplicity of excellent Bays and Harbors than the Province of Avalon and there are vast quantities of Fish yearly caught by the English at Ferriland and at the Bay of Bulls though the whole Coast affords infinite plenty of Cod and Poor John which is grown to a setled Trade and were the English diligent to inspect the advantage of setling Plantations upon the Isle and raising Fortifications for the security of the place they might ingross the whole Fishery Of ICE-LAND ICe Land or the antient Thule supposed by some to be as large as Ireland Our English Masters who have fished there many years give this Account of it That the most Southerly part of it called Ingulf foot is in the Latitude of sixty four Degrees and twenty five Minutes And the most Northerly part is Rag-point in the Latitude of sixty six Degrees and five Minutes whereas our Maps as also the Great Atlas makes the Island above eighty eight Degrees of Nothern Latitude which gross mistake is refuted not only by Observation but also by the Suns continuance two hours above the Horizon in the middle of December in the most Northern part of the Island It is seated North Westerly from the North of Scotland viz. from the Start or Head Land of Orkney to the S. W. Head of Fero is fifty five Leagues and from thence to Ingulf-foot is eighty five Leagues more It hath four remarkable Mountains in it of which Hecla is the most famous which burns continually with a Blew Brimstone-like and most dreadful Flame vomiting up vast quantities of Brimstone and that when it burns with greatest vehemency it makes a terrible rumbling like the noise of loud Thunder and a fearful Crackling and Tearing that may be heard a great way off See more of this in Martineres Northern Voyage page 134. In the Philosophical Transaction Number 103 Dr. Paul Biornonius Resident informs us That it abounds with hot Springs of which some are so Hot that in a quarter of an hours time they will sufficiently boil a piece of Beef Arugreim Jonas tell us It was inhabited by the Norwegians Anno 874 afterwards by the Danes under whose Government and Religion it now is The Island is well peopled but they live only in the Vallies and towards the Sea-shore Their Dwellings are rather Caves than Houses The Inhabitants are said to be a Lusty
of its Excellency in her Traffick and Commerce the goodness of her Air and general Fertility It is the least Part of all yet has produced the great Alexanders and Caesars of the Universe contains within its Bounds the principal Part of the Roman and Grecian Monarchies and which to this day furnisheth the other parts of the World with Colonies It s Scituation is all in the Northern Temperate Zone which free the Inhatants from the insupportable Heats of Africk and from those which also parch the more Southern Climes of Asia The Air is generally sweet and temperate unless in the remotest Countries of the North The Soil affords all sorts of Grain and Fruit of which the other Parts of the World are often in Want But her highest Glory and Prerogative is that she is not only Europe but Christendom and hath embraced the true Religion But alas the strange Schisms the shameful vices the lamentable dissentions the unchristian divisions about Ceremonies and Opinions are fatal Eclipses of her brightness and splendor who otherwise might justly have been stiled The Temple of Religion The Court of Policy and Government The Academy of Learning The Mistris of Arts and Sciences The Magazine of Trade The Nurse of Victorious and famous people And the Paradice of humane felicity The length of Europe is variously set down by Geographers Cluverius saith from the Cape of St. Vincent unto the mouth of the River Oby is 900 German or 3600 Italian miles I find that the true distance cannot be more than 50 degrees which multiplied by 73 for so many miles are found to be in a degree makes 3650 Geometrical or Italian miles Sansons Map of Europe makes the distance to be 55 degrees which multiplied by 73 makes 4015 which is 365 miles more than the greatest distance can be But the Great New Atlas tells us 't is 71 degrees of the Equator which multiplied by 73 makes 5183 which is but 1533 miles too large in the length of Europe Maginus tells us that the distance from Lisbon to Constantinople is 600 German or 2400 Italian miles The true distance I find cannot be more than 32½ which multiplied by 73 makes 2352 miles But Sansons Map makes the Distance to be 36 which makes 276 miles too much Heylin tells us that Europe is in length 2800 miles in breadth 1200 miles but from whence he begins or what miles he means the Reader cannot tell so that I think he had as good have said nothing The Breadth by Cluverius from Cape Matrapan of the Morea to the North Cape is reckoned to be 550 German or 2200 Italian miles Maginus makes it to be almost 600 German or 2400 Italian miles The true distance or difference of Latitude is 35 degr of the Equator which multiplied by 73 makes 2555 miles Sanson's Map makes it 38 degrees which makes 2774 miles which is 209 miles too much But the great Atlas tells us it contains about 44 degrees which makes 3212 miles 657 miles too large Toward the North Europe is bounded by the Northern Ocean otherwise called the Frozen Sea by reason of the continual Ice which incommodes those Parts Towards the West it is limited by the Western or Atlantick Ocean by the Mediterranean Sea toward the South and beyond that Sea by part of Africa As for the Eastern Bounds from the Mediterranean Sea to the North they are these The Archipelago or White Sea anciently called the Aegean Sea. 2. The Streight of Gallipoli or the Dardanells otherwise called the Arm of St. George and formerly the Hellespont 3. By Mar di Marmora formerly Mare Propontis 4. By the Streight of Constantinople or the Canal of Mar Maggiore formerly the Thracian Bosphorus 5. By the Black or Mar Maggiore formerly Pontus Euxinus 6. By the Streight of Caffa or Vespero otherwise the Mouth of St. John formerly the Cimmerian Bosphorus 7. By Mare Limen otherwise the Sea of Zabaique and Tanais formerly Palus Moeotis 8. By the River Donn or Tana formerly Tanais 9. By a Line drawn from the most Eastern Winding of Donn to the Northern Ocean near Obi Some there are that draw this Line more to the West from the Sources of Donn to the White Sea which is in Muscovy making Europe much less than it is Others inclose within the Limits of Europe all the Conquest of the Great Duke of Muscovie which are in the Asiatick Tartary Europe is divided into Continent and Islands which contain these Kingdoms or Estates viz. Towards the North the Isles of Great Britain containing the Kingdoms of England Scotland and Ireland the Principality of Wales with many Islands dependant upon them 2ly Scandinavia containing the Kingdoms of 1. Denmark with Norway and Sweden 3ly The several Kingdoms Dutchies c. of the Grand Czar of Russia and Muscovia 4. The Kingdom Estates c. of Poland and Lithuania Towards the Middle 1. The Northern Estates of Turkie in Europe viz. 1. Tartaria Europa Walachia Moldavia Transilvania and Hungaria 2. The Empire of Germania with its eight Electorates 3ly The Estates of the Republick of Switzerland The Seven Vnited Provinces The Ten Spanish Provinces 4. The Kingdoms of France with its Twelve Governments and late Acquisitions Towards the South 1. The Kingdoms and Principalities of Spain 2. The Kingdom of Portugal The Kingdoms and Estates in Italy The Estates and Dukedom of Savoy Piemont c. The Kingdoms and Isles of Sicily Sardinia and Majorca c. The Southern Estates of Turkie in Europe viz. Sclavonia Croatia Dalmatia Ragusa Bosnia Servia Bulgaria The Country of Greece containing the Kingdoms and parts of Romania or Thracia Macedonia Thessalia Albania Epirus and Graecia or Achaia and Peloponnesus or the Morea with the Isle of Negropont c. The Islands of Europe are seated either in the Ocean the Mediterranean or Baltick Seas The Islands lying in the Ocean are the British Isles aforesaid Sicily Sardinia Corsica and Candy are the biggest Islands in the Mediterranean The Islands of the Baltick Sea we shall speak of in the Description of Denmark We may consider the Estates of Europe according to their Titles without Regard to their Dignity and say that there is 1. The Estate of the Church or Pope in Italy 2. Two Empires Germany and Turkie The first half Monarchy half Commonwealth The latter only Monarchical 3. Seven Kingdoms every one Govern'd by their own Kings that acknowledg no Superior viz. England France Spain Portugal Swedeland Denmark and Poland That of France is most perfect and descends only to the Heirs Male ever since the Salique-Law The five other admit the Female All are Hereditary only Poland which is Elective There are moreover in Europe other lesser Kingdoms comprehended under these as those of Bohemia and Hungary under the Emperor of Germany That of Navarr under the King of France That of Naples in Italy Sicily Sardinia and Majorca under the Crown of Spain And those of Scotland and Ireland under the King of England 4. Eight
Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire 581 336 London Essex Middlesex and part of Hartfordshire 623 189 Durham Durham Northumberland and the Isle of Man. 135 87 Winchester Hampshire Surry Isle of Wight Gernsey and Jersey and Alderny 362 131 Bath and Wells Somersetshire 385 160 Oxford Oxfordshire 195 88 Bangor Carnarvanshire Anglesey Merionethshire and part of Denbighshire 107 36 Rochester Part of Kent 98 36 Ely Cambridgshire and part of Ely. 141 75 Chichester Sussex and part of Hartfordshire 250 112 Salisbury Wiltshire and Barkshire 248 109 Worcester Worcestershire part of Warwickshire 241 76 Lincoln Lincoln Leicester Bedford Huntington Buckingham and part of Hartfordshire 1255 577 St. Asaph Part of Flintshire and part of Denbighshire 121 19 St. Davids Pembrokeshire and Carmarthenshire 308 120 Peterborough Northampton and Rutlandshire 293 19 Landaff Glamorganshire Monmouth Brecknock and part of Radnorshire 177 98 Carlile Cumberland and part of Westmerland 93 18 Exeter Devonshire and Cornwall 604 239 Chester Cheshire part of Yorkshire Lancashire part of Flint and part of Cumberland 256 101 Bristol Dorsetshire 236 64 Norwich Norfolk and Suffolk 1121 385 Glocester Glocestershire 267 125 Hereford Herefordshire Shropshire part of Worcestershire and part of Radnorshire 313 166 Lichfield Staffordshire Darbyshire part of Warwickshire part of Shropshire 557 250 The second Division was by King Henry the Second into six Circuits appointed to the Itinerary Judges who are twice in a year in the chief Town of each County in their respective Circuit to determine Causes and administer Justice for the Ease of the People The third is the Military Division for the Raising of Horse and Foot for the Kings Service It is also divided by the Kings Justices in Eyre of the Forest and by the King of Arms into North and South of Trent The last Division is that of Shires or Counties first ordained by King Alford which are subdivided into Hundreds or Wapentakes and those again into Tythings He also appointed a Vice-compt or Sheriff whose Office was to look after the Peace and Welfare of the Shire To Execute the Kings Writs and Precepts and perform several other duties necessary for the Execution of Justice and Welfare of the People And these Sheriffs are generally chosen out of the chiefest of the Gentry King Edward the Third ordained in every Shire certain Civil Magistrates intituled Justices of the Peace whose Duties are to look after the Disorders that arise in the Shire or Hundred in which they reside and to punish Offenders There are in all England 25 Cities 680 Great Towns called Market-Towns 9725 Parishes and in many of which are contained several Hamlets or Villages as big as ordinary Parishes England is blest with a sweet and temperate Air the Cold in Winter being less Sharp than in some parts of France and Italy which yet are seated far more Southernly And the Heat in Summer is less scorching than in some Parts of the Continent that lie much more Northward For as in Summer the Gentle Winds and Frequent Showres qualifie all violent Heats and Droughts so in Winter the Frosts do only meliorate the Cultivated Soil and the Snow keeps warm the tender Plants The whole Country is exceeding Fertile abounding with all sorts of Grain Rich in Pasture containing innumerable quantities of Cattel yielding great plenty of all sorts of Fowl Wild and Tame Its Seas and Rivers infinitely stored with all variety of excellent Fish In its Bowels are found Rich Mines of Lead Tinn Iron Copper and Coal as useful as advantageous to the Nation Nor doth it want Mines of Silver though rare and but in small quantities It hath excellent H t Baths and divers Medicinal Springs It is bravely furnished with Variety of pleasant Orchards and Gardens luxuriant with all sorts of excellent Fruits Plants and Flowers The English are Governed by several Laws viz. Common Law Statute Law Civil Law Canon Law and Martial Law besides particular Customs and By-Laws The Common Law of England is a Collection of the General Common Custom and Usages of the Kingdom which have by length of time and immemorial Prescription obtained the Force of Laws for Customs bind not the people till they have been tried and approved time out of mind These Laws were first reduced all into one body by King Edward the Elder about the year 900 revived by King Edward the Confessor William the Conqueror added some of the Customs of Normandy since which Edward the First did settle divers fundamental Laws ever since practised in this Nation Where the Common Law is silent there we have excellent Statute-Laws made by the several Kings of England by and with the advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons of England by their Representatives the Knights Citizens and Burgesses duly Elected in Parliament Where Common and Statute-Law take no Cognizance As in matters transacted beyond the Seas and relating to the Admiralty c. Use is made of the Civil Law which ought to be the Product of the Common Reason and Wisdom of all Mankind and fitted for the Interest and Welfare not only of one Nation but taking Care for the general Affairs of all people The Canon-Law is the many ancient General Councils of National and Provincial Synods the divers Decrees and Judgments of the Ancient Fathers c. received by the Church of England by which she proceeds in her Jurisdiction as chiefly for the Reforming of the inward man and matters accounted of a spiritual Nature as Cases Matrimonial Testamentary Scandals Offences against good Manners c. Forest-Laws are for regulating offences committed in or relating unto some Forest or Chase for preservation of the Game c. Martial Law extends only to Soldiers and Mariners and is not to be practised in times of Peace but only in War and then and there where the Kings Army is afoot The Doctrine of the Church of England is Apostolical contained either in Express words of the Holy Scripture or in the 39 Articles and the Book of Homilies in all things agreeable thereunto the Worship and Discipline is in the Liturgy and Book of Canons By all which it will appear to impartial Eyes that the Church of England is the most exact and perfect Pattern of all the Reformed Churches in the World. Let Italy glory in this that she is the Garden of the Earth it may truly be said of England that it is the Court and Presence-Chamber of the Great Jehovah which should engage us the more by Holy Lives to walk suitable to such Mercies and not to forfeit those inestimable Priviledges by our crying sins for how can we expect that God should always continue so Gracious to us if we continually turn his Grace into Wantonness England is a Free Hereditary Paternal Monarchy Governed by one Supream Independent and Undeposeable Head according to the known Laws and Customs of the Kingdom A Monarchy that without Interruption hath been continued 1000 years in a word a Government of a perfect and
the Incursions of the Scots and Picts sheltered themselves in those Mountainous parts and to this day retain their Primitive Language which hath the least mixture of Exotick words of any now used in Europe but by reason of its many Consonants is lâ—ss pleasing to the Ear The People are Faithful and very loving to one another in a strange Country and to strangers in their own Their Gentry brave and Hospital but generally subject to Choler suddenly moved to Anger and as quickly pacified and value themselves very much upon their Pedigrees and Families The Eldest Son and Heir Apparent of our Kings of England is always Qualified during the Life of his Father with the Title of Prince of Wales 'T is bounded on all sides by the Sea except towards England from which it was once separated by a great Ditch called Offa's Dike in many places yet to be seen which Dike began from the Influx of the River Wye in the Severn and reached unto Chester about 85 Miles Most Writers tell us 't is now divided by the River Dee and a Line drawn to the River Wye But Monmouth being taken from it and added to England its present Limits are the River Dee and a Line drawn to the small River Rumpney near Cardiff The Country is generally Mountainous yet not without its fertile Vallies which bears good Corn and breedeth abundance of Cattel Butter and Cheese Other Commodities are Welsh Freezes Cottons Bayes Herrings White and Red Hides Calves-skins Honey Wax It hath Mines of Lead Lead-ore Coals It is well-stored with Quarries of Free-stones and Milstones It once contained three Kingdoms viz. Gwineth Venedotia or North-Wales Deheubarth Demetia or South-Wales And Powisland or Mathraval 'T is now according to an Act of Parliament in the Reign of King Henry the Eighth severed into two parts viz. North-Wales and South-Wales each of these contain six Counties viz. in the North Anglesey Mona Tac. Caernarvon Denbigh Flint Merioneth and Montgomery In the South Brecknock Cardigan Carmarthen Glamorgan Pembroke and Radnor Whose chief Towns are Beaumarish al Beaumorish Bellomariscus of old the chief of Anglesey seated upon the Menai River founded by King Edward the first Aberfraw was the Royal Seat of the Kings of Gwineth or North-Wales And Holy-Head or Caergubi of the Welsh a noted Promontory and passage into Ireland In this Island was the ancient Seat of the Drâ—ids brought under the Roman Scepter by Julius Agricola Caernarvon Arvonia of old the best Town of that Shire strong by Nature and Art founded by King Edward the First In the Castle whereof Edward the Second the first Prince of Wales was born Bangor or Banchâ—r Bangoria Lat. Dignified with a Bishops See. Aberconway raised out of the ruins of the Banonium of Ant. Canovijostium Denbish Denbighia Lat. seated on the River Cluyd once fortified with a strong Castle and Wall. Ruthin seated in the Strat Cluyd Wrexham plenty in Lead Llâ—nsâ—inan a small Village is famous for its Cave in the side of a Rock known by the Name of Arthur's round Table St. Asaph Llan-Elwy Welsh Fannum St. Asaphi an ancient Episcopal See founded by Kentigern a Scotch Bishop of Glasco in Anno 560. Flint which giveth Name to the County Not far from Cajeruis is the famous Well of St. Winnifrid in English Holy-well a place of great note and much resorted unto for the Cure of several Diseases In this County of Flint are yet seen some Ruins of the Bonium of Ant. lying upon both sides of the Dee turned afterwards into a Monastery and named Bancornabury by Bede and Banchor by Malmesbury the first of the Britans containing 2100 persons Harlech had a strong Castle mounted upon a steep Rock but reduced to ruins 't is the place of Assizes for Merionethshire and the chief Market of the Mountaniers Bala seated near Llin-tegid or Pimblemeer through which the Dee is said to run and not to mingle with its waters Montgomery the Shire-Town is so called from Roger of Montgomery Earl of Shrewsbury in the reign of the Conqueror Lanvethlin or Llanvilling is thought to be the Mediolanium of Ptolomy and Ant. Trellin or Welshpool seated on the Severn and in a rich Vale is the greatest and best built Town in the County and its Castle called Powis-Castle is a large and stately building Machleneth the Maglona of the Notitia Mathraval the Seat sometimes of the Princes of Powis Brecknock Brichinia Lat seated at the meeting of the Rivers Hodney and Vsk over which it hath a Stone-Bridge It contains three Parish-Churches and was once strengthened with a strong Castle Built Buâ— the Bulâ—um of Ant. pleasantly seated among the Woods on the Banks of the Wie New Radnor thus distinguished from the old the Magnae of Ant. and Magae of the Notitia seated near the Springhead of the Somergil and in a pleasant Valley At Prestaine seated on the Lug are the Assizes kept Knighton is a well built Burrough-Town The west-part of this County of Radnor is very Rocky and Mountainous the strong refuge of Vortigern King of the Britains when pursued by the Saxons and the fear and hate of his own Subjects Snowden-Hill was the safe retreat of Owen Glendor Cardigan Aber tyvi Welsh Cevetica Lat. seated on a Rock on the Bank of Tywy River near the Influx into the Sea is the Shire Town and governed by a Mayor Llan-beder hath a Market on Tuesdays Aber-y-stwith seated at the mouth of the Rivers Ystwith and Ridol descending from the foot of the Philimon Mountain as doth also the Teme and Wye-River Llanbadernvaur is a well-built Town graced with a fair Church formerly an Episcopal Sea now the Parish-Church of Aberystwith Caermarden the Maridunum of Ptolomy upon the River Tovy over which it hath a fair Stone-Bridg and it is a Town Corporate governed by a Mayor two Sheriffs and sixteen Burgesses all clad in Scarlet and is also famous for the Birth-place of Merlin the British Prophet Higher upon the top of a Hill under which runneth the Tovy stood Dinevour Castle the seat of the Prince of South-Wales Newcastle on the edg of Cardiganshire on the River Tyvi thought to be the Coventinum of Ptolomy but Lyn Savatan near Brecknock is the Loventinam or Luentium Camb. In Glamorganshire the chief Towns are Landaff Fanum ad Tattam seated on the River Tavy or Taff having â— large Cathedral a Bishops See otherwise scarce comparable to an indifferent Town occasioned by its vicinity to Cardiff the fairest Town in all South-Wales Containing two Parishes and one Church A strong stately Castle 'T is governed by a Constable and twelve Aldermen c. 'T is the place of the Assizes and the best Market in the Country Neath the Nidum of Ptolomy is much frequented for Coals Swansey or Aber-taw is an ancient Port Reve Town of a good Trade by reason of its Coal-pits and industry of its Inhabitants Boverton not far from Cowbridg is the Bovium of Ant. Loghar upon the River so called is
the Leuearum of Ant. Pembroke the chief Shire-Town seated on Milferd Haven so large and capacious that it may safely contain a 1000 sail of Ships over which it hath two fair Bridges a place of good strength fortified with a Wall and a strong Castle seated on a Rock St. Davids Menevia Fanum Davidis once a City of good account now only notable in that it is a Bishops See and a fair Cathedral Haverfordwest is the Town where the Assizes are kept Tenby is seated upon a Rock having a commodious Road for Ships Fishgard is the Abergwaine of the Welsh The Description of SCOTLAND SCOTIAE Nova Descriptiō per. Robert Morden SCOTLAND is separated from England by the Rivers Tweed and Solway and the Cheviot Hills The Ancient Inhabitants were the Britains divided by Ptolomy into many lesser Names by Dion and Xiphilinus into two only general viz. the Calidonii and Meatae Afterwards called the Picts towards the wain of the Roman Empire from their Paintings and for their better distinction from the civil and clothed Britains distinguished by Am. Marcellinus into the Picts Ducalidoniae and the Vecturiones The Scots a Colony of the bordering Irish intruding amongst and conquering the Picts or Britains all other Names worn out the whole are now accounted Scots The Length of Scotland I find set down by Heylin to be 480 Miles but the breadth in no place more than 60 Miles the truth of which will appear if you consider the Latitude of Solway-Frith near Carlisle the most Southern part of Scotland and Straitsby-head the most Northern you will find the greatest length can be but 260 English Miles and the breadth in the broadest place more than 160 Miles as you will easily see by the Map. Scotland according to its Situation may be divided by the River Tay into two parts viz. North and South commonly distinguished by the Names of Highland and Lowland The first was the Ancient Kingdom of the Scots The other the Old Habitation of the Picts The People of the former are by Nature and Disposition rude and uncivil The Inhabitants of the latter in Disposition Civility Language and Habit are much resembling the English and are thought to be Descended of the Saxons On the West part of Scotland are many Woods Mountains and Lakes Towards the East it is more Fruitful in Corn especially Barley and Oats Their Fruits are not very Excellent nor plentiful but they have abundance of Fish and Fowl not much Cattel nor big Their chief Commodities are Coarse Clothes Freezes Fish Lead Oar Feathers Allows Iron Salt-petre Linnen cloth Train-Oyl some Hides and Tallow The Kingdom of Scotland consists of the Nobility Gentry and Commons These with the Lords Spiritual Assemble together in Parliament when called by Writ from the King of Great Britain who by Reason of his Residence in England constituteth and appoints a Vice-Roy to Act under him at the said Session of Parliament called Lord Commissioner who at present is William Duke of Queensbury As to their Courts of Judicature they have several the Chief is the Session or Colledg of Justice consisting of a President fourteen Senators seven of the Clergy and as many of the Laisy whereunto is now added the Chancellor who is chief and four Lords of the Nobility besides as many Advocates and Clerks as the Senators see convenient These sit and administer Justice every day from nine to twelve except Sundays and Mondays from the first of November to Christmas-Eve and from the first of January to the last of February and from Trinity-Sunday to the first day of August But now by Act of Parliament the Summer-Sessions are taken away and instead thereof they are to be kept in March. This Court is of great state and order the Clerks write all the Material heads that are pleaded at the Bar. And after the parties are removed the Senators consider the Arguments and give sentence and the major part carries it Their final Sentence or Decrees determines all business there being no appeal only to the Parliament who may receive and repeal their decisive sentence The next supream Court is the Justice-Court where all Criminals are tried it consists of a Lord Justice General and of a Lord Justice Clark who is his assistant This Order was changed Anno 1669 and by Act of Parliament four Judges were appointed to sit in this Court with the Lord Justice General c. The Jury is made up of fifteen the major part determines the matter Besides this Court there are in every Shire or County Inferior Civil Judicatories or Courts kept wherein the Sheriff of the Shire or his Deputy decideth Controversies and Law-Suits but from these there are Appeals to the Sessions or Higher Court of Equity There are likewise Judicatories called Commissarials for Ecclesiastical Affairs The Shires of Scotland are viz. Edinburg Barwick Peeblis Selkirk Roxburg Dumfreis Wightown Air Renfrew Lanrick or Lanock Dumbritton or Dunbarton Boot Inner Ara Perth Striveling or Sterling Linlithgow Clackmanan Kinros Couper Fife Forfar Kinkardin Marrischals Aberdeen Bamf Errols Elgin Nairn Innerness Ross Cromarty Tayn Dornock Weik Orkney The Constabulary of Haddington The Stewartries of Strath-yern Monteith Annannaile Kirkubright The Baileries of Kyle Carriek Cunningham Scotland is also divided into several Counties or Parts Lothien Merch Teifidal or Tiviotdale Eskdale Easkdale Liddesdale Annandale Nithisdale Galloway Carrick Kyle Cunningham Clidesdale Lennox Striveling or Sterling Mentieth Fife Strathern Argile Lorn Cantire Arran Albany or Braid Albin Perth Athol Anguis Mernis Buquihan or Buchan Marr Marray Lochabyr Rosse Southerland Strathnavern Cathnes The Government whereof is divided into two Arch-Bishopricks Saint Andrews and Glasco under whom are several Suffragan Bishops It s chief places are 1. Edinburgh the Metropolitan City of this Kingdom Situate in a high and wholsome Air and a Fertil Soil consisting chiefly of one Street about a Mile in length out of which runs many smaller Lanes and Streets 'T is strongly begirt with a Wall and Fortified by a fair and strong Castle seated on the top of a Rock a place Adorned with many fair Edifices Dignified with the Courts of Judicature High Court of Parliament and a University 2. St. Andrews of Old Fanum Reguli hath a fair Prospect towards the Sea near the fall of the Ethan Fortified with a fair and strong Castle Dignified with an Archbishops See. 3. Glasco pleasantly seated on the River Cluyd over which it hath a fair Bridge A place of good Account Dignified with an Arch-Bishops See and a University Glasquum Script Scot. 4. Sterling a place of good strength and Fortified with a strong Castle Strivilingum vel Strevelinum seu Sterlinga 5. Dunbritton a place of great strength having the strongest Castle in all Scotland both by Nature and Art. Castrum Britonum 6. Falkland pleasantly seated for Hunting 7. Perth or St. Johns Town a place of good Account pleasantly seated at the Mouth of the River Tay between two Greens 8. Aberdeen
the adjacent Countries 3. Galloway the principal City of the Province of Connaught a Bishops ee and the third City of Ireland for Beauty Bigness and Strength Situate near the Fall of the great Lake or River Corbles in the Western Ocean a noted Emporie well Inhabited and of a good Trade by reason of its commodious Haven or Road for Ships 4. Limrick the second Principal of the Province of Munster and the fourth in Estimation of all Ir land Situate in an Island compassed about with the River Shannon well Fortified with a strong Castle a Bishops See and well frequented distant from the Main Ocean about 60 miles yet the River so large and Navigable that Ships of Burthen come up close to the very Wall. Beautified with a Cathedral Church and a fair Stone-Bridg 5. Kingsale upon the Mouth of the River Bany a Commodious Port being the only s fe and ready Port in all Ireland for our English Ships and others to Victual at and Refresh themselves when Bound for and returning from the West-Indies and other parts of the VVorld 6. Cork a Bishops See well Walled and fitted with a commodious Haven Inhabited by a W althy and Industrious People generally English the Shire-Town and the only Through-fare of all English Goods and Commodities s nt this way most commonly out of England for the two Remarkable Towns of â—imrick and Galloway Armagh Dublin Cassil and Tuam are the four Arch-Bishopricks VVicklow seated on the Sea whose Castle is a strong Rock Newcastle is guarded by its Sands Trim on the River Boyne Longford is the title of an Earldom Kildare a Bishops See much celebrated in the Infancy of the Irish Church for the Holy Virgin St. Brigid VVexford the Menapa of Ptol. seated at the mouth of the River Slane is a fair Town and a good Haven Inish Corthy is a Borough and Town Corporate Kilk nny on the Nure is a fair and wealthy Town and honoured with the See of the Bishop of Ossery London-Derry is a fair and well built Town Dunagan gives its name to the County St. Patricks Purgatory is a Vault or narrow Cave in the ground of which strange stories are reported by the Irish Cloghar dignified with the See of a Bishop Dungannon the ancient residence of the O-neals Antrim gives name to the County Knock-fergus or Carikfergus seated on a large Bay the Vinderius of Ptolomy not far from which once stood the famous Monastry of Magio so much commended by Bede Down and Conner are dignified with an Episcopal See. Tredath or Droghdagh with its good Haven is a well frequented Town Carlingfort is a well frequented Port-Town Owen Maugh the ancient Seat of the Kings of Vlster is near to Armagh the Arch-Bishoprick and Primate of all Ireland Craven is seated on the Lake Cane Kilmore on the Lake Navity Belturbet and Inish Killing on the Lake Earne Clare giveth Title to an Earldom Kylaloe is dignified with an Episcopal See near the Lake Derg on the Shannon Roscommon not far from Loegh Ree Elphen is honoured with the See of a Bishop Athlone on the Lake Ree under the Curlew Hills is defended by a Castle and beautified with a Stone-Bridge Letrim seated in a fertile soil near the L. Alyne Cassile is an Arch-Bishoprick by Eugenius the third Bishoâ— of Rome Holy Cross on the River Shoure once a place much frequented by Pilgrims The North part of Tipperary beareth the Name of Ormond and is Honoured in giving Title to James Butler Duke Marquess and Earl of Ormond Earl of Brecknock and Ossery c. Dingle hath a commodious Port. Ardfart or Ardart is a Bishops See. Yoghil on the River Broadwater is well fortified and hath a good Haven as also is Dungannon Of Denmark DENMARK by Robt. Morden at the Atlas in Cornhil LONDON DENMARK is a Monarchy which in former times was very formidable both to France and England and tho the English for many years have minded no other Interest in this Country but that of the Baltick and North Trade yet since these two Crowns are now come to a closer Union it may be worth our while to look back and consider the State of that Monarchy wherein the English hath so great an Interest by the late Marriage of George Prince of Denmark with the Princess Ann. Concerning the Original of the Dane we read not in any of the more ancient Greek and Latin Authors excepting Jornandes and Venantius Fortunatus who yet but slightly mention them In the French and English Histories they are often remembred first in the reign of Theodorick King of Austrasia about the year 516 under their King Cochliarius foraging upon the Sea-coast of Gaul-Belgick slain in their return by Theodebert Son to Theoderick After this in the reign of Charles the Great under their Prince Gotricus or Godfrey then warring upon the Obertriti the Inhabitants about Rostock teste Krantzio and Invading Freisland with a Fleet of 200 Sail threatning the Neighbouring Saxons with Subjection and much endangering the Empire of the French if the death of Godfrey and the Quarrels about Succession had not prevented Afterwards their mention is very frequent and famous during the race of the French Kings of the Caroline Line and of the Monarchy of the English Saxons with sundry Fleets and Armies unresistible invading France and England conquering and subduing the English Saxon Nation and giving the Name of Normandy to part of France for by that common Name of Normans the Danes as well as the Norweeis and Swethes were then called The word Dane Saxo Gramaticus Krantzius and others fabulously derived from one Dan a King hereof about the year of the World 2898. Becanus from Henen or Denen signifying a Cock in the Danish Language the Arms of the Alani their Progenitors But how they got thither is very uncertain Andreas Velleius in Cambden from the Dahi a people of Asia and Marck signifying a border Ethelwardus from Donia a Town sometimes since seated herein Montanus from Aha signifying water in regard of the Situation of the Country The more Judicious fetch their Name from the Bay or Strait of the Sea called by Mela Sinus Codanus about which Strait and in the Islands adjacent these people since their first being known have to this day inhabited From this Name hath the Country been called Denmark A Nation famous a long time for Arms and their many and great Victories atchieved abroad Themselves never conquered by foreign power Lords sometimes of England and Swethland Yet such is the Vicissitude of Kingdoms that Denmark was in the compass of four years viz. 1657 58 59 and 1660 almost conquered by the Swedes the History of which Wars are well written by Sir Roger Manley there you will find the King of Sweden fighting with a wonderful resolution and continued Successes the King of Denmark with an undaunted and indefatigable courage endeavours to check his Career till by the Mediation of the Dutch and English the Treaty of Roschilt in
overflow the Land where they catch plenty of Fish and the mud inriches the Soil It s chief Towns are Schleswyck Slesuicum Heideba teste Crantzio an Episcopal See and Head of the Dukedom Seated on the River Slea which falls into the Baltick Sea where it hath a commodious Haven 2. Husum Seated on the River Eyder Fortified with a Castle 3. Haders-leben Fortified with the Strong Castle Hansberg 4. Flensberg with its commodious and deep Port. Between Flensberg and Sleswick is a Country that goes by the name of Angelen from whence England had its first denomination ever since King Egbert 5. The Port of Christian-pries now Fortified by the Fort Frederick 6. Gortop a trong Fort or Castle the Residence of the Duke of Holstein 7. Frederick-stadt upon the Eyder built by one of the late Dukes intending to have set up a Trade of Silk there to which purpose in the year 1633 he sent a splendid Embassie into Muscovy and Persia whose Travails are described by Olearius Of North-Juitland NOrth-Juitland is divided into four Diocesses Ripen Arthusen Albourg and Wibourg The Diocess of Ripen contains seven Walled Towns and ten Castles its chief places are Ripen an Episcopal Sea Fortified with a Castle 2. Kolding the place where Toll is paid for the Cattel that passes that way 3. Frederick Ode or Frederica lies in a situation of that importance that Charles Gustavus having taken it in the late Wars 1657 opened himself a way to pass his Army over the Ice into all the Neighbouring Islands and to alarum Copenhagen an Action both bold and unheard of for he marched his Cavalry and his Carriages over a great Arm of the Sea where before a single footman was afraid to expose his life The Diocess of Artbusia or Arthusen contains seven Cities and five Castles its chief places are Arthusen a well frequented Port. Kalla a Strong place Horsens and Renderen The Diocess of Aelbourg Aelburgum hath for its chief places Albourg at the mouth of Limford-Bay Nicoping Hirring Wansyssel Thysted and Scagen or the Scaw the northermost part of Juitland The Diocess of Wibourg hath three Castles and three Walled Towns the chief is Wibourg where are the Courts of Judicature for all Juitland The chief Islands belonging to Denmark that lie dispersed in the Baltick See are Zeland Fionia or Funen Alsen Arroe or Aria Langland Laland Falster Mone Huen or Ween-Island and Bornholm Of the Baltick Sea. THIS is the Sinus Codanus of the Ancients otherwise called Sucvicum Mâ—re seu Balticum Die Bâ—lth or Oostzee Belgis La Mar Baltique Gallis Warezkovie More Russis It hath three several passages into it from the Ocean all of them under the command of the King of Denmark the safest and most usual is that famous Strait called the Frâ—tum Sundicum Le Sund Gallis Straet Van Sund. Batavis Oresund Danis The Sound Anglis So great a passage that there often sails 200 sometimes 300 Ships through in one day and is not above four miles over in the narrowest place The second passage or Inlet lies between the Islands of Zeland and Funen and is about 16 miles over and is called Bâ—ltsound or the great Belt. The third passage is between Funen and Jutland not above eight miles over and is called the lesser Belt. Of Zeland ZEland of old Codanonia the greatest Island of the Baltick Seas is situate near the Main Land of Schonen from which 't is separated by a narrow Streight abou four miles over which is called the Sound through which all Ships must pass that have any Trade or Commerce in these Seas and pay a Toll or Imposition to the King according to their bigness or Bills of Lading by which ariseth his greatest Revenue And for the security of this passage there are built two very strong Castles the one in this Isle called Cronenburg the most delightful Seat in the World affording a profitable and pleasant Prospect of all Ships that Sail through the Sound the other in Schonen or Scandia called Elsenburg In the Reign of Queen Elizabeth our Eastland-Fleet was by the King of Denmark threatened to be sunk in case they passed this Sound or Straits of Elsenour yet they made the Adventure having only one Man of War viz. the Minion and kept their course maugre all opposition without any wound received forwards and back again The chief City of this Island is Haphnia Kiobenhaven Danis Koppenhagen Ger. Kopenhaven Belg. Copenhage Gal. Copenhagen Angl. the Met opolis of the whole Kingdom sometime the Residence of the King a University Seated near the Sea with a good Port and safe Road for Ships Fortified with a Strong Castle containing one of the Fairest Arsenals in Europe wherein is a Celestial Globe six foot Diameter Christiern the Fourth having laid the foundation of a New City in the little Island of Armager joyned it to the old by a Bridg and called it by the Name of Christierns Haven so that now it is divided into two parts in the New Town is the Royal Castle the Mint the Exchange and the Arsenal before mentioned This City was taken by Frederick Anno 1522 and in the year 1536 after a years Siege it was surrendred to Christiern the 3d. The Citizens now enjoy the greatest priviledg of any City in Europe Roschildt is the Burying place of the Danish Kings Elsenour is near to the strong Castle and Palace of Cronenberg the Fortifications whereof was and is the Key of the Baltick Sea enlarged into the Sea with incredible charge and pains by Frederick the 2d The Surrender of this Castle to the Swedes by a Stratagem Sept. the sixth 1658 was like to have lost Copenhagen and consequently the whole Kingdom Fredericksberg is a Fortress built in a pleasant Plain oftentimes the place of the Kings retirement but most famous for that solemn Interview and Entertainment that happened between the late Kings of Sweden and Denmark upon the Conclusion and Ratification of the Roschildt Treaty Other places are Kallenburg Rinstead Koge Korsoer is the place where K. Charles of Sweden landed his Army in his Second Expedition against Denmark Aug. 8. 1658 five Months after the aforesaid Interview of the two Kings at Frederixburg Nestwood Waringburg was the first place where the King of Sweden set his Foot in Zeland in his first Expedition In this Island are reckoned 340 Villages The Island of Fionia or Funen is the assignment of the Prince of Denmark 't is Seated between Zeland and Juitland separated from the first by a narrow passage called the Belt from the last by a narrower called Midle-far-sound 'T is a fertile Soil and pleasant situation It s chief place is the well Traded Odensee an Episcopal See formerly the Seat of the General Assemblies of the Kingdom now kept at Copenhagen adorned with two fair Churches and neat buildings near this place Count Guldenlew the Vice-roy of Norway was overtaken in his Coach by Charles King of Sweden in his first Expedition Other Towns are
Norway is very much fallen to decay yet it still â—tains the Title of an Archbishoprick and the Remains of one of the fairest and most magnificent Churches of the North Ships ride sâ—fâ—â—e Harbour but they must have very good Pilots to carry them in Here the People make a kind of Bread of Barly-Meal and Oates which they bake between two hollow Flint-stones which Bread ke ps thirty or forty years The Norwegians are little subject to sickness and of such a Constitution that when they are in a Fever one slice of Bacon does them more good than a potched Egg their great inclination to Sorcery makes them have the reputation of Selling the Winds to the Seamen Finmark which makes part of Lapland advances into the Frigid Zone so that day or night continues alternately for several Months together The Inhabitants claim nothing of Property but take the first place that pleases them here to day in another place to morrow They live upon Fish and Hunting and only pay an acknowledgment of certain Skins to the King of Denmark and carry their Fish to Berghen The Castle of Wardhus with a Burrough of 300 Houses the most Northernly of the whole Continent is in the middle of a little Island where it serves only to force the payment of certain duties from those that Traffick to Arch-Angel in Moscovy The Haven is in the Western part of the Island which is separated from the Land by an arm of the Sea about a Quarter of a League broad through which the Ships make Sail and the places adjoyning are not so subject to the Ice as other parts of the same Sea. As for the Norwegians we have not read of them in any ancient Author both Name and Country seem more lately to have been given from their Northern Situation uniting with the Danes and Swedes they were better known in the time of the French Empire by the name of Normans under which appellation in the time of Charles the Simple they got the Province of Normandy conferred on Rollo the first Duke thereof Anno 912 afterwards setling in their own Country they were called Norwegians from their Northern Situation Governed by their own Kings till their final Subjugation by the Danes which was by means of the Marriage of Haquin the last Prince of Nâ—rway unto Margaret Queen of Denmark Norway and Sweden a second Semiâ—amis in the History of those times who having once got sooting in Norway so assured themselves of it that they havâ— ever since possessed it as a Tributary Kingdom so that now Norway and Denmark are both fellow Subjects under the same King. Of Swedeland SWEDEN NORWAY by Robt. Morden THE Monarchy of Sueovonia or Suecia Lat. Sweden Incolis Suede Gal. Suetia Ital. is the most ancient in Europe if it be true that it has had above a hundred and fifty Kings and that the first among them was the Son of Japhet one of the Sons of Noah Perhaps for this reason it was that at the Council of Basil a Swedish Bishop had the Confidence to demand of the Presidents the precedency before all the Bishops of Christendom Some Historians begin to reckon the Kings of Sweden from Jermanicus and demonstrate to us that the Kingdom was Elective till the Reign of Gustavus de Vasa or Ericus who made it Hereditary to his Family in the year 1544 and at the same time put down the Roman Catholick Religion to Embrace the Lutheran Doctrine under this pretence of Religion Charles the Ninth of Sudermania deprived his Nephew Sigismund of his Crown who had been the 13th Elective King of Poland of that Name In the Reign of the Emperor Charles the Great we find them to have been a Free State different from that of the Danes entertaining then Harioldus and Ragenfridus Kings of that Nation driven out by the Sons of Gotericus In the Reign of Sweno the First and Canutus the Great they were subject to the Danes By Queen Margaret about the year 1387 they were again subdued to the Danish yoke after long Wars sundry defections and recoveries not fully delivered until the year 1525 freed by Gustavus aforesaid and ever since commanded by Princes of their own Nation The ancient Inhabitants of this Nation are supposed to be the Suiones or Sitones of Tacitus Inhabiting the greater Scandia of Ptol. by Aimonius called the Sueones in his 48 and 101 Chap. By Jornandes de Rebus Geticis the Suethici at this day by long corruption the Sueci giving Name to the Country now called Suetia or Swedeland extended for a great space of Land betwixt the Baltick and the Frozen Seas The King of Swedeland stiles himself King of the Swedes Goths Vandals Great Prince of Finland Duke of Estonia and Carelia Lord of Ingria and bears in his Arms three Crowns The present King is Charles the Eleventh of the Family of the Palatine of Deux Ponts The Goths and Vandals are famous in History for their Conquests So have the Swedes been in the last Age through the valour of their late Kings and the conquests they have made upon their Neighbours which had made them almost Masters of the Baltick The Peace at Bromsbroo near Christianople Anno 1645 obliged the King of Denmark to restore Jempterland and Herendall to the Swedes and to surrender him the Islâ—nds of Gotland and Oesel to perpetuity with the Province of Halland for thirty years The Peace of Roskil near Copenhagen 1658 surrendered Halland wholly to the Swedes together with Schonen Blâ—king and the Island of Bornholm which afterwards returned to the Danes by exchange of other Lands the Fortress of Bahus and the Bailywick of Drenthâ—m The Peace at Copenhagen 1660 confirms the Treaty of Roskil except for the Bailywick of Dronthem and acquires the Island of Ween The Acquisitions of the Swede from the Empire by the Peace of Munster were the Dutchy of Lower Pomerania and in the Vpper-Stetin Gartz Daâ— and Golnau the Island and Principality of Rugen the Isles and Mouths of Oder the Dukedoms of Bremen and Ferden The City Signiore and part of Wismar Wildhusen in Westphalia the priviledg to attempt the rest of Pomerania and the new Marquisate of Brandenburgh The Treaty of Oliva near Dantzick 1660 was so advantageous to this Kingdom that the King of Poland there utterly renounced the Title of King of Swedeland for the future and consented that Livonia from thenceforth should be Hereditary to the Crown of Sweden This was intended of Livonia upon the North of the River Duna where only Dunâ—mburgh was reserv'd to the Crown of Poland according to the Truce made at Stumsdorf for 26 years Anno 1635. The Peace with Muscovy restor'd to Sweden all that the Grand Duke had taken in Livonia The King of â—weden pretends to the Succession of Cleves and Juliers by Title from his Great Grand-father John Duke of Deux Ponts who Married Magdalene the thirteenth Sister to Duke John-William In the Estates of this Kingdom the Country-men
upon the departure of the German Nation towards the Roman Frontiers flocked hither and by reason of their common Langave or mixture with the Sclaves of Illyricum thus accounted and being united in the common Name of Sclaves setled in that part which we now call Poland the Estate hereof being much improved by the Conquest of many Sarmatian Counties But whether Zechus and Lechus the Founders of the two Nations by all Historians were Strangers or Native Inhabitants is uncertain since all ancient History is silent herein The time when these should arrive here according to Historian reports was Anno 649 under Lechus a time indeed near unto the general flittings of the Barbarous and Northern Nations and therefore the more probable In Anno 963 they Received the Gospel Anno 1001 they had the Title of King conferred upon them by Otho the Emperour His Revenue is computed to be 600000 Crowns per Annum arising from Salt and Tin and Silver Mines His Houshold Expences and Daughters Portions being at the Publick Charge Nor do the Wars at any time exhaust his Treasure It is very Fertile in Rye Wax and Honey Other Commodities are Flax Masts Cordage Boards Wainscots Timber Rosin Tar Pitch Match Iron Pot-Ashes and Brimstone It is well Furnished with Flesh Fowl and Fish Rich in Furrs the fairest of which are brought thither out of Muscovy Near Cracovia or Crakou they dig Salt out of the Famous Salt-Pits that make a kind of City under Ground and yield a great Revenue They boyl it in Russia but in Podolia the Sun makes it They have the Conveniency both of the Black and Baltick Seas but are not addicted to Traffick neither are they well provided with hips The Rivers called the Vistula Vistillus Plin. Istula Ptol. Visula Mela. Bisula Amin. Vulge Wixel vel Weixel Weissel Incolis Vistule Gal. Vistula Ital. The Niemen the Chronus of Ptol. Memel Ger. Niemen Sclavis test Cromero Decio But by Rithaym Eras Pergel 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sheld And the Duina or Duna empty themselves into the Baltick The Borysthenes Arist c. Naparis Herod Dnieper Decio Brisna Lunel Beresina Pucer Eberstenio Dnester Nester Cromero Nieper Mr. Cluver Briet The Bogg Hypanis Arist Herod Plin. c. And the Niester the Tyras of Herod Ptol. Tyra of Strab. Plin. now the Nester or Niester Teste Cromer Eberstin into the Black Sea. The Vistula runs by very fair Cities but the Mouths of Borysthenes under the Jurisdiction of the Turk who in the year 1672 took the Vkraine into his Protection having subdued all Podolia after the Surrender of the Fortress Kamienick This Kingdom is Elective being the only place in Europe where the People at this day freely retain and practise the Privilege to Elect their King yet the next of the Blood-royal commonly succeeds The Government is an Aristocratical Monarchy where the Senators have so much Authority that when we name the Quality of the State we may call it the Kingdom and Commonwealth of Poland The Senate is composed of Arch-Bishops Bishops Palatines Principal Catellains and Great Officers of the Kingdom The Prince like the King of Bees or a Royal Shadow cannot Act against his Nobles without the Consent of the Senators Yet his Dignity is so far considered that never any one Attempted against the Life of any of his Predecessors Their Kings were more anciently Free and Soveraign but by the common calamity of Elective States now bereft of Royal Right and Prerogatives having limited power Governing according to the strict Laws and Directions of the Council and Diet who solely have full liberty to consult of and determine the main affairs of the Kingdom These are of two sorts 1. The Senate aforesaid 2. The General Diets which are composed of the Orders aforesaid of the Senate or Council and of the Delegates of each Province and chiefer City sent in the name of the rest of the Nobility These are for the more high and important businesses of Republick Kingdoms not determinable by the Senate Warsaw or Varsovia is usually the place of Election and Crakow or Cracovia that of the Coronation The Arch-Bishop of Guesna Primate of the Kingdom Crowns the King and has almost all the Authority during the Interregnum for then he presides in the Senate and gives Audience to Embassadors He also contests with the Cardinals for Precedency and therefore there are few in Poland His Revenue is above 150000 Livres a year The Kingdom has three Orders the Church the Nobility and the Third Estate which comprehends all those which are not of the Nobility Though all sorts of Religions are here to be found yet the Roman Catholick is most predominant therefore the Clergy are next in Superiority to the King and then the Palatines and Castellans Written fixed Laws they have but a few if any Custom and Temporary Edicts being the Rule both of their Government and Obedience The Polanders wear long Garments shave their Hair upon the Chin and leave only one tufft of Hair upon their Heads in Remembrance of Casimir the First whom they fetched out of a Monastery to be their King. They are generally handsome tall well Proportioned good Soldiers and speak the Latin Tongue very fluently The Gentry are more Prodigal than Liberal Costly in their Apparel Delicious in their Diet very free and liberal but the Peasants no better than Slaves The Absolute Power they pretend to and ill Usages of the Nobles towards the Commonalty and Feuds one with another was certainly the cause of the Revolt of the Cossacks and produced all the Disorders in the Kingdom Their Cavalry is very considerable insomuch that if they were but United they might be able to bring into the Field above an 100000 Horse The Confidence they have therein and their Fear to render a Knight or a Burgher too Potent has made them Neglect Fortifying their Towns. Their Horses are of a middle size but quick and lively pompously Harnessed in Silk Gold Silver and Precious Stones Their Weapons are generally a Scymitar Sword Battle-Ax Carbine Bows and Arrows The Cossacks had always a peculiar Discipline in War though they were the same Nation At first they were Voluntiers that made Incursions upon the Turk and Tartars King Bathors reduced them into a Body and joyned to them two thousand Horse to whom he assigned the fourth part of his Revenue Their Habitations are in the lower parts of Volhinia and Podolia which they call the Vkraine which Country is the best Peopled and the most Fertile in all Poland There are other Cossacks that live in the Islands of the Borysthenes which is not Navigable by Reason of the Falls which they call Porowis Their Custom was formerly to put to Sea with several flight Vessels and to plunder the Territories of the Great Turk that lye upon the Black Sea. Some years since these People Revolted notwithstanding the Lot which was offered them of Kudack upon the Borysthenes and began
Minerva cruel and great Eaters Their Habits as well as their Manners are not far different from those of the Turks their Language is a kind of Sclavonian but differing in most places But yet the Latin the Turkish and the High Dutch are in use among them There are two Archbishopricks Strigonium and Colocza with ten Bishopricks the half whereof are in the hands of the Turks Four Orders of Persons have Liberty to sit in their General Assemblies the Prelates Barons Nobility and Burgesses The dignity of Palatine is the most considerable next to that of the King for which reason the Hungarians will admit of no King but one of their own Nation The Archbishop of Strigonium is Primate and Perpetual Chancellor of the Kingdom and Crowns the King after his Election The chiefest strength of the Country consists in Light Horse The Horsemen are there called Hussars and the Infantry Heiduques Besides Extraordinaries the Emperor draws out of what he possesses in Hungary about a Million of Liures every Year that is from the Silver Mines his Imposition upon Houses and his Tax upon Cattel Exported The Grand Signior requires a Caraz from those that are under his Jurisdiction who pretends to all Hungary and the Dominions belonging to it by vertue of the Submission made to Solymon by Sigismund Son to King John Count of Cepusa and by the Queen his Mother The chief Rivers of Hungary are first the great Danubius of Polyb. Strab. Plin. aliis Danubio Ital. Hispan Danube Gallis Danaw Thonaw Germanis which runneth quite through Hungary making a Course for above 300 miles from Presburg to Belgrade and from thence passing by the shores of Servia Bulgaria Wallachia and Moldavia with many Mouths it entereth into the Euxine or Black Sea. Having from its first source performed a Course of above 1500 miles No River whatsoever so far from its discharge into the Sea affordeth more Naval Vessels of strength and sufficiency for Fight The Emperor hath his Vessels of War built like Gallies at Vienna Presburg and Comorra and an Arsenal for Provision of more upon occasion The Turk once had his Vessels at Gran Buda and Belgrade Nor hath any River afforded the like Signal Engagements and Encounters at this distance from the Sea. At the Siege of Belgrade Mahomet the Great brought 200 Ships and Gallies well stored up the Stream And the Hungarians sent as many down from Buda that after a sharp Encounter they took twenty of the Turkish Vessels and forced the rest on shore near the Camp so that Mahomet caused them to be set on fire to prevent the falling of them into the Enemies hand At the Siege of Buda the Christians had 24 Galliots 80 small Pinnaces and about 100 Ships of Burden and other great Boats when all miscarried under Co. Regensdorff At the Siege of Vienna by Solyman Wolfgangus Hodder did a good piece of Service with his armed Vessels from Presburg who sank the Turkish Vessels that came from Buda with the great Ordnance to batter the Walls of Vienna Nor doth any River afford so large and well peopled Islands the most considerable is the Island of Schut or Insula Cituorum with its several Islands in it containing many good Towns besides many Villages well peopled and well fortified against the Incursions of the Turks and Tartars And the Island Raab made by the great and lesser Rivers Raab There is also another Island against Mohatch another at the entrance of the Dravus and a new Island hard by Belgrade fifty years since there was no face of an Island but by the setling of the Ouse or filth brought down by the Savus and the Danube it is now full of Trees and what advantage or disadvantage this may be to Belgrade doubtless a little time may shew tho the Turks once were very secure and fearless of any forces in these parts Between Vicegrade and Vacia there is St. Andrews or Vizze a fair and large Island A little below Buda there is Ratzenmarckt Island extending in length 40 miles containing many Villages in it Here the Turkish Forces Encamped when they came to raise the Siege at Buda 2. The Tibiscus Ptol. Tibesis Herod Pathissus Plin. Tisianus Jornand Tissia Laz. vulgo Teiss Arising in the County of Moramarusius out of the Carpatan Mountains At Tokay it takes in the Bodroch or Bodrogus at Kaschaw the Tareza the Hewatz Hewath or Hernach meets and rolling down the Mountains receives the Scheya and Gayo Rivers at Onoth and a little further they all four fall into the Teisse At Zolnock the Zagywa the Turna Sarwizza and Genges fall into it At Czongrad the Kalo the Sebeskeres the Fekierkenz olim Chrysus R. Keureuz incol Kraiss Germ. At Seged the Marisus Strab. Marus Tac. Maros Hung. Merisch or Marisch Germ. Marons Incolis Lastly the Temes River falls into it near its own confluence into the Danube between Petro Varadine and Belgrade By this River Teisse cometh down the great quantity of Natural Salt-stone taken out of the many Salt-Mines in Hungary and Transylvania and carried into the adjacent and neighbouring Countries 3. On the West-side of Hungary is the River Arabo Ant. Narabo Ptol. Now the Raab rising in Styria and falling into the Danube by Javarin or Rab receiving the Lauffnitz Binca and Gurtz A considerable River and famous for in the year 1664 Germany was much alarmed at the raising of the Siege of Canisa and taking the Fort Serini much more at the Turks passage over this River Raab but the extraordinary valour of the Christians especially the French put them to a shameful flight so that after 8000 lost upon the place near St. Gothard crowding in heaps to pass the River the Horse trampled upon the Foot and the Foot throwing themselves headlong into the water together with the Horse sunk down and perished so that the water was died with blood and the whole River covered with Men Horse and Garments all swimming promiscuously together no difference here between the valiant and the coward the foolish and the wise all being involved in the same violence of calamity so that the waters devoured a far greater number than the Sword whilest the Grand Visier Achmet standing on the other side of the River was able to afford no kind of help and as void of all counsel and reason knew not where to apply a remedy such a defeat and dishonour since the time that the Ottoman Empire arrived to its greatness such a slaughter and disgrace that it suffered no Stories to that time make mention of which occasioned a Truce for 29 years between the two Empires by which Truce the Province of Zatmar and Zabolch granted to Ragotzi returned again to the Emperor That the Castle of Zachelhyd be demolished That Varadin and Newhausel remain to the Turks 4. The Dravus Melae Draus Plin. Drabus Strab. Darus Ptol. La Drava Ital. Le Drave Gal. Drau Incol Trab Hung. which arising among the Mountains of Saltzburg and Carinthia
the Empire divided into Ten Circles About 1519 Charles the Fifth Son of Philp King of Spain Son of Maximilian the Emperor succeeded his Father in his Estates of Spain Burgundy the Low-Countries Austria c. and by Election his Grandfather Maximilian in the Empire also Under whom the German Empire rose to its greatest height and enlargement Under this Charles all Germany was rent into two grand Factions or parts Roman Catholicks and Protestants occasion'd by Martin Luther born at Isleby in Saxony who first only taxed the abuses and observed the corruptions of the Church after makes a general defection Anno 1524. This was no sooner done but the Reformers make a new Schism and divide between Luther and Zuinglius 1524 which rose to two grand Factions afterwards by the name of Lutherans and Calvinists Hence rose other Sects also pretending higher Reformation in Religion so that in the year 1525 Tho. Munzer occasions the Rustick War. And in the year 1534 succeeded the Anabaptists at Munster And in Anno 1547 began the Smalcaldick War in Hassia where Caesar prevails and ruins their League soon after the Protestants prevail and procure the Passavian Peace Anno 1552. But in the year 1618 the Bohemians rejects the Emperor and Elects the Count Palatine King of Bohemia and Crown him at Prague Hence the Bohemian War arose and spread over all Germany changed first into the Saxon then into the Swedish War Anno 1620. The Duke of Bavaria overcoming the Bohemians the Palatinate was ejected out of the upper Palatinate out of the Electorship as well as out of the Kingdom of Bohemia Anno 1625 the Duke of Saxony is slain Anno 1630 the King of Sweden enters Germany in the behalf of the Protestants and Princes Liberty 1632 The King of Sweden and Tilly the General of the Imperialist after several Victories and Conquests both dies 1635 The Duke of Saxony and Brandenburg makes Peace with the Emperor And the King of France denounceth War against the Empire Anno 1636 the Duke of Saxony is slain and the Imperialists are driven out of Pomerania by the Swedes 1639 Saxony and Bohemia invaded The War continues hot by several Sieges and Battels till 1648 when Munster Treaty ensues and so the thirty years wherein had perished about 325000 was ended This Peace of Munster changed the Empire to that State that it is now at For the King of Sweden carried away the Dukedoms of Bremen and Verdin Lower Pomerania and Stetin with other places in the Upper Pomerania The Island or Principality of Rugen The Isle of Wollin the River and Port of of Odor The Baliwick of Poel and New Closter The Signory of Wismar and Wildhasen in Westphalia c. The King of France was to have the Cities and Bishoprick of Mets Toul and Verdun with Moyenvic Pignerol Brisac The Landgravedom of Alsatia the Higher the Baliwick of Hagenaw and the Fortress of Philipsburg The Palatine of the Rhine is restored to his Estate in part and made the Eighth Elector and high Treasurer of the Empire And the Protestants were asserted into full Liberty of their Religion which Name arose in the year 1529 at the General Assembly of Wormes when the Elector of Saxony the Landgrave of Hessen the City of Norimberg and others protested against the Decrees of Caesar and appealed to an Universal Council Germany is now an Elective Empire wherein there are several Sovereign Estates of which the Emperor is chief who Governs by Diets which are almost like the General Estates of France The Principal Articles of the Government are contained in a Fundamental Law or Original Constitution and Agreement called Aurea Bulâ—a or The Golden Bull which treats of the Election of the King of the Romans the Duty of the Electors of their Priviledges of the Authority of the Emperor and lastly of the means to maintain the Peace and Repose of the Empire This Bull is a little Book the Original whereof being written in Parchment contains 24 Leaves and 30 Chapters and was constituted as the perpetual and fundamental Law of the Empire to be altered by the Emperor no not with the Electors consent by Charles the Fourth 1356. The Election of the Emperor ought 't is said to be made at Francfort upon the Mein though this Order in the last Elections has not been Observed Besides the Assemblies that concern the Affairs of the Empire in General there are three other sorts that of the Electors for the Election of the Emperor That of the Deputies whither the Emperor sends a Commissioner And those of the Circles like the Assemblies of the States in the great Provinces of France Of these Circles there are ten in the Empire that is to say of Austria Bavaria Suabia of the Upper Rhine of the Lower Rhine Westphalia Vpper-Saxony Lower-Saxony Franconia Burgundy but this last is now no more summon'd Every Cirle has a Director Ecclesiastick and a Secular Director who preside together at their Assemblies Two or three Circles may meet when one of them is attacqued from without or in confusion within The Empire as it retains the Title so it is almost like that of the Romans though it contains not so large an extent of Ground The Princes that compose it are of five sorts The Emperor who is now of the House of Austria the Electors the Ecclesiasticks the Princes secular and the Free Cities In the General Diets are three bodies that of the Electors that of the Princes and that of the Imperial Cities There are reckon'd above 300 Sovereignties in Germany who do not acknowledg the Emperor but only in point of Homage and mutual Agreement The House of Austria has three sorts of Dominion those of Austria which are Hereditary to him those of Bohemia which he now claims as his Right and those of Hungary which he hath by Election Out of this House of Austria the German Emperors have been Elected for above 400 years ever since the time of Hen. 4th when the Lords of the Empire began to undervalue his Authority and Pope Gregory the Seventh taking occasion thereby Excommunicated him and Ordered the Imperial Scepter should bs given to another Then the Germans abolished the right of Succession and assumed to themselves that of Electing the Emperors The Emperor who is of that House usually in his life time causes his Son or his Brother or his next Kinsman to be Crowned King of Hungary afterwarwards King of Bohemia then if he finds the Princes disposed to it he causes him to be Elected also King of the Romans that is his perpetual Vicar and Successor presumptive to the Empire Without the Revenue of his Hereditary Territories he would scarce have wherewithal to support his dignity for under the Title of Imperial he possesses no Land his principal Rights are the Election and Investiture of Feifâ—y the Grant of Privileges and the Right of Legitimation He may make Laws give Letters of safe Conduct establish Posts make Parliaments settle Universities erect
Brennoburgum a Bishops See and the first Seat of the Marquisses giving Name to the Country The Metropolis of the New is Francfurt Francofurtum ad Oderam a University 1506 enjoying a pleasant Situation among Corn-fields and Viney-downs so that Ceres and Bacchus seems both enamoured of it Berlin Berlinum seated in the midst of the Province is the place of the Prince Electors Residence Costrinum Costriin Custrin Kustrin is a very strong Fortress said never yet taken Havelburg is the Seat of a Bishop Besides this Marquisate whereunto the Electoral Dignity is annexed there belongs to this Prince the Dutchy of Prussia in Poland The Dutchy or moiety of Pomerania The Reversion of the Dutchy of Magdeburg The Dutchy of Cleves and Earldom of Mark The Principalities of Halberstat in Brunswick and Minden in Westphalia which he had in lieu of his Resignation of the Higher Pomerania to the Swede The Dutchy of Crossen and Lordship of Pregnitz in Silesia The Jurisdiction of Cotbuss or Cotwis and other Towns in Lusatia or Laussnitz The Branches of this Family are the Marquisses of Cutembach and Onspach Of Pomerania or Pomeren POmerania lies extended all along the shore of the Baltick Sea divided into the Upper and Lower Pomeren now Royal and Ducal Pomerania the first belonging to the Swedes the latter to the Elector of Brandenburg A Country plain populous and abundantly fruitful in Corn Pasturages Honey Butter Wax and Flax. Chief Places in Pomerania Royal are Stettin Stetinum memorable for its brave Siege and as brave defence in the year 1676. when taken from the Swedes since restored again 2. Wollin when Julinum a flourishing Emporium Anno 1170. sacked by Waldemarus King of Denmark 3. Gripswald a noted University 4. Wolgast over against the Isle Vsedom 5. Straelsundt alias Sundis a well Traded Empory over against the Isle Rugen Chief Places in Ducal Pomeran are Camin a Bishops See over against the Isle Wollin Colberg at the mouth of the River Persandt Coslin upon the River Radnie Newgâ—rten upon the Hamersbeck Stargard upon the Ina. Rugenwal upon the Wipper are all considerable Towns. This shall suffice for the Higher Saxony or the Eighth Circle of the Empire come we next to that of the Lower Saxony which contains Of the Dutchy of Mecklenburg MEckelburgiensis sive Megalopolitani Ducatus lies next to Pomerania along the Coast of the Baltick Sea of a fruitful Soil and rich in Corn. The Princes or Dukes whereof are now divided into two Branches the chiefs whereof make their Residence at Suevin or Schwerin and at Gusteen or Gustrow and have now each of them a moiety of the Dutchy and are said to be derived from the Vandal Princes However in the late German Wars the Emperor made these Princes feel the weight of his indignation giving their Lands to Wallestein a Silesian Gentleman a great Captain indeed and renowned Soldier who by a strange Ingratitude and Devilish ambition came to a miserable end the Duke of Biron and the Earl of Essex had such like designs and as Tragical Catastrophies Nevertheless they reentred into it by the Arms of the Great Gustavus their Cousin-German 1631. And tho Munster-Treaty took Wismar yet gave them in Exchange the Bishopricks of Ratzeburg and Suerin turned into Principalities Other chief places are Wismar Wismaria a Hans-Town and noted Port upon the Baltick founded out of the Ruins of the great and ancient City of Mecklenburg or Megalopolis Anno 1240. taken by the Elector of Brandenburg 1676 from the Swedes but restored again 2. Rostock Rosarum Vrbs Rhodopolis a Hans-City noted Port large rich and well Traded a University founded Anno 1415. Come we next in course to Holstein which is under the Homage and right of the Empire but being in possession of the House of Denmark we shall refer its Description to that Kingdom and speak of the Dutchies of Brunswick and Lunenburg Of the Dutchies of Brunswick and Lunenburg THIS was a part of the ancient Dukedom of Saxony till the Proscription of Henry Sirnamed the Lion by the Emperor Frederick Barbarosa but by the Mediation of Henry the Second King of England his Father-in-law being reconciled unto the Emperor had the Cities of Brunswick and Lunenburg with their Countries restored unto him afterwards erected into a Dukedom by the Emperor Frederick the Second whose posterity enjoyed these Dukedoms jointly till the year 1430. when they were divided between William the Victorious who had the Title of Brunswick and his Uncle Bernard who had the Title of Lunenburg and in their posterity both these Dutchies do still continue Of Brunswick al. Brunswigensis Appiano The South and East parts towards Hessen c. swell with Woody Mountains and Hills parts of the ancient Hercinian the Northern part more plain and fruitful in Corn and other Commodities Chief Places are Brunswiick al. Braunswyck Brunsviga the Tulisurgiam of Ptol. teste Appiano upon the River Oacer and one of the chief Hans-Towns containing about seven miles in compass fair populous and strongly fortified with a double Wall peopled with industrious Inhabitants jealous of their Liberty Governed in manner of a Free Estate held under the right of the Princes It s chief Trade is in Hides and Mum. 2. Goslar Gâ—slaria a Town Imperial 3. Wolfenbuttel a very strong Castle and the Residence of the Dukes of Brunswiick where is a famous Library within these Territories were also included the Principality of Halberstat now under the Elector of Brandenburg and the Bishoprick of Hildersheim the Abbey Quedelnburg whose Abbatess was sometimes Princess of the Empire now subject to the House of Saxony Hannover is the Seat and Title of another Branch of the Dukes of Brunswick whose Duke is a Catholick in whose Territories are Calemburg Grubenhagen Gottingen and Hamelen where the Inhabitants keep the Records of the famous Piper who in 1284. drew the Boys of the Town into a Cave who were never after heard of Lunaeburgensis Ducatus Hertzogthumb Lunenbourg incolis Dutche de Lunebourg Gallis The Country is plain the Air sharp and healthful and the Soil fruitful The chief Town is Lunenburg Lunaeburgum upon the River Vlme now one of the Six Hans-Towns large populous and adorned with fair Buildings whose chief Trade is in Salt. Cell or Zell is the Residence of the Dukes Of Bremen Episcopatus Bremensis THIS Diocess or Arch-Bishoprick of Bremen is a Country whose extreme parts along the Elbe and Weser are very fertile for Corn and Pasturages the more inner parts wild and barren Bremen an Arch-Bishops Sea gives name to the Country it is seated upon the right side of the Weser large populous rich and well Traded and strongly fenced and is famous for its Art of dressing Leather and Cloth and for their Fish Stada Stadt a noted Hans-Town accounted the most ancient in Saxony and once the Staple of the English Merchant-Adventurers now the place where the Ships pay Tole strongly fortified Bremersforde a Castle and Village where the Arch-Bishop
resides Charlsstat is a strong Fort built by the Swedes near the mouth of the River Weser This Country with the Principality of Ferden in Westphalia now belongs to the Swedes by the Treaty of Munster Of Lawenburg THIS Dutchy gives Name to the Princes of Saxon Lawenburg who are Branches of the same House with the Princes of Anhalt It s chief place is Lawenburg or Laubenburg upon the Elb a fine Town but the Castle is ruined and the Duke lives at Ratzeburg though he hath nothing there but the Castle the Town belonging as was said to the Duke of Mecklenburg Of Magdeburg Ditio Magdeburgensis THIS Diocess lies extended on both sides of the Elb betwixt Brandenburg and the proper Saxony The chief Town is Magdenburg Magdenburg incolis Magdburg al. Magdeburg antiquis monumentis Pathenopolis Mesuium Ptol. testis Appiano A Burgraveship of the Empire and Arch-Bishops See giving name to the Country Reedified by Editha Wise unto the Emperor Henry the First and Daughter to Edmund King of England and thus named in Honour of her Sex. Her Effigies in stone is in the Cathedral Church with 19 Tuns of Gold which she gave thereunto though others say it was from the Worship of the Virgin Diana A place of great state large and fair and strongly fortified once the Metropolitan City of Germany famous in the Protestant Wars for a whole years years Siege against the Emperor Charles the Fifth But sacked and burnt by Tilly and 36000 persons put to the Sword and destroyed 1631. and the Town almost ruined 'T was also famous for the first Turnament which was in Germany which was performed here in the year 637. by the Emperor Henry Sirnamed the Fowler These are the chief parts of the Lower Saxony and contain the ninth Circle of the Empire Of BOHEMIA BOiemum Tac. Beiohemum Paterc Bomi Ptol. Boheim Germ. Boheme Galliâ— Boemia Hispanis Bohemia Italis Czeskazem incolis teste Brieto This Kingdom is environed about with Mountains and Forests as it were with Fortifications The Air sharp and piercing the Country rough and hilly rich in Minerals and yielding sufficient plenty of Corn and other necessary Provisions Wine excepted First inhabited by some of the Germans who were dispossessed by the Boii who gave Name unto the Country The Boii were routed by the Marcomanni a people of Germany And these were also ejected by the Sclaves under Zechus Brother unto Lechus the Founder of the Polish Monarchy about the year 649. called in their own Country-language Czechi but named from the Country they seized upon Boiohaemi upon their first arrival This people were Governed by Dukes until about the year 1086. when Vratislaus or Vladislaus was created the first King of Bohemia in a Diet at Mentz by the Emperor Henry the Fourth about the year 1199. Power was given to the States to chuse their Princes before being Elected by the Grace of the Emperors since which time the Kingdom continued Elective though most commonly enjoyed by the next of blood until the Royal Line being extinct the Kingdom was devolved upon the House of Austria Chief Places are Praga Italis Prag incolis Prague Gallis Marobudum Ptol. teste Sans Briet the Capital and Royal City of the Kingdom of Bohemia seated upon the River Muldaw by the Bohemians Vltave it consisteth of three Towns the Old the New and the Lesser 'T is an Arch-Bishoprick and University where in the year 1409. were reckoned above 40000 Students under the Rectorship of John Hus. The greatest remarks are the Emperors Palace and Summer-house A fair Cathedral Church built 923. The Palace and Garden of Colaredo The Palace of Count Wallestein Duke of Freidland The Bridg being 1700 Foot long and 35 foot broad with two Gates under two High Towers of Stone at each end Near Prague that deciding Battel was fought Novemb. 8. 1620 between Frederick Prince Palatine of the Rhine Elected King of Bohemia and the Emperor Ferdinand the Second where the Victory fell unto the Imperialists Prague forced to yield and King Frederick and his Queen forced to fly into Silesia Teutchin Broda by the River Saczua a strong place when taken by Zisca who then forced the Emperor Sigismund to fly out of Bohemia Janikaw where was fought that famous Battel of Febr. 24. 1643. between Torstenson and the Imperialists the success gave the Swedes the advantage of proceeding further Czaslaw is the place where Zisca was buried that famous Bohemian General who fought when he was blind and when dead wished his friends to make a Drum of his Skin Guttenburg or Cottenburg is famous for its Silver Mines Egra is a strong City accounted the second of Bohemia and chief Magazine of the Country The Mountains of the Giants in Bohemia called Riphaei or Cerconossi are famous for three things for their Signification and Prognosticks of all Tempests for the rarity of Plants Stones and Gems there growing and for a Spectrum called Ribenzal which is said to walk about those Mountains in the form of a Huntsman Anselmus de Boot tells us that Rudolphus the second King of Bohemia had a Table of Jewels which he calls the Eighth Wonder of the World it was wrought with uch Art that the Jewels which were set together with invisible joints presented a most pleasant Landskip naturally representing Woods Rivers Flowers Clouds Animals c. the like not to be found in the World. The Waters of Carolina al. Karsbad found out Anno 1370. in the time of Charles the Fourth will in a Nights time turn Wood into a stony crust That the Loadstones of Bohemia will give the point of the World but not draw Iron and that a Needle touched with one of those Stones never points directly North but decline eight or more degrees to the last That Mummies as good as any in Egypt have been found in Bohemia a whole man of Myrrh Amber Bones of Giants and Unicorns horns are dig'd out of the Mountains See the Hlstory of Bohemia Bohuslao Balbino Soc. Jes in fol. Prag 1679. Other chief Towns are Pilsen large and Walled Tabor upon the River Lauznitz Koningsgratz Ger. Hradium Reginae Kralowikradetz Boh. Kuttenburg Ger. Kutnahora Boh. Budereiss Ger. al. Budeiowice Boh. Leitmeritz Ger. al. Litomierzitze Boh. To these we may add the County of Glatz upon the Borders of Silesia Of Moravia Marherin or Mahren IS a Country lying open only towards Austria and the South upon the other sides environed with Mountains and Forests plain within and exceedingly populous pleasant and fruitful for Corn Wine and Pasturage The Air somewhat unhealthy being debarred from the cleansing East and Northern Winds Once a Kingdom now a Marquisate subject to the Bohemians an Appendant of that State since Anno 1417. when Sigismund the Emperor gave it to Albertus King of Bohemia Chief Places are Olmutz or Olmuntz Germ. Olmuez Olomucium Olomuncium Latino Holemane Boh. the Eburum of Ptol. teste Pyram Appiano rather Barouua teste Laz. A University seated
into three Parts 1. Lega Della Casa Dio or Foedus Domus Dei. 2. Lega Grisa 3. Dicci Dritture or Foedus decem Jurisdictionum Sion Ital. Sitten Ger. Sedunum Caes Plin. is the chief Town of Valesiae or Wallislands reaching along the Course of the Rhosne A Bishop-See seated upon the Rhosne in a Plain under a steep biforked Mountain spiring up in manner of two high and precipitious Rocks upon the top of the one is the Cathedral Church and the Houses of the Canons upon the other which is much higher The strong Castle called Thurbile in Summer-time the pleasant Recess of the Bishops the Key of the Country Martinack is the Octodurus of Caes Civit. Valensium Ant. St. Mauriaz Agaunum now St. Moritz closed with a Castle and two Gates upon the Bridg and the Mountains which shut up the Country which is within most pleasant fruitful and happy in Corn and excellent Pasture where is also Salt Springs discovered An. 1544. near Sitten Also divers Fountains of hot Medicinal waters Without the Country is environed with a continual Wall of horrid and steep Mountains The surprise of it alarmed all Europe when seized upon by the Count Fuentes for the King of Spain Mellingen Bremgarten and Meienberg chief Places of Wagenthal lie upon the Russ River Biel appertaineth to the Bishops of Basil Newenburg to the House of Longeville in France both confederate with Bern. The chief Places of Targow are St. Gal seated amongst Mountains not far from the Rhine and the Lake Bodenzee or Constance The City is Rich and well Governed inhabited by an industrious People in making Stuffs and Linnen Clothes From the famous Monastry hereof are named the Abbots Princes of the Empire and of great Power and Reverence in this Country Frawenfeld is the chief belonging to the confederate Cantons Chief Places in the Italian Prefectures are Locern Lorcarnum seated in a pleasant and fruitful Plain betwixt high Mountains and the Head of the Lake Magione the Verbanus Lucas Strab. Plin. and Of the SEVENTEEN PROVINCES Or the LOW-COUNTRIES BY the Latins that Tract is called Belgium from the Belgi the most Potent People heretofore of all these parts which upon the Confusion of those Ancient Limits of Germany and France did contain 17 distinct Estates or Provinces It is also called Germania Inferior by the English the Low-Countries by the Dutch Netherlandt by the Italians Spaniards and French Flanders from whence the Inhabitants were generally called Flemmings 'T is a Country seated very low between the Banks of the Rhine and the Sea-shore from which 't is Defended by extraordinary Charge and Industry with Banks and Ramparts For Hubandry 't is the best cultivated for multitude of Towns and Villages the best Peopled for their neatness the most Remarkable and by reason of their several Manufactures the most Rich of any Country in Europe 'T is bounded on the North with the German or British Ocean which also separates it from Great Britain on the West and on the South and East it borders upon France and Germany The Ancient Inhabitants were partly Subdued by L. Drusius in the time of Augustus Caesar the other were before overcome by Julius Caesar After which subjection they remained under the Roman Empire until the Expiration of that Empire when they were involved in that Publick Calamity under the Victorious French who here succeeded the Romans the whole was contained under the Name and Kingdom of Austrasia or Oostinreich After that the French Monarchy became divided amongst the Posterity of the Emperor Lewis the Godly this part hereof broke into sundry new Principalities and Governments and became divided into 17 States or Provinces whereof some Entitled their Governours Dukes others Earls others Lords Their Names are these Four Dukedoms Brabant Limburg Luxemburg and Guelderland Seven Earldoms Holland Zeland Zutphen Flanders Artois Hainault and Namur One Marquisate of the Holy Empire comprehending Antwerp Five Signories or Lordships Malins Vtrecht Over-Yssel Friesland and Grâ—ningen Two of these Flanders and part of Artoise appertained to the Soveraignty of the Kings of France quitted unto Philip the Second King of Spain by Henry the Second French King in the League of Cambray Brabant Flanders part of Artois Limberg with Malines and the Marquisate of the Sacred Empire became added to the Dominion and Family of Burgundy by Philip the Hardy Holland Zealand West-Freisland Hainalt Luxemburg and Namur by Philip the Good Gelderland Zutphen Vtreicht Over-yssel and Groningen by the Emperor Charles the Fifth Since this Union they were Governed in manner of Free Estates by their Princes and Magistrates making a distinct Nation and Commonwealth by themselves Duke Charles the Fighter Prince hereof had an intent to unite the parts then under his Government into one entire Kingdome by the name of Burgundy But the Provinces being Soveraign and had their several Laws Priviledges c. this project took no effect In the reign of Philip the Second King of Spain Heir of the House of Burgundy and in the year 1566. began those memorable Civil broils so long afflicting those rich and flourishing Countries continued with the spoil and ransacking of all their chief Towns and Cities with the unspeakable misery and calamity of a bloody War of 48 years a War which cost the King of Spain the Lives of 600000 men and 150 Millions of Crowns and England not fewer than 100000 men and above a Million of Money At last part of the Provinces were forced to continue under the Spanish Yoak and part recovered their Liberty so that now there are in the Low Countries two Estates or Dominions far differing one from another for the one is a Republick or rather several Republicks United and Confederated in one and therefore called the Vnited Provinces and commonly from the Principal Province Holland The other for the most part did belong to the King of Spain as Heir to the House of Burgundy and is called the Spanish Provinces or Flanders but of the late Years the French King hath Conquered most part thereof As the Country is divided so is also their Religion for the Spaniards strictly follow the Romish and the States-General indulg the free Use of all Religions but countenance only that of the Reformed Churches according to Calvin The Men for the most part are well proportioned unmindful of good Turns and Injuries of good Invention Frugal and of indefatigable Industry The Women generally of good Complexions Familiar Active Laborious and conversant in Affairs in the Shops and Houses Their Language for the most part is Dutch with little difference in the Dialect but in the Provinces adjoining to France they speak a corrupt and imperfect French from their Language called Walloons The Air is Temperate and more wholesome than formerly the Winter more long than cold and the Summer like the Spring in Southern Countries The Soil towards Germany is Woody and Hilly but towards the Sea full of Pasture and Meadow-ground which breed great
of a Channel which Drusus formerly made stands Deventer Daventria Davontria a Capital City being a famous Passage over the Yssel first taken by the Earl of Leicester for the States And in Drent stands Coeverden Coverdia one of the most Regular Pentagons in Europe And Zwol the Suvolla of old Friesland Frissia affords good and strong Horses and Cattel of an excessive bigness It has been Governed by Princes and Dukes and as they say by Kings too who kept their Courts at Staveren Stauria Franiker Franicheria is an University Leuwarden Levardia Leovardum has a Parliament and Dockum Docum the Admiralty of the Province Schelling Schellingia is a small Island upon the Coast wherein are several Towers that give Signals to Vessels Groeningen that has the last Voice in the Assembly of the States-General has but two Cities Groeningen Groninga and Dam Damum Groningen is of that consequence by reason of its Situation on the Frontiers that the Duke of Alva had designed a Cittadel there In the year 1672. the Bishop of Munster not able to take that City yet took several other Towns from the Dutch. The Province is full of Pasturage which affords good stuff for firing The chief Commodities of the Natural growth of these Provinces are Butrer and Cheese the rest being Manufacturies which they make out of such Materials as they fetch out of other Countries But the Commodity that hath been of greatest Advantage to them is Fish and that not caught upon their own Coast neither Their Herring-Trade by computation is worth 450000 l. per Annum And that of Cod-fish 150000 l. Sterling Yearly Generally the people are inclined to Navigation and a Sea-faring Life and many being Born on Shipboard and bred up at Sea know no other Country so that their Natural inclination and necessity of employing themselves that way hath exceedingly increased their Shipping so that 't is thought they are Masters of more Ships and Vessels of all forts than almost all Europe besides But that which is the just Admiration of all Men these Seven Provinces are become greater and more potent than Seventeen in riches and power Nay they have out-done some of the greatest Princes in Europe Their Cities are many and splendid and yet there are more Sects among them than Cities and almost as many Creeds as Heads yet so Wise in their Meetings as never to Discourse of Religion Their Country in general for its Dimensions is fullâ—r of People Cities Towns Castles Forts Bulwarks c. for Military Defence than any one Country in Europe Their Naval Forces prodigious befitting Wonders rather than Words even a terrour to the great Princes of the World. For their Trade it far exceeds that of the Neighbouring Princes and in the Oeconomy of it much more prudently managed To every Town they Assign some Staple Commodity as to Dort the German Wines and Corn to Middleburgh the French and Spanish Wines to Rotterdam formerly now to Dort the English Cloth To Harlem Knitting and Weaving c. which maketh their Towns so equally rich and populous One Miraculous Accident I must not forget because mentioned by all Writers viz. That Margaret Sister to Earl Floris the 4th being about 42 years of Age brought forth at one Birth 365 Children half Males half Females the odd one a Hermaphrodite they were all Christened by Guido Suffragan to the Bishop of Vtrecht in two Basons which are yet to be seen at the Church of Lasdunen the Males John the Females Elizabeths immediately after they all died and their Mother also Of the SPANISH Netherlands The Spanish PROVINCES vulgo FLANDERS by Robert Mordon at the Atlas in Cornhil THESE Provinces are so called because Subject to the Monarchy of Spain It carries also the Name of Flanders from that Province which is the fairest the richest and the best Peopled part Of these Spanish Provinces four are Frontiers of France the Counties of Flanders Artois Hainault and the Dutchy of Luxemburgh Five in the middle viz. The Dukedom of Brabant the Marquisate of the Holy Empire the Signory of Malines the County of Namur and the Dutchy of Limburgh There are also two Feifs of the Empire the Bishoprick of Leige and the Arch-Bishoprick of Cambray The Kings of Spain were once Masters of these Provinces and for the preservation thereof have expended a good part of their Gold and Silver brought from the Indies in the Wars they maintained against the Dutch and French. The County of Flanders Flandria Latinis Vlaenderen by the Inhabitants Flandre French Flandes Spaniards Flandra Italians is so full of People that it seems to be but one great City and the loveliest County in Christendom All along the Coast lie banks of Sand that cover very Rich places In the Neighbouring Sea are several Sands and Shelves nevertheless Ships Ride there safe enough It formerly was divided into Dutch Flanders Gallican Flanders and Imperial Flanders This belonged sometimes unto the Kingdom of West France and held by the Princes thereof under the Fief of this Crown quitted unto Philip the Second King of Spain and to the Heirs of the House of Burgundy by Henry the Second King of France and the League of Cambray In Flanders the principal places are Gaunt Bruges Ipres and Lille Gaunt Gandaurum Ghendt Gand by the French is one of the biggest Cities of Europe But though it have several Rivers that still bring a Trade to it yet has it not the five and thirty thousand Families that Anciently it had when it was able to Arm four and twenty thousand Men. 'T is famous for the birth of Charles the Fifth and of John Duke of Lancaster commonly called John of Gaunt Bruges Brugae is the best Built in the Province and the Citizens are the handsomest and most Gentile in all the Low-Countries The Spaniards who had the Channel of this City stopped up by the taking of Sluce have some few years since made another able to receive Vessels of four hundred Tun. Ostend Ostenda is a Town whose Haven they can never block up and which was once the Theater of War when it held out a Siege for above three years being Garisoned by the English and under Sir Horatio Vere who was then Governour thereof at which Siege the Spaniards are said to have lost one hundred thousand men Ypres has so many Channels and conveyances of Water under ground that it is said the Foundations are of Lead Lille Insula Gal. L'Isle Incol Ryssel or Ter Issel upon Dole the Capital of Walloon-Flanders is one of the best in the Low-Countries by Reason of its Wealth and Commerce All the other places of Flanders are generally considerable either for their Beauty or for their Fortification for eminent Sieges or Remarkable Battels Tournay Tornacum Dornick Baganum of Ptol. Civit. Turnacensium of Ant. an Ancient City is fair great strong rich and well Peopled This was the first Town that submitted to the King of France after a formal Siege
said but towards the Sea generally fertile and full of Pasturage The Principal Rivers of the 17 Provinces are the Rhine the Meuse and the Scheld The Rhine rises in Switzerland running chiefly through Germany After it has divided it self at Fort Schenk as it enters into the Low-Countries it mixes with several other Rivers and loseth its Name in the Sand a little below Leyden in Holland The Meuse which falls out of France and Lorrain has this Advantage above the Rhine that she retains her Name and preserves her Waters unmix'd till she fall into the Ocean where she makes several good Ports The Scheld was formerly the Limits between France and the Empire in the time of Charles the Bald. At Gaunt the Lis a Navigable River falls into it and before it wholly loseth its Name it divides it self into two principal Arms of which the Left which they call the Hout and the Right which flows to Tolen falls into the Meuse Besides these Rivers and those that fall into them there are Cuts Channels and Marshes which serve the Inhabitants both for Traffique and Defence Of France FRANCE FRance Anglis Francia Italis Hispanis Franckreich Germanis Alfrangua Turcis Gallia Caes Plin. c. The first Inhabitants of France were the Ancient Gauls who passing the Alps under the Conduct of Bellovesus Conquered the nearest parts of Italy called Gallia Cisalpina and under that of Segovesus over-ran the greatest part of Germany The same Nation under the Command of Brennus discomfited the Romans at the River Allia sacked the City and Besieged the Capitol These were the Men who ransacked Illyricum Pannonia Thrace and Greece and Plundered the Temple of Delphos But at last were totally subdued by Julius Caesar but not without much difficulty for they did not then sell their Liberty at so cheap a rate as other Nations did 1192000 of them being slain before they would submit to the Roman Yoak by whom the Country was divided into four parts viz. Narbonensis or Bracata containing Languedoc Dolphin and part of Savoy 2. Aquitanica from the City Aqua Augusta now D' Acque comprehending Gascoign Guienne Saintonge Limosin Querci Perigort Berry Bourbonnois and Aurergne 3. Celtica containing the Provinces of Bretagne Normandy Anjou Tourain Maine La Beause the Isle of France part of Champagne the Dukedom of Burgundy and the County of Lionoise 4. Belgica containing Picardy the remainder of Champagne Burgundy and the Spanish Netherlands Long it stood not in this state for about the year 400 Honorius being Emperour the Goths having over-run Spain and Italy sent part of their Forces and subdued Gallia Narbonensis calling it Langue de Goth afterwards corruptly Languedoc Then extending their Conquest unto the River Ligeris now Loire they founded a Kingdom the principal Seat whereof was at Tholouse About the same time the Burgundiones or Burgundians a people that Inhabited part of the Country of the Cassubii and part of the Country of the Marquisate of Brandenburg together with the Vandalls and Sueths seized upon other parts of France and constituted a Kingdom called Burgundy comprehending both the County and Dutchy of Burgundy the County of Lionoise Daulphine Savoy and Provence whose chief City was Arelate now Arles About the same time also the Franks a German Nation having passed the Rhine seized upon the adjacent Territories of France where founding a Monarchy under their first King Pharamond al. Waramond gave it the Name of France France lies excellently compact together between the most Flourishing States of Christendom and in the middle of the Northern Temperate Zone where the Inhabitants breathe a most serene and healthy Air. In short it is Rich Fertile and well Peopled there being reckoned in it about 4000 good Towns and Cities It s Length from Calais to Toulon is about 620 miles 73 to a degree the Breadth from Brest to the Borders of Lorrain or from Baione to Nice in Piedmont is not more than 492 miles I well know all other Authors falsely makes it much more Most of her Cities are equal to Provinces and most of her Provinces are equal to Kingdoms Her Corn her Wine her Salt her Linnen Cloth her Paper and several Manufactures inrich the Inhabitants The Limits and Bounds of this Kingdom have been various at present saith a French Geographer the Kings Conquests cannot be bounded dâ—dâ— not by the Rhine nor by the Ocean nor by the Pyreneans nor by the Alps. And those that are not altogether strangers to the world will acknowledg that of all the Kingdoms of Europe there are none but may be said to be inferior to France in some respect or other The greatness of its Territories the populousness of iâ— the number of their Nobility and Gentry their natural Courage with the advantage of their Military Actions and Warlike Exercises the Situation of their Country the fruitfulness and riches of the Soil the prodigious quantity of all Commodities and Manufactures and the great Revenues of their Kings These Advantages have in all Ages raised in them aspiring thoughts of the Erection of a new Western Empire And how far this present King has gone by his Acquisitions of late years the rest of the Princes of Europe may consider of The Kingdom is Hereditary and by an Ancient Constitution as they pretend called the Salique Law never falls into a Female Succession And by the Law of Apennages the younger Sons of the King cannot have partage with the Elder The King 's Eldest Son is called the Dauphin The Monarchy which has stood ever since the year 420 hath been upheld by the three Royal Races of Marovinian Carolinian and Capetine in a Line of 65 Kings Pepin the short Son of Charles Martel deposed Childerick the last of the Merovignian Line the Pope approving and confirming of it About the 918 Hugh Capet Earl of Paris outed the Caroline Family Since this Capetine Race has gone in three Families first in a direct Line till 1328. then in the House of Valois till Henry the Fourth of the House of Bourbon Anno 1589. Among other Titles the King hath that of Most Christian and Eldest Son of the Church bestowed upon him by the Pope The Arms have been Three Flower-de-luces Azure in a Field Or ever since Charles the Sixth The Christian Religion was here first planted by Martialis among the Gauls but among the French by Remigius in the time of Clovis the Great At present the people are divided some following the Roman others the Reformed Religion which have occasioned two several Massacres viz. that of Merindol and Chabrieres 1545. upon the Borders of France and Savoy the other that at Paris 1572. and now this late Persecution The Kingdom is composed of three Orders or Estates the Clergy the Nobility and Commons There are 16 Arch-Bishops 106 Bishops besides those of Arras Tournay and Perpignan 16 Abbats Heads of Orders or Congregations about 50000 Curateships besides many other Ecclesiastical Dignities Several general and particular Governments 12 Ancient
Dutchy was seized on by the French. Adjacent to and in the Government of Bourgondy is Brest the chief Town thereof is Bourg or Briss a place well built and so strongly Fortified that it is esteemed impregnable This Country was by the Duke of Savoy delivered to Henry the IV. of France in lieu of the Marquisate of Saluces 1600. In the Province of Guien wherein are the Provinces of Gascoign Guien and Bern are many Cities the chief whereof are Bourdeaux Burdegala Strab. Ptol. Cit. Burdegalensium Ant. seated upon the Banks of the River Geronne famous for being the Birth-place of King Richard the II. of England At present Honoured with an University and Parliament and is a place of good Trade Near to this City is the small Village called Greve which yields those Excellent Wines called Graves Wine About the year 1259. Lewis of France gave unto Henry the Third of England the Dutchy of Guien conditionally that he should renounce all Title to his other Inheritances It continued English till 1452. In the particular Guien is the Province Saintonge whose chief place is Saintes Mediolanum of old Strab. Mediolanium Ptol. Cit. Santorum Ant. 2. The Province of Perigort whose chief place is Perigueux Vessuna of Ptol. Cit. Petrogoriorum Ant. Environed with Viney-Downs divided into two Towns. 3. The Province of Limosin whose chief place is Limoges Ratiastum Ptol. Lemovicum al. Lemavicum Am the Prison of Beggers 4. The Province of Querci whose chief place is Cahors Dueona Ptol. Cit. Cadorcorum Ant. a Rich and Fair City 5. The Province of Rovergue whose chief place is Rodez Segodunun Ptol. Cit. Rotenorum Ant. In the Province of Gascoign are several Countries whose chief Cities or Towns are Bazas Cossium of Ptol. Cit. Vasatum Ant. Dax or D'Acqs Aquae Augustae of Ptol. Cit. Aqueâ—sium Ant. Auch Augusta of Ptol. Cit. Ausciorum Ant. an Archbishops See. Agen Aginium Ptol. Agennensium Ant. Condom Condomum a Bishoprick Bajonne Baiona Merc. near Spain In the middle of the small River Vidosa between France and Spain is the Island Faisans not mention'd by any Geographer I know of where Cardinal Mazarine and Don Lewis of Harro began the Pyrenean Treaty the 13 Aug. 1659. and whence in the year 1660. hapned the Interview between the two Kings and the Reception of the Iafanta when the Island was divided in the middle and a House built so that at the Table where the two Kings sate to eat the King of France sate in France and the King of Spain in Spain In the Government of Lionoise are the several Provinces of Lionoise Avergne Bourbon and March. In Lionoise the chief City is Lyons by the Ancients Lugdunum seated upon the conjunction of the Rosne with the Soane esteemed the second City of France a Famous Mart-Town Ancient and the See of an Arch-Bishop who is Primate of all France In Avergne is Cleremont Claro Montium upon its high Mountain In Bâ—urbon Moulins the Centre of France Molinum of old much resorted unto from all parts of France for its Hot Medicinal Baths Gergobia al. Gergobina Caesar teste Parad. Belfor In March Gueret and Bellac are the most considerable In the Government of Languedoc are 1. Tholouse Talosa Caes Strab. Ptolomy Seated on the Garonne the Seat of an Arch-Bishop and an University near whose large Fields called by old Writers Campi Catalaunici which I rather think to be the Fields near Chalons memorable for the overthrow of Attila King of the Huns whose Army consisted of 500000 of which 180000 that day lost their lives by Aetius the Roman Lieutenant who was rewarded by Valentinian Emperor of the West with the loss of his Head. 2. Narbon Narbo of Caes Plin. Narbona Suet. A. Mar. in the Roman Infancy the most Populous and greatest Town in France and the first Roman Colony Carthage Excepted To which Archelaus Son to Herod King of the Jews was banished by Augustus 3. Montpillier Montpessulanus seated on a high Mountain twelve miles from the Sea an University for the Study of Physick the Country about affording variety of Medicinal Herbs memorable for the Resistance it made against Lewis the XIII in the last Civil War about Religion Nismes Nemausus Strab. Mel. Nemausium Plin. Ptol. Nemausensium Ant. In the year 1270. Languedoc returned to the Crown in the days of Philip the Third In the Government of Dolphin which is the Title of the first Son of France is Vienna Situate on the Rosne an A. B.'s See and the chief of this Province 2. Valence a Bishops See and University for the Civil Law a Rich Strong and well Traded Town the Title of Caesar Borgia when he cast off his Cardinals Hat. 3. Grenoble Cit. Gratianopolita Ant. Accusionorum Col. Ptol. Grationopolis Sido P. Diac. a Parliament-Seat Briancon Bigantio Ant. Gap Cit. Apencensium Ant. c. Of the Seven Wonders of Dauphine see Allard Sylva in Latin Verse which are 1. The Burning Fountain 2. The Tower Sane Venin 3. The inaccessible Mountain 4. The Wine-Fats of Sassinage 5. The Vinous Fountain 6. The Manna of Briancon 7. And the Fountain of Barberon Provence took its name from the Romans who being called in by the Marsillians possessed themselves of this Country until Stilico called in the Burgundians of which Kingdom it was a member until the time of the Ostrogoths Anno 504. In the year 1480. Rhene Grandchild to Lewis Duke of Anjou Brother to Charles the First gave it to the Lewis the Eleventh King of France Chief Towns are 1. Marseilles Massillia commodiously seated on the Mediterranean Sea enjoying an Excellent Haven and Road for Ships a place of great Trade and well frequented with Merchants and a Colony of the Phocians 2. Aix Aqua Sextiae a Parliament Seat near this Town the Cimbri consisting of 300000 fighting men as they passed by Marius asked his Soldiers what Service they would command them to Rome but in their march through the Alpes having divided themselves Marius put them all to the Sword who had slain Q. Servilius Caepio and his whole Army after his surprisal and pillaging of the Aurum Tolosanum 3. Arles Arelate Plin. Arelatum Col. Ptol. 4. Toulon Tauroentium Ptol. Taurentium Strab. the best Sea-port Town in all France On the North-West of Provence lies the Principality of Orange whose chief place is Orange Arausia Plin. Arusio Strab. Col. Arausiorum Ptol. C. Arausinorum Ant. Famous for many Rare and Wonderful Antiquities belonging of Ancient Right to his Illustrious Highness the Prince of Orange but of late years seized upon by the French King. South of which lies the County of Venasin so called from Avenio now Avignon the chief City of it Famous for being the Ancient Seat of the Popes for about 70 years said to have 7 Parish-Churches 7 Monasteries 7 Nunneries 7 Palaces 7 Inns and 7 Gates to its Walls To these Governments might be added Lorrain the French Comte Alsace most part of the Spanish Provinces
Toledo Burgos Compostella Sevil Granada Valencia Sarrogossa and Tarragon There are several very considerable Sea-Ports Passagio St. Andrews Coruna Cadiz Cartagena Alicant c. Biscaie formerly called Cantabria is Mountainous and Woody which furnish them with Timber to build more Ships than all the Provinces of Spain besides It hath also so great a Number of Mines and Iron Forges that the Spaniards call it the Defence of Castile and the Armory of Spain The Biscayners who were the Ancient Cantabrians enjoy very great Privileges and boast themselves never to have been thoroughly Conquered either by the Romans Carthaginians Goths or Moors They use a different Language from that of the other Inhabitants of the Country and is said to be the ancient Language of Spain for as they remained in their Liberties not Mastered so in their Language not altered They differ from the rest of Spain also in Customs yielding their Bodies but not their Purses to the King not suffering any Bishop to come amongst them and causing their Women to drink first because Ogno a Countess would have poysoned her Son Sancho The Land as well as in the Country of Guipuscoa is very well Tilled for they pay neither Tax nor Tenth nor Right of Entry Their chief Cities are Bilboa and St. Sebastian places of great Trade especially in Wool Iron Chesnuts and Bilboa Blades Great Vessels cannot come near Bilboa being seated two miles from the Ocean but upon a High tide It was built or reedified out of the Ruins of the ancient Flaviobriga of Ptol. by Diego de Harro 1300. The Port of St. Sebastian has a very fair Entrance being Defended by two Castles the one toward the East seated high the other to the West upon a low Rock St. Andero and Passagio are two Excellent Ports Fuentarabia the stronger place and further Town in Spain and Guataria the Native place of Sebastian Cabot who was the first that compassed the World in the Ship called the Victory Magellanus who went Chief in that Expedition perishing in the Action Laredo Portus Lauretanus hath a spacious Bay. Placenza upon the River Denia is inhabited by Blacksmiths Tolosa upon the Orio River Asturia called by some the Kingdom of Oviedo is the Title of the Eldest Sons of the Kings of Spain being called Princes of Asturia The younger Children whereof are called Infants ever since the Reign of John the First Hence were the small but swift Horses which the Romans called Asturcones the English Hobbies It was the Retreating place of the Kings of the Goths and several of the Bishops during the Invasion of the Moors for which Reason Oviedo Lucum Asturum of Ptol. Ovetum the Capital City thereof is called the City of Kings and Bishops and indeed gave Title to the first Christian Kings after the Moorish Conquest for as the Lust of Roderick a Gothish King of Spain first brought in the Moors so the Lust of Magnutza a Moorish Viceroy proved the overthrow and loss of the Kingdom Other Towns are Aviles on the Sea-shore near Cape de los Penas of old Scythium Prom. Galicia is not so fertile as well Peopled its former Inhabitants were the Gallaici whence it had its Name St. Jago Compostella which Bishoprick and University is there Famous for the Pilgrimages which are thither made by those that go to Visit the Reliques of St. James the Spaniards Patron Coruna by the English the Groine is often mentioned in our Spanish Wars in Queen Elizabeths days The Flavium Brigantium of Ptol. Brigantium of Ant. Strong and the chief Bulwark of Galitia is memorable for the goodness and largeness of her Port The Rich Silver Fleet of above thirty Millions put in there in the year 1661 to avoid the English who to surprize it had way-laid all the Points of the Compass to Cadiz Lugo is the Lucus Augusti of Ptol. and Ant. the Lucus of Plin. now a Bishops See. Orense is the Aquae Calida of Ptol. the Aqua Caleniae of Ant. a Bishops See. Tuy is the Tude of Ptol. Tyde Plin. a Bishops See. There are about forty other Ports in this Province of which Rivadeo Ponte Vedra Bajona are the most considerable Andaluzia formerly Vandalitia from the Vandals By Pliny Conventus Cordubensis is so fair a Country and so plentiful in Corn in Wine and Olives that it passes for the Granary and Magazine of the Kingdom Sevil in this Province is the Magazine of the Wealth of the New World. The Hispalis of Strab. Ptol. and Plin. It is in compass six miles compassed with stately Walls and adorned with no less Magnificent Buildings insomuch that there is a Spanish Proverb Chi non ha Vista Sevilla non ha Vista Meravilla He that at Sevil hath not been Structure's Wonder hath not seen The River Baetis or Gaudelquiver separates it into two parts which are joined together by a stately Bridge from hence the Spaniards set forth their West-India-Fleets and hither they return to unload the Riches of the Western World. It is Dignified with an University wherein studied Avicen the Moor Pope Silvester the Second here also were two Provincial Councils held Anno 584 and 636. and the See of an Arch-Bishop who is Metropolitant of Andaluzia and the fortunate Islands Here was Isodore Bishop From hence comes our Sevil Oranges and here lies the Body of Christopher Columbus Famous for his Discovery of the New World. Not far from hence are to be seen the Reliques of the Italica of Strab. Ptol. and Ant. the Ilipa Italica Plin. the Country of the Emperors Trajan and Adrian now an obscure Village about a League East from Sevil. Cordova that Honoured Antiquity with Lucan and the two Seneca's and was more considerable in the time of the Moors than now The Principal Church was formerly one of the biggest Mosques among the Muhumetans next to that of Mecca Corduba of Strab. Ptol. and Mela a famous Colony of the Romans and Head of a particular Kingdom so called now a Bishops See and Seat of the Inquisition for this Province Jaen is the Oningis or Oringis of Livi teste Moral taken by Scipio Africanus from the Carthaginians Ecya is the Astigi of Plin. Astygis of Ptol. the Astrapa of Liv. taken by Lucius Martius or rather destroyed by the Inhabitants read Sir W. Rawleigh fol. 744. Iliturgis Ptol. Ilurgis Illiturgis Plin. Iliturgi Liv. Lietor teste Marian Aldea el rio Car. Clusio Andujar Floriano Andujur el viejo Amh. Moral Castulo Ant. Castulon Ptol. Plin. Castaon Strab. Caslono Car Clusio Caslona la voja Florian. between Alcazar and Baeza seated on the Guadelquiver not on the Ana as Heylin saith which being under the Romans was surprized by the Gerasenis but slain by Sertorius entring after them at the same Gate built 100 years before the War of Troy teste Mariana Here Hanibal is said to have took his Wife Himilce and was one of the last Towns that held out for the Carthaginians the chief City of the
Oritani seated upon an high Mountain rather in New Castile than in Andaluzia near Vbeda St. Lucar at the mouth of the Guadalquiver is a Town of great Trade the West-India Gold and Silver Plate has sometimes stop'd at the Tower of the Port which is called the Golden Tower but generally that Fleet puts in at Cadiz or Port St. Maries which is near to it Xeres de la Fontera stands not far from that place where the Moors totally Defeated the Goths in the year 714 after which they harassed all Spain without controul and from hence come our Sherry-Sacks The Acta Regia of Strab. Plin. the Asta of Ptol. Ant. Medina Sidonia the Asindum of Ptol. Asido Caesariana of Plin. whose Duke was General of the Invincible Armado 1588. Tariffa was so called from Tariff General of the Moors in their first Spanish Invasion which Lodovicus Nonius thinks to have been the Famous Tartessus of Hâ—rod Strab. and other Authors rich in Gold and Silver and visited by the continual Fleets of the Tyrian Merchants and by the Phocensis in the Reign of Arganthonius a little before their Expugnation by Cyrus and by some thought to be the same with that Tharsis from whence Solomon's Ships did fetch his Gold for the Temple at Jerusalem Some makes this the same with the Carteia of Mela Ptol. Plin. Cartha of Ovid Cartaea of Steph. as Curio Mariana and Becan but Moralus will have Cartheja or Carteja to be Algezira whose position now is alike uncertain but both seems to me to be the Gibal Tariff of the Arab. or Gibralter Gibralter which now gives a Name to the Famous Streight which joyns the Ocean and the Mediterranean and parts Europe from Africa called by the Ancients Fretum Herculeum Gaditanum Tartessiacum now Estrecho de Gibralter Hispanis This Streight is in length 36 miles from Cape Trafalger to Gibralter in breadth at the Entrance 18 miles at the narrowest place about 7 English miles Pales is the Port from whence Columbus first Embarqued upon his Intentions of a New Discovery And Cadiz Cales Angl. Batavis Cadice Ital. Gades Caes Plin. Mela Gadira Ptol. Erythia Tartessos Strab. Continusa Dionys Is the Harbour of the Rich Plate-Fleets a Port so Important that Charles the Fifth Recommended the conservation thereof in a special manner to his Son Philip the Second Antiquity there shews us the Foot-steps of a Temple Dedicated to Hercules with two Columns either of Copper or Silver which the Natives aver to be the Pillars of that Hero as well as the two Mountains upon each side of the Streights of Gibralter they Report that in this Temple it was that Julius Caesar wept when he called to mind the Prodigious Conquests which Alexander the Great had gain'd at the Age of three and thirty Years the consideration whereof carried him to those High Enterprises as Scipio was incited by the Actions of Zenophon's Cyrus The Kingdom of Granada under the last Kings of the Moors who lost it in the Year 1491. was far more Rich and better Peopled than it is at this day It was also much more Fertile for the Moors had a thousand Inventions to water their Lands by means of Cuts and Trenches bringing the Water from great Reservatories which they made in the Mountains which are called Montes d'los Alpayaras olim Alpuxarras The Situation of this Kingdom and the Position of the Towns agrees with the Relation or Description which Julius Caesar has made The City which bears its Name Granatum al. Granado is the biggest in all Spain its Buildings are of Free-stone Fenced about with a strong Wall on which are 130 Turrets and it hath 12 Gates It is very pleasant Dwelling there by reason of the pureness of the Air and plenty of Fountains the Moors placing Paradise in that part of Heaven which is the particular Zenith of this place Malaga Malaca Ptol. Strab. Mel. Ant. a strong Town and Bishops See. Velez Malaga is the Sex of Ptol. Sexitanum Ant. Sexi Firmum Julium Plin. Is Famous for the Excellency of its Wines and Raisins Munda is Notable for Julius Caesar's Victory over Pompey's Sons For near unto this place in a Wood was fought that notable and last Battel between Caesar and Pompey's Sons the Honour of the day fell to Caesar though not without great loss In other Battels he used to say he fought for Honour in this for his Life which not long after he lost being murthered in the Senate-House Almeria is the Abdara Ptol. Abdera Mela founded by the Tyrians Strab. by the Carthaginians Plin. Antiquera is the Singilia Plin. Alhama the Artigis of Ptol. noted for its Medicinable Baths Gaudix is a Bishops See. Loxa enjoys a pleasant Situation Muxacra is thought to be the Murgis of Ptol. Plin. Huesca the Osca of Ptol. Vera the Vergao of Plin. Murcia is said to be the Garden of Spain by reason of the plenty of Excellent Fruits in those parts and so abounding in Silver Mines that the Romans kept 400 men at work The City also that bears its name the Menralia of Ptol. drives a great Trade in Silk Cartagena built by Asdrubal of Carthage Father of the Great Hannibal and taken in the second Punick War by Scipio Africanus twice sacked and razed by the Barbarous Goths and Vandals re-edified and fortified by Philip the Second King of Spain Is a good Sea-Port a safe and large Harbour Caravaca affords the wood for the Cross to which the Spaniards attribute a power to preserve men from Thunder Valencia is the most delightful Country of all Spain The City besides the name of the Province bears the name of Fair and Great Valencia An Arch-Bishops See the Valentia of Ptol. Plin. c. seated not far from the mouth of the River Durias by Mela Turium Plin. Turia Turias by others now Guadalaviar Clusio A University where studied St. Dominick the Father of the Dominicans Here were born under contrary Stars Ludovicus Vives and Pope Alexander the VI. Cullera a Sea-Town at the mouth of the River Xucar formerly Sacron after the name of the River and is famous in Plutarch for the Victory of Sertorius against Pompey Denia Dianicum of Ptol. Strab. Plin. and Solin gives Title to the Marquess of Denia since Created Duke of Lerma Alicant is known by the good Wines which are Transported from thence Upon the Sea-shore at a place called Morvedra are to be seen the Ruins of the Antient Saguntum of Polyh the destruction whereof by Hannibal occasioned the second Punick War. A Town so faithful to the Romans that the Inhabitants chose rather to burn themselves than yield to Hannibal Founded by the Zachynthians Here is also the Promontory Ferraria of Mela. Artemisum Strab. Dianium Cic. Plin. Ptol. Puncia del Emperador or Attemuz teste Beuth. now Cabo Martin the refuge of Sertorius in his Wars against Metellus and Pompey Laurigi teste J. Mariana is the Lauro or Lauron of Plutarch the
Laurona of Floro which Sertorius besieged and burnt when Pompey with his whole Army stood nigh and yet durst not succour it Xelua is by Florian. the Incibilis or Indibilis of Livi where Hanno was overcome by Scipio but Baud. saith Incibilis is now Trayguera 20 Spanish Leagues distant from Xelua or Chelua Gandia gives title to the Dukes of the House of Borgia Segorbe or Segorve is the Segobrega of Strab. and Plin. testae Vasae Clus and Tarap but the confusion of Authors makes me uncertain what it now is The Islands of Majorque and Menorque are the antient Baleares the Inhabitants whereof were exquisite Slingers and great Pyrates they accustom their Children to hit down their Breakfast with a Sling or else to go without it and yet as nimble as they were they were constrain'd to beg aid of Augustus against the Rabbets that destroyed their Lands The Books of knowledg writ by Raymund Lulâ—y are very much studi'd at Majorque The Soil of Yvica has a peculiar quality to destroy the Serpents that are bred in the Island Tormentera Arragon is overrun with the Branches of the Pyrenean and Idubeda Mountains and is in most parts dry and scanty of water yet the River Iberus runs through the middle of it It s chief places are Saragoca Caes Augusta of Ptol. Strab. Plin. Ant. c. a Colony and Municipium of the Romans before called Salduba Under the Moors it was the Head of a particular Kingdom recovered in the year 1118. by the Christians and made the Residence of the Kings of Arragon an Arch-Bishops See and University and Seat of the Inquisition and Vice-Roy for the Province Taracona or Tarazona the Turiaso Ptol. Turiasso Plin. is a Bishops See. Calatajut upon the River Xalo founded by Ajub a Sarazen Prince half a mile from which was the ancient Bilbis of Ptol. and Bilbilis of Strab. the Country of the Poet Martial Fraga upon the River Senga Gallica Flava Ptol. Gallicum of Ant. Balbastro is the Burtina of Ptol. Bortina of Ant. Huesca the Osca of Strab. Ptol. Ant. was the place where Sertorius in Plutarch kept the Children of the Spanish Nobility as Hostages for their Fathers fidelity but the Fathers revolting the Children were cruelly murthered Jacca amongst the Mountains was the first Seat of the Kings of Arragon Ainsa and Benhuari have been the Capitals of two little Kingdoms Sobrarbia and Ribagorca or Riba Curtia Monzon is a place where formerly the States of Arragon were wont to Assemble Navarr was the second Kingdom for Antiquity in Spain but surprised and taken by Ferdinand the Catholick Anno 1512. without one blow given The King and Queen of Navarr being at that time both French Subjects the Country is plain yet on all sides environed with mighty Mountains well watered with Rivers and fruitful Chiefer Towns are Pampelona Pompelon of Ptol. Strab. Ant. first founded by Pompey the Great after the Wars ended with Sertorius a Bishops See and Seat of the Vice-Roys seated in a Plain upon the River Arga. At the Siege of which Ignatius Loiola a Cantabrian defending it against the French was almost killed by a wound of his Leg which occasion'd a New Order to the Church viz. the Society of the Jesuits vide Monferrat in Catalonia 2. Viana the Title of the Navarren Prince Nigh this place Caesar Borgia Son to Pope Alexander the Sixth was slain by an Ambush Teste Guicciardine 3. Victoria is the chief of the little Country called Olava or Olaba between Navarr and Biscay first built or rather reedified out of the Ruins of the ancient Villica of Ptol. Anno 1180. by Sanctius King of Navarr This Country is divided into six Merindida's or Governments one of which lying on the other side of the Pyreneans is called Low Navarr and is in the hands of the French King. The Kingdom of Castilia was at first named Bardulia and was the most prevailing Kingdom of all Spain either by Conquest or Intermarriages divided into Castillia la Veia or old Castille and Castillia la Nueva or New Castile Chiefer places in Old Castile are Burgos Bravum Masburgi Ptol. teste Tarapha Burgi once the Royal Seats of the Kings of Castile now an Arch-Bishop See. Avila the Abala of Ptol. of which Tostatus Sirnamed Abulensis was Bishop who is said to have writ as many sheets as he lived days Soria is the place where the great Standard of the Kingdom is kept not far from which towards the Springs of the Douro stood sometimes that famous Numantia in which 4000 Soldiers withstood 40000 Romans for 14 years and at last gathering all their Money Goods Armour c. together laid them on a Pile which being fired they all voluntarily buried themselves in the flame leaving Scipio nothing but the name of Numantia to adorn his Triumph Segovia is the Segubia of Ptol. Segobia Plin. Ant. a Bishops See near which yet standeth an ancient Aquaeduct of the Romans Calahora upon the Ebro was the Calagorina of Ptol. Calaguris of Str. and Calagurris of Ant. a Town of the Vascones and of the Orator Quintilian Logronnio upon the said River was the Juliobriga of Ptol. and Juliobrica of Plin. New Castile is a Country for the most part Champian and plain affording sufficient plenty of Corn Fruits and other necessary provision Chiefer Towns are 1. Madrid the Mantua of Ptol. Madritum al. the Seat of the Kings of Spain and now one of the most fair and populous places of the Kingdom well built with good Brick-Houses many having Glass-Windows which is very rare in all Spain the most considerable Buildings are the Piazza the Prison the Kings Chappel and Palace the Palaces of the Duke of Alva of Medina de los Torres c. The English Colledg of Theatines Il Retiro c. Out of Town St. Perdo and the Escurial or the Magnificent Monastry of St. Laurence which is about seven or eight Leagues from Madrid amongst the Spaniards passeth for the Eighth Wonder of the World and is said to have cost King Philip the Second above twenty Millions of Gold no great Sum for a Prince who is said to have expended 700 Millions of Gold during his Reign 2. Toledo the Tâ—lâ—tum of Plin. and Ant. then the chief City of the Carpetani mounted upon a steep and uneven Rock upon the right shore of the River Taio with whose circling streams it is almost encompassed By the Goths it was made the Chamber and Royal Seat of their Kings Under the Moors it became a petty Kingdom and their strongest hold in those parts after five years Siege in the year 1085. recovered by Alphonsus the Sixth King of Castile and Leon. Now an University and Arch-Bishops See the richest in Europe whose Bishop is Primate and Chancellor of Spain Alcala de Henares is the Complutum of Ptol. and Ant. an University founded by F. Ximenes Cardinal and Arch-Bishop of Toledo Calatrava upon the River Gaudiana abandoned by the Templers and
Gazete 1683 / 4. Balaguer Ballegarium in Seriptis Hisp by others Bergusia seated upon the River Segre and is famous for the Siege of the French 1645. Of the County of Roussillion ROussillion by the French is included betwixt two Branches of the Pyrenaean Mountains beginning at the Mountain Cano The one extending to Colibre and C. de Creux a Promontory that is the furthest point Eastwarst of Catalonia the other Branch running out unto Salsas This Country was pawned by John King of Arragon 1462. to Lewis the 11th of France for 300000 Crowns and restored to Ferdinand the Catholick by Charles the 8th 1493. that he might not be hindred in his Journey to Naples teste Botero Francis the first King of France partly to requite the Emperor Charles the 5th for the War he made in Provence and to get into his Hands Perpignan one of the Doors of Spain sent his Son Henry with an Army to force it An. 1542. but the Town was well fortified so bravely manned and so well stored that his Journey proved as dishonourable to the French as the Invasion of Provence and the Siege of Marselles had been to the Emperor Places of most Note are Perpignan Papirianum Perpinianum built out of the Ruins of Ruscinum An. 1068. by Guinard Earl of Rossillon seated in a pleasant Plain upon the River Thelis or Thetis a rich and flourishing Empory and a strong-hold against the French till the year 1642. Vide Nonium Marianum Colliure Colibre by the French Collioure Elleberri Mela Elliberis Plin. Iliberis Livi Illeris Ptol. Illyberis Strab. Elna by the French Elne Helena of the Ancients seated upon the River Tech once an Episcopal-See but in An. 1604. it was translated by Clement the 8th to Perpignan Cerat Ceretum near the River Tech was the meeting-place of the French and Spaniards Commissioners for regulating the limits and bounds of their Kingdoms An. 1660. Bellagardia is a strong place often taken and retaken by the French and Spaniards seated near the entrance of Pertus into Catalonia Sal Salsulae of Mela and Ant. taken by the French 1640. Between France and Spain are the Pyrenaei Montes which tieth Spain to the Continent The Cantabrian Ocean siercely beating on the West and the Mediterranean gently washing the East ends of them the highest part whereof is Mount Canus upon which in a clear Day may be seen both the Seas The French side of these Hills are said to be Naked and Barren the Spanish very fertile and adorned with Trees Here was Ronce Valles so famous for the Battel betwixt the French and the Moors in which Rowland Cousin to Charles the Great Oliver and others of the Peers of France were put to the Rout and 20000 of the French. The other Dominions of the King of Spain next to France are the Spanish Provinces or Flanders and the French County Conquered in part by the King of France In Italy the Dutchy of Milan Final Orbitello the Protection of Piombino and Porto Longone the Kingdoms of Naples Sicily and Sardinia c. In Africa Oran Marsal-quiver Mellilla Pennon de Velez Ceuta and the Isle Pantalarea all along the Coast of Barbary upon the Mediterranean Sea. To which we must add the Philipine Islands in Asia and the greatest part of the Islands and Continent in America Of Portugal A New Map of PORTVGAL by Rob. Morden POrtgual is a Kingdom of above five hundred years Erection in the Western part of Spain anciently called Lusitania taking the present Name from Porto a Haven-Town at the Mouth of the Dueras where the Gauls used to Land and therefore called Portus Gallorum and since Portugal or rather from Portus and Cale then a small Village not far from it of old Portus Calensis now Portugal The length of it from South to North is about six score Leagues The breadth thereof about 25 or 30 Leagues and in some places fifty It is scated upon the Ocean The experience of the Inhabitants in Navigation has caused their Kings to be known in all the four Quarters of the World where they have had many Kings their Vassals as also the convenience of bringing into Europe the most rare and precious Merchandizes of the East Their Conquests have extended above five thousand Leagues upon the Coast of Brazile and in the East-Indies their design being only Trade It is true that of late for several years they have not made any great Progress or farther Advantage by reason of their War with Spain and the great Garisons which they are forced to keep against the Hollander which has caused them to surrender some Places into the hands of the English upon the Royal Match between Portugal and England viz. Tangier and Bombay The Provinces of Portugal have all their particular Commodities they afford among other things store of Citrons and excellent Oranges They have some Mines for the Greeks and Romans sought in Portugal for that Wealth which the Portuguezes search for in the Indies They are so well Peopled especially toward the Sea that there are to be reckon'd above six hundred privileg'd Towns and above four thousand Parishes The Roman Catholick Religion is only professed there and those that are of the Race of the Jews are forc'd to baptize their Children There are three Arch-Bishopricks Lisbon Braga and Evora and ten Bishopricks the Arch-Bishops of Lisbon and Braga have each of them 200000 Livres Rent There are Inquisitions at Lisbon at Coimbra and at Evora and Parliaments at Lisbon and Porto places of general Receipt of the King's Revenue Twenty seven Places have their Generalities which are called Comarques or Almoxarifates The Order of Christ that resides at Tomar is the most considerable which they have The Kings are Grand Masters thereof for upon that Order depends all their Conquests from abroad The Knights wear a red Cross and a white one in the middle whereas the Knights of Avis wear a green Cross and those of St. James a red one who have their Residence at Palmella near to Setuval It is said that the Revenue of the Kingdom setting aside that of the Indies amounts to above ten Millions of Livres In the year 1640 this Kingdom revolted from the King of Spain and at that time it was an admirable thing to consider that a Secret of so great importance should be carri'd on with such an exact Secrecy among above two hundred Persons and for the space of a whole year The principal Motives to this Revolt was for that the King of Spain gave leave to others besides the Portugals to Traffick into the East-Indies together with the Tribute of the sixth part which the King caus'd to be published in the year 1636 whereby he exacted five per Cent. of all the Revenues and Merchandizes of the Kingdom It consists of six Provinces which are as many General Governments Entre-Douro and Minho Tralos-Mâ—ntes Beyra Eâ—trema dura Alen teio and the Kingdom of Algarve Entre-Douro and Minho is the most
delicious part and so well Peopled that for 18 Leagues in Length and 12 in breadth it contains above 130 Monasteries well endow'd 1460 Parishes 5000 Fountains of Spring-water two hundred Stone-Bridges and six Sea-Ports some call it the Delight and Marrow of Spain Porto by the Dutch and by the English Port a Port a City containing about 4000 Houses is a place of great Trade and Braga Braecaria Augusta of Ptol. Bracara of Ant. and Braecae of Plia is renown'd for the several Councils that have been held there and for the pretension of the Arch-Bishop who claims to be Arch-Bishop of all Trales-Montes is stored with Mines and adorn'd with the City of Braganca the Capital of a Dukedom of 40000 Duckets Revenue wherein there are also fifty little Towns and other Lands which Entitle the Duke of Braganca to be three times a Marquis seven times an Earl and many more times to be a Lord. The Princes of that Name who are now in Possession of the Crown usually Resided at Villa Viciosa and had a Prerogative beyond the Grandees of Spain to sit in publick under the Royal Canopy of the Kings of Spain Beyra is fertile in Rye Millet Apples and Chesnuts Her City of Coimbra formerly the Residence of Alphonsus the first King of Portugal who enjoyed a longer Soveraignty than any Prince since the beginning of the Roman Monarchy attained to faith Heylin Sapores the Son of Misdales King of Persia whose Father dying left his Mother with Child and the Persian Nobility set the Crown on his Mothers Belly before she was quick came short of him by two years is famous for the University and for the Bishoprick which is reckon'd to be worth above a hundred thousand Livres of Annual Rent Estremadura produces Wine Oyl Salt and Honey which the Bees there make of Citron Flowers and Roses her City of Lisbon Oliosippon of Ptol. Olisipon of Ant. Olysippo of Solynus and Olysipo of Pliny a Municipium of the Romans sirnamed Faelicitas Julia the Royal Seat of the Kings of Portugal an Arch-Bishops Sea the Residence of the Vice-Roys a flourishing Empory situated upon five rising Hills upon the right Shore of the River Tagus Tajo incolis about 5 Miles from the Ocean having the advantage of the Ebbing and Flowing of the Sea. It is said to contain 32 Parish-Churches 350 Streets 11000 dwelling Houses 160000 Inhabitants besides Church-men Strangers and Courtiers and with the Suburbs about 7 Miles in compass the Capital City of all the Kingdom one of the fairest richest the biggest and best peopled of Europe The little Town of Belem which is near to it is the Burying-place of many of the Kings of Portugal Santarim is so happy in the great number of Olives that grow round about it that the Natives boast that they could make a River of their Oyl as big as Tagus It was the Scabaliscus of Ptol. the Scabalis of Ant. and Pliny sirnamed Praesidium Julium then a Roman Colony and a juridicial Resort named from St. Irene a Nun of Tomar here martyred and enshrined Setubal the Salatia of Ptol. is well situated and well built and is a Town of good Trade it is the best Haven in all the Kingdom 30 Miles long and 3 broad her Salt-pits and her Wines by what the Portuguezes relate bring a greater Revenue to their King than all Arragon to the King of Spain Alen teio passes for the Granary of Portugal by reason of the Corn which it produces The City of Evora claims the next place in Dignity to Lisbon In the year 1663 the Portuguezes overthrew the Spaniards in a memorable Battel near to this City Elvas is famous for its excellent Oyls and for the Sieges that it has prosperously held out against the Spaniards Ourique is the place where was fought that famous Battel which occasioned the Proclaiming the first King of Portugal Portelegre is a Bishops See Beja is supposed to be the Pax Julia of Plin. and Ptol. Algarve tho small in extent it assumes the Title of a Kingdom and was reunited to the Crown by the Marriage of Alphonsus the 3d with Beatrice of Castile It produces Eggs Olives Almonds and Wines which are very much esteemed and indeed the word Algerbia in the Language of the Moors signifies a fruitful Champaign Chief Towns are Tavila or Tavira the Balsa of Ptol. and Plin. Faro is seated near the Cuncum Promontorium now Capo St. de Maria. Silves is the ancient Ossonaba of Ptol. the Onoba of Mela the Sonoba of Strabo by the Moors Excuba by the Spaniards Estoy by some Estomber Lagus is seated near the Promontorium Sacrum of Strab. and Ptol. now Cape St. Vincent from the Relicks of the Holy Martyr brought from Valentia by the persecuted Christians flying the Cruelty of Abderrahman the first King of the Spanish Moors removed afterwards to Lisbon by King Ferdinand Of Italy ITALIA by Robert Morden at the Atlas in Cornhil London ITaly Anglis Italia Incolis Hispanis Italic Gallis Welschlandt Germanis Wolska Zemia Polonis Vloska Sclavonice called also by the Ancients Ausonia Camesena Oenotria Hesperia Janicula Salevmbrona Saturnia c. once Empress of the then known World still the fairest and most delicious Country of Europe After so long time so many Ages elapsed it is not certainly decided who were her first Inhabitants nor whether some one Nation did plant here after the Confusion of Babel or that it was peopled by little and little as several Nations did arrive 't is equally dubious whether it received its general Name at first or whether particular Parts had first their Appellations 'T is certain that several Nations at sundry times did transport themselves thither from Greece and Peopled all the Sea-Coast said to be Janus An. Mun. 1925. after whom came Saturn out of Creet Evander or Oenotrus out of Arcadia with their followers after them arrived some Trojans under the conduct of Aeneas whose kind entertainment by Latinus King of the Latins occasioned the Wars between him and Turnus King of the Rutuli but after the Romans grew Potent all Italy fell under their Subjection until the time of Honorius after which several barbarous Nations viz. Goths Vandals Herules and the Huns passing the Alps over-ran all Italy and divided it into several Kingdoms And when these were ejected or at least subdued by the Lieutenants of the Emperor Justinan it was once more united to the Empire till the Empress Sophia envying Narsis Honour recalled him from his Government whereupon he opened the Passage of the Country to Albonius King of the Lombards who possessed themselves of that Country calling it by their own Name Longobardia These were at length subdued by Pepin King of France who was called into Italy by the Bishop of Rome After that the Seat of the Roman Empire being fixed in Germany Italy was reduced into several Parcels and Factions so that the Soveraign Princes thereof at this day are 1. The Pope Pontifex Maximus under whose Dominion are these
Stato del Duca di Parma of Modena Ducatus Mutinensis Stato del Duca di Modena of Mantoua Stato del Duca di Mantoua the Territories of the Venetians Stato di Venetia and the Bishoprick of Trent 2. The middle part wherein are the Dominions or Land of the Church Stato della Chiesa or Ditio Ecclesiae The Estates of the Great Duke of Tuscany or Ditio Magni Ducis Heturiae sou Tuscio And the Commonwealth of Lucca Dominium Reipublicae Lucensis 3ly The Lower in which is the Kingdom of Naples Regno di Napoli 4ly To which we may add a fourth viz. the adjacent Isles Sicilia Sardinia Corsica c. Of Savoy and Piedmont SAVOY and Piedmont by Rob. Morden THE Ancient Inhabitants of this Mountainous Country were generally called by the Name of Allobroges of whom the first mention we find in Story is the Atonement made by Hannibal in his passage this way between Bruneus and his Brother about the Succession of the Kingdom afterwards subdued by the Romans under the several Conducts of C. Domitius Aenobarbus and Qu. Fabius Maxianus After which Coctius one of the Kings of these Allobroges was in special Favour with Augustus Caesar whence it had the Name of Alpes Coctiae and by that Name reduced into the form of a Province by Nero. In the declining of the Roman Empire it became a part of the Kingdom of Burgundy and passed with other Rights to the Empire of Germany Amadis the II. Earl of Maurienne was by the Emperor Henry the IV. Invested with the Title of Savoy And Amadis the VIII Created the first Duke by Sigismund Anno 1397. But the main Power and Patrimony of this House was by the Valour of the two Earls Thomas and Peter in the years 1210 and 1256 who got by Conquest a great part of Piedmont to which the Marquisate of Saluces was United by Marriage of the Daughter to Charles Duke of Savoy whose Successors kept Possession of it till Francis the First pretending some Title to it in Right of his Mother a Daughter of the House of Savoy annexed it to the Crown of France from which it was Recovered during the Civil Wars of France by the Savoyards about 1588 by whom 't is still possessed By Reason of the difficult and narrow Ways and those full of Thieves it was once called Malvoy but the Passages being opened by the Industry of the People and purged of Thieves by good Laws it was called Savoy or Salvoy Sabaudia Lat. Savoia Italis La Savoye Gallis It is full of those Mountains which we call by a general Name of Alps though several Branches have their peculiar Names Mount Cenis and little St. Bernard open the two most considerable Passages into Italy 'T is a Country Healthy enough but not very Fruitful except some Valleys which are very fertil and delighful The Common People are Naturally Dull and Simple and unwarlike but the Gentry Civil and Ingenious It passes for the most Noble and primier Dukedom of Christendom the Power and Presence of whose Dukes are the more considerable because Masters of the most part of the Passages out of France into Italy and by the Possession of Piedmont the County of Nice and other Signories Under the name of Savoy are comprehended these six parts Sabaudia propria La Savoye Genevensis Comitatus Le Genevois Mauriana La Maurienne Tarantaisia La Tarantaise Fossiniacum Le Fossigny Cabillicus Tractus Le Chablais Chambery Cambericum Camberiacum or Cameriacum Civaro Cic. teste Caenali Forum Vicontii teste Pineto is the Capital City of the Dukedom and the Residence of a Parliament Fortified with a strong Castle and good Outworks Montmelian Monmelianum is the place of strength with a Cittadel that defends the rest of the Mountains almost inaccessible where they say the Keys of Savoy are Locked up Monstiers Monasterium is an Arch-Bishops See the Civitas Cantorum of Ant. Annecy Annecium was the Residence of the Bishops of Geneve Ripaile was the Retiring place of Felix the IV. before and after his Pontificate that Prince living at peace in such a retirement from business that it became a Proverb To live at Ripaile of those that only took their pleasure and lived at ease Other Places are Cluse Clusae Fannum Sancti Johannis St. Jean in Mauriena Valle. Thonon Thononium or Thunonium Le Bourg St. Morice In the Mountains bordering on this Country and France are the Progeny of the Albigensis which about the year 1100. stood for the Liberty of the Church and the Doctrine of their Predecessors and about the year 1250. they were almost utterly ruined by the Popes and French Kings The remainder preferring their Conscience before their Country retired up into the Mountains and by their Industry and good Husbandry made the very Rocks to bring forth Herbage for their Cattel and here they worshipped God according to the Reformed Churches until the latter end of Francis the First when happend the Massacre of Merinianum or Marignan Gallis and Chabrieres And in the year 1662. and 1663. they were again persecuted and Massacred by the Savoyards Mr. Ray in his Travels of 1663. met with some of the Protestants of Lucern and Angrona at Turin who told him that they were in number about 15000 Souls and 2000 Fighting-men that they dwell in 14 Villages that they are the only Protestants in Italy and have maintained their Religion 1200 years But what hath been done to them since 1684. History is silent Within the Limits of Savoy is the Signory of Geneva about eight Leagues in compass seated on the Lake Lemanus divided into two parts by the Rhosne well fortified and a flourishing University Governed by a Common Council consisting of 200 the four chief whereof are called Sindiques The Church-Government consisteth of Lay-men and Ministers begun by Calvin Anno 1541. Formerly it was the Soveraignty of the Duke of Savoy and therefore mentioned in this place but since the resistance of the great Siege 1589. they have stood on their own Liberty and reckoned a Commonwealth Of Piedmont Piemont Gallis Principatus Pedemontana Lat. Gallia Subalpina Plin. c. IT is now in the possession of the Duke of Savoy The ancient Inhabitants whereof were the Salassi Libyci and Taurini all vanquished by the Romans subdued afterwards by the Lombards of whose Kingdom it remain'd a part till its subversion and then became divided into several Estates till conquered by Thomas and Peter Earls of Savoy in Anno 1481. Possessed after by the French upon pretence of a Title by the aforesaid Marriage after recover'd by the Savoyard Anno 1588. And in the year 1600 compounded with Henry the Fourth the County of Brest being given in Exchange for the Marquisate of Salusse Marchesato di Saluzzo Italis whose chief place is Saluzzo Ital. Saluce Gal. Augusta Vagiennorum Salinae Ptol. of which together with the rest of Piedmont and some places of importance in Montferrat this Family of Savoy do now stand
Nation in matters of Government Famous in Arms Glorious in Arts Admirable addicted to the love of Vertue Civil of Behaviour affectors of Liberty and every way Noble only in their Commonwealth Principles and Civil Dissentions unhappy But now under the Turkish Yoak their Spirits are low their Knowledg is Ignorance their Liberty contented Slavery their Vertues Vices their Industry Idleness They are generally of good Proportion and of a swarthy Complexion Their Women very well favoured brown and excessive Amorous In Habit and Garb both Sexes generally follow those under whom they live Their Primitive Language needs no Commendation being well known for its lofty sound Elegancy and significant Expressions genuine Suavity and happy Composition of words Excellent for Philosophy and the Liberal Arts but more Excellent for that so great a part of the Oracles of our Salvation is delivered therein but now not only the Natural Elegancy is lost but the Language almost devoured by the Lingua Franca Turkish and Sclavonian Tongues The Christian Religion was here first Planted by St. Paul who went into Macedonia passing thence to Thessalonica from thence to Athens and thence to Corinth watering the greatest part of Greece with the Dew of Heaven But now considering the Tyranny of the Turks on the one side and the Temptations of Preferment on the other 't is almost a Wonder there should be any Christianity left amongst them yet the Gates of Hell cannot prevail against this afflicted Church for its members are endued with a Divine Humility patience and constancy their Priests are reverenced the Articles of Faith and Rules of a Holy life preserved their Fasts and Feasts observed the power of the Keys Exercised and the Judicature of the Church preferred before that of the Divan As to the material Points of their Religion I shall refer to the Description of my Scripture Maps This Country hath formerly been Famous for Miltiades Aristides and Themistocles of Athens Lysander and Agesilaus of Sparta Pelopidas and Epaminondas of Thebes Aratas and Philoparmeus of Achaia Pyrrhus of Epirus Philip of Macedon Alexander the Great brave Commanders For Plato Socrates Aristotle Divine Philosophers For Demosthenes Isocrates Aeschines Eloquent Orators Hesiod Homer c. Excellent Poets Solon and Lycurgus Eminent Law-givers Xenophon Thuciades Plutarch Herodotus Famous Historiographers with several other Authors and Promoters of Arts and Sciences too tedious to relate But to proceed to the Provinces The Inhabitants of Greece were of old divided into three sorts viz. the Iones the more famous whereof were the Athenians The Dores the most renowned of whom were the Lacedemonians and the Aeoles who sent Colonies into Asia near to Phocaea By the ancient Writers called Achei Achiai Argivi Danai Dolopes Dores Dryopes Hellenes Iones Myrmidones and Pelasgi The Province of Romania or Romelia is the Ancient Thrace by Stephanus Aria by some Scythia by Josephus Thyras from Thyras the Son of Japhet by the Turks now called Romeli A Country neither of a Rich Soil nor pleasant Air yet well Inhabited But the chief Glory of this Province and of all the Ottoman Empire is the Renowned City Constantinople formerly called Lygus Byzantium and Nova Roma now by the Greeks Istampoli and by the Turks Stambol seated in the Latitude of 40 Degr. 56. In shape Triangular commanding the Propontis Bosphorus and Euxine Seas Seated on a Haven so deep and Capacious that the Turks for its Excellency call it the Port of the World. At this day the chief Buildings are the Turks Seraglio and the Temple or Mosque of St. Sophia for Beauty and Workmanship exceeding Admirable to behold The Seraglio is a vast place inclosed and divided from the rest of the City with a wall three miles in Compass wherein are stately Groves of Cypresses intermixed with delightful Gardens Artificial Fountains and all varieties of Pleasures which Luxury can effect or Treasure procure The principal Beauty of the City is the situation of it on the Mountains Crowned with Magnificent Mosques with Gilded Spires reflecting the Sun-beams with a marvellous splendor Other Cities of this Province are Andrianopolis or Hadrianopolis Ptol. formerly Oresta Lampridio Vscudava seu Vscadama Ammiano Andernopolis Turcis Endren teste Busb a fair large and well composed City with fair and stately Mosques especially one built by Sultan Soliman the Second a very Magnificent Structure Galipoli formerly Callipolis seated near the Hellespont within the Sea of Marmora the first City that ever the Turks possessed in Europe surprized by Soliman Anno 1358. Below Galipoli is the straitest passage of the Hellespont formerly famous for Xerxes's Bridg but especially for the two Castles Sestos and Abidos noted for the Story of Hero and Leander now called the Dardanelles or Old Castles the New Castles being at the mouth of the Hellespont and are the Bulwark of Constantinople as the Castles on the Thracian Bosphorus are on the other side Galata or Pera is opposite to Constantinople where live all the Foreign Ambassadors Residents and Envoys Belgrade is 12 or 15 miles Northwards where are the Summer-Houses of the Nobility and the Costly Aquaducts that supply Constantinople St. Stephanoes is Inhabited most by Christians At Great Schecmashe are the Seraglio's of the Nobility Selimbria hath Mosques a Bazar and Greek Churches Heraclea Leunc Heraclia Soph. Perinthus Plin. Ptol. its Harbor makes it a Peninsula of four miles in compass now an Arch-Bishops See and its Church the best in Turkie Noted also of old for the Palaces of Vespatian Domitian and Antoninus Emperors of Rome as also for its Amphitheatre cut out of one entire Marble Rodeste Redaestum Plin. Bisanthe Ptol. Rodosto Sophi 30 miles from Heraclia seated on the side of an Hill at the bottom of a Bay peopled with about 15000 Inhabitants Christians Turks and Jews much frequented but of little Trade Myriophyton by the Greeks Murston by the Turks it hath about 200 Houses about five miles from Rodesto Abdera now Asperosa was the birth-place of Laughing Democritus Aenos now Enio Eno Grec Ygnos Turcis a Town of great strength and safety therefore an honourable Prison Lisimachia once of great Importance now Heximily said to be built out of the Ruins of Phillipoli from Philip the Father of Alexander Cardia Cardiapolis Ptol. was the Birth-place of Eumenes a Curriers Son but a famous Warrier Quae Steph. Paâ—s â—adem Lysimachiae Hexamilio The Province or Kingdom of Macedonia was so called from a King Macedo Son of Osiris Others say it had its name from a Son of Jupiter and Thyae or as Solinus says from Macedâ— a Son or Grandchild of Ducalion called also Aemathia Plin. Peonia Aemonia Livio Formerly it contained several Provinces the Names whereof are in my Sheet-Map of Greece and 't is said was inhabited by 150 several Nations By the Ancients it was divided into four Principal parts viz. Prima Secunda Tertia Quarta That towards the West or the Fourth part is now called Albania That part
made his Refuge but was strangled before he could accomplish his design Dadacardia Tav The Ruines whereof denote it to have been a large Town but now the Inhabitants have no other Habitation but the Hollows of Rocks Cousasar Tav Kodgiasar Thev is a Village where you pay the Customs of Diarbequir Tav rather of Merdin teste Thev Merdin Marde Herod Ptol. Merdino Onuph Mirdin Barb. Mirdanum Procopio two Leagues from Kodgiasar is a little City seated on a Mountain with good Walls and a Castle where is resident a Basha who hath under him 200 Spahi's and 400 Janizaries Karasara Tav Caradene Thev shews the Ruines of seven or eight Churches and was once a great Town one days Journy from Nesbin Nesbin is but the shadow of the ancient Nisibis of Strab. Ptol. Plut. Plin. and formerly a great Town now hardly an ordinary Village Mosul upon the West side of the River Tygris is encompassed with Walls of rough Stone plaistered over with little pointed Battlements on the Top. It hath a Castle built of Free Stone and the Walls are about three Fathom high on the Land side separated from the Town by a Ditch five or six Fathoms broad and very deep In the Castle there are six large Guns whereof one is broken and one is mounted several Field-pieces whereof two mounted The Tygris here in Summer is not broader than the River Sein in France but deep and rapid and in Winter 't is as broad again And here I cannot omit what Thevenot affirms of Sanson's Map of this Country viz. That besides the mistakes of Rivers he hath made so many Faults in the position of Places in their Distances as also in their Names that nothing of the Country is true in the Map. Diarbeck taken in general comprehends Arzerum the Assyria of old and Yerac the ancient Chaldea or Babylonia the chief Cities whereof are Babylon and Nineveh which were heretofore very famous now altogether ruined Nineveh just over against Mosul was the Residence of the King of Assyria 24 Leagues in Circuit The voluntary death of Sardanapalus and the Repentance of the Inhabitants have renowned it in Story Towards the Frontiers of Assyria inhabited a Warlike People called The Curds where many great Battels have been fought viz. That at Arbela and Gaugamela Plin. or Gangamela Strab. now near to if not the same with Schiahrazur the Seat of a Turkish Beglerbeg Renowned for the Victory of Alexander the Great against Darius killing above 400000 Persians with the loss of 300 Macedonians There the Califfs wan the Battel of Maraga which made them Masters of all Persia And near to Chuy Selim defeated Ishmael Sephi who had always been a Victor before Babylon lay a small days Journy from Bagdat which stands upon the Tygris and is only a heap of Ruins in a place called Felougia near to which they shew the place where stood the Tower of Babel famous for the Confusion of Languages This Babylon was built by Nimrod whom some affirm to be Belus Semiramis and Nebuchadnezzar much augmented it The first of the two having encompassed it with such Walls as were accounted one of the Seven Wonders of the World and the high and fair Gardens upon the Terras were no less admir'd It was taken by Cyrus by Darius by Alexander the Great who died there and by Seleucus The power and wealth of Babylon was so great that it contributed more to the Grand Cyrus than the third part of all his Dominions Next to Babylon Seleucia called Coche and Alexandria then Seleucia from Antiochus the Son of Seleucius teste Martiano now Bagdad or Bagadat teste Sansone was the most considerable City in all Asia and then Ctesiphon Baghdat or Bagadad generally called Babylon is not only the Rendezvous of several Merchants but also of the Mahumetans of all parts of Asia who go to visit the Sepulchres of Omar and Haly and other Mahometan Saints It was a long time the Residence of the Caliphs Ulit who was one of them was Master of one of the greatest Monarchies in the World for it extended from the most Western parts of Barbary to the East-Indies Another Caliph of this City at his death left Eight Sons Eight Daughters Eight Millions of Gold Eight thousand Slaves and the addition of Eight Kingdoms to his Dominion In the Year 1638. when Amurath the Fourth re-took it from the Persians he caused three Men out of every Tent through his Army to be cast into the Moat and over them a vast number of Bavins and Wooll-Sacks that he might the more easily assault the Town Kufa or Mecha Ali is a City for which the Mahometans have a particular Veneration as being the Burying place of Haly. Bassora or Balsora is the Teredon of Strab. Plin. Ptol. a Town near the mouth of Tygris which they of the Country call Shat. It is large and pleasant by reason of its Palm-Trees The conveniency of its Port furnishes India and Persia with Dates which are Bread and Wine to those that know how to order them Some few Years since Balsora fell under the Jurisdiction of Ali-Bassa who styl'd himself King thereof who left it to his Successors who enjoy it from Father to Son paying a small Tribute to the Grand Signior who is afraid to oppress him lest he should revolt but these two last Places properly belong to Arabia Of CANAAN CANAAN by Rob. Morden THis Country was first Inhabited by Canaan the Son of Cham and called by his Name He dying left it to his 11 Sons that bore the Name of the Children of Canaan at what time it contained 52 Kingdoms and 5 Satrapes Divided afterwards into 12 Tribes that bore the Names of the Sons of Jacob and Israel being conquered by Joshua and possessed by the Israelites who for 386 years were governed by Captains and Judges after that for 418 years by Kings From Rehoboam 10 Tribes revolted who chose the fugitive Jeroboam for their King His Successors were styled Kings of Israel so that it then contained 2 Kingdoms viz. 1st of Judah whose regal Seat was Jerusalem 2d of Israel whose Seat was at Samaria After 259 Years the Israelites were led into Captivity by the King of Assyria some say beyond the Caspian Mountains from whence they never returned And the Assyrians possessed their Land and were called Samaritans The People of Judah were also afterwards carried Captive into Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar after set at liberty by Cyrus and returned back under the Conduct of Zerubbabel After this they were called Jews and the Country Jewry and for about 364 years they were governed by Aristocracy until the Maccabees who after many Conflicts with their powerful Neighbours uphold the Government 131 years during which interval the Romans under Pompey conquer'd Judea and after the Death of Antigonus the last of the Race of the Maccabees Herod is made King by Augustus and Anthony a man of admirable Virtues and execrable Vices fortunate abroad unfortunate in his Family his
Life Tragical his Death desperate After whose Death the Kingdom was divided into 2 parts half of it had the title of Ethnarch the other half divided into 2 Tetarchies Archelaus banished and dying in Exile his Ethnarchy was reduced into a Roman Province and the Government committed unto Pontius Pilate by Tiberius Caesar under whom our Saviour the Holy Jesus did suffer Death when the Jews cried out his Blood be upon Us and Ours A wish not long after effected with all fulness of Terror for the Calamities of the War inflicted by Gallus Vespasian and Titus exceed both Example and Description and destroyed about 110000 Thousand People The Land destroyed and on every Head an Annual Tribute imposed The Jews were quiet until the Reign of Adrian when again they raised new Commotions being headed by Berochab their counterfeit Messiah but Julius Severus Lieutenant to Adrian razed 50 of their strong holds and 985 Towns and slew five hundred and fourscore Thousand so that the Countries lay waste and the ruined Cities became an habitation for wild Beasts and the Captives were transported into Spain and from thence again exiled in the year 1500. In which Interval of time the Country inhabited by other People about the time of Constantine embraced the Christian Religion But in the Reign of Phocas the Persians overran the whole Country of Palestine inflicting unheard of Tortures on the patient Christians No sooner freed from that Yoak but they suffered under a greater by the execrable Saracens under the Conduct of Omar who were long after expulsed by the Turks then newly planted in Persia by Tangrolipix When the Christians of the West for the recovery of the Land set forth an Army of 300000 Godfry of Bologne the General who made thereof an absolute Conquest and was elected King of Jerusalem in the 89th year of that Kingdom and during the Reign of Guy the Christians were utterly driven out and destroyed by Saladine the Egyptian Sultan who held it until Selymus the first Emperor of the Turks in the year 1517 added the Holy Land together with Egypt unto the Ottoman Empire under whose power it now is governed by two Sanziacks under the Bassa of Damascus one residing at Jerusalem the other at Naplous It is now for the most part inhabited by Moors and Arabians those possessing the Vallies these the Mountains some few Turks many Greeks with other Christians of all Sects and Nations some Jews who inherit no part of the Land but live as Aliens in their own Country The Chorographical Division of Canaan This Land of Canaan within Jordan was divided into 5 principal Parts or Provinces vix 1st Jewry in the South where King Davids Throne was set and the Holy City built comprehending the two Tribes of Judah and Benjamin 2d Samaria in the midst the chief Seat of the 10 Tribes of Israel containing the Tribe of Ephraim and the half Tribe of Manasses 3d Galile in the North East where Christ Jesus was very conversant and was divided into the higher and the lower containing part of Asher all Napthali and part of Zebulun 4th Phaenicia on the North-West part of Canaan containing the Sea-coast of Asher and Zebulun 5th The Land of the Philistins upon the West of Canaan whose Country was allotted to Judah Dan and Simeon these were always great Enemies to the Israelites and from them was the whole Land called Palestine The Land of Canaan without Jordan possessed by the Amorites who had diven out the Moabites and Ammonites contained 3 principal parts 1st part of the Kingdom of Sihon King of the Amorites in Heshbon taken from the Moabites which was given to the Reubenites 2d The Land of Gilead which contained part of the Kingdom of Sihon taken from the Ammonites and part of the Kingdom of Og King of Bashan which was given to the Gadites 3d. The rest of the Kingdom of Og with half Gilead and the Region of Argob was given to the half Tribe of Manasses All which are delineated in the Map as also the Names of the Chief Cities and Towns in each Tribe Once a Country so fertile that it was called A Land flowing with Milk and Honey adorned with pleasant Mountains and luxurious Vallies neither scorched with Heat nor pinched with Cold. The Wealth and Power of it so Great the People Cities and Towns so Numerous that there was no Country in the World that could compare with it But now remains a fearful Monument of Divine Vengeance a sad and dismal Mirror for all other like sinful Countries to view their Destiny by Jerusalem though fallen from her ancient Lustre deserves still our Remembrance Once her Kings her Princes her Temple her Palaces were the Greatest the Richest the Fairest and most Magnificent in the World. Once a City Sacred and Glorious the Seat of Infinite Majesty the Theatre of Mysteries and Miracles the Diadem in the Circle of Crowns and the Glory of the Universe but now Icabod It was ruined by Nebuchadnezzar Vespasian and Titus utterly razed it and destroyed above Eleven hundred thousand People To describe this Country in all its Circumstances to speak of its Laws Religions its Divisions Wars and Alterations to write of all the various Transactions that have hapned in it would require a Volume of itself I shall therefore leave it to my aforesaid Description of this Part of the World where I shall give a more particular Geographical and Historical Relation of its Cities Towns and other memorable Transactions which will be a very useful and necessary Introduction into the Principia ' of ancient Geography and History Of ARMENIA MAJOR GEORGIA c. ARMENIA GEORGIA COMANIA By Rob t Morden ARmenia is divided by the River Euphrates into two parts Major and Minor. The greater Armenia is by the Turks call'd Turcomania by the Persians Thoura Emnoe or Aremnoe by the Nestorians Zelbecdibes by Sanson Curdistan by Cluver Papul and Curdi The ancient Inhabitants were the Mardi and Gordiaei now the Turcomans and Curdes The first are said to be descended from Turquestan in Tartary from whence came the Turks The later are descended from the ancient People of Assyria Ptolomy divided Armenia into four principal parts which contained 20 Provinces and 87 Cities Pliny accounted 120 Strategies Governments or particular Jurisdictions of every Province A Country much better known and more famous in ancient Time than now The Advantage of its Bounds the Nature of its Situation the Magnificence of some of its Kings among which Tygranes Son-in-law to Mithridates King of Pontus hath been the most Famous its Greatness Government and Riches much contributed to its Renown In this Country are the Heads of four Rivers Euphrates Tygris Phasis and Araxes Euphrates Perath Moses Frat Nicolaio Morot sou Turcis from one side of the Mountain Mingol falls this River which divides Armenia and Mesopotamia from Asia Minor Syria and Arabia descends into Chaldea where it waters the ancient Babylon and joins with Tygris somwhat below
pleasant Here Money is Coined and here are several Towns but as for the Manners and Customs of the Inhabitants they are the same as in Mingrelia The King hath Four good Castles viz. Scander seated upon the side of a Valley Regia and Scorgia both almost inaccessible in the Mountains and naturally fortified 4 Cotatis bearing the Name of the Town and Country round it perhaps the Catatene of Ptol. 90 miles from the mouth of the River Phasis built at the foot of a Hill consisting of about 200 Houses it hath a Fortress built with several Towers and a double Wall. These Three Kingdoms are tributary to the Turks The Tribute of the King of Imiretta is 80 Boys and Girls from Ten to Twenty years of Age. The Prince of Guriel pays 46 Children of both Sexes And the Prince of Mingrelia 60000 Ells of Linen Cloth made in that Country The Princes of Mingrelia give themselves the Title of Dadian that is the head of Justice Of GURGISTAN Georgia by our modern Geographers and the Persians is called Gurgistan by the Georgians Carthuel By some Authors 't is divided into four particular Provinces viz. Imirette and Guriel of which we have spoken of before 3 Caket 4 Carthuel These two last are under the Persian Dominion and this is that which the Persians call Gurgistan and the Georgians Carthueli It is a Country full of Wood and very Mountainous yet encloses a great number of pleasant Plaines and the River Kur the Cyrus of the Ancients runs through the midst of it The Temper of the Air is very kindly their Fair weather begins about May and lasts till the end of November The Soil if well watered produces all sort of Grain Herbs and Fruit in abundance therefore as fertile a Country as can be imagined where a Man may live both deliciously and cheap Their Bread as good as any in the World and their Fruit of all sorts is very delicious Nor is there any part of Europe that produceth fairer Pears and Apples or better tasted nor any part of Asia that brings forth more delicious Pomegranates Their Cattel very good and plentiful their Fowl of all sorts is incomparable There is no better Meat in the world than their young Porkers of which there are abundance The Caspian Sea and Kur River furnish it with all sorts of Salt and Fresh Fish and there is also no Country where they drink more or better Wine No Men are more addicted to their sensual Pleasures and beastial Voluptuousness that is to Drunkenness and Luxury neither are the Women less vitious and wicked having an extraordinary Inclination to the male Sex and contribute more to that torrent of Uncleanness which overflows all the Country Nature saith Sr. John Chardin hath bestowed upon the Women of that Country Graces and Features which are not other where to be seen so that 't is impossible to behold them without loving of their more charming Countenances nor more lovely Statures and Proportions can be pencilled forth by all the Art of man They are Tall clear Limb'd Plump and Full but not over-Fat and extreamly slender in the Waste but that which spoils all is their Nasty Shifts and Painted Faces The Men are naturally witty nor would there be more Learned men or more Ingenious masters in the world were they but improved by the knowledge of Arts and Sciences but their Education is so mean and brutish having nothing but bad Examples that those Parts are altogether drowned in Vice and Ignorance so that they are generally Cheats and Knaves Perfidious Treacherous Ingrateful and Proud. There are several Bishops in Georgia an Arch-bishop and a Patriarch whom they call Catholicos There are also many Churches but nothing remaines of Christianity unless the name of their Fasts for they neither know or practise the least precept of the Law of Jesus Christ The Church-Men also will be as drunk and keep Female Slaves for their Concubines as well as others The Nobility exercise a more Tyrannical power over their Subjects than in Mingrelia challenging a right over their Estates Liberty and Lives if they seize upon them whether Wife or Children they sell them or dispose of them as they please The Province of Carthuel containes no more than four Cities Gori Suram Aly and Teflis Gori or Kori Armatica or Harmastis of old teste Sans is a small City seated in a Plain between two Mountains upon the bank of the River Chur at the foot of a small Hill upon which there is a Fortress built which is garisoned by Native Persians Suram is a small Town but the Fortress is large and well built having 100 Men in garison Teflis Artaxata Plin. Artaxia Tac. Artaxiasata Strab. by the Georgians Cala by some Tebele-cala is called also Darel Melec by P. Jovius Choim the fairest Citie in Georgia seated at the bottom of a Mountain at the foot of which runs the River Cur. The City is encompassed with strong Walls defended with a large Fortress on the South-side it contains about 14 Churches six belonging to the Georgians and the rest to the Armenians The Cathedral which is called Sion is seated upon the bank of the River built of all fair hewen Stone There is not a Mosque in Teflis though the City belongs to a Mahometan Emperor and governed by a Mahometan Prince The Bazars or Market-places are very fair and large built of Stone The Inns or Caravansera's are no less beautiful The Princes Palace is one of the most beautiful Ornaments in Teflis it hath been twice under the power of the Turks once in the Reign of Ishmael the second King of Persia and in the Reign of his Successor Solyman took it almost at the same time as he did Tauris The Kingdom of Caket is at present in subjection to the King of Persia governed by his Viceroy The Cities are all Ruines unless that which is called Caket or Kaket In the Northern part of that Kingdom the Amazons are supposed to have inhabited Ptol. fixes their Country in the Asiatick Sarmatia to the West of Wolga Quintius Curtius saith also that the Kingdom of Thalestris was near to the River Phasis and Strabo speaking of the Expeditions of Pompey and Canidius is of the same opinion Quiria borders upon the Caspian Sea its chief Places are Derbent Caucasiae Portae Plin. or Pylae Iberiae Ortel Demir Temir-Capi Turcis Alexandria Portae Ferreae Caspiae Portae of old now belonging to the Persians it is a great Market for Slaves and is a strong wall'd Town said to be built by Alexander the Great And Tarky at this day under the Duke of Moscovy Some Authors tell us of Stranu or Zambanach which answers to ancient Albana of Zitach or Gorgora thought to be the ancient Getara or Gagara of Ptolomy and Chipeche to be the ancient Chabala It contains the Circassian and Dagestan Tartars The Circassian Country is very fertile producing good store of Fruit and Grain and also good pasture Ground The Men
are very Corpulent and Robust have broad Faces but not square like the Crims and Calmucks of a swarthy yellow Complexion shaving their Heads and Beards after a strange manner a surly ill-natur'd People good Horse men Their Arms are a kind of long Bow which they handle with great dexterity Their Women are very fair and lovely with Black Eyes well proportioned in their Bodies of a middle Stature The Dagestan or Daghestan Tartars inhabit the Hilly Country which lies towards the Sea the Men are in Shape and Habit much like the Circas-Tartars their Arms are Bow Arrows and a Scimitar When they ride out they have Spears and Launces a Helmet and Target great Men-stealers which they sell to the Turks and Persians The Dagestan Tartars are subject to several Princes and Lords who are independently soveraign About Derbent appear the Ruins of a Wall which is said to reach as far as the Euxin Sea and in many places of the Country appear the Ruins of many Castles Schamachy Sammachi Summachi the Cyropolis of Ptol. Circambate Persis Cyseleth Arabibus was once a strong place but in the wars of the Turks and Persians it was dismantled and made an open Village The Streets are narrow the Buildings low it hath a spacious Market-place or Bogan having several Shops and Galleries rich in Merchandizes and Manufactories but much subject to Earthquakes Of the ISLANDS about ASIA MINOR CYPRI INSULA SOme of these Islands have been very remarkable to Antiquity others to us at present The most remarkable are 1. Tenedos Calydna Leucophryn Eust Phenice Lyrnessus Plin. Tenedo Soph. which produce most excellent Muscadine Wines and cheap situate near the Mouth of the Hellespont opposite to Troy famous for the concealing of the Grecian Navy 2. Metelino Lesbos seu Mytlena of old Antissa Pelasgia Macarea Hemerte Lasia Aegyra Aethiope Plin. aliis It s chief City is Meteline which for its greatness and excellency of its Wine gives Name to the Island Here was Sappho born the Inventress of the Sapphick Verse Pittacus one of the Sages of Greece and Arion the Dolphin Harper 3. Chios of old Aetalia Aethale Macris Pityusa now Chio or Scio by the Turks Sacher by the Persians Seghex distant from the Ionian Shores about four Leagues in compass about 124 Miles It affordeth excellent Fruits in great plenty but is most remarkable for its Musick for its Honey for the Church of its Convent of Niomene once one of the fairest in the World and for the Sepulchre of Homer It was given to the Gennues by the Emperor Andronicus Palaeologus and by them possessed Ann. 1565. It was by Selimus Secundus fraudulently surprized and taken and now subject to the Turks 4. To the West of this Island lies Psyra a small Island now called Psara witness of the unhappy Fate of a great part of the Venetian Fleet 1647. and the loss of G. Grimani then drowned 5. Icaria now Nicaria of old Doliche Macris Ichthiesa It abounds in Corn and Pasturage in compass about 80 Miles and is remarkable for the Shipwrack of Icarus The poorest and yet the happiest Isle of the whole Aegean Sea the Soil barren but the Air healthful their Wealth but small but their Liberty and Security great 6. Samos is one of the greatest and most remarkable Islands of the Archipelago the Country of Pythagoras and once a Kingdom and governed by its own Kings It is now about 26 French Leagues in compass and counts 18 Towns and Villages The Ruines of the old City of Samos are six Miles in compass over against the old City about a Mile distant stands the new now called Megale Chora where is the Residence of the Archbishop lately in London the Cadee Aga c. Mons Cercetius or the Mountain Kerkis is the highest of the whole Island and is covered with Snow almost all the Year and hath a Lake on the top well stored with Eels The little Samos abounds with a Flower which hath a fragrancy like Musk and hath also this quality that Time doth not decay but augment the fragrancy of its smell This Flower is transplanted into the choicest Gardens of Constantinople and the Grand Signior wears it ordinarily in his Turbant Carlovasy is the second Town in the Island having 500 Houses and five Churches a place of great Trade to Sea and yet their Port is so unsafe that they are forced to load their Vessels ashore and so launch them off Nor must I forget the Samian Vessels sovereign for divers uses in Physick and Chirurgery Between Nicaria and Samos lie the noted Rocks once called Melanthii now Fornoli 7. Pathmos Palmosa Soph. Bel. now Patino by Georgirenes 36 Miles in compass Once famous for the Residence of that great Apostle St. John and for those wonderful Revelations which that Evangelist had there during his Banishment in the time of the Persecution under Domitian which to him indeed was Apocalypse but to all others Apocrypha The Port called Scala on the West side towards Naxos is the best of all in the Archipelago near which is a Rock of a great height called Cynops from the Magician in St. John's days The Island is well stored with Vines Fig-Trees Lemon and Orange Trees and Corn but all subject to the Robbery of Pyrats as well Christians as Mahometans so that Poverty is their best protection against Rapine and Patience the onely Remedy against their Tyrannical Oppression 8. Heron now Lero about 18 Miles in compass noted for Aloes 9. Claros now Calamo 40 Miles in compass very mountainous once sacred to Apollo abounding also with plenty of Aloes 10. Cous Cos or Coa formerly Meropes Caria Nymphaea now Lango Nig. Stancora Turcis It is in compass 70 Miles furnished with sweet and pleasant streams and is famous for being the Birth-place of Hippocrates the Reviver of Physick and Apelles the famous Painter 11. Carpathos now Scarpante in compass 60 Miles stored with the best Coral 12. Rhodus Ophivsa Telchinis Strab. Asteria Aethraea Trinacria Corymbia Poessa Atabyria Macaria Colossa according to the Ancients in compass is 135 Miles It s Soil fertile its Air temperate plentiful in all things as well for Delight as Profit full of excellent Pastures adorned with pleasant green Trees The Sun is here so constant that it was dedicated to the Sun and held sacred to Phoebus to whom they erected that vast Colossus of Brass accounted one of the Seven Wonders of the World said to be 50 Cubits in height every Finger as great as an ordinary Statue and the Thumb too great to be fathomed made by Charetes of Lindus It was 12 years a making and 66 years afterwards thrown down by an Earthquake 900 Camels were laden with the Brass which was used about it to fasten and hold fast the Stones The Town or City is well fortified with a treble Wall and five strong Fortresses embracing a most safe and admirable Haven given to the Knights of St.
John de Acre or Jerusalem by Emanuel the Greek Emperor in the year 1308. but in the year 1522. after it had been defended against the Infidels 214 years it was taken by Solyman the Great and after six Months Siege it was surrendred Villerius being the great Master to the general dishonour of the Christian Princes in their tardy Succors 13. Cyprus of old Crypta or Crypton Ptol. It was also called Cerastis Cethin Cethina then Amathusia Paphia Salaminia Macaria Citherea Achamantis Asperia Collinia Erosa It is in circuit according to Strab. 427 Miles To Plin. 375. From the rocky shore of Cilicia 60 Miles and from the Coast of Syria 100. During the Empire of the Persians and Macedonians it contained nine Kingdoms but by Ptol. divided into four parts Salamina Amathusia Lapatha and Paphia so named of their principal Cities 1. Salamis Ptol. Salamine Plin. was built by Teucer when banished by his Father Telamon Afterwards called Constantia Steph. but destroyed by the Jews in the days of the Emperor Trajan And lastly by the Saracens in the Reign of Heraclitus from the Ruines whereof the Hamacostas Fama Augusta now Famagosta was erected by King Costa the Father of King Katharin famous in Story for the unfortunate Valor of the Venetians under the Command of Signior Bragadine against the furious Assaults of the Army of Selymus II. conducted by Mustapha who caused them all to be murdered but the Governor whom he flead alive after the Surrender of the Place upon honourable Conditions In Lapathia where once stood Tremithus Trimethus Ptol. Tremisausa or Tremituge Soph. now stands the Regal City of Nicosia Leucasia Leucotheon Graec. Ledrinsis Leutheon Soph. of a circular Form and five Miles in circumference taken by the aforesaid Mustapha Ann. 1570. with an uncredible Slaughter North of this and upon the Sea stood Ceraunia or Ceronia Cirynia Plin. Carynia Cerinium Ortel now Cerines erected by Cyrus a strong place yet yielded to the Turks before it was besieged Amathus now Limiso Sacred unto Venus and wherein the Rites and Sacrifices of her Adonis were annually celebrated said to be built by Amasis who was the first that conquered Cyprus Our late Navigations tell us that Larricho is the City from whence our Merchandize comes that is laden at Port Salines or Larneca so called of the abundance of Salt that is there made and here the Turk first landed his Army the chief Port in Cyprus Further Westward is a Promontory in form of a Peninsula now called Capo delle Gatte formerly Curias from a City not far distant of the same Name now called Episcopia On this Promontory is the Ruines of a Monastery of Greek Coloieros who breed up Cats to destroy Serpents and to return home upon the Sound of a Bell and therefore by some called the Cape of Cats Phrurium Promont now Bianco is the place from whence they were thrown that but presumed to touch Apollo's Altar in the adjoining Grove Paphos Nova Ptol. Nea Paphos Plin. Palaepaphos Strab. Mela Paphium Polyb. now Buffo or Bapho built by Agapenor five Miles from the old Paphos said by Ovid to be built by the Son of Pigmalion by his Ivory Statue such said to be in regard of her Beauty Others say it was built by Cyneras Father and Grandfather to Adonis who having sworn to assist Menelaus with 50 Ships sent him only one with the Models of the other in Clay to colour his Perjury Both places famous for the Worship of Venus and the Sacrifices which her Votaries of both Sexes did perform in their natural Nakedness But her Temples were razed to the Ground by the procurement of St. Barnaby not only here but throughout the Island Eastwards of Capo St. Pifano formerly Pro. Acamas was the City Arsinoe now Lescare Lusig or Crisoca Alessendretta renowned for the Groves of Jupiter This Island boasts of the Births of Asclapiades Solon Zeno the Stoick Apollonius and Zenophon A Country abounding with all things necessary for Life and therefore called Macaria and afforded matter to build a Ship from the bottom of the Keel to the top of her Top-gallant and to furnish her with Tackle and Munition In Summer exceeding hot and unhealthy annoyed with Serpents The Brooks for Rivers it hath none are often exhausted by the Sun and for 36 years in the time of Constantine it never rained It was first possessed by the Sons of Japhet paid Tribute to the Egyptian Amasis conquered by Belus and governed by the Posterity of Teucer until Cyrus expulsed the nine Kings that there ruled After the Grecians repossest the Sovereignty and kept it until the death of Nicocles then it fell under the Government of the Ptolomi's then the wealth of it allured the Romans to make a Conquest of it restored to Cleopatra and her Sister Arsinoe by Antonius but he overthrown it was made a Roman Province and with the Transmigration of the Empire submitted to the Bizantine Emperors governed by a Succession of Dukes for 800 years when conquered by our Richard I. and given in Exchange for the Titular Kingdom of Jerusalem unto Gâ—y of Lusignan in whose Family it continued until Ann. 1473. It was then by Catharina Cornelia a Venetian Lady the Widow to King James the Bastard who had taken it by Force from his Sister Carlâ—tte resigned to the Venetians who 97 years after lost it to the Turks under whose Yoke it now groaneth 'T is for the most part inhabited by Greeks whose Ecclesiastical Estate is governed by the Archbishop of Nicosia and the 3 Bishops of Famagosta Paphus and Amathus It s chief Mountain is Olympus containing 50 Miles in its Basis now called the Mountain of the Holy Cross cloathed with Trees and stored with Fountains and Monasteries possessed by the Greek Coloicres of the Order of St. Basil Its Commodities are Oil and Grains of several sorts Wine that lasteth for eight years Raisins of the Sun Citrons Oranges Pomgranates Almonds Figs Saffron Coriander Sugar Turpentine Rhubarb Câ—lloquintida Scammony c. Cotton Woolls Chamolets Salt Sope Ashes There are Mines of Brass some Gold and Silver Green Soder Vitriol Alom Orpiment White and Red Lead and Iron divers kinds of precious Stones viz. the Emerald and Turky Thus having described the chief places of the Ottoman Empire I shall also give a short account of their Government Policy Religion c. In order whereunto we need not so much regard their first coming out of Scythia Anno 577. nor when they seized on Armenia Major giving it the Name of Turcomania Anno 844. nor when Tâ—ingrâ—liâ—ix overthrew the Persian Sultan 1030 nor yet when Cutlu Moses revolted from him and made a distinct Kingdom in Arabia But when Ottoman by strange Fortunes and from small Beginnings swallowed up the other Families into the Ogusian Tribe and united them into one Head Anno 1300. from thence must we deduce the first Foundation of the Ottoman Empire They had then no Government but what was
the Husband getting a Divorce quits himself of his Wife and Dishonour together Amongst all the Priviledges that the Sultan enjoys above his Subjects this one he has less than they that he cannot marry yet hath as many Women as serves his use though never so libidinous which are kept in the Seraglio like Horses in Stables Circumcision is not reckoned one of the five Points which constitute a true Mahometan Believer but is only proposed as a tryal and proof of Man's obedience to the more necessary parts of the Law. They never Circumcise their Children until the Age of 7 years and upwards and then they do it by a Barber or Chyrurgion The Forces of the Turks are very numerous their Armies well disciplin'd and the Belief of Predestination besides the use of Opium makes them bold to undertake any Enterprize Their Militia is of two sorts one receives maintenance from certain Lands bestowed on them by the Grand Signior And these again are either Zaims or Timariots which together may amount to about 100000 Men and come under the general denomination of Spahi's and compose the Turkish Horse The other sort which receive their constant Pay in ready Mony out of the Grand Signior's Treasury are the Janizaries who are now increased to the Number of an 100000 and the next main Sinew of the Ottoman Power being considered in the Wars they are the best disciplined Soldiery of the Turkish Camp. Besides these in Egypt there are 20000 Horse paid at the Charge of the Country and 80000 Timariots The Crim Tartars are also to furnish him with an 100000 Men and the Prince in person to lead them if the Grand Signior come into the Field otherwise but half the number And the Princes of Valachia Moldavia and Transilvania are never excused from personal attendance in the Camp with 6 or 7000 Men apiece But the Ottoman Armies are not now so renowned for their Chivalry and Discipline as in former times that ancient Sublimity and Majesty of the Sultan is much abated their Forces by Land decayed their Maritime power weakned nothing remains of their ancient Government and Valor nor doth the Ottoman Court remunerate the Services exalt the Interest of the Cavalry or maintain the Reputation of the Janizaries but grown rich and luxurious with Peace and Plenty they are much declined from their Greatness and Power for in this vast and large Empire Countries are depopulated Villages abandoned whole Provinces as pleasant and fruitful as Tempe or Thessaly uncultivated and turned into a Desert or Wilderness Of ARABIA A New Map of ARABIA By Robt. Morden THE Arabians were first called Ishmaelites from Ishmael Then Saâ—â—â—â—s from Sarah the Wife of Abraham Though others derive the Name from Saara which signifies a Desert Others from Sarake which signifies Robbery They that deduce the Etymology from Sarah affirm That the Sarazens being at first called Agarens chose rather to bear the Mistresses than the Servants Name and so changed their Appellation The Arabians that live in Cities go by the Names of Moors They that live in the Deserts are divided into Tribes and every Tribe into Families which have every one a particular Cheik who acknowledges the supreme Cheik These vagabond Arabians boast themselves to be the most noble People in the World for which Reason they never ally themselves with any other Nation but their own They could never be subdued either by the Egyptians Persians Greeks Romans or Turks But on the contrary they have setled themselves in several parts of Africa where they have a large Dominion They wander up and down in that fashion the better to find out Pasturage for their Cattel and to free themselves from the oppression of the Turks The Basha's of the Grand Signior who are their Neighbors and the Caravans are forced to give mony to the Cheiks to preserve themselves from being molested or despoiled by them in their Journies Under Ulit one of the Caliphs or Arabian Princes their Empire extended from Messa upon the Atlantick Sea to the River Indus so that in length it exceeded the Roman Empire The Arabick Language is so enchanting that 't is a common Hyperbole That the Saints in Heaven and those in Paradise speak it And as in it the Holy Decalogue was given so as an Allay therein was hatched the Delusive Alcoran and therefore is generally received in Asia These Arabians because of their continual lying in the open Fields were once accounted the best Astrologers and Physicians in the World as Rhasis and Mesue Avicen and Averroes Philosophers Algazalâ—â— Hali Albumazar Astrologers great Geographers Leo and Abulfâ—da The Beduins and Bengebres who are the most known People are so inclined to Robbery that their principal Maintenance consists in plundering of Passengers claiming a Priviledge to demand Ishmael's Right from the Sons of Isaac They are very dextrous on Horseback in managing their Bows and Half-Pikes so that Thirty Turkish Musqueteers will hardly attack Ten of these Arabians armed after their manner Their Wealth consists in Herds of Cattle and Horses which will travel great Journies of which they make so great reckoning that they keep a Register of their Breed which is approved by certain Judges They sit at Meals upon their Heels and the oldest among them wears the richest Habit and the most gay Colours Their Predecessors forbad Building and Tilling their Lands alledging that were but to invite Enemies to invade and make them a Prey to enjoy it The Succession of the Kingdom belongs to that Noble Person who was first born after the King was proclaimed And indeed to compare the Manners and Maxims of the Asiaticks and Europeans together we may say That the Arabians are like the Italians the Persians like the French and the Turks like the Spaniards Arabia in general was first called Ethiopia is subject to such excessive Heats that People are constrained generally to Travel by Night There are abundance of Mountains but few Rivers It is divided into three parts The Stony the Desert the Happy The two first belong almost to the Turk the Happy Arabia acknowledges several petty Princes The Stony Arabia Barraab Nabathaea Ptol. Barrha Castald Bengaucal Zeigler Rathal-Albagh incolis was anciently possessed by the Midianites Moabites Amalekites and the Idumeans or Edomites The Lands of the Ammonites or Amorites and of Og King of Basan were parts of Arabia Petraea though it be also true that some part of Arabia Deserta belonged to the Ishmaelites and Amalekites the Inhabitants thereof at this time pay a Tribute to the Basha of Cairo Petra gave it its Name which signifies a Rock whereon it was built was a place of great strength and much noted as well in Holy Writ as in prophane History Besieged in vain by Severus and before him by Trajan who was compelled to throw away his Imperial Habit and flie for his Life Yet Amaziah King of Judah after he had slaughtered 10000 of the Edomites took it by War and called it
in Sumatra who say that God is far off but the King is near at hand The Wealth of this King is very vast as appear'd by the Treasure which Alexander found in the Coffers of Darius And to descend towards our Times Sha Sephi one of their last Kings had no less than 7400 Marhes of gold-Plate for the ordinary Service of his Court. The King deceasing the Eldest Son ascends the Throne whilst his Brothers are kept in the Haram and their Eyes put out and oftentimes the Children of the King's Brothers and Sisters also to avoid Competition for the Sovereignty and Rebellion The State of Persia is distinguished like most of the European States into three Bodies The first of the Sword which answers to the Nobility The second is that of the Gown which answers to the Law and Religion The third is composed of Merchants Handicraftsmen and Labourers The Athemat Doulet is the Prime Minister in Temporals the Sedre in Spirituals whose Offices are much the same with the Grand Visier's and the Mufty in Turky The greatest part of the Lands in Persia belong to the King and are farmed by private persons the rest are measured and pay so much a measure The King hath also a vast Income by Merchandises that pay Custom and Toll The Commerce of this mighty Empire consists in the Trade of the Country and Foreign Traffick The Country Trade is in the hands of Persians and Jews The Foreign Trade in the hands of the Armenians who are Factors for the King and Noblemen Their Commodities are curious Silks exquisite Carpets and Tissues with other Manufactures of Gold Silk and Silver great quantities of Linen Cloth of all sorts of Colours Their Seal-skins and Goat-skins are transported by the Hollanders into India and Japan as also into Moscovy and Poland The famous Ronas Root is transported over all India great store of dried Fruits of candid Quinces and Boxes of Marmalet made at Balsera Fruits pickled in Vinegar sweet Water Almonds Raisins and purgative Prunes They vend abundance of their Camels into Turky great store of Horses and Mules into India and a prodigious number of Sheep and Lambs into Natolia and Romania The natural Complexion of the Persians is Tawney as may be seen by the Gaures the original Inhabitants of the Country but the present Persians by reason of their frequent Marriages with fair Georgian Women have contracted a better degree of Comeliness and Beauty The Justice among them is very exact and speedy Suits being determined upon the place Murther severely punished and extraordinary Care taken for the security of the High-ways for Thieves find no mercy and if a Merchant be robbed the Governor of the Province makes good the Loss The Air of Persia varies according to the diversity of its situation the Country of Edzerbeitzan is very sharp and cold but healthy the Air of Kilan is very unwholsom but the Province of Mazandran from September to March seems a kind of Terrestrial Paradise At Ispahan in the middle of Persia there are six months of hot and six months of cold weather In the Southern Provinces the Heats are very excessive In some parts the Snow falls three or four times in a Season and somtimes very thick but Rain there is very little As for Woods there are none in all the Country and Springs are very scarce to Travellers 'T is a Country generally mountainous out of some of which they dig Salt as Stones out of a Quarry and there are some Plains there where the Sand is nothing but Salt. Of late several Copper Mines have been found out of which the Natives make all sort of Kitchin Houshold-stuff their Lead comes from Kerman their Iron and Steel from Corazan and Kasbin some Mines of Gold and Silver there were but the Expence is more than the Profit The Provinces of Guilan and Mazandran furnish'd all Persia with Oil. Armenia Mengrelia Georgia and Media abound in Vineyards but their Vines they bury all Winter and take them up in the Spring The Flowers of Persia are not comparable to those of Europe for Variety or Beauty nor are their Apples Pears Oranges Granates Prunes Cherries Quinces Chesnuts Medlers and other sorts of Fruits so well tasted as ours yet their Apricots the better sort are better than ours which when you open the Stone cleaves in two and the Kernel which is only a small Skin as white as Snow is most pleasant to the Taste so likewise their Melons are most excellent very plentiful and more wholsom than ours Their Fowl are much the same as we have in Europe and their Poultry are very plentiful only there are no Turkies All sorts of Water-Fowl are common in some parts of the Country and as for Birds of Prey it wants none The Native Inhabitants are generally very inquisitive after future Events consulting their Astrologers like Oracles much addicted to ill Language but never blaspheme God nor subject to swear naturally great Dissemblers and Flatterers excessive in their Luxury and Expences much accustomed to Tobacco and Coffee and to make mutual Visits generally addicted to Play and Pastimes yet Men never dance nor do they use walking to and again as we do The two great Sects amongst the Followers of Mahomet which are most violent against each other are the Turks and Persians The first hold Mahomet to be the chief and ultimate Prophet the later prefer Haly before him and esteem his Inspirations greater and his Interpretations of the Law more perfect and divine and their grand Festival is the Feast of Hocen and Husscin The King permits the Carmelites Capuchins Austin-Fryers and other Orders to have their Houses and Churches in his Royal City of Ispahan where their Superiors live in nature of Ambassadors for the Christian Princes They are as superstitious as the Turks and believe material enjoyments in Paradise though others more refined affirm That Beatitude consists in the perfect knowledge of the Sciences and for the Senses they shall have their satisfaction according to their quality Their Women are esteemed the handsomest in all Asia their Horse the nimblest their Camels the strongest And in the Country they commend the Bread of Yezdecas the Wine of Schiras and the Women of Yez'd The Persian Language is so sweet that it is only in use among the Women and Poets the King and the Nobility generally speaking the Turkish Tongue The greatest Trade is at Bagdat for Turky and at Gombron for the Indies The Kings of Persia permit Strangers to trade upon their Coasts but not to build Forts And the Mogul and Emperor of China observe the same Policy in their Dominions They lie between two potent Neighbors the Turk and the Great Mogul The strength of their Kingdom consists chiefly in its Situation being surrounded by high Mountains and vast Deserts Ishmael Sophi brought into the Field an Army of 300000 Men against Selim Emperor of the Turks And other Persian Kings have had Armies of 7 or 800000 Men
the Mausolea the Temple dedicated to Anaia or Diana and of the Ruines of it at this day called Chilmanor or Chehelminor Vide Herbert's Travels Comeshaw where Sir R. Shirley was once Commander thought to be the Caunaxa where the memorable Battel betwixt Artaxerxes and Cyrus his Brother was fought Others think it the same which Pliny called Paradona or Orebatys of Ptol. Near Gheez is a narrow Strait the Mountains on either side are very precipitous and vastly high not more than 40 Yards broad and 8 Miles long and is one of the three noted Passages through the Mountain Taurus which leads to Hircania through this Strait the fair Amazonian came to Alexander Periscow Herb. Firuseuch Val. is noted for the abundance of Pheasants and other Game for Hawking Asharaff Herb. Escref de Val. is about two Miles from the Caspian Sea in Latitude 38 degrees 17 minutes due North from Ispahan Here Sha Abbas gave Audience to Sir Dodmore Cotton the English Ambassador and is but 5 Miles from Ferrabaut the Hircanian Metropolis Ferrabaut or Estrabut upon the Caspian Sea some take this for the Remains of the old Amarusa some for the Socanda Ptol. others suppose it to be the Phraata which Marcus Antonius besieged when he invaded Media to be revenged for the death of Crassus the Rich who with 30000 of his Men were slain by Phraartes the Paâ—â—hian Omoul by some Zarama by others Zadracarta where Alexander refreshed his Army in the persuit of Bessus the infamous Bactrian others think it to be the Remains of Nabarca where the Oracle of Dreams was famoused The Inhabitants observe six or seven several Sabbaths At Damaon the Jews inhabit in great Numbers having as they report been seated ever since the Transplantation from Canaan by Salmanasser 〈◊〉 2 Kings 17.6 And also say that upon the Damoan Mountain Noah's Ark rested Tyroan seems to be the Rhazunda of Strab. a City of about 3000 Houses The Women are lovely and curious in Novelties but the Jealousie of the Men confines them yet vetitis rebus gliscit voluntas Susa or Shushan everywhere famoused was one of the three Royal Palaces â—he Median Monarchs so much gloried and delighted in was the place where Ahashuâ—rus kept his Court and some other Kings Alexander there espoused Statyra the Persian Princess and Daughter of Darius and Ephestion her Sister Here he made a Feast for 9000 Guests to each of which he gave a Cup of Gold. Here he got 50000 Talents in Silver and 9000000 Millions of coined Gold now Valdac or Baldach P. Venet. Sustra Cast. Souster Sans seated upon the River Choaspis a River of such account with the Persian Emperors that no Water but of Choaspis no Bread but from Assos in Phrygia no Wine but the Chalybâ—nian in Syria no Salt but from Memphis in Egypt could please their Palates It was called Ulai in David Eulaeus Plin. Tiritiri Sans Here Cyrus the Great entertained his most beautiful Parthea Here Alexander gave 10000 Talents to pay the Debts of those that had a mind to return into Greece and received a Recruit of 30000 young Soldiers Here it was also that Esther obtain'd so much favor for the Jews and where Haman was hang'd in the place of Mâ—rdecoi It is related that the Palace of Susa built by Darius was enriched by Memnon with the Spoil of the great Thebes in Egypt and that the Stones were fastned with Gold. Next to Persepolis it was reckoned one of the most sumptuous Fabricks of the Kings of Persia but this City is now waste and desolate Congo or Bander Corgo is a City upon the Gulph of Balsara not much unlike Toulon in Provence It rose from the Ruines of Ormus as well as Gombron and there is a Custom-house of which the Persians and Portugueses divide the Profit Laar Corrha Ptol. Laodicea Pynetus Seleucia Elymiadis Appian Lara Baud. Laar P. Venet. gives its Name to a certain piece of silver Mony coined there and contains above 4000 Houses and a little Cittadel Some believe it to be the ancient Pasagardes where the Grand Cyrus vanquished Astyages and translated the Empire of the Medes into that of Persia Calanus an Indian Philosopher suffered a voluntary Death there in sight of the whole Macedonian Army It has been much dispeopled by Earthquakes which often happen in those Parts Larr is the Capital City of the Province which formerly bore the Title of a Kingdom 't is enclosed on both sides with high Mountains being built round about a Rock upon which there stands a Castle where the King keeps a Garison the most part of its Inhabitants are Jews there is no water but Rain-water which doth not happen somtimes for three years together which water standing in the Cisterns so long breeds Worms and whether you strain or boil it there will remain a Foulness and Corruption in it which breeds Worms in the Legs and Feet of Men and J. B. Tavernier saith That at his Return to Paris the fifth time of his Travelling he had one came out of his Left Foot an Ell and half long and another from the Ankle of his Right Foot an Ell long At Jaarown or Gaarom about 20 Farsangs or 60 English Miles from Larr the Inhabitants are most Jews who tell us they are of the Issue of Reuben Gad and the half Tribe of Manasses who by Tiglath Pilasser were carried Captive to this place 2 Kings 17.6 And that the Off-springs of Dan Zebulon Asher and Naphtali were planted at Damoan Near this place is a precious Liquor or Mummy growing carefully preserved for the King 's sole use It distills only in June from the top of those Mountains a most redolent Gum sovereign against Poyson a Catholicon for all sorts of Wounds Tauris the Ecbatana of the Ancients the Metropolis of the Empire of the Medes by the Turks Taberyz by Ezra Achmetha is a great City and well peopled the general mart for Turky Moscovy the Indies and Persia for all sorts of Merchandize especially Silks Anno 1514 the Grand Signior Selym sent a Basha with an Army and ransack'd it 1530 Solyman invaded it with so much Fury that it flamed many days Reviving again it was made prostrate to Ebrahim Basha's Luxury 1534. But 1585 it groaned under the greatest Suffering when Osman Basha Slave to Amurat perpetrated all manner of Cruelty In the Year 1638 it was almost ruined by Sultan Amurath but now Re-edified the Buildings of Brick being baked in the Sun. At this City are seen the Ruines of stately Structures or great Mosques or Temples of a prodigious Height and Magnitude In one dedicated to Diana the great Artaxerxes sequestred the fair Aspasia whose Beauty made him and his Son Competitors Here are dressed the greatest part of the Shagreen Skins that are vended all over Persia Casbin Cazbyn Herb. Kazvin by the Persians The Arsatia of the Ancients or Arsisaca of Strabo Here Parmenio was killed and Ephestion Alexander's Favorite dyed and a Monument erected upon which was
though others pretend Bacchus to be the Founder of it and that from hence Nimrod and his Followers departed into the Vale Shynaâ— which lies between the Rivers of Iaxartes now Chesel and Oxus a Country of different soil and indifferent fertile but much augmented by the Industry of the Inhabitants who are the most ingenious of the Western Tartars lovers of Art and well skill'd in Manufactures and Trade The City of Sarmarchand the Marcanda of Ptol. Paracanda Strab. was both the Cradle and Grave to Tamerlan the Great who adorned it with an Academy as is also Bochar Bactria of old Bactra before that Zoroastes and Zoroaspa probably from Zoroaster their first King slain by Ninus A Town of great Trade where lived Avicen one of the most famous Philosophers and Physicians of the East there are also Balch and Badaschian on the Frontiers of Chorozan Sogdiana was a province subject to the Persians Here Cyrus built the old Cyroscata or Cyropolis which held out a long time and was almost fatal to the great Macedonian Conqueror but by him destroyed in revenge of so great a danger Not far from which that Infamous Regicide Bessus after his perfidious dealing with his Prince was apprehended and brought bound to Alexander who abhorring his sight ordered he should be delivered to Oxates the brother of Darius to be disposed of as he should think fit Here also was Alexandria Oxiana and Alexandria Ultima Tarquestan lies east from Usbeck and is subdivided into several Kingdoms of which the best known are Cascar or Hiachan Chialis or Turphan Chiartiam Cotam Thebet or Tenduc and Camul That of Cascar is the richest and is well stored with Rhubarbe That of Ciarthtam is the least and sandy but hath many Jaspers and other Stones Those of Cotam and Chialis have Corn Wine Flax and Hemp. Thebet or Tanguth is stored with Musk and Cinamon whose Kings were formerly called Un-Chan or Prester John a Title now erroneously conferred on the Abassine or Ethiopian Emperor in Africa for Presbyter John was chief of the Kingdom of Tanchut or Tanguth which the Tartars call Barantola the Sarazins Boratai and the Natives Lassa which is by the consent of all knowing persons seated in Asia next to the confines of the great Mogul amongst the Mountains of Caucasus and Imaus It was in the year 1248 when King Lewis was in the Island of Cyprus at Nicosia that Ambassadors from one of the Tartarian Princes whose Name was Ercalthay informed the King that the Great Cham of Tartary had about three years before been baptized having been converted by the Empress his Mother and Daughter of a King of the Indians She having always been a Christan and that their Master Prince Ercalthay who had also for a long time been a Christian was sent by the Great Cham with a potent Army against the Calife of Baldac an Enemy of the Christians The Name of Presbyter John denoteth some Christian Prince whose Dominions are placed by the consent of most knowing Persons not among the Ethiopians nor in any part of Africa as most suppose but in the Continent of Asia but in what part formerly 't was is not exactly known Some Authors say they were Kings of Cathay which is doubtful because 't is now discouered by modern Relations and Travels into those parts that all Cathy is but the Northern part of China But it is more than probable that besides that portion of Land there is another large part of the World conterminate on the north and west unto the Empire of China which in former Ages had the Name of Cathay and is the same with that of Thebet by some called Begargar c. as aforesaid which clearly appeareth by a Voyage of two Fathers from China to the Mogor who tell us that at Weâ—ala a Castle at the end of Barentola the Great Lama or Priest did then reside and gave an account of their Christian Religion And to me it seems further confirmed by a Journy made into the Western Tartary Anno 1683. By the Emperor of China we have this account of those People In all the Western Tartary there is nothing to be found but Mountains Rocks and Vallies there are neither Cities Towns or Villages nor Houses The Inhabitants lodge under Tents in the open Fields which they remove from one Valley to another according as they find pasture They pass their Life either in Hunting or doing nothing As they neither Plow nor Sow so they make no Harvest They live upon Milk Cheese and Flesh and have a sort of Wine not much unlike our Aqua-Vitae with which they are often drunk In short they care for nothing from morning to night but to drink and eat like the Beasts and Dâ—oves which they feed They are not without their Priests which they call Lamas for whom they have a singular veneration in which they differ from the Oriental Tartars the most part of whom have no Religion nor do they believe any God. This part of Tartary lies without the prodigious Wall of China for more than 300 Miles of which Wall saith our Author I can say without Hyperbolizing that the Seven Wonders of the World put together are not comparable to this Work. And all that Fame has spread concerning it among the Europeans is far short of what I myself have 〈◊〉 He also tells us that divers of the Petty Kings of the Western Tartary came from all sides for 300 Miles and some for 500 Miles together with their Wives and Children to salute the Emperor That this Country is divided into 48 Provinces and now tributary to the Emperor of China 〈…〉 which all Authors conâ—ound with a nonsuch Cathay 〈◊〉 divided into several parts of which I am able to say nothing in the way of Chorography nor much in History only I find that the King of Niulhan or Niuche called Xunchi conquered China at twelve years of Age with the Faithful assistance of his two Uncles a young Conqueror not only famous for his Success but also for the Moderation which he used to his newly subdued People And 't is certain that these Tartars know of no Cities or Towns beyond the wall of China therefore Cathay can be no other than the Northern part of China and Cambalu is Pekin and Quinzey answers to Hancheu The Northen Tartarie which is called the true ancient Tartarie is the coldest most untilled most barbarous and most unknown of all Some amongst them have their Kings others live by Hords or Commonalities As for their Names 't is easie to give what names Men please in parts wholly unknown But in the year 1682 the Emperor of China made a Voyage into the Eastern Tartary In this Journy saith the Father Verbiest who was the publisher of it we always went towards the North East from Pekin in all 1100 miles to the Province of Leao-tum the way being about 300 miles the Capital City whereof is Xin-Yam in the Latitude of 41 Degrees 56 Minutes a
City very fair and pretty intire and has in it the remains of an ancient Palace where was no declination of the Magnetick Needle This Province is about 400 miles from the Frontier to the City Vla but all the Cities and Towns are intirely ruined only some few Houses built of Earth or the rubbish of old Buildings and covered with Thatch or Straw That all the Country beyond the Province of Leao-tum is exceeding desert where nothing is to be seen on all sides but Mountains and Vallies Dens of Bears Tigers and other devouring Beasts Here and there a poor Reed-hut upon the side of some Brooks The City Vla on the River Songoro Tart. Sumhoa Chin. lies in 44 Degrees 20 Minutes The Needle there declines from the South to the West 1 Degree 20 Minutes and is the fairest in all this Country and somtimes also the Seat of the Empire of the Tartars But Kirin is about 30 miles from Vla upon the River Songoro which takes it Course from the Moun. Champe Famous for having been the ancient Seat of our Tartars That the Moscovites come oftentimes to the River Songoro to fish for Pearles That the Distance of Kirin from Xin-Yam was 1028 Chinese Stadia containing 369 miles the Chinese Stadium being 360 Geometrical paces I shall only add that by this relation it doth appear to me that Niulhan or Niuche must be the same Country which is here called Leaâ—-tuâ— for the Emperors design was to visit the Sepulchres of his Ancestors Of INDIA THE Name of India is now given to the Empire of the Mogul and to the two Peninsulas one on this side the other beyond Ganges and the Islands scattered in the Indian Sea which are all comprehended under the general name of the East-Indies under which Appellation some Authors do also take in all the Oriental part of Asia The old Inhabitants hereof were by Megasthenes said to be 122 several Nations Originally descended from the Sons of Noah before their journy to the Valley of Shinaar and Heylin saith that the Plantation of India did precede the attempt of Babel Its first invasion was by Semiramis with an Army of above four Millions if Ctesias and Diodorus Siculus say true who was met with by Staurobates an Indian King with as great an Army by whom she was overcome and slain The next Invasion on this Country was by Bacchus the Son of Jupiter companied with Hercules who by force or by Arts overcame them and taught them the use of Wine Oil and the Art of Architecture After this Alexander invaded India beginning first with Clophae Queen of Magaza After with Porus whom he vanquished and took but giving them their Liberty and Kingdoms again he returned into his own Country after this they lived in peace under their several Kings until the year 1587 when discovered by the Portugals after by the English Dutch c. OF THE Empire of the Mogul EMPIRE de MOGOL by Robt. Morden THis vast Empire comprehends the greatest part of the Continent of India The present Mogul who is the Sovereign derives his Original from Great Temarleng or Tamerlan and is the Eleventh in a direct Line descendent from him there are several Indian Kingdoms tributary to him and he is esteemed the richest Prince in the world and the most potent Monarch of Asia The Territories of his Country being his own Hereditary Revenues the great Lords are but his Receivers who give an account to the Governors of the Provinces and they to the chief Treasurers and Comptrollers of the Exchequer He is also the general Heir to all those to whom he gives Pensions and his Will is a Law in the decision of his Subjects Affairs and therefore they carry the Names of their Employments and not of the Lands which they enjoy Sha Jehan who Reigned Forty years left behind him about 5 Millions and the Throne that he made cost an 160 Millions and 500000 Livres besides six other Thrones set all over with Diamonds Rubies Emralds and Pearls Teste Tav The Mony of this Kingdom is of a good Alloy The Mogul is able to bring 100000 Horse into the Field but his Infantry is very inconsiderable either for Number or Experience He has a good number of Elephants which do him great service for they are sure of foot and lie down and rise up very readily The King is a Turkish Mahumetan nevertheless the most part of his Vassals are Pagans But as there are several sorts of People so likewise there are divers sorts of Religions amongst them which I shall briefly mention at the end of the Description of the East-Indies The Mogul's Country is very fertile and well peopled near the great Rivers They make excellent Bread having Corn and Rice in abundance Victuals in general are very cheap however the Inhabitants are very temperate and sober The neighbouring Country to Tartary is full of Mountains and Forests where the Mogul oft-times takes his pleasure in Hunting there being great abundance and variety of wild Beasts And there it was that Alexander cut down the Wood for the Ships which he sent down the Indus into the Ocean As for Remains of Antiquity there are few or none the Moguls having ruin'd all the ancient Cities which according to the Ancients were 30 large Cities 3000 walled Towns and Castles for natural Defence reckoned impregnable which may not be improbable if it were as some affirm the first Seminary or Station of Noah after his descent from Ararat not far hence distant and afterward the delight of Bacchus which some think was the same with Noah and from the wonderful increase of People which appears by that huge Army Staurobates drew out in his defence against Semiramis the Assyrian Empress both Armies containing 3 Millions And so well builded and planted was this part of India that when Alexander by the overthrow of Porus near the River Hydaspis entered India Herodotus and Curtius report that Alexander should say He found greater Cities and more sumptuous Buildings in King Porus 's Dominions than he had observed in all the World besides Indus is Navigable from Lahor to Sende the Natives call'd it Pang-ab by reason of the five Rivers that fall into it toward the upper part of its Course which are now called Rauee Behat Obchan Wihy and Sindar by Ptol. Acesines Cophys Hydaspis Zaradras and Hispalis Ganges was formerly famous for its Gold now for its Water which is very pure The Natives hold that it sanctifies them whether they drink or whether they bathe in it There are in the whole Empire about 37 Kingdoms the Names whereof are almost the same with those of the Capital Cities viz. Agra Attock Bakar Bakisch Bando Bengala Berar Buchar Cabul Kakares Candahar Candis Canduana Cassimere Chitor Delli Gor Guzarate Haiacan Jamba Jenupar Jesselmere Jesual Maluay Mevat Multan Narva Naugracut Patna Pengab Pitan Sambal Siba Soret Tatta Udessa Teste Thev There are also some petty Territories as the Raja's which are of
born Asmere is famous for the Sepulchre of Hogi Hendown Bando and Janupar are three Provinces near Agra and Delli Rotas is one of the strongest places in Asia Brampore Baramatis Ptol. is a great City but much ruined with a Castle in the midst of it of a great Trade for Calicuts some painted with Flowers of divers Colours others white and clear and some striped with Gold and Silver Chytor is a City upon a high Rock claiming Precedency for Antiquity amongst all the Cities of India of old Taxilla supposed to be the Metropolis whence King Porus issued against great Alexander After which Battel Alexander celebrated the Bacchanalia at the Mount Maeres and for 15 days glutted his Army with those mystick Fopperies and constituted his Argyâ—aspides And at Nyssa built by Bacchus upon the Bank of the Hydaspis a Branch of the River Indus Alexander reposed famous in those days for the Sacred Mount and incomparable Vines there abounding which some think to be the first Plantation of the Patriarch Noâ—h Scronge and Chitpour are of great Trade for painted Calicuts called Chites those of Seronge are the most lively Colours and lasting Hallabas or Elabasse the Chrysoborca in Plin. by some Nisua teste Herb. is a great City upon the Confluence of Jeminy and Ganges which River there is no broader than the Seine before the Loure and at some times in the year so little water that it will not bear a small Boat much resorted to by the Bannyans for the Relicks of divers deformed Pagothia's These Bannyans swarm in multitudes all over the Indies sucking in the sweetness of Gain by an immeasurable thirst and industry But the Moors and Gentiles often ravish it from them for the Bannyan is no Hestor nor Fighter but morally honest courteous in Behaviour temperate in Passion decent in Apparel abstemious in their Diet industrious in their Callings charitable to the Needy humble to all and so innocent as not to take away the life of the smallest Vermin believing the Transanimation of Souls into Beasts a Persuasion though strange to us was not to our Country-men the Druidae of old Elora not much above three hours from Doltabad is famous for the many Pagods of Gigantick Figures of Men and Women cut in the Rock so that if one considers the number of spacious Temples full of Pillars and Plasters and the many Thousands of Figures all cut out of a Natural Rock it may be truly said That they are Works surpassing Human Force The River Ganges having received an infinite number of Brooks and Rivers from the North-East and West discharges itself by several Mouths into the Gulph of Bengala making several pleasant Islands containing many Towns covered with lovely Indian Trees Patna is one of the greatest Cities of India upon the Banks of Ganges about two Leagues long where the Hollanders have an House because of their Trade in Salt-petre Daca is a great Town about two Leagues long by the side of Ganges where the English and Hollanders have very fair Houses for their Goods and Trade reckon'd the Capital City of Bengala At Ouguely is the general Factory of the Dutch and at Kâ—ssen Baser is the House of the Director of all the Holland Factories in Bâ—ngala Kachemire Cachmir and Kichmir Thev is esteemed the little Paradise of India by reason of its Beauty At Banareus upon the Banks of Ganges and Jaganate upon the mouth of it are the ch ef Pagods than which nothing can be more magnificent by reason of the quantity of Gold and Jewels wherewith they are adorned and millions of People repair thither to celebrate their Festivals Bengala famous for its temperate Air for the Fertility of the Soil for the great store of Rice for its Cane or Bamboo's and its Calamba wood which yields the most pleasant scent in the world It gives its Name to one of the most famous Gulphs of Asia called Golfo de Bengala the Sinus Gangeticus of Ptol. It s yearly Revenue paid to the Mogul comes to a Million and 500000 Roupies clear the chief City thereof is Bengala by some Satigan Gange Ptol. Ganges Strabo Thevenot calls this Province Oulesser the Idolaters Jaganat Besides these Countries I find mention made by Mr. Tavernier 1. Of the Kingdom of Bouton of a large Extent famous for Musk Rhubarb Wormseed and Furrs and the Caravan is three months travelling from Patna to Boutan the way being generally through Forests and over Mountains which after you have passed the Country is good abounding in Rice Corn Pulse and Wine They have had for a long time the use of Musquets and Cannon and their Gunpowder is long but of great Force The Natives are strong and well proportioned but their Noses and Faces are somwhat flat and there is no King in the world more feared and more respected than the King of Boutan 2. Of the Kingdom of Tipra adjoining to Pegu of whose extent there is no certain Conjecture to be made there is a Mine of Gold but course as also a sort of course Silk which is the greatest Revenue the King hath 3. Of the Kingdom of Asem which is one of the best Countries in all Asia producing all things necessary for human sustenance yet Dogs flesh is the greatest delicacy there are Mines of Gold Silver Lead Iron and store of Silk and Gumlake Kenerof is the Name of the City where the King keeps his Court and at Azo are the Tombs of the Kings of Asem and 't is thought that these are the first Inventers of Guns and Powder which from thence spread into China They have Vines but make no Wine but dry their Grapes to make Aquavitae and of the Leaves of Adam's Fig-tree they make Salt. The Men and Women are generally well-complexioned but swarthy subject to Wens in their Throats as well as those of Bouton and Tipra They go Naked only covering their Privy Parts and a Blue Bonnet or Cap upon their Heads with Bracelets upon their Ears Arms and Legs The PENINSULA On this side GANGES INDIA on this side GANGES by R. Morden Cancer THis Peninsula is comprehended between the Mouths of Indus and Ganges and advances Northwards from the Estate of the Mogul to Cape Cormorin in the South and on the East and West it is washed by the Ocean or Indian Sea. It is divided into two parts by the Mountains of Gata which stretch themselves from the North to the South with several fair Plains on the top and occasion several Seasons at the same time for many times it is Winter on the one side and Summer on the other It belongs to above fifty Kings the potentest of which by degrees subdueth the rest The Portugals English and Hollanders have several places near the Sea with Fortresses for the security of their Trade which is generally in Spices Jewels Pearls and Cotten-Linen The other places upon the Land are inhabited by the Natives whose Petty Sovereigns not being able to hinder the Settlement of the Europeans
1200 from Goloonda And that the greatest Raja on that side Ganges is of Velour whose Territories extend to Cape Cormorin and who succeeded to some part of the Estate of the Raja of Narsingue but in regard there is no Trade in his Country he is but little known to Strangers Thevenot tells us That the Usurpers were but three viz. of Viziapor of Bisnagar or Carnates formerly called Narsinga and Golconda Thus these Kings clashing together the Kings of Viziapor and Golconda warred upon the King of Bisuagar and seized upon several of his Towns so that he was constrained to flie into the Mountains and that his chief Town was Velour The Winter begins at Golconda in June with Rain and Thunder the Air was little cold at Night and in the Morning and in February the great Heats begin Vines are plentiful there and the Grapes are ripe in January They have two Crops a Year of Rice and many other Grains Some Relations make mention of the Naiques of Madure the Helura Ptol. Mundiris Arriano Modusa Plin. Tanaior and Gingi the Orthura Ptol. teste Baud. Orissa Castal of the Kingdom of Messur next to that of Madure but give us little of Remarque with Certainty Of the Peninsula Beyond GANGES A New Map of INDIA Beyond GANGES By R Morden THis Country in the elder Times was so Renowned for Wealth that one Tract of it had the Name of the Silver Region the other of the Golden Chersenese yet in truth the Country itself was but little known in the Times of the Ancients or the Interior part of it to us in these days Our latest Discoveries tell us 't is dismembred and subdivided into almost as many Kingdoms and Estates as Cities and Towns and into as many distinct Governments as there are Tribes and Nations amongst them the chief Cities of which are Pegu Triglipton or Trigliphon of Ptol. by Castal which was very considerable when it comprehended two Empires and 26 Kingdoms and then it was that Gold Silver Pearls and precious Stones were as common in the Court of Pegu as if the whole Orient had brought all its Riches thither But what its Revenues what its Government what its Forces and Riches now are I do not certainly find On the North of Pegu near Bengala is the City and Kingdom of Arachan now said to be subject to the Great Mogul Siriangh or Sirejang is a strong Fort on the mouth of the River given to the Portugals by the King of Arachan who at last were forced to yield it to the King of Ana by whom the Governor was cruelly Tortured on a Spit Sandiva is an Island about 30 Leagues in compass very fruitful once subdued by the Portugals but taken from them by the King of Arachan Anno 1608. 2. Siam of which our last Relation tells us That 't is a Country plentiful in Rice and Fruits The Forests of large Bamboo's are full of Rhinocero's Elephants Tygers Harts Apes and Serpents with two Heads but one has no motion The Rivers are very large and overflow the Banks when the Sun is in the Southern Tropick The Capital City is Siam the Sobanus or Cortacha of Ptol. about 3. Leagues in Circuit and walled the River running quite round it and in the Year 1665. fortified with very good Bulwarks by a Neapolitan Jesuit whose Port Town is Bancock six Leagues from the Sea. The Natives are all Slaves either to the King or the great Lords they have a great many Priests called Bonzes very ignorant yet greatly reverenced they hold the Transmigration of Souls into several Bodies and say That the God of the Christians and theirs were Brothers They have 33 Letters in their Alphabet and write from the Left to the Right contrary to the Custom of other Indians Their King is one of the richest Monarchs of the East and styles himself King of Heaven and Earth though Tributary to the Tartars as Conquerors of China He never shews himself in Publick above twice a Year but then in an extraordinary Magnificence He hath a great kindness for Elephants counts them his Favourites and the Ornaments of his Kingdom and styles himself King of the White Elephant for which there hath been great Wars between him and the Peguan King. Martaban said to be the Triglipton of Ptol. on the Gulph of Bengala once subject to Pegu now to Siam once a Kingdom now of a great Trade especially for Martabanes which are Vessels of Earth of a kind of Porcelain varnished with black and much esteemed in all the East 3. Malacca the Aurea Chersonesus of old in the Peninsula whereof are divers Kingdoms all which except Malacca are Tributary to that of Siam Tenasseri Juncalaon Quedda Pera and Malacca are on the Western part Ihor Puhang Patane Burdelong and Ligor are on the Eastern Coast Malacca the Tacola of Ptol. teste Alph. Adriano aliis Tacolais Juncalaon is the most famous being great rich and powerful An. 1511. the Portugals took it and kept it till 1641. when the Hollanders took it from them Among the Rarities of the Malacca or rather of the World is the Arbor Tristis which bears Flowers only after Sun-set and sheds them so soon as the Sun rises and this every Night in the year 4. Camboja Forte Pytindra or Pityndra of Ptol. on the River Mecon 60 Leagues up the River once one of the three prime Cities in this part of India The King thereof is or lately was Tributary to Siam whose Manners and Customs the People much resemble In the year 1644. four Holland Ships made into this River and got out notwithstanding all the opposition of the King of Camboja 5. Chiampa which communicates its Name to the Country said to be a distinct Kingdom It is seated near the Sea-side and of good Trade for the Wood called Lignum Aloes by some the Town is called Pulo Caceim Cochin China is said to be one of the best Kingdoms in all India it borders upon China of which it was once part and whose Manners Customs Government Religion and other Ceremonies they yet retain but their Language is that of Tonquin Among the Rarities of this Country is First The Inundation which in Autumn covers with its Waters almost all the Country making the Earth so fruitful that it brings forth its Increase twice or thrice a year Secondly Their Saroy Boura or matter wherewith the Swallows make their Nests which being steeped and moistned in Water serves for Sauce to all Meats communicating a variety of Taste as if composed of several Spices Thirdly Their Trees called Thins the Wood whereof remains uncorruptible whether in Water or Earth Sansoo is one of the greatest Cities of Chochin China and greatest Trade but now the Port failing it decays Haifo or Faifo is remarkable for its Forest of Orange and Pomgranate Trees Dinfoan is a good Port but of a difficult entrance Tachan is an Isle where the Fowls retire during the Heats Boutan is a good Haven Checo Kekio or Kecchio
is the chief City of the Kingdom of Tunquin and the ordinary Residence of the King said to contain a Million of Inhabitants The Tunquineses as well Men as Women are for the most part well proportioned of an Olive Complexion Their Habit grave and modest being a long Robe that reaches down to their Heels bound about at the Waste with a Girdle of Silk Only the Soldier 's upper Garment reaches no farther than his Knees and Breeches down to the mid-leg They are naturally mild and peaceable submitting to Reason and condemning the Transports of Choler The Air is so mild and temperate that all the year long seems to be but one continued Spring Frost and Snow are there never known There are but two Winds which divide the whole Year the one North the other South both continuing for six Months The Country produceth neither Corn nor Wine but store of Rice Aqua-vitae and excellent Fruit. Bodego is the place whence they embark the King's Body Cuadag is the Port where all the great Ships lie Cuaci is the Bounds between Tunquin and Cochin China Chancon is the place where St. Xavier died 1552. The Country is adorned with many beautiful and fertile Plains and watered with many great Rivers Two Ships or at least one goes yearly from Nangesaque to Tonquin where is much Silk and Musk and Lignum Aloes which they truck for Scarlets Linen and Amber the Alabaster the Dutch load for Balast The King's Palace before which the Dutch Ships ride at Anchor is very costly and their Bridges are all of Alabaster Modern Relations also mention the great Kingdom of Lao which extends from Fourteen Degrees to Two and twenty and an half of Northern Latitude and Fifty miles in breadth all along on the River Mecon whose Capital is Lanjang in Eighteen Degrees of Latitude As also the Kings of Ava the Palibothra of Ptol. by Mercat Palimbothaea Arriano Bao Brema Ciocangue and Tangu which are said to be Tributaries to the King hereof About Twenty Leagues from the Coast Cambodia lies the Bank Pracellis being about an Hundred Leagues long and Forty broad The Indians relate that it was a Kingdom in former Ages but sunk by Earthquakes and here it was in Anno 1660. the rich laden Ship Tergoes was shipwrack'd Of CHINA CHINA a New Description by Robert Morden CHina has been called by as many Names as there have been Royal Families in it but always accounted one of the most considerable Countries in the World by reason of its Largeness the Beauty of its Cities their Number and the politeness of the Inhabitants It is also reputed that Printing the Silk Manufactures Artillery Powder are more in use there than in Europe Besides all things necessary for human subsistence and delight it produces the most precious Merchandizes of the East and Nature seems to have bestowed upon every one of its Provinces somthing of particular esteem and some that have lived there affirm that whatever is found dispers'd in the rest of the World is there to be met with in one heap together and some things that no part of the rest of the World affords China lies in a kind of a Square and is so populous that there have been reckon'd 60 Millions of People fit to be tax'd The Rivers are so full of Boats that it is thought they have more than all the Rivers of the World beside The Revenue of the King is said to be an 150 Millions of Gold or as others affirm 400 Millions of Ducats The Chineses laugh at our Maps that place their Kingdom in one of the extremities of the World averring that they lie in the middle as the Jews pretended for Jerusalem the Greeks for Delphos and the Moors for Granada The Chineses also say that they have two Eyes the Europeans one and that all other Nations have none at all They have been always so jealous to conceal the Maxims of their Policies that willingly they will not give Strangers admittance into their Country The great Wall or Entrenchment rather 400 Leagues in length was a work of more labor than use for the Tartars have several times over-run China notwithstanding that Obstacle If you will believe their Histories they will tell you that the Tartars have troubled China for above these 4000 years In these last years there have been strange Revolutions in this Empire for after the Rebels had acted there as Sovereigns the Tartars under Xunchi their King conquer'd their Country in less than seven years beginning since 1643. Their Military Force was but small the Men of Learning overpow'ring the Men of the Sword so that the strength of their Kingdom was only their Number and their Policy Their principal Nobility and Rulers were call'd Mandarins and now the Tartar keeps his Tartar and Chinese Officers under the Title of Vice-Roys the one for War the other for Learning there is only this difference that now the Sword ore-tops the Gown and the Mandarins are clipt of their Power which they exercise with no small Pride over the People Paganism is generally receiv'd yet Virtue is in high esteem The publick is far richer in proportion than private Men. They continue their Writing from the top to the bottom in length They have above 60000 Letters but not above 300 Words which are for the most part all Monasillables So that whereas the Europeans have few Letters but many Words the Chineses have many Letters but few Words which they pronounce with a various Tone denoting the various signification of the Word so that they may be said to sing rather than speak The Chineses are so in love with their hair that they will rather suffer Death than be shav'd All China is divided into 15 Provinces which are bigger than large Kingdoms There are 10 towards the South that is to say Junnan Queicheu Quangsi Quantung Fokien Chekiang Kiangsi Kiangnang or Nanking Suchuen and Huquang which Provinces united some call by the name of Cathay or Katay as they call the Southern Mangin The five to the North are Xensi Xansi Pecheli or Peking Xantung Honan to which they also reckon the Territory called Leaotung and the Peninsula Corea The Isles of China are Ainan toward the South near to the Coast of Fokien lie Quemoy and Eymuy further off at Sea appears Fermosa and to the East of Cheklang are the Isles Chanque and Chexan The Province of Peking or Pecheli is the first in Dignity and is divided into eight lesser Counties containing 131 Cities The Metropolis is Peking by the Tartars Xuntien by Marcus Paulus Cambalu in 39 degr 50. North Latitude adorned with many stately Palaces or Courts According to the Dutch Narration the Emperor's Court was exactly square containing 3 quarters of an hours walk with 4 Gates opposite to the 4 Angles of the World at the end of this Court stands a Bridge on each side whereof stand three Elephants richly caparisoned and generally loaded with gilded Towers through this you enter into
formerly a famous City but swallowed up and shuffled into Ruins and Rubbish by an Earthquake which are very frequent in Japan Oudarro is a stately City adorned with a sumptuous Palace and lofty Spires The other chief Islands about Japan are Bungo Cikoko Saykok or Ximo all one Island but thus called by several Authors 2. Tonsa or Xicoco or Tokoese and Chiccock 3. Firando and Gotto with innumerable others Congoxuma is the first City where the Portugueses landed and got footing in Japan and was their Staple Nangesaque is the chief Staple and Residence of the Dutch in Japan first built by the Portugues This Lodge or Fortress lies on the small Island Disma and is the Magazine for all Indian Commodities and the best harbor for the reception of Merchant Vessels of any Port in Japan At this day the Hollanders pretend all Trade at Japan The extent of Jesso being Mountainous and abounding with costly Furs is yet unknown only that 't is a vast and wild Country full of Savage People cloathed with Skins of wild Beasts who can give no account further than they dwell Of the ISLES in the Indian Sea. SUch is the Infinity of these Isles that 't is impossible to give a just account of them I shall therefore only mention the most considerable And first of the Maldives The Maldives and Ceylon Ilands by Robt. Morden Of the Islands of the MALDIVES THE Maldives Islands situate under the Equinoctial Line derive their Name from the principal City called Male and Dive which signifies an Island They are reckoned to be about 12000 but that is supposed to be only by taking a certain Number for an uncertain They are dispersed from the North-West to the South-East into 13 Provinces which the Inhabitants call Attollons every one of which is fenc'd with a Bank of Sand but some of them are only Sand-hills or Rocks being all of them very little for Male the chief is but a League about They are divided by Arms of the Sea and environ'd with Rocks which renders the Access to them very difficult There are some Ports or Openings one opposite to another so plac'd that they give an Entrance into the four Attollons for the benefit of Trade otherwise the Currents would carry the Vessels above 7 or 800 Leagues beyond The Currents run six Months to the East and six to the West somtimes more somtimes less But the Sea being shallow the Winds outrageous and few Commodities to be had these Islands are not frequented by the Europeans The King of Maldives is called Rascan his Kingdom never is governed by the Female Sex and for his Revenue it consists in the misfortunes of others that is to say Wrecks at Sea. So that there is no trusting to the Maldives Pilots who will cast away a Ship on purpose that their King may have the Spoil On the other side the King himself uses to caress the Masters of Ships and to invite them to his Island to the end that dying of the Distemper of the Island which carries off Strangers in a short time he may be Heir to their Goods The Natives are little Olive coloured and Mahumetans They are subject to violent Fevers and Sickness by reason of the excessive heat They shave with cold Water catch Fish swimming and will dive to the bottom of the Sea to find a convenient place where to cast their Anchors They will fetch up out of the Sea with an incredible easiness an 100000 weight by the help of a Cable and some pieces of their Candon Wood. Their Coco's are very profitable to them for of those they make Wine Honey Sugar Milk and Butter They eat Almonds instead of Bread with all sorts of Food They put every Trade into a particular Island and to preserve their Wares from Vermin they build their Storehouses upon Piles in the Sea about an 100 paces from their Isles A Description of ZEILON alias CEYLON the Nangieris of Ptol. A New Map of CEYLON by Rob Morden THE Hollander is now Master of all the Sea-Coast the Inland Country is under the King of Candy and is divided into several Parts or Provinces which lie upon Hills fruitful and well-watered and are called in general Conde Uda This Inland Country of Conde Uda is strongly fortified by Nature the Entrances being up vast and high Mountains and the Ways so very narrow that but one Man can go a-breast and these Paths also are barricado'd up with Gates of Thorns and two or three Men to watch and examin all that come or go Candy or Conde by the Europeans Hingodagul-neure by the Inhabitants is the Chief or Metropolis of the whole Island bravely situated in the midst of it for all Conveniences but of late much decayed South of Candy 12 Miles distant lies Nellemby-neur where the King kept his Court when he left Candy Alent-neur is the place where the King was born and his Magazin for Corn and Salt. Badoula was burnt down in the time of War by the Portugals Digligy-neur is the place where the King now keeps his Court since the Rebellion Ann. 1664. its Situation is very Rocky and Mountainous being a place for Safety and Security Anurodgbarro is one of the ruinous Cities where they say 90 Kings have reigned distant from Candy 90 Miles Northwards Leawava affords Salt in abundance the Easterly Winds beating in the Sea and in the Westerly Wind which makes fair Weather it becomes Salt. Rece is the chiefest Flower of their Corn which is of several sorts some will be ripe in seven Months others in six five four and three but all requires water to grow in Their Seed-time is about July and August their Harvest about February Of Fruits there are great plenty and variety viz. the Betel Nut whose Leaves are 5 or 6 Foot long and have other lesser Leaves growing out of the sides of them some of these Nuts will make People drunk and giddy-headed and purge if eaten green There are also Jacks which are as big as a Peck-Loaf the out-side prickly like a Hedgehog and of a greenish colour the Seeds or Kernels do much resemble Chesnuts in colour and taste The Jombo is like an Apple full of Juice and pleasant to the Palat 't is white and delicately coloured with red as if painted There are also Murro's like Cherries sweet to the taste Dongs like Black Cherries Ambeloes like to Barbaries Carolla Cabella Cabela Paradigye like our Pears Here are also Coker-Nuts Plantines and Banara's of divers sorts sweet and sowre Oranges Limes Partaurings in taste like our Lemmons but much bigger Mangoes of several sorts Pine-Apples Sugar-Canes Water-Melons Pomgranats Grapes black and white Mirablins Codiews and several other There is also the Tallipot-Tree which bears no kind of Fruit until the last year of its life and then it comes out full of yellow Blossoms which smell very strong which come to a Fruit round and hard as big as our Cherries but not good to eat but the Leaf of
Barbarians others are free people Of the Jews some are Natives others are Strangers divided they are into several Tribes Wealthy and Numerous but despised and abominated by the Turks and Moors The Caffers or Libertines hold many Athiestical Tenents live together without Ceremonies like our Familists or Adamites inhabiting from Mosambique all along the Coast beyond the Cape of Good Hope The Idolaters are numerous in Negroland in both the Aethiopia's and towards the Great Ocean The Mahumetans possess the greatest part of Africa Aegypt and most of the Coast or the Red Sea and almost all Barbary belongs to the Turk excepting the Kingdoms of Morocco and Fez which are govern'd by Kings of their own the Cities of the Pirates and some others upon the Coasts that belong to the Christians Aethiopia Nubia Congo and Monomotopa have their particular Kings There are also Arabian Cheiques in Belledulgerid and Sarra The Country of the Blacks is under several Petty Sovereigns whose Jurisdiction is bounded somtimes within the limits of a Town The Kings of England and Portugal and the Hollanders have several Ports upon the Sea-coast for the better accommodation of their Trade into the Inland Country The French also possess some places of Trade in Barbary Guiney and in the Island of Madagascar which they call the Dolphins Island The grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem is Lord of the Island of Maltha Of BARBARY West BARBARJE by Rob t Mordon East BARBARJE by Robt. Morden BY the Name of Barbary was that part of Africa known to the Ancients which we call Zanguebar whereas the modern Barbary lies all along upon the Mediterranean Sea being the best and best peopled Country of all Africa by reason of the convenience of Trade The Romans the Sarazens the Vandals the Arabians the Moors the Turks have been successively Lords thereof and have called the Cities by different Names But at this day a great part of it is under the Turk The Emperor of Fez and Morocco Rules the North-west part The Spaniards Portugals English and Dutch possess several places upon the Coast Susaon Constantine Couco Labes are little Kingdoms that lie in the Mountains Saly Tituan Algier Tunis and Tripoly belong to the Pirats the three last under the Protection of the Grand Signior who sends a Basha to each though they have but very little Authority The French hold the place called the Bastion of France and the Genoeses the Island Tabarque Barbary is inhabited by the Africans or Bereberes oftner called Moors There are also some Arabians who setled themselves there in the Year 999. They live in the open Field in Adouares or Commonalties compos'd of several Families which they call Baraques where they have an 100 or 200 Tents set up in a Round The Inhabitants are generally of a duskish or rather blackish Complexion naturally Ingenious and given to Arts and Literature studious in their Law very distrustful inconstant crafty malicious when angred very active good Horsemen of a stately gate costly in their Apparel and jealous of their Wives who are of a comely Body well featured of delicate soft Skins and in their Dress exceeding sumptuous The Language spoken at present in most of the Maritime Towns is the Arabick but in Fesse and Morocco the Punick or old African the ancient Language of the Country 'T is situate between 30 and 35 degrees of Northern Latitude the longest Summers day about 13 hours one quarter increased to 14 and one quarter in the most Northern parts it is extended in length from the Atlantick Ocean to Egypt in breadth from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlas Mountains Barbary comprehends several Kingdoms that contain Cities of the same Name Morocco Fez Telensen or Tremisen Algier Tunis Tripoly and Barca Of the Kingdom of Fez. A New Map of the Kingdoms of FEZ MAROCCO by R. Morden THis Country lies between the Mediterranean Sea and Morocco on the North and South and between the Ocean Atlantick and the Argierine Territories on the West and East and contains the ancient Mauritania Tingitania 'T is now divided into seven Parts or Provinces viz. Temesne Fez Azgar Habat Errife Garret and Chaus The chief places of the Province of Temesne are 1. Rabat Opinum olim Episcopalis Tingitanae built after the Model of Morocco with its Aqueduct 12 Miles long by King Mansor Anfa and Anafe on the Coast seated in a delightful Plain was once one of the most famous Cities of Africa for its Trade with the English and Portugals and for its Riches but being addicted to Piracy was the cause of its Ruine and of that of Almansor Muchatia on the Guer is now famous only for the Tomb of one of their Morabuts or Saints Adendum is noted for its many Iron Mines about it Tegaget for its store of Grains The Province of Fez lies between the Rivers of Suba Sabur teste Marm. Cast and Baragrag the Salu of Plin. Ptol. c. the Ornament of this Province nay of all Barbary is Fez which the Mahometans call The Court of the West about a degree from the Ocean and as much from the Mediterranean Sea Volubilis Tingitanae Ptol. Volubile Plin. teste Marmol 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Seldeni the fairest and best City of all Barbary but the Romantick Description by Heylin Blome c. is very different from our later Relations so that I can write nothing of it with certainty The City of Mahmora fell into the hands of the Portugals in 1515 but retaken by the King of Fez who there defeated 10000 Christians and got 60 pieces of Artillery taken again by the Spaniards 1614. and fortified having a good Port. Sally or Sale is the Salu Plin. Ptol. Sol. Sella Jo. Leoni Cela Marm. is composed of two Cities the Old and New its Fortress is on a rising Ground with an high Tower in its Castle is the magnificent Tomb of King Manson and others it hath a Trade with the English French Dutch and Genouese but 't is most enriched by its Piracies Michness between Sally and Fez is encompassed with Gardens of excellent Fruits as Pomegranates Citrons Oranges Lemmons Figs Olives Grapes c. Asgar or Azgar towards the Sea affords Fens and Marshes where they catch store of Eels And store of Forests whence they have Charcoal and Wood whose chief places were Elgiumha or Elgiuhma now only a Granary where the Arabs store up their Corn. Casar-Elcaber or Alcazar is a place of pleasure built by King Mansor famous for the Battel which Don Sebastian King of Portugal lost in 1578. fought near this place in which all three of the Competitors lost their Lives Don Sebastian was slain in the Field Muly Mahomet of Fez was drowned and Abdelmelech of Morocco the Conqueror died either with the labour and pains or with the sickness with which he was seized before the Battel and amongst several others of eminent Quality was that famous infamous English Rebel Stuckley slain Lharais or Larrach
then two or three Alfaqui's or Priests examine the Candidate and being found deserving they grant him Testimonials of his willingness and abilities to be an Alfaqui and this is all the Education and Orders bestowed upon their Priests The Moors season of Prayers is five times in 24 hours The first is about Noon the second about Three of the Clock in the Afternoon the third at the going down of the Sun the fourth a little within Night the fifth a little before day in the Winter In their Addresses to these Holy Celebrations the Moors use great tokens of Reverence being very careful by washing c. in sitting themselves for the Giamma And here give me leave to hint what some of these Men which we count Barbarians have animadverted That the irreverent Carriage in Holy Places and sawcy Behaviour at our Sacred Solemnities by some of us Christians are great Reproaches to our Religion and often by them resented with Anger and Indignation Prayer they style The Key of Paradise and The Pillar of Religion and generally maintain so careful a performance of this publick Duty that no secular Business can detain them from nor any thing divert them at their Devotion As every Cavila have an Alcalib or High Priest chosen by the Alfaquis or Priest who is possessed of the Giamma Gheber or Great Church wherein every Friday which is their Sabbath he expounds some Text of the Alcoran so also every Cavila and Town have a particular Alcaddee from whom they cannot appeal to any other but Alcaddee Gheber or the chief of these Justiâ—ers who is appointed to receive such Appeals and is in constant attendance upon the King or chief Governor The Alcaddees sit in the Gates of the Cavila or some publick place to hear and determine all Cases And the Alcoran being the immutable Rule both of Civil Justice and Religion therefore according to the Letter and Interpretation thereof the Alcaddee frames all his Definitions and Judgments Here 's no intreaguing the Plea with Resolutions Cases Presidents Reports Old Statutes but according to the fresh circumstances of the Fact and the proof of what is alledged Adultery is a Capital Crime in the Moresco Catalogue and the person Convicted thereof without any regard of his Eminence or Quality is certainly stoned to Death For the first Theft the Convict is publickly whipped in the Market For the second he loseth his Hand For the third he dies exquisitely tormented and then exposed to the Birds of Prey All Homicide or killing of a Man by a Man is Capital Usury is totally forbidden by their Law for Mahomet hath made it an irremissible Sin but he that borrows Mony of another wherewith to traffick and gain gives the Lender an equal share of the Profits and it is usual for the Lender to forbear the Borrower till he perceive him frâ—udulent careless or unfortunate Marriage is in so peculiar an Estimation that Mahomed made it the second of his eight Precepts and the Moors are so generally observant of this Commandment that few among them are found to live out of the state of Wedlock if they are able to purchase a Wife Polygamy Concubinage and Divorce are used by them for Mahomed that he might the better complease the loose Humors of his first Sectaries made his Religion to contain many carnal Indulgences denying nothing to Musselmen that had any sensible compliance with their brutal Affections Of ALGIER A New Map of the Kingdome of ALGIER by Rob. Morden THE Kingdom of Algier is Famous as well for its Riches and Forces as for its Piracies of Christians and its Barbarousness to its Captives It was known to the Ancients by the Name of Mauritania Caesariensis Geographers divide it into five Parts or Kingdoms Telensin Tenes Algier Bugia and Constantina Grammajus tells us That the Turks have established therein twenty Governments whereof ten are upon the Coast and ten within Land To these he also adds ten Divisions more but so intermixed and uncertain that I shall not mention them But I shall proceed to a Description of the five principal Parts aforesaid and first of the Province of Telensin by the Inhabitants called Tremecen from its chief City which is the Timici of Plin. and Ptol. Marmol distant about seven or eight Leagues from the Sea. In the decay of the Saracenical Empire it usurped the Majesty of a Kingly Title which tho' much disgraced by being made subject to Abulthasen King of Fez after a Siege of thirty Months yet at last it assumed its Liberty under divers Kings of its own one of which viz. Abdalla shaking off the Spanish Allegiance submitted himself and Kingdom to Solyman the Magnificent It was once a City one of the greatest and fairest of Barbary and very strong for it sustained a Seige of seven years against Joseph the puissant King of Fez and at last forced him to raise it Humain al. One is the Antient Artifiga Sans Cisira Sïga of Ptol. Castaldo in 1535. ruined by the Castilians The Country about it abounds with Figs Oranges Pomgranats and Cotton of which the Inhabitants make divers Manufactures Haresgol or Aresgol is the Siga of Strab. Plin. and Mela. teste Marmol by some Zerfen or Zersen A Roman Colony and Residence of Syphâ—x before he seized the Estate of Mâ—ssiâ—issa It s situation is on a Rock surrounded with the Sea except on the South side once much greater than it is but the ill treatment it hath received from the Kings of Fez from the Califfs from the Moors from the Castilians and from the Arabs hath reduced it to that small Estate that it is now at under the Government of Algier Oran which the Africans call Tuharan rather Guharan the Nubian Geog. Vaharan is the Cuisa of the Antient Sans The Quiza and Zenitana of Plin. the Buiza of Ptol. taken by Cardinal Ximines in the year 1509. at which time the Spaniards lost but fifty Men killed four thousand Moors redelivered twenty thousand Christian Captives Marsa el Quibir Sans Marzachibar Merc. Mâ—rza Quivir Baud. Portus Magnus of Plin and Mela taken by the Marquess of Comares anâ— 1505. for the Spaniards It is one of the fairest greatest and securest Ports in all Africa Tefezara or Tefesre was the Astalicis or Astacilitis of Ptol. teste Marmol Hubbede or Hubet is the Mniara of Ptol. the Mina of Ant. Marmol Guagida the Lanigara of Ptol. Marmol is the capital City of the Province of Hanghad or Anghad possessed by the Arabs and noted for its Ostriches Beniarax or Beniarasid the Bunobora of Ptol. Sans is the Capital Town of the Province so called it contains twenty five thousand Inhabitants and pays twenty five thousand Ducates of Tribute Calat-Haoara or the Vrbara of old is strong Moascar the Victoria of Ptol. is the Residence of the Governour of the Algerins Batha is the Vaga of old much ruined but Villanov and Mol. tells us That Vaga is now Tegmedel Tenes is a Country both plain and mountanous
Spunges Ostrich-Feathers and chiefly Christian Slaves The Tarsis of the Antients teste Sanut memorable also in the holy Wars for the Sieges and Successes of two of our English Princes Edward the First and Henry the Fourth when but Earl of Darby As to the old Carthage let me only say that it was once one of the fairest Cities of the World when in its Splendor it was three hundred and sixty stadia in circuit like to that of Babylon Its Inhabitants so rich and powerful that they disputed with the Romans as was said for the Empire of the World but now lies buried in its Ruins Biserta is the antient Vrica of Caesar Cic. Plin. Ityca Polyb. and Ptol. Porto Farina and Incolis Garal-mesha Marmol and Faz Mazachares Nâ—g Bensert Arab. Biserta Ital. teste Baud. Here is a fair Burse or Exchange for Merchants two great Prisons for their Slaves and some Bastions to defend the Port which is good and large Memorable for the death of Cato consisting of a high and low Town the one on a Rock the other on the Sea. That of Sousa the Ruspina of Ptol. teste Sans but Mahadia is the Ruspina teste Mol. is a higher and lower City the first on a Rock and of difficult access the later on the Sea with a good Port. In the year 1619 the Duke of Savoy made an unsuccessful Enterprise upon them Within this Government is the City Hammametha Arab. the Adrumetum Plin. Hadrumitum Melae Adrumittes Ptol. which by Adianus is now called Toulba by Merc. Mahometta which communicates its Name to the neighbouring Gulph in the bottom whereon it is seated having strong Walls and a safe Harbor In the Government of Africa Merc. Mahadia Incolis teste Faz El-madia Sans the Aphrodisium Ptol. is a City of the same Name twenty Leagues from Mahometta It s Situation is in a Peninsula guarded with a double Wall and good Ditches Its Port capable to lodge fifty Gallies but its entrance so narrow that a Gally cannot pass without lifting up its Oars Sanson makes El-madia to be the antient Thapsus where Caesar defeated Scipio and Juba after which defeat Cato slew himself at Vtica by Sans now Benserta And Scipio being met by Caesar's Fleet passing his Sword through his Body flung himself into the Sea Juba retired to Zama where he had left his Children and Treasures but being refused entrance he and Pâ—trejas retired into a House in the Field where they killed themselves Zamara is the Zama of Polyb. Strab. and Plin. teste Marmol Zamamizon Plin. where Hannibal was overcome by Scipio one hundred Miles from Mahametta and one hundred and twenty from Tunis Goletta is a Fortress between Tunis and the Sea under this Fort General â—lake with the English Fleet fired the Pyrate Ships of Tunis in 1654. Cayroan was the Residence of a Caliph or one of Mahomets high Priests It is the antient Thesdrus where Massinissa beat Asdrubal while Scipio look'd on Begge Beja lies in a Soil so fertile in Corn that the Natives say That if there were but two Beja's there would be more Grains than Atomes of Sand upon the Sea-shore The River Guâ—dibalbar Mol. makes so many windings and turnings that you cross it twenty five times in the Road from Bona to Tunis Rubricatus Mela. and Ptol. Armua Plin. Ardalio Oros Ladog Cast Jadâ—g I. Leon. But Bagradas Ptol. Strab. Liv. Magrida Leon. Mâ—grada Mar. Magiordeck P. Joviâ— Macra Polyb. Bagrada Caes is made to be the River Guadibalbar in the Maps of Ortelius and Sans Between the Kingdom of Tunis and the Island of Malta lie some little Islands as Pantalarea belonging to the King of Spain wherein is a Gulph from whence the Vapors that thicken upon the Rock above destill as much Water as serves for the use of the Inhabitants the Cossyra Ptol. Cosura Mâ—la Flac. Cosyra Plin. Cosura Strab. distant from C. Bona olim Hermâ—ae vel Mercurii promontorium forty five Miles and from Maltha olim Melita ninety Lampadosa and Limosa belong to the Knights of Maltha In Lampadosa stands a Chappel famous for the Offerings of both Turks and Christians And it has been observed that never any Sacrilegious Person went unpunish'd that robb'd it The first Lopadusa of Strab. and Ptol. The other Aethusa and Aegusa teste Ort. Checara I. Italis Circare Gallis Querquene Merc. Charchana Faz is the Circina and Circinna of old The Kingdom of Tripoli is a barren Country considerable only for the Trade of Tripoli in Barbary so call'd to distinguish it from Tripoli in Syria and Natolia Capes and Caps Nig. Castal c. is the Tacape of Plin. Cape Ptol. Capa Procop. Thacapae or Tacapae Ant. Upon the Coast of this Kingdom lie the two Syrtes the little one is called The Gulph of Capes by Ortel Golfo di Caps by Faz Golfo di Beito In circuit 190 Miles the great one The Gulph of Sydra Golfo di Solocho and Golfo di Palo in the Charts Gallis Les Seiches de Barbarie Baxos de Barbaria Hisp Golfo de Sidra Italis In circuit about four hundred Miles teste Baud. 625. Plin. infamous for the shipwrack of Vessels inhospita Syrtis Virg. 4. Aeneidos The Island of Gerbas where the Spaniards were defeated in the year 1560. by the Infidels And here it was also that Dragut the Pyrate escaped the famous Doria it was the Lotophagites of Strab. and Ptol. Meninx Plin. Mirmex Polyb. Girba Ant. Gerbi Faz Old Tripoli formerly Sabrata Sans is now decayed The Sabathra Ptol. Sabatra Plin. Raksanabes Villan Saxambis Mol. But New Tripoli of Old Ocea is much enriched by Pyracy Along this Coast are some Isles where grows the fruit Lotes very sweet and pleasant and on the South of Tripoli is the fairest and best Saffron Lepeda and Lebeda Baud. the Leptis of the Antients well known to the Romans and to the Arab. of Nubia Zoara of old Pisida noted for its scarcity of Water Of the Kingdom of Barca Cyreniaca Lybia Marmarica are now comprehended under the name of Barca which begins on the part where formerly stood the Altars of the Phylenians which were also the bounds between the Territories of Carthage and Cyrene and after that to the Empires of East and West It is a Country for the most part dry and barren covered over in most places with a thick light Sand continually moved about with the winds turning Hills into Vallies and Vallies into Hills As infamous for the birth of Arius who denied the Divinity of Christ so as famous for one of the Sybils hence named Lybica These Sybils were in number ten viz. Persica Lybica Delphica Cumaea Samia Hellespontica Tiburtina Albunea Scythoea and Cumana which last is said to have written the nine Books of Sybils presented to Tarquinius uperbus which contained Prophesies of the Name Birth and Death of Christ The chief places of most esteem in former times were 1. Barca of old called Ptolomais of such account that it gave name to the whole Country
them stoop to a foreign yoke he with a strong Army invaded and conquered Egypt took Psammenitus Captive putting to death banishing and destroying all before him reducing the Country to a Province in which subjection to the Persians it remained above one hundred and fifty years till the Reign of Artaxerxes Longimanus in whose time the Egyptians set up one Inarus Son of Psammitichus before King of Libia who governed happily till Artaxerxes with a great Fleet and Army came upon them out of Phoenicia unawares and soon reduced them again to his obedience from which time it was subject to the Persian Kings until the Reign of Darius Nothus when they were expell'd by Amirteus born in the City Sais or Pelusium now Calixene Six years reigned Amirteus succeeded for about ninety one years by four Mendesian Princes after that by three Sebenites until Neciabanes the Second in whose time Artaxerxes Ochus bereaved him of his Kingdom and so Egypt fell again into the hands of the Persians to whom it continued subject till the destruction of Darius Codomanus by Alexander the Great who brought it to the Grecian or Macedoniaâ— Kings that reigned five years over it after Alexanders death it fell to Ptolomeus Sirnamed Lagus whence all the Kings his Successors in that Kingdom were called Ptolomies subjoyning thereunto some other name The Ptolomies in Egypt which bore the Title of Kings were ten in Number And their Race ended with Cleopatra the Daughter of Ptolomy Auletes courted at first by Julius Caesar then by Mark Antony through whose favours she kept her Sovereignty but Augustus at the Battle of Actium ruining Antony's fortunes with the death of Cleopatra who poisoned her self made it a Roman Province and it continued under that Empire till the Reign of Heraclius who held his Royal Court at Constantinople After the dividing of the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western Egypt fell to the Greek or Western share till the Egyptians submitted to the Arabian Califs about the year 704 to whom they stood faithful till conquered by the Mahumetans In the year 1155 Syracon or Xarracon by others Aserddin Schirachoch an Armenian General or first Vizier of the King of Damas by his Victorious Arms took Captive the Calif of Egypt and made himself Master there with the Title of Sultan or Souldan so that it continued in that Name and Race till the year 1242 when the Marmaluks the off-spring of a people on the Banks of the Euxine Sea Mercenary Soldiers kept in pay of the Souldan by the Murder of their Lord made themselves Lords of the Country under the Tyranny of whose Race and Possession it groan'd from 1255 until the year 1517. The last Souldan of Egypt being call'd Tomumbey the second of that Name which by the Warlike Marmaluks was elected Sultan who having Wars with the Turkish Emperor Selim and by him defeated fled to Cairo where taken Captive and delivered up by a Moorish Prince he was miserably in the said year 1517 Murdered and his Body tyed to the Tail of a Camel and dragged through Cairo Which Victory so ruined the Power of the Marmaluks that Egypt by their Courage and Conduct kept in subjection above three hundred years hath ever since truckled under the Command of the Turkish Empire where the Grand Signiors manage the Government by a Bashaw or Pacha and chief of the Sangiacks in the same manner as other Countries subject to the Turks Whose yearly Revenue is about 150000 pounds which is divided into three equal parts of which one is allotted for the discharge of the Annual Pilgrimage to Mecha the second for the payment of the Soldiers with other necessary charges of the Kingdom and the third goes into the Turkish Chequer Egypt is inhabited at present by Copties Moors Arabians Turks Jews Greeks and Franks The Turks govern the Country and act in all Offices of State. The invention of Astrology Arithmetick and Physick is attributed to them for which reason Egypt is call'd the Mistress of Arts. Ptolomeus Philadelphus is said to be the Person who ordered the Bible to be translated by the Seventy Interpreters as usally called though indeed they were seventy two and bought above two hundred thousand Volumns of Manuscripts There were also a prodigious number of Books in the Library at Alexandria which were unfortunately lost when Julius Caesar made War there The Natives of the Country have a particular Art to hatch Chicken by the heat of their Ovens wherein sometimes they will put three or four thousand Eggs together and when they are hatch'd they sell them by the Peck The Copties are Natives of Egypt the natural Inhabitants of the Country and use a Language altogether particular to themselves and a certain sort of Writing little different from that of the antient Greeks There is now scarce ten or fifteen thousand of them left according to the relation of their Patriarch Millions of them having been put to the Sword partly by the Pagan Emperors for their adhearing to the Christian Faith and partly by the Christian Emperors for their obstinacy in maintaining the Error of Dioscorus one of their Patriarchs concerning one Nature one Will and one Person in Jesus Christ Histories tells us That the Governor under Dioclesian the Emperor Massacred in one Night at Christmas 80000 who were buried at Mount Achmin in the upper Egypt and at another time near Isna the same Governor or another put to death so many as were not to be numbred And Macriz in his History of the Patriarchs tells us That Justinian the Emperor caused 200000 Copties to be killed at Alexandria The Egyptians in old time were eminent in Arts and Learning from them Pythagoras and Democritus learnt their Philosophy Licurgus Solon and Plato their Forms of Government Here flourished the learned Grammarian Aristarchus Herodian and Dydimus so well skill'd in Sciences Appianus the Historian C. Ptolemeus the Geographer Trismegistus the Philosopher Pantenus a Reader of Divinity Origen and Clemens Alexandrinus notable in all Learning Dionysius Athanasius and Cyril Bishops and the glories of their times The Copties divide the Seasons of the year thus Autumn from the fifteenth day of September to the fifteenth of December Winter from thence to the fifteenth of March Spring from thence to the fifteenth of June and Summer from thence to the fifteenth of September They begin the year on the eighth of September according to the Gregorian Style or on the Twenty eighth of August according to the Greeks Calendar They begin their Computation or Aera from the Dioclesian Massacre and reckon this present year 1687 to be the year 1413. To every Month they allot thirty days which makes up three hundred and sixty and to compleat the year they add the five at the end of all The present Egyptians are generally of an Olive Colour and the further they are from Cairo towards the South the more tawny and towards Nubia black as the Nubians Their ordinary Vices are Idleness and Cowardize
The last Kings of Tombote were reported to have great store of Gold in Bars and Ingots The Kingdom of Guâ—lâ—ta affords Millet Genehâ—a is rich in Cotton In that of Agades stands a City indifferently well built Borno formerly the Country oâ— the Garamanâ—es is inhabited by a People that have all things in common every particular person acknowledging them for his Children which are most like 'em the most flat nos'd being acconuted the most beautiful They of Senega trade in Slaves Gold-dust Hides Gums and Civets The Negro's there are very strong and therefore bear a better price those of Guiny are good but not so strong for which reason they are usua ly put to work within doors 'T is the Proverb That he that would have good service from a Negro must give him little Meat keep him to hard Labor and beat him often To the South of Niger lie several little Kingdoms that of Melli with a City containing six thousand Houses Gago abounding in Gold. Zâ—â—râ—g considerable for its â—rade Zâ—nfara fertile in Corn. To reckon any more of their Towns would be as tedious as unnecessary as being neither well peopl'd nor of any Trade And indeed all these Kingdoms and People are so little known that 't is not worth the time and pains to speak more of them I shall only say That the Arabian Geographer tells Wonders of Ghana or Cano of its Greatness Riches and Trade of its King Government Palace c. But how far to be credited must be left to those who have been in those parts the Portugals and Hollanders having been the chief Traders on these Coasts Of GVINY Giny is a long Coast of Land contained between the Cape of Sirra Leone on the West and the River Camerones on the East containing about seven or eight hundred Leagues in length and not above one hundred or one hundred and fifty in breadth It is divided into three principal Parts called Maleguete Guiny and Benin Under the Name of Malaguete is contained all that Land between the Capes of Sirra Leona and Palmâ—s and is so called from the abundance of Mâ—leguete a sort of Spice like Pepper but much stronger than that of India and of their Palm-trees they make Wine as strong as the best of ours Guiny extends from Cape Palmas to the River Voltas it is the largest and best known of all the three Parts its Coast from Cape Palmas to Cape three Punctas is called the Ivory Coast that which is beyond it is called the Cold Coast where are the Kingdoms of Sabou Foetu Accara and others The Kingdom of Benin which is the third Part hath more than two hundred and fifty Leagues in length Cape Formosa dividing it into two parts its principal City so called is esteemed the greatest and best built of any in Guiny the King thereof is said to keep five or six hundred Wives The whole Coast of Guiny is subject to such excessive heats that were it not for the Rains and the coolness of the Nights it would be altogether unhabitable It furnishes other Countries with Parrats Apes White Salt Elephants Teeth Hides Cotton Wax Ambergreefe Gold and Slaves The Natives are reputed to be presumptuous Thieves Idolaters and ver superstitious keeping their Festisoes day or Sabbath on the Thursday there is Saint George of the Mine built by the Portugals but now in the possession of the Hollander as also the Ports Nassau Cormentin and Axima To the English among others belongs Cape Corse and to the Danes Frederic's burgh The best City that belongs to the Negro's is Ardra toward the Coast in Benin 〈…〉 Govern'd by a King who sent an Embassador to Paris toward the end of the year 1670 for the settlement of a Trade The Baboons in Guiny do the Natives very great pieces of service For they fetch Water turn the Spit and wait at Table c. Nubia is three hundred Leagues in length and two hundred in breadth It preserves some remains of Christianism in the old Churches and in their Ceremonies of Baptism The Nubians are under a King who always keeps a Body of Horse upon the Frontiers of his Kingdom as having potent Enemies to his Neighbours the Abâ—ssius and Turkish Historians credibly relates that an Army of one hundred thousand Horse was rais'd and lead against one of the Governors of Egypt by a King of Nubia Out of this Country the Merchants export Gold Civet Sandal-wood Ivory Arms and Cloath The Nubians trade chiefly with the Egyptians of Caire and other Cities of that Country They have a subtile and penetrating Poyson an ounce whereof is valued at a hundred Ducats Insomuch that one of the principal Revenues of the King is in the Duties which he receives for the Exportation of this Poyson They sell it to strangers upon condition they shall not make use of it within the Kingdom There grow Sugar-Canes in the Country but the Natives know not what to do with them There are among them a sort of Bereberes of the Musselman Religion who travel in Troops to Cairo where they put themselves into service and return again as soon as they have got ten or twelve Piasters together The Capital Cities are Nubia and Dancala near to Nile The rest so little known that it suffices to see their names in the Maps A Relation made in the year 16 7 tell us That the King of Dancala pays a Tribute in Linen Cloath to the King of the Abyssius Geography is in some measure beholding to this Country as being the place that gave birth to that famous Nubian Geographer Of ETHIOPIA Or HABESSINIA HABESSINIA Seu ABASSIA at ETHIOPIA By R. Morden So little of Truth hath been communicated to this part of the World concerning Ethiopia that having met with the Ethiopick History of Job Ludolfus which is the most exact Account extant I have been the larger in taking an Abstract of it 'T is seated as this Author tells us in Africa above Egypt beyond Nubia between the eighth and sixteenth Degree of North Latitude contrary to all our Maps extant which extends it self to the fourteenth or fifteenth Degree South Latitude So that the length of it from North to South is not more than four hundred and eighty Miles of sixty to a Degree but according to the old Maps it was more than one thousand eight hundred of the same Miles and the length of it is about six hundred Miles from the Red-Sea at the Port of Bailleur to the River Nilus at the farthest limits of Dembea Towards the North it joyns to the Kingdom of Fund or Sennar by the Portugals Fungi a part of the antient Nubia towards the Fast it was formerly bounded by the Red-Sea But now the Turks are Masters of Arkiko the Island Matzua and all that Coast only the Prince of Dancale who commands the Port of Baylur is a Friend to the Abessines But the King of Adel a Mahumetan upon the straits of Bab-elman dab the Dreadful Mouth
is a profest Enemy to them Towards the South the barbarous Nation of the Gallans have either wasted or possessed the Kingdoms of Dawaro Bali Fatagar Wed Bizama Cambata Alaba Zendero by the Portugals Gingiro and Enarea the Southern Bounds Lastly the River Maleg and Nilus rowling through several vast Deserts close up the Western Limits The Inhabitants are now called Habessines Abessines or Abassenes a Name given them by the Arabians in whose Language Habesh signifies Confusion or mixture of People The Germans sound it Shabâ—sh or Hbabâ—sh the Italians Habascia the French Habech the Portugals Abex But they generally call their Kingdom Itjopia Ethiopia and themselves Itjopiawjan Ethiopians and also Geez and the Country of Agâ—azi or the Land of Agâ—azjan that is Freemen These Abâ—ssenes formerly inhabited Arabia and were reckoned into the number of the Sabeans or Homerites So Stephanus relates out of the Arabicks of Vranius that they bordered upon the Sabeans The Grecian Writers called them Axumites and many of the Antients called them Indians others the Empire of the Negus and some the Kingdom of Prester John. The Kingdoms of Ethiopia are variously named by most Authors Pauius Jovius distinguishes the Empire into more than forty Kingdoms Matthew the Amenian first Ambassador from the Abassenes to Portugal will needs have sixty Tessa Sionus affirms sixty two P. Nicolaus Godignus from John Sabriel a Gortuguese Colonel that had been many years there asserts twenty six Kingdoms and fourteen Provinces But Job Ludolphus in his History reckons these 1. Amhara the most Noble where are those inaccessiable and fortified Rocks Gelhen and Amhacel where formerly the Kings Sons were secured 2. Angot 3. Bagemder in the old Maps Bagamidri a large and fertile Kingdom watered with many Rivers 4. Balli the first subdued by the Gallans 5. Bizamo 6. Bugna 7. Gambata the Inhabitants whereof are called Hadea 8. Cont by the Portugals called Couch 9. Damot 10. Dawaro 11. Dembeja or Dembea now famous for the Royal Camp continually pitched there 12. Enarea by the Portugals Narea and by Gordinus Nerea 13. Tatagar 14. Gafat 15. Gajghe 16. Gan 17. Ganz 18. Ghedm 19. Gojam Goyame in the Maps famous for the Fountains of Nile therein now discovered 20. Gombo 21. Gonga 22. Guraghe 23. Ifat 24. Samen by Tellezius Cemen 25. Set. 26. Sewa or Shewa by the Portugals Xoa or Xaoa a very large and opulent Kingdom 27. Shat by the Portugals Xat 28. Tigre or Tegra one of the principal and most fertile Kingdoms where the former Kings kept their Courts at Axuma 29. Is Walaka by the Portugals Oleca or Holeca The 30. Wed by the Portugals Ogge of all these the King of the Abessines enjoys at present Amhara Bagemder Cambata Damot Dembea Enarea Gojam Samen and Sawa with the Provinces of Emfras Mazaga Tzagade Wagara and Walkayt to which we may add the Coast of Abax ou de Abexim whose chief places are Suaquem Ptolemais Ferarum of old Ercoco or Arguico the Aduliton Plin. Adalis Steph. Adule Ptol. and Zeita or Auce Gurele the Avalites of the Antients The two first places belong to the Turk the last to the King of Adel. The Air is various in low and open places the heat of the Sun is intolerable as the Coast of the Red-Sea and the Islands especially at Suaquen it excoriates the Skin melts hard Indian wax in a Cabinet and sears your Shoes like a red hot Iron But the higher you ascend the Mountains from the Coast of the Red-Sea the more temperate you shall feel the Air which is generally healthy Their Thunders are dreadful ratling continually with Lightning incessantly flashing Their Rains are violent pouring from the Clouds not by Drops but by Streams and the Earth also opens her Mouths and vomits up Water which renders their Winters for three Months very unpleasant tedious and troublesome They have a Whirlwind which they call Senda which signifies a Snake so furious that it throws down all before it Houses Oaks c. There are properly but three Seasons among the Abyssines viz. the Spring or season of Flowers which begins upon the 25th of September called Mâ—â—zau Then the Summer which may be divided into two parts the season of Harvest or Autumn which begins upon the 25th of December called Tzâ—dai The Summer Season called Aagai which my Author saith begins upon the 25th of June but I suppose rather the 25th of March for it must follow their Harvest and Autumn And then their 〈◊〉 or Winter begins on the 25th of June So that our Summer is their Winter But upon the Coast of the Red-Sea there their Winter is in November December and January as in Europe which sufficiently convinceth what some Geographers affirms that the Pâ—â—iâ—â—â—i or those that dwell under the same Meridian have the same Winter and Summer Abassia abounds in Gold which is found in the shallows of Rivers in Damota and Enarca upon the superficies of the Earth and is the chiefest Tribute which they pay In the confines of Tigra and Angora are natural Mountains of Salt in the Mountains it is soft but in the Air it hardens from whence it is conveyed in Caravans or Cafilas and vended through all the neighbouring Countries and serves them instead of Money to buy all things not much desired Gâ—ms and Jewels are in Ethiopia but black Lead they more esteem of to black their Eye-brows And for Iron they find it in great plenty upon the superficies of the Earth All Ethiopia is very Mountainous between which are immense Gulphs and dreadful profundities among the Mountains Lamalmâ—na lifts up her head more loftily than the rest and is most dangerous But the most famous are Amba Gâ—shâ—n and Ambacel in the Kingdom of Ambara where the Ethiopia Princes used to be caged up And in our old Maps and Globes called Amara and placed under the Equinoctial In these Mountains the Inhabitants breath a serene Air and they are as so many Castles not only for Habitation affording pleasant Springs but for defence against their Enemies the 〈◊〉 and Gallans for some of these Mountains are so craggy and precipitous that there is no way to get up without Ladders and Cattle are drawn up with Cords Tellâ—ziâ—s writes that the Alps and â—â—enâ—â—ns compared with the Abâ—ssin Mountains are but low Hills And the Portugal Mounts are but trifles to them The tops of some of them are very spatious with Fields Woods Fish-ponds and runing Streams as Amâ—â— Dorbâ— c. The temperature of the Air makes the Country healthful and maintains a vivacity in the Inhabitants sometimes to an hundred years Only in Tygra about the beginning of the Ethiopick Spring which is in the Month of September and October Feavers are rife He rationally conceives that the Rivers flowing from the Mountains in this Country take their rise from the Rain-water insinuating it self into the Pores of the Earth and Clefts of Rocks and so passing into subterraneous Vaults observing that in those Countries where
that they hold the holy Ghost to proceed from the Father only and not from the Son. That they hold the Soul of Man not to be created because they say God perfected all his Work on the Sixth Day They think it therefore drawn from the Matter but Immortal They hold likewise some other Errors On their Eleventh of January which to us is the Sixth of the same Month and the Feast of the Epiphany the Habessines in memory of the Baptism of our Saviour which they hold with many of the Antients to have been for certain on that day keep a joyful Festival all of them just at break of day before the rising of the Sun going into Ponds and Rivers and there dipping and sporting themselves This Custom having given occasion to some to affirm That they were baptized anew every year They begin the Year on the Calends of September with the Grecians Armenians Russians and other Oriental Christians for they believe as many of the Antients have asserted that the World was made in the Autumnal Equinox If any discord arise betwixt Man and Wife so that they cannot be reconciled the Kings Judges dissolve the Marriage and they are free to marry again As we have mentioned before the King of Habessinia's unparallell'd absoluteness in Temporals so our Author says That the chief Ecclesiastical Power is in him so that all things of Jurisdiction only some small Causes excepted are Determined by the Kings Judges Nor do the Clergy enjoy any Ecclesiastical Immunity or Priviledge in Courts of Judicature but undergo correction from Secular Judges as mere Layicks Our Author tells us That the Habessines have few Books but those of Sacred Things That they have no written Laws but judge all Right and Wrong according to the Custom and Manner of their Ancestors Physick he says is wholly neglected by them They cure Men by Burning and Cutting as they do Horses They cure the Jaundice by burning a Semicircle about the joynt of the Arm with a crooked Iron putting on the place a little Cotton and so letting the vitious Humor distil from it till the Distemper be gone They cure Wounds with Myrrh which is there mighty common They look upon it as an egregious Fable for any Man to assert that the Earth is a round Globe suspended of it self in the midst of the Air. He tells us they eat raw Flesh or such as is but half-boil'd and use Gall as a sauce That they take Herbs half digested out of the Bellies of Cows and Oxen kill'd and seasoning them with Salt and Pepper they make a sort of Mustard which much gratifies their Palate CONGO by Robt. Morden at the Atlas in Cornhil LONDON COngo is very temperate for the Rains and the Winds asswage the heat which is insupportable in the neighbouring Countries Nor has Africa any Province more interlaid with Rivers The Zair which is the chief of them is very considerable for the Rapidity and depth of its Stream The Inhabitants of Congo have Mines of Gold but they only make use of Shells for Money They for the most part owned themselves Christians or Catholicks by the Example of their Kings In or about the year 1640 at what time the Capuchins had made a great progress there in Preaching which nevertheless did not succeed according to expectation for being never well grounded in any solid Principles they soon abandoned the name and Profession The Portugals bring from thence Ivory and Slaves For which reason they have settled themselves in the Royal City which is called St. Salvador and in that of St. Paul in the small Island of Loanda this was since seiz'd upon by the Dutch which is very level seven Leagues long and one and a half broad where they get fresh Water by digging holes in the Sand. The Portugals keep Garrisons in the Forts of Massagan and Cambambe in the Kingdom of Angola for the preservation of their Silver Mines And here it is that they rendevouz their Slaves appointed for Brasile The Males only have the right of Succession in this Kingdom and all the Land belongs to the King whom they call Mani Learning is so little esteemed among the Congolans that when Emanuel King of Portugal sent to their King all the fairest Books of the Law he could meet with and several Doctors to expound them he sent the Doctors back and ordered the Books to be burnt saying That they would only confound and disorder his Subjects Brains who had no need but only of Reason and Common Sense however that he would continue no less the King of Portugals Friend Under the name of Congo are also comprehended the Kingdoms of Angola Cacongo and Malemba the Ansicains who rememble our Biscainers and the Brama's or Loanghi But neither these Kingdoms nor People acknowledge the King of Congo as formerly they did The King of Angola styles himself grand Soba his chief City is Cambazza Enguze or Donge His Subjects are so in love with Dogs Flesh that they breed up whole Flocks together and one well-fed Dog is sometimes sold among them for two hundred Crowns They are excellent in nothing but in shooting in a Bow. For they will discharge twelve Arrows before the first shall be fallen to the Ground They believe The Sun to be a Man and the Moon a Woman and the Stars to be the Children of that Man and that Woman The Empire of MONOMOTAPA and the Coast of Cafres THE Country which bears the name of Cafreria is the most Southern part of all Africa and indeed of all our Continent along the Ethiopick Sea part in the Torrid part in the temperate Zone extending about twelve hundred Leagues upon the Coast It is full of Mountains subject to great colds and under several petty Kings the most part of which pay Tribute to the Emperor of Monomotopa The King of Sofala which was part of the Aegisymba of old pays also to the King of Portugal who keeps a Garison in the Castle of Sofala and by that means gets good store of Gold from the Mines which are up in the Country And that Gold is esteem'd the best in the World From whence Vertomannus Volaterranus and from them Ortelius labour to perswade the World how that this was Ophir And David Kemchi a learned Rabbi places Ophir in South Africa yet Josephus St. Hierome and many more are of opinion that Ophir was part of the East Indies whose distance and great plenty of Gold best agrees with a three years Voyage They take it up sometimes out of the Rivers in little Nets after it has rain'd The Coast of Cafreria lies low and full of Woods but the Soyl produces Flowers of a most pleasing scent and the Trees afford a lovely prospect Three great Rivers fall into the Indian Sea out of Cafreria Every one of which is known at the head by the name of Zambera The most Northerly is call'd Cuama the middlemost Spirito Sancto and the Southermost Los Infantes The Cafres live
Forests that the pleasantness of their Fruits the Verdure of their Herbs and the beauty of their Flowers give refreshment and delights to the Inhabitants all the year long That 't is a Country fertile in Grains rich in Pastures full with Rivers and Lakes stored with delicate Fish and Tortoise that their Honey is Medicinal their Balm excellent for Wounds that they have inexhaustible quantities of Ebony and Brazil store of Cacoa and Tobacco plenty of Sugar Canes and Rocon for the dying of Scarlet besides Gold Silver and other Metals which are found there That they observed an hundred and fifty different Nations upon and about the Banks of the Amazone of which the Homagues are excellent for their Manufactures of Cotton Cloath The Corosipares for their Earthen Vessels The Sarines for their Joynery Work. The Topinamubes for their power As for the Amazonian Women from whence it is pretended this River took its name many and strange Relations have been writ of them All I can find of it is that when the Inhabitants were in Arms at the arrival of the Spaniards there were some Women so couragious as to be amongst them but never any Country of such and therefore as fabulous as those of whom the Greeks have formerly writ such wonders Of PERV PERV is a name so remarkable that under the same many times all the other parts of Southern America are comprehended It lies almost all under the Torrid Zone and yet it has not the qualities of the Countries in our Hemisphere that lie under the same Zone There are in it three sorts of Countries very different the one from the other the Plain the Hill and the Andes The Plain lies near the Sea nothing delightful being sandy and subject to Earthquakes The hilly Country consists of Vallies Hills and Mountains where it is very cool The Andes where it almost continually rains are very high Mountains yet fertile and well peopled The Plain is not above twelve Leagues broad the Hilly Country twenty and the Andes as broad as that So that under the name of Peru are comprehended more Lands than are subdued by the Spaniards The Spaniards have a Vice-Roy in that Country where they have particularly fortified Arica being the place where the Merchandises of Lima and the Wealth of Potosi are brought They invaded this Kingdom under Pizarro in the year 1525. But the Civil Wars that ensued hindred for some time the absolute Conquest of the Country The Indians that cannot defend themselves pay Tribute The King of Spain receives vast Treasures out of the Mines of Peru. For the principal Cities are full of it and the very Earth is oftentimes nothing but Gold and Silver So that Peru is certainly the richest Country in the World. And it reported that the Spaniards made above twenty Millions of Ducates of their first Voyage thither The Ways are so secure from Robbery that four Musqueteers serve for a Convoy for three or four thousand Ducates The Inca's were Hereditary Kings of Peru for above three hundred years before the Invasion of the Spaniards They had made there two High-ways the one along the Plain where it required an extraordinary Expence to settle the Sand the other over the Mountain where it was as necessary to fill up the Valleys These High-ways were every one of them five hundred Leagues in length and upon the Road stood Houses whither Travellers were carried and entertained by the Natives upon freecost The same Inca's had also reared Temples to the Sun to the Moon and to the Stars which they call Ladies attending the Moon to Lightning Thunder and Thunder-bolts and to the Rain-bow which they said executed the Sun's justice It is reported that their Polities were not unlike those of the Greeks and Romans that their Government was mild free and liberal And that they divided the Earth into three parts the first high the second low and the third under ground signifying Earth Heaven and Hell. Atabalippa who was one of those Kings said That the Pope was not a Wise Man to give away that which was none of his own and that for his part he had more reason to prefer the Divinity of the Sun than of a Man that was crucified He also threw away a Breviary which they presented because it spoke never a word of Christ of whom they told him it related great things This unfortunate Prince being defeated and taken by the Spaniards at Caxamalca offer'd for his liberty as much Gold as could be heaped up half way in a Hall seven and twenty foot long sixteen foot wide and proportionably high nevertheless they put him to death as a Traytor and a Tyrant It is not to be wondred that the Inca's had such vast store of Gold and Silver for they had framed in Gold all the Creatures and Plants imaginable in their Temples also they put great numbers of Statues of all pure Gold and adorn'd with precious Stones The Edifices were demolished by the Spaniards who expected to find Gold in the Materials and in the cement of the Stones though they got a prodigious Sum besides The Provinces of Peru are Quito Los Reyes Los Charcas and La Sierra Quito which produces much Gold Cotton and Physical Drugs has a City of the same Name the antient Residence of Inca Guaynacapa The Province de los Reyes contains the best Cities in the Country Lima and Cusco Lima is new and one of the best in all America though it contain not above six thousand Inhabitants There are also about four thousand Negroes but they keep them disarm'd for fear of revolting The great Trade of the Town the Residence of the Vice-Roy and the Archbishop make it the Capital City of Peru. Calâ—ao a City and a Port two Leagues from Lima is able to receive and secure several Vessels Cusco built four hundred years before the Spaniards took it very well peopled because the King usually kept his Court and obliged the Lords of the Country to build them Houses and dwell in the City with their Children The Province de los Charcas contains the Cities of La Plata and Potosi which is the best inhabited place in all the West Indies for it is stored with all conveniencies and delights of this Life for which reason several People go to live there The Silver Mines in her Mountains are certainly the richest in the World and no way subject to the Water as the other Mines are The King of Spain had from thence a Million of Ducates formerly for his fifth but for some time since the Rent has fallen At the Island Perico was the Fight between the Buccaniers and Spaniards where the Buccaniers took five Ships the Buccaniers were but sixty eight Men the Spaniards two hundred and twenty eight At Gorgona Island the Buccaniers carreen'd At the Isle of Plate Sir F. Drake made the Dividend of that vast quantity of Plate which he took from the S. Armada which the Spaniards say was twelve score
Cadiz to the Firm Land. Saint Martha produces almost all sorts of Fruit that grow in Spain Gold Saphires Emeraulds Jasper Cassidoins And there begin those high Mountains which under the names of Andes run a long as far as the South The City is honoured with an Episcopal See but still laments the Ruins suffered by the English in Anno 1595 and 1596. Rio de la Hacha has lost the Fishery of Pearls not far from it but its Soil is very fertile Venezuela had its name from a Village hard by which was built upon Piles in the middest of the Water When this Country was first discovered the Germans to whom Charles the Fifth had ingag'd it had a design to have built a City at the Mouth of the Lake Macataybo according the Model of Venice but afterwards they changed their resolution and chose rather to return into their own Country The Water of the aforesaid Lake is salt but it becomes sweet through the abundance of Water that falls into it out of several Rivers Venezuela produces all things necessary for human sustenance so that it is as it were the Granary of the adjacent Provinces New Andalusia is otherwise called Paria from its great River and the Seacost bears like that of Venezuela the name of the Coast of Pearls by reason of the Fishery there since it fail'd about the Islands of Margareta and â—ubagua Some of the Indians still hold out against the Spaniards and the most part of the Sea Towns have been often plundred by the English The Country near Comana is full of Salt-pits The Country and City of Popayen have preserved the name of their last King. The Paezes the Pixo's the Manipo's and other neighbouring Natives could never be subdued The New Kingdom of Granada which was discovered by one Xemenes a Granadin affords Silver Copper Iron and Emeraulds Heretofore there was One brought to Philip the Second King of Spain of so high a Price that the Goldsmiths knew not how to value it And therefore as a rarity it was laid up in the Treasure of the Escurial A Map of The WESTERN ISLANDS By R. Morden BEtween the two America's North and South and before the Gulph of Mexico are many Islands generally distinguished into the Antilles Caribbes and Lucajos Of the ANTILLES THE Islands of the Antilles are Hispaniola Cuba Jamaica and Peru Rico alias Boriquen Hispaniola is affirmed to be in length an hundred and sixty Leagues the breadth in some places sixty in some but thirty thence growing less and less till it comes to the Angles situate between the eighteenth and twentieth deg of the Northern Latitude An Island for the most part beautiful and flourishing the Trees always in their Summer Livery the Meadows green as if they did enjoy a perpetual Spring of such excellent Herbage that the Cattle brought thither out of Spain have increased beyond measure grown wild for want of proper Owners and are hunted unto death like the Stags of the Forest only to rob them of their Skins In a word rich Mines of Gold without mixture of Dross or other Metals the great increase of Sugar Canes one Cane filling twenty sometimes thirty Measures the exceeding increase of Corn producing in some places an hundred-fold Herbs and Fruits that in eighteen days will come to their perfections and ripen c. are evident Arguments of the richness and fertility of the Soil only the Air is much infested with Morning Heats but cooler in the Afternoon It was discovered by Columbus in his first Voyage made 1492. The Spaniards have since setled many potent Colonies there who having rooted out the Natives by their infinite cruelties and exhausted the riches of the Country with as infinite covetousness dispersed themselves into the Continent It s chief Places are St. Domingo first built by Bartholomeus Columbus Anno 1494 now situate in a pleasant Country with a safe and capacious Haven for Ships to ride in An Arch-Bishoprick and a place of great Trade till the taking of Mexico and the discovery of Peru since which time it hath much decayed nor hath it yet recovered it self of the great loss and damage it sustained by Sir Francis Drake in Anno 1586. Porto de la Plata the second place of Trade and Wealth seated on a commodious Bay on the Northern Shore At present among their Insects and Vermine the Nigua is the most dangerous it leaps like a Flea and piercing it self till it lodges between the Skin and the Flesh is very troublesom to get out The Cucugo a kind of Snail that hath its Eyes and Flanks when it opens its Wings so Bright that it serves to Read or Write by in the darkest Night Among their Fish the Manati is the most remarkable which is a kind of a Sea-Calf about twenty Foot long and their young not above a hand long The Commodities now are Cattle Hides Cassia Sugar Ginger Cocheneil Guaiacum and other Herbs as well for Physick as Dying The French now possess the Western part of this Island as also the Island Tortugas not far from it Of CVBA CVBA by Christopher Columbus call'd Ferdinanda is in length from East to West about two hundred Spanish Leagues in breadth not about twenty five or thirty in content equal with Hispaniola for fertility of the Soil and temperature of the Air beyond it Liberally stored with Ginger Mastich Cassia Aloes Cinamon and Sugar besides great plenty of Flesh Fish and Fowl the Gold more drossie in the Mines than those of Hispaniola but the Brass more perfect the Mountains filled with divers Trees of which some drop that purest Rosin and the Hills send to the Vallies many Rivers streaming down with Gold. Among the Rarities of this Island there is a Fountain out of which floweth a pitchy substance or Bitumen excellent for the chalking of Ships and serves the Indians for divers Medicines As also a Valley covered with an innumerable number of Flint-stones of divers Magnitudes which Nature hath made so round that they may serve for Bullets for all sorts of Cannons It s chief Places are St. Jago built in 1514 by Don Diego de Valasques seated in the bottom of a capacious Bay in the South part of the Island the seat of a Bishop much decayed and now of little Trade 2. Havana one of the most famous Ports in the West Indies for strength largeness and richness so strongly situated and fortified both by Nature and Art that it seems impregnable the entrances defended with two Castles and a greater opposite to the Mouth of the Haven it is the general Randevouz of the Spanish Fleets and is capable to receive a thousand Vessels when they return for Spain honour'd therefore with the Seat of the Governor and the greatest Trade of all these Seas Twenty five Leagues from the Havana towards the East is the Port of Mataacas memorable for that Peter Heyn General for the Dutch West India Company there surprized in the year 1629 the
into the Fort set fire to their Magazine of Powder by which the Vice-Admiral Binches fifteen Officers and about three hundred Soldiers were kill'd and the rest surrendred the Fort was destroyed two hundred Pieces of Cannon taken and four Dutch-men of War in the Port. Martin possessed by the French and Dutch. St. Martinique Desseada Marigatanta St. Lucia possessed by the French. AESTIVARUM INSULAE at BARMUDAS Lat. 32D 25m 3300 miles from London 500 from Roaneak in Virginia by R Morden THE Bermuda's are a certain number of small Islands first discovered by one John Bermudas since called the Summer Islands from the Shipwrack which Sir George Summers and Sir Thomas Gates suffered Anno 1609. Of these Islands the greatest to which the Name of Bermudas is more generally given is about 5 Leagues long and 2 Miles broad all the rest being very small The whole cluster together do form a Body much like a Crescent and inclose several good Ports the chief whereof are the Great Sound Harrington's Sound Southampton Harbor guarded with several Forts taking their Names from the several Noblemen that were concerned as Undertakers which are set down in the Map as also the Names of some of the biggest Islands Since the English first setled in these Islands they have now established a powerful Colony consisting of above 4 or 5000 Inhabitants who have strongly fortified the Approaches by the aforesaid Forts which with the Rocks in the Seas render them secure and impregnable so that without knowledge of the Passages a Boat of 10 Tuns cannot be brought into the Haven yet by the assistance of a skilful Pilot there is entrance for Ships of the greatest Burden The Earth in these Isles is exceeding fertile yielding two Crops every year which they gather in about July and December They have no fresh Water but that in Wells and Pits which ebbs and flows with the Sea there being neither Fountain nor Stream in these Islands nor venomous Beasts neither will they live if brought thither nor are their Spiders poysonous but of sundry and various Colours and in hot weather make their Webs so strong that the small Birds are sometimes entangled and caught therein The Sky is generally serene and clear and the Air so temperate and healthy that 't is rarely any one dieth of any distemper than that of old Age So that the Inhabitants enjoy a long and healthy Life When the Sky is at any time darken'd with Clouds it thunders and lightens and is very stormy and tempestuous The North and Northwest Winds cause Winter in December January and February which yet is so very moderate that young Birds and Fruits and other Concomitants of the Spring are seen there in those Months They have several sorts of excellent Fruits as Oranges Dates Mulberries both white and red in the Trees whereof breed abundance of Silk-worms which produce much Silk There is also plenty of Tortoise whose Flesh is very delicious There is good store of Hogs and great variety of Fowls and Birds There is also a sort of Cedar Trees which differ from all others in the world the Wood whereof is sweet and well-scented Their chief Commodities are Oranges Cochineil and Tobacco with some kind of Pearls and Ambergreece of which last 't is reported that the three Men left there after the Death of Sir George Summers found in Somerset Island as much of it as was worth 9 or 10000 Pounds Sterling And now they keep Dogs for the finding of it out by its scent These Isles are now divided into Tribes or Counties and the whole reduced to a setled Government both in Church and State and is still improving to greater perfection Place this between page 544 and 545. Of the LVCAYES ARE so called from Lucayon the name of the biggest which is amongst them Bahama lends its name to a very rapid Chanel running from South to North and is remarkable for the passage of the Spanish Fleets in their return from Mexico into Europe A Passage as fatal to the Spaniards by many Shipwracks of their rich laden Plate Ships as kind to some English Undertakers of late years who by Diving get up vast quantities of that Plate which for many years have laid close hugg'd in her rocky and precipitous embraces Binini hardly accessible is said to have a Fountain that renews Youth being stored with handsome Women for whose sake it is much resorted to Guanahani is that Island which was discovered by Columbus for which reason he called it St. Salvador in regard it saved him from the Conspiracy of his Men who a little before would have thrown him over board New Providence a late erected Colony of the English by Patent from his Majesty to the Proprietors of Carolina and is found to produce the same Commodities Fruits Plants Beasts Fowls Birds c. Of an Air healthful and agreeable to English Bodies that since their Settlement few or none have died of the Distempers or Diseases incident to other Colonies Mexico or NEW SPAINE by Robt. Morden THE Indians call this Country Mexico the Spaniards New Spain the Latins Nova Hispania a Country abundantly enriched with inexhaustible Mines of Gold and Silver the Air exceeding Temperate though seated in the Torrid Zone Its Soil is so fertile that no Country in the World feeds so much Cattel The Riches of the Country besides their Gold and Silver Copper and Iron are their Grains as Wheat Barley Pulse and Mayz Their Fruits as Pomegranats Oranges Lemmons Cittorns Malicaâ—ons Cherries Pears Apples Figs Coco-nuts and variety of Herbs Plants and Roots There is also Wool Cotton Sugar Silk Cochenel From thence is likewise exported the Grains of Scarlet Feathers Hony Balm Amber Salt Tallow Hides Tobacco Ginger and divers Medicinal Drugs Among the rarities there is the most admirable Plant called Magney of whose Leaves they make Pepper Flax Thread Cordage Girdles Shoes Mats Mantles Stuffs c. It s Bark if roasted makes an excellent Plaister for Wounds from the top branches comes a Gum which is a Soveragin Antidote against Poison from the top a juyce like Syrup which if boil'd will become Hony if purified Sugar they make out of it also Wine and Vinegar and it affordeth good Wood to Build with As also two Mountains one of which vomits Flames of Fire like Aetna the other sendeth forth two burning Streams the one of black Pitch the other of red to which I may add their fine Pictures made with the Feathers of their Cinâ—ons which is a little Bird living only on dew so excellently are their Colours placed that the best Painters of Europe admire the delicacy thereof far exceeding a piece of Painting It was once an Elective Kingdom full of great Cities well governed civilized Should we saith Acosta parallel the Politicks of the Vncas or Kings of Peru and Mexico with those of the Greeks and Romans these would have the advantage but the best of these good Laws and Policies were abolished when the Spaniards became
happy composition wherein the King hath his full Prerogative the Nobility and Gentry Civil and due Respect and the People in general Masters of the Estates they can get by their Labours and Endeavours a Blessing that few Countries can boast of O happy and blessed England Thy Valleys are like Eden Thy Hills like Lebanon Thy Springs as Shiloe and thy Rivers as Jordan a Paradise of Pleasure and the Garden of God enriched with all the Blessings of Heaven and Earth Her chief Cities are London Londicium of Ptolomy Ant. Tac. Lunden Ger. Londra Iâ—â— Londres Gal. the Epitome of England the Seat of our British Empire the Chamber of the King and the chiefest Emporium or seat of Traffick in the World To describe all things in this City worthy to be known would take up a whole Volume I shall only say seated she is in an Excellent Air in a Fertile Soil and on the famous Navigable River Thomas about 60 miles from the Sea in 51 degr 30 min. North Latitude In Length from East to West seven English miles and a half and from North to South two miles and a half But of late years so increased and still multiplying in Building in all her parts that there can no Bounds or Limits be set to her Circumference The Buildings fair and stately for large Piazza's for spacious strait Streets and stately Uniform Building she has not any Rival in Europe It had 130 Parish-Churches besides Chappels the Mother-Church is that of St. Paul the only Cathedral of that Name in Europe It was a Structure for length 690 foot in breadth 130 in height 102 foot and contained about three Acres and a half of Ground Built in the form of a perfect Cross in the midst whereof was raised a Tower of stone 260 foot high and on that a Spire of Timber covered with Lead 260 foot more This stately Monument of England and Glory of the City of London was Ruined by the late Dreadful Conflagration in 1666. Yet since our late Gracious Soveraign Charles the Second like another Solomon laid a New Foundation of such a Fabrick as for Magnificence Splendor Figure and Excellent Architecture the World never saw the like The Model whereof was Designed by that Incomparable Architect Sir Christopher Wren And here I cannot but give a short Account of the vast Damage and Spoil done by th forementioned Fire It hath been computed that there were â—rnt wi hin the Walls of the City 12000 Houses and without 1000 Valued at three Millions and nine hundred thousand pounds Ster ing Besides 87 P risâ—-Churches the aforementioned Cathedral the Royal Exchange the Magni icent Guild-Hal the Cuâ—m-House the many Halls of Compa iâ— the Gates with other Publick â—uildings valued at two Millions The War-Houses Stuffs Money and Goods lost and spoiled were estimated to two Millions of pounds The Money spent in Removing of â—oâ—ds and Wares in the Hiâ— of Carts Bâ—ats Porters c. modâ—ly compuâ—d at the lâ—ast two hundred thousand pounds The whole Damage amounting at the least to Nine Millions nine hundred thousand pounds And what is most Remarkable that notwithstanding these excessive Losses by Fire the Devouring Pestilence but the Year before and the Chargeable War against three Potent Nations at the same time depending yet within four or five Years the City was Rebuilt divers stately Halls and Churches erected all infinitely more Beautiful more Commodious and more Solid than before for which all praise and glory be given to God by us and Posterity The vast Traffick and Commerce of this City may be guessed at by its Customs which though moderate compared with the Impositions of other Countries did formerly amount to about 300000 l. per Annum and now are increased by Report to a much greater Value Time would fail me here to speak of its Antiquity Stately Palaces Streets Exchanges Number of Inhabitants Trade and Government of its well-fortified Tower the Grand Arsenal of the Kingdom Its incomparable Bridge Publick Colledges Schools Hospitals Work-Houses c. I shall therefore only add London is a huge Magazine of Men Money Ships and all sorts of Commodities the Mighty Rendezvous of Nobility Gentry Courtiers Divines Lawyers Physicians Ladies Merchants Seamen and all kind of Excellent Artificers of the most Refined Wits and the most Excellent Beauties in the World. Of the Universities Oxford Oxonium Lat. Calleva Ant. Oxenford Sax. Rhidichin or Rhydychen Brit. And Cambridge Camboricum Ant. Cantabrigia Beda Granchester Sax. IN the beautiful Body of the Kingdom of England the two Eyes are the two Vniversities those Renowned Nurseries of Learning and Religion which for number of Magnificent and Richly Endowed Colledges for liberal Stipends to all sorts of publick Professors for number of well furnished Libraries for Number and Quality of Students exact Discipline and Order are not to be Parallel'd in the whole World. So famous beyond the Seas and so much surpassing all other in Forreign parts that they deserve a far worthier Pen than mine to Blazon their Excellency I shall therefore only say that nothing was ever devised more singularly advantagious to Gods Church and Mans Happiness than these Vniversities from whence men of Excellent parts after seasonable time in Study are called forth to serve both in Church and State. York Eboracum Ant. Eburacum Ptol. Caerfrock vel Caer-Efroc Brit. is a City of great Antiquity esteemed the second of England Famous for its Cathedral for the Birth-place of Constantine the Great and the Burial-place of Severus the Emperor it is the Title of the Kings second Son and an Archbishoprick Canterbury Durovernum Darvenum Ant. Ptol. Durovernia Beda is remarkable for being the Seat of an Archbishop who is Primate of all England Bristol Bristolium Famous for its Trade and Commerce and for its Scituation in two Counties Norwich Norvicum for its Industry in Woollen Manufactures Salisbury Sarum for its rare Cathedral wherein there are as many Doors as Months as many Windows as Days and as many Pillars as Hours in the Year Windsor Windlesora pleasantly seated on the side of the Thames and is famous for its stately Castle and Royal Palace of his Majesty Jam. II. Gloucester is the Title of the Third Son of Great Britain seated upon the Severn near the Isle Aldney where was fought the Combat between Edmund Iron-side King of the English Saxons and Canutus the Dane I had purposed to have given a more particular description of all the rest of the principal Cities in England but must defer it for a Treatise of England wherein each County is drawn for a Pocket-Volume after a more new and compendious way than ever yet extant I shall therefore here say no more of England Of Wales WALES by Rob Morden WALES is a Principality adjoyning to and annext in Government with England Inhabited by the Posterity of the Ancient Britans who being driven out of the rest of the Land by the intruding Saxons whom they sent for over to Assist them against
Antacon Sebaka Vansleb the other Meeris now called Buchiarea or Kern Vansleb BILEDVLGERID ZAARA c. Biledulgerid Sarra Terra Nigritarum Guine Nova Descriptio Robt. Morden BIledulgerid improperly is the Numidia of the Antients where inhabited the Getuli it signifies a Country plentiful in Dates Which is a Fruit which much enriches the Inhabitants This part of Africa extends from East to West almost as far as Barbary It s principal Parts are Sus or Tesset Darha Segelomessa Tegorarin Zeb and Mezzab Techort and Guergula Biledulgerid and the Desert of Barca Sus by Sanutus is called Tesset to distinguish it from that in the Kingdom of Morocco It is said to have many Towns Castles and Villages Its Inhabitants are Beriberes Africaâ—â— or Arabs Tesset is a Town of about four hundred â—â—â—ses Darba its chief Town 〈…〉 same name seated upon a River a so so called Segelomessaâ—â— one of the greatest and best Provinces of Biledulgerid whose chief City bears the same name containing several small Estates Tegorâ—rin hath more than fifty walled Towns and one hundred and fifty Villages Zeb and Mezab are much troubled with Scorpions whose bitings is mortal The Estates of Techort and Guergula have each their Prince yet pay Tribute to Algier Biledulgerid or Beled-Elgered contains the Estates of Gademes Fezzen and Teorregu the chief City is Caphsa the Capha said to be built by the Lybian Hercules There are in Biledulgerid some few Mahometan Kings whose power is very inconsiderable The Arabians under their Cheicks or Cheifs are very strong in Horse and would be able to attempt great things were they not so much at War among themselves Sometimes they assist the Turks sometimes the King of Morocco and Fez. The change of Governments and diversity of Languages has made a great alteration in the Names of the Cities The Arabians are great Hunters of Ostridges as getting great profit by it For they sell the Feathers eat the Flesh make Bags of their Skins to put their baggage in they divine by the Heart they make their Medicaments of the Fat and Pendants for their Ears of the Claws and Beaks Mount Alas extends some of its Limbs into Biledulgerid And the Cape of Non was for a good while the furthest shore of the Portugal Navigation Zahara or Zaara signifies a Desert And is part of that which the Antients called Lybia interior where lived the Antient Getuli and Garamantes The Getuli were a people of the Interior Lybia Vagrants having no certain fixed Habitation teste Silio Melas By Pliny they are placed in Mauritania Caesariensis next to the Massaesylis By Ptolomy in Lybia interior near to Dara By Honorius between Carthage and Numiâ—ia There is nothing to be seen but Sand Mountains and Scorpions for which reason the Inhabitants wear Boots to preserve themselves from being bitten by those Animals Nevertheless the Air is wholesome and the Sick are brought thither out of other Countries to recover their Health The Arabians make three Divisions of it Cebel where the Sand is small without any greenness Zaara where it is all Gravel and somewhat green And Asgar full of Lakes Grass and Shrubs Travellers must provide themselves of all necessaries For the Houses and Wells are so far distant one from another that a Man may Travel a hundred Leagues together and not meet either with Lodging or Water In one of these Deserts a Merchant suffer'd so severe a Drowth that he gave ten thousand Duckets for a glass of Water and yet he dy'd as well as the Carrier that had receiv'd the Money Men are forc'd sometimes to bury themselves in the Sands to avoid the Lions and other Wild Beasts that make a most dreadful roaring in the Night The Natives are for the most part Shepherds and the best Huntsmen in the World but very miserable Some of them are Mahumetans but the most part Libertines Several petty Lords receive the Tribute of the Caravans that pass through the Country Their other Revenue consists in Cattel and when they value the Wealth of a Man they ask how many Camels he hath There are reckon'd to be five principal Deserts Zanhaga Zuenzâ—ga wherein there are Salt Pits Targa Lempta and Berdoa to which some add Borno and Gaoga The Ghir which is their biggest River makes some very considerable Lakes and is lost in the Sands in several places as it runs the Rio Ouro was so call'd by the Portugals by reason of Gold which they found in it at their first coming This River runs under the Tropic through Desert Countries with ten or twelve Arms toward the end of its course The Coast to Cape Bejador is nothing but white and grey Sand-hâ—lls overgrown with wild Bulrushes Nigritia or the Land of the Blacks seems to be so call'd from the Antient Nigrites so term'd also from the blackness of their Complexion Or else from the Colour of the Earth which in some parts is all scorch'd and burnt up by the excessive heat The Niger somewhat qualifies the heat of the Country but the Rains occasion several Diseases Cape Blanco or Caput Album is a long extent of Sand as hard as a Rock about ten or twelve Cubits high with a spacious Port where Ships ride safe what ever Wind for the most part blows Arguin a Castle in a small Island belongs to the Hollanders Barks may go up the River of Saint John and there Trade with the Negros for Ostridge Feathers Gums Amber and some small parcels of Gold. Senega one of the principal Arms of Niger is not above a League over at the Mouth The Coast to the North of Senega is very low not to be seen hardly twelve Leagues off the Road of Cape Verd. the Asinerium promontorium teste Barrio Mancandan and Besenege Thev Ryssadium promâ—nt teste Nigro is about twelve Fathom deep with a grey Sand at the bottom The Flemish Island or Goree is fortified with a Platform flank d with four Baslious with a strong brick Tower. The entry into it is upon the West part of the Island where a Ship of fifteen hundred Tun may Ride The Road is good but there is little fresh Water Rafrisque is a very convenient retiring place Gambia is about five Leagues over at the Mouth but is not Navigable for Barks above sixty Leagues by reason of the Sands and Rocks in it Some say that the Portugals go up the Niger as far as the Kingdom of Benin which is above eight hundred Leagues That the Danes possess Cantozi toward that part where Niger divides it self That Niger makes several Lakes upon which are built many fine Cities from whence there go Caravans as far as Tripoli in Barbary The Negros are very simple Idolaters toward the Sea and Mahumetans in the Inland Country They have some very considerable Kingdoms but the greatest part of their Cities are not so good as our Villages the Houses being built of Wood Chalk and Straw and many times one of these Cities make a Kingdom