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kingdom_n	christian_a	king_n	time_n	1,755	5	3.4673	3	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A50498	A narrative of the principal actions occurring in the wars betwixt Sueden and Denmark before and after the Roschild Treaty with the counsels and measures by which those actions were directed : together with a view of the Suedish and other affairs, as they stood in Germany in the year 1675, with relation to England : occasionally communicated by the author to the Right Honourable George, late Earl of Bristol, and since his decease found among his papers.	Meadows, Philip, Sir, 1626-1718.; Bristol, George Digby, Earl of, 1612-1677.	1677 (1677)	Wing M1566; ESTC R36497	38,462	181

year 1629. exclusive of his Allies But neither did these Reasons prevail with the King of Denmark to depart from his Alliance with the Pole till a more cogent necessity extorted afterwards from him a separate Treaty Nor was the King of Sueden willing to anticipate the business of his Commissioners by precedaneous intimations of his Demands Nor to content himself as to the terms and conditions of the Peace with less then an honourable amends for the wrong done him But in his jolly way of expression since the Dane had led him so long a dance from Poland to Jutland he was resolved at least to make him pay the fidlers Thus the War of the Cabinet was managed by missives and memorials but that of the field was carried on in a smarter manner The extraordinary violent frost was by this time encreased to such a degree that the little Belt which divides Jutland from the Isle of Funen was so intensely frozen as suggested to the Suedish King an Enterprize full of hazard but not disagreeable to a fearless mind edg'd with Ambition of marching over the ice into Funen with horse foot and Cannon Some little skirmishings there were upon the shoar of the Island if it may be called a shoar where there was no longer Sea and the Dane had in the most commodious landing places made large cuts in the Ice which were soon congeled again though with a softer crust Into one of these a small division of about forty Suedish Horse with a Cornet unwarily fell and were there swallowed up Major General Henderson a Scotch man was posted at Middlefar with a Body of men but upon the Suedes approach deserted his station for which he was after in great danger of a Council of War had not the English Minister seasonably interposed for his rescue The Dane had about three or four thousand foot and two thousand Horse upon the Isle who were all of them defeated and taken and some of them being Germans took party with the Suede invited by the hopes of good booty the plunder of a fertil and well peopled Island The Suede marched directly to Odensea the capital Town spacious and well built which they entred without resistance For as well Funen as the other Danish Isles are all open and unfortified and have no defensible places except Copenhagen and Cronenburg both upon the Isle of Zeland having been ever esteemed sufficiently fortified by being Islands and the Kings of Denmark having been alwaies Masters of a considerable Naval strength But now being no longer considered as such but as contiguous and fastned with the continent they were exposed an easie prey to an adventurous and forward Enemy 'T is observable that this miraculous march over a breadth of the Sea of more than twenty English miles for such is the distance betwixt Funen and Zeland the way the Army marched was the resolve of the King himself contrary to the sense of Wrangel and the principal Officers of his Army and 't is but just he should have the glory of the success who had he miscarried could not have avoided the imputation of temerity The News of the loss of Funen being arrived at Copenhagen brought the more terror with it because besides the loss of so important an Isle it awakened the apprehension that the same Bridge which had let the Suede over the little Belt into Funen might do the like over the great Belt into Zeland Whereupon the King of Denmark sends in haste to the English mediator desiring him to renew with all diligence the former proposal of a separate Treaty which had been for some time interrupted and to set it on foot with all possible Expedition The Mediator being assured of the reality of the King's Intentions dispatches forthwith an Express to the King of Sueden with a Letter the Contents whereof I shall insert as being that upon which the following business turned It acquainted him that the King of Denmark had already nominated and authorised the Lords Joachin Gersdorf Rix Hofmaster and Christian Scheel both Senatours of the Kingdom his Commissioners and Plenipotentiaries to meet treat and conclude with like Commissioners from him at such time and place as he his Majesty of Sueden should please to appoint It requested him on the part and at the Instance of England to depute in like manner his Commissioners to prefix a time and place for meeting to send safe Conducts for him the Mediator and the Danish Commissioners Adding moreover that his Majesty of Sueden being as it were in possession or at least in assurance of an Honourable Peace if he would Please henceforward to suspend Hostility testifying thereby the moderation and temper wherewith he Governed his Prosperity and success he would perform a work worthy the greatness of his Name gratify the neighbouring Princes and States and more especially oblige England by doing it in favour of a particular request This Letter bore date from Copenhagen February the third 1657. To which the King returned Answer by the same messenger from Newberg in Funen February the fifth so quick was the dispatch at a distance of fourscore miles English The King's Answer was as followeth To thank him the Mediator for his diligence in promoting the concerns of a Peace which the Dane had hitherto so obstinately opposed That he was willing to enter immediately upon a Treaty with Denmark under the respective mediations of France and England And since it was left to him to appoint the place and time he gave the King of Denmark the choice either of the Isle of Sproo or of Rudkoping in Langland for the Commissioners sufficiently Authorised on both sides to meet at within eight days after the date of this his Letter That together with this Letter he had sent safe Conducts in due form for him the said English Mediator and for the Danish Commissioners to come stay and return at pleasure That the business required the greater haste because he could promise himself no security in a suspension of Arms. This Answer was a full concession of the desired Treaty but the King would not be complimented out of his advantages into a cessation of Arms well knowing the powerful effects of panic fears from the suddenness of a successful Invasion and that the only way to profit by them is to give no respit for recollecting The Suedish King contiues his march with all possible diligence His nearest way to Zeland had been over the great Belt from Neuburg to Corsure about sixteen miles English but he chuses rather the way of Langland so to Laland Falster which though the farther was the safer because the traject from Island to Island was no where so broad as it was in the Channel of the Belt betwixt Neuburg and Corsure The forementioned dispatch with the safe Conducts from the King of Sueden being arrived at Copenhagen the Danish Commissioners accompanied with the English Mediator put themselves without delay upon their journey towards Rudcoping in

Marienburg Elbing and some other Towns in Prussia passes through Pomeren and marches directly for Holstein and Jutland It was generally conceived that now if ever the Dane would have fought him harassed and tired as he was with a tedious march But the new Levies durst not adventure the shock with veteran Troups used to fight and used to conquer The Danish Army plies and yields ground before the Suede without fighting who pursues his point and increases in numbers as he does in fame all things favouring the victorious The Danes diminishing as fast gave back till they came to Fredericsode in Jutland where they sheltred the remainder of their Infantry having left Garrisons behind them in Gluckstad Cremp and Rensburg The Horse were transported into Funen an Island opposite to Fredericsode so that the Suede was left absolute Master of the Campagne and possessed of the convenient quarters of Holstein and Jutland Some of the Inhabitants conveyed the richest part of their goods to Wensussel an Island on the North of Jutland and to Samsoe another near adjoyning Isle both which became soon after prize to the Victors Fredericfode was now besieged by General Wrangel a new Town endowed with a large Charter of Privileges to invite dwellers and Trade fortified according to the modern way with Bastions false bray and ditch but the. works not fully finished The Circumvallations describe a bow or semicircle and the little Belt running by it the chord To the Belt-side it was not fortified at all no more than by the water and channel only the two bastions upon the two extremities of the semicircle were set as far into the bed of the River as conveniently they could be and then from the corner of each bastion a strong palisade was run into the River as far as deep water Wrangel so far profited of the security of his Enemy or the treachery of some correspondents that he found means in a dark night to cut asunder those Palisades and making two false attacks in two other places to amuse and distract them within and rushing on at the same time with a prepared body of Horse and Foot up to the saddle-skirts in water wheel'd about the Bastion and entred the Fort. Had there been but an ordinary work along the bank of the River from one Bastion to another or a body of men drawn up in Battalia to receive the Enemy upon the file he must of necessity have taken the water again But there was neither of these The Governour was a Grave Senatour of the Kingdom but no experienced souldier only justified his fidelity to the King his Master by dying upon the place and was accompanied by about four thousand more who were either slain or taken prisoners Some time after a Lieutenant and a Corporal who had served in Fredricsode and were afterwards surprised by the Dane in the Suedish Quarters were publickly executed at Copenhagen as those who had traiterously betrayed the place But whether their Crime was really such or that they otherwaies criminal were made use of as a sacrifice to appease the angry Citizens enraged at the loss of Fredericsode is uncertain Thus we have posted the Suede in that important Fortress which bearing the name of the then King of Denmark and thus unhappily taken might seem as it were to presage by an inauspicious omen the succeeding misfortunes which involved that King We will leave him there a while Master of the Continent and the Dane retreated to his Islands And having thus far drawn down the general scheme of the military affairs let us step back a little to take a short survey of the civil transactions contemporary with the former England had too great an Interest in the Baltic the Mediterranean of the North to sit still without making reflection upon those commotions in the Northern Kingdoms For besides the general concerns of a free Trade which of necessity must have suffered interruption by the continuance of this War England being at that time Engaged in a War with one branch of the Austrian family viz. with Spain would rather the Suedish Arms had been at liberty to give check to the other branch in Germany as occasion might offer then to be diverted therefrom by a war with Denmark Two Gentlemen are sent over to endeavour a reconciliation betwixt both Kings Mr. Meadowe who was dispatched to the Danish Court arrived there in September 1657. much about the time the Suede entred Jutland His business was to remonstrate how unwelcome it was to them in England to understand of a Rupture betwixt the two Crowns albeit they esteemed the communication there of by the Letters and Manifest of that King as an expression of friendship That besides the effusion of Christian bloud betwixt two Nations linked together by the common bonds of Nature and Religion and both of them leagued in Amity with England the continuation of that War might in so perilous a juncture considerably endanger the whole Protestant Cause and Interest and nothing could have happened more advantagious to Spain with whom England was in open Hostility Besides his Majesty o● Denmark could not but be sensible how much the freedom o● Navigation and Commerce in the Baltic would be impeached thereby to the prejudice of the Neighbouring Nations but o● none more than England as continually fetching Naval Store from those Countries He was therefore sent on the part of England to that King to offer the best and most friendly offices for accommoding all differences be twixt the two Crowns and putting a stop to so unhappy a War and to assure him that they would imploy their utmost Interest with the King of Sueden to dispose him thereto and to that purpose had already sent a Gentleman to Him And that if this their tendred Mediation were accepted they would in the management thereof deal impartially and endeavour that the Peace once reestablished might for the future be inviolably observed To this Proposal the King of Denmark returned Answer in writing under his Seal and Signature bearing date September the twenty fifth 1657. Declaring that the care of England for the tranquillity of his Kingdoms the freedom of public commerce and quieting all differences was gratefully accepted by him And that he was ready to enter upon a Treaty of a sure and Honourable Peace under the mediation of England And so soon as the King of Sueden should testifie a suitable concurrence on his part he would further declare himself as to time place and other the Preliminaries to an ensuing Treaty This Declaration was transmitted to the King of Sueden with all possible diligence and drew from him a Reply dated at Wismar October the nineteenth 1657 In which after many Expostulations how injuriously he had been dealt with by the Dane intermixed with some language which the Dane resented as reproachful he declares likewise his consent to enter upon a Treaty under the mediation of France and England And that the Preliminaries as to place

City found his house well fraught with rich goods which the best of the Inhabitants had conveyed thither as to a sanctuary against the plundering Suede And yet this testimony is due to the person of the Danish King that he comported himself with a magnanimous constancy and firmness amidst all these misfortunes 'T is not irrational to suppose that if the King of Sueden had been truly informed of the state of the Town he would not have slipped the most advantagious opportunity he ever had of taking Copenhagen But though he knew all was not well with the Dane yet he did not know the worst and being already laden with a heap of prosperities crowded beyond expectation upon him esteemed it more prudential to lay hold on those eminent and securer advantages offered him by Treaty than to depend upon the issues of War subject to vicissitudes Yea 't is not irrational to believe that some of the wiser heads in the Suedish Court did not heartily desire to see their King Master of Copenhagen lest the commodiousness of the situation preferable to that of Stockholm should invite either him or his Successor to make that the capital seat of the Monarchy whereby Sueden should in process of time have insensibly degenerated from a Kingdom to a Province The minutes of the Treaty were in few days concluded at Torstrup upon which a cessation of Arms immediately followed And from thence the Mediators and Commissioners removed to Roschild to digest more at leisure those summary Articles into the body of a Treaty Ten days were spent upon that Affair till the whole was fully perfected and finished And then the respective Instruments were in solemn form signed and sealed by the Mediators and Commissioners on both sides and interchangeably delivered each to other Which from the place where it was finally concluded though begun at Wardinburg agreed at Torstrup yet finished here was denominated the Roschild Treaty By this Treaty the King of Denmark was a great loser if we consider what he quitted but it may as well be said he was a great saver if we consider what he kept For he who had lost all in the field could not reasonably expect to regain it in the cabinet And though some of his principal branches were lopt off which in time might grow again yet the root was preserved which else had been lost without resource So that it was but an expression of tenderness to his King and Countrey what the Danish Rix Hofmaster a right worthy person whisperd into the ear of the English Mediator Utinam nescirem literas The lands and Territories which by this Treaty were alienated and transferred from Denmark to the Crown of Sueden were the Provinces of Sconen and Bleking as for Halland I reckon the Suede had that before likewise the Isle of Bornholm and the two Governments of Bahuys and Drontheim in Norway The English Mediator had two parts to act in this Scene one was to moderate the Demands as far as he could in favour of the Sufferer without disobliging the Suede by a too notorious partiality The other was to watch lest any thing be stipulated betwixt the two Kings prejudicial to the Interests of England It was moved that the whole Kingdom of Norway should be rent off from Denmark and united to Sueden with which it lay contiguous This intrenched upon England as giving the Suede the sole and entire possession of the chief materials as Masts Deals Pitch Tar Copper Iron c. needful for the apparel and equipage of our ships too great a Treasure to be intrusted in one hand The Mediator in avoidance of this was the first who insinuated the Proposal of rendring Sconen and Bleking to the Suede which would cut off that unnecessary charge both Crowns sustained in garrisoning a Frontier each against other by enlarging the Suedish Dominions to the bank of the Sound the ancient and natural boundary of Sueden This though uneasie to the Dane because of the vicinity of those Provinces to Copenhagen the Metropolis yet was safe for England because by this means the Suede is become Master of one Bank of the Sound as the Dane is of the other though the accustomed Duty of passage the best flower in the Danish Garland was by this Treaty reserved wholly to the Dane Thus the Power over that narrow entry into the Baltic being balanced betwixt two emulous Crowns will be an effectual preventive of any new exactions or usurpations in the Sound which occasioned a fierce War betwixt them in the year 1643. In which the States General judged themselves so nearly concerned England being at that time most unhappily embroild with Intestine Commotions and not in condition to look after her concerns abroad that they sent a considerable Fleet of War to the assistance of the Suede by help whereof the Dane was beaten and forced to a dishonourable Treaty at Broomsborow as was before mentioned And the Duties payable in the Sound were from that time regulated as they now stand at this day An Article had been framed obliging both Kings to hinder the passage of any forrain Fleet of War into the Baltic which though directly and immediately levelled against Holland yet obliquely and remotely reflected upon England with which the English Mediator not being satisfied caused the word inimica to be inserted and then the sense was this that both Kings to their power should endeavour to impede the passage of any forrain Fleet of War Enemy of both Crowns By which the edge of the Article was rebated and the King of Sueden displeased thereat after acquiesced This Roschild Treaty thus concluded bears date February the twenty sixth 1658. or as we in England write 1657. and was ratified by both Kings under their Royal Seals and signatures together with the seals and subscriptions of the Senators of both Kingdoms according to the time and manner prescribed by the Articles The next thing which in order followed was the solemn interview betwixt the two Kings at Frederiosburg a Palace of the King of Denmark about four leagues from Copenhagen the most magnificent of any in the North. Thither both of them went and which is remarqueable without any previous stipulations concerning Guards or number of Followers usually practised betwixt doubtful Friends but with a frank and Northern simplicity without any seeming distrust each of other Yet the King of Denmark had at least five hundred horse with him being those who were formerly drawn out of Schonen besides his ordinary Foot-Guards in Livery and the several Gentlemen and Officers of his Court The King of Sueden had not above four hundred and those not so well mounted or armed as the other The Danish King set forwards from his House about two English miles or more to meet the Suede upon his way from Poschild Both Kings at a competent distance alighted at the same time out of their Coaches and saluted by joyning their right hands then both entred the Danish Coach

that omission challenged it as an appendix and accessary of Sconen but the Dane reclaim'd it as an appurtenance of Zeland The truth is the Isle of it self without any relative consideration was of little or no value but had it remained in Danish hands they might have built a Fort upon it to command the entry of Landscroon by which the onely or most considerable Port which the Suede had in Sconen would have been rendred useless And therefore they were resolved at any rate to have it and if by no other right at least by that new devised one which we in old English have no word for but the French call it Le Droit de bienseance Other Controversies arose of the like nature which the Suede though seemingly offended at yet profited upon making them the pretence for continuing their forces in Funen Jutland and other the Danish Dominions which by the sixteenth Article of the Treaty they were to have quitted by the first of May. 1658. Summer was now approaching and yet the King of Sueden was still at Gottenburg ordering the affairs of his Kingdome setling himself in his new acquired Estates and attending the Issue of his Ambassadors Negotiation at Copenhagen In June he parted thence and arrived at Fredericsode stopped some time at Flensburg and from thence went to his Father-in-law at Gottorp Four Ambassadors met him from the Electoral College for there was at that time a vacancy in the Empire and the Electors were assembled at Francfort upon choice of a new Emperour The business of the Ambassadors was to proffer all friendly offices for composing the War betwixt him and Poland and accommoding all differences betwixt him and the King of Hungary soon after chosen King of the Romans and Emperour As also to desire and forewarn him to abstain from marching with his Army upon the Territories of the Empire The Ambassadors had an unwelcome reception the King reproaching them with their Masters non-performance of the Garrantie of the Munster Treaty upon the Danish Invasion of the Bishoprick of Bremen Two Ministers came to him in particular from the Elector of Brandenburg but were not admitted to Audience the King requiring a previous satisfaction from that Elector for deserting his Alliance and confederating himself with his declared Enemy the Pole The Brandenburg Ministers were treated the more roughly the better to disguise a following design and to induce a general belief that the Dominions of their Master were forthwith to be invaded The English Mediator had been recalled from the Court of Denmark as supposing all quiet there and placed in that of Sueden and was now in Germany setting on foot a new mediation betwixt that King the Pole and Brandenburger The Armies of which two last subsisted all this while at the charge of their own Countries but that of Sueden made good chear at the cost of Denmark whiles the Suedish Ambassadors and Danish Commissioners were debating at Copenhagen The truth is the Suede was glad of a pretext for continuing in his old quarters contrary to the Treaty being at at a loss what to do with his Army To disband was not reasonable because he had the Pole with the Brandenburger his new Allie Enemies before him and not well assured of the Dane behind To have removed his Quarters into Pomeren in the Neighbourhood of Brandenburg had been to eat up his own Country and which was more would certainly have drawn together a confederacy in the Empire against him as a disturber of the Peace thereof The Suede thinking it now time to begin his Campagne which the Dane had long expected hoping to be rid of his troublesome Guests Ordered the Rendesvouz of his Army at Kiel a Maritim Town in Holstein with a Fleet of about sixty sail to be ready in the Harbour most of them vessels of burden the rest good men of War From Kiel he marched at the head of some selected Troops to Wismar making semblance as if the gross of his Army should follow But the Cabinet at Gottenburg had otherwise determined it for there I persuade my self the design was first hatched and cherished with all imaginable secrecy It was thought not advisable for the Suede to stir in Germany not being assisted by any powerful Allie France at that time faced towards a marriage and consequently a Peace with Spain England was a Chaos of confusion and disorder A War with Poland was remote and unprofitable and had already consumed him to no purpose one nearer home would be of more safety and advantage The Dane would never want a will so long as he wanted not a power to hurt Sueden It was judged easier to conquer him than reconcile him The King staid but a little time at Wismar with his Queen and then privately imbarqued himself upon a Dutch Boyer in the River and arrived at Kiel All hands were now busie in putting the Army Horse and Foot aboard which done the King went also aboard a man of War The French Ambassador went with him the English Minister though invited refused to go not being satisfied whether the design was upon Prussia or Denmark however would in neither case put himself as party in Company of an Enemy whose office had been and was still to be a Mediator The Fleet set sail with a fair wind and not many hours after arrived at Corsure upon the Isle of Zeland this was in August and the Peace had been concluded but in February before No longer time was spent at Corsure then what was necessary for landing the Army which consisting of near four thousand Horse besides several Regiments of Foot to be transported from Funen and joyned with those already brought from Kiel would unavoidably require some time to disembark which together with a march of about sixty miles English from Corsure to Copenhagen was all the warning the Dauc had to prepare an Entertainment for their unexpected Guest The King had prepared no Manifest to declare the grounds and reasons of this enterprise because he doubted not to carry all before him by the suddenness of the surprize and the success had been the best argument for justification of his Arms. The Danish King sent to know of him the Reasons of this sudden Invasion after a Peace so lately concluded and so dearly bought and by what just ways and means he might allay and pacifie any conceived displeasure But all was now too late the great Belt was behind him and Copenhagen before him he was over Rubicon and would to Rome The two defensible places upon Zeland being Copenhagen and Cronenburg the Suedish Army divided part under General Wrangel besieged Cronenburg whilst the King with the greater part invested Copenhagen It would neither be profitable nor delightful minutely to recount the particulars of a long siege but it was soon made evident that the same prosperous direction which had guided the Suedish Arms in the former War did not accompany them in this as indeed the state of the