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cardinal_n richelieu_n he_o first_o introduce_v that_o exact_a method_n which_o appear_v in_o all_o their_o affair_n that_o secrecy_n and_o steadiness_n which_o be_v in_o their_o council_n and_o that_o entire_a obedience_n which_o all_o subordinate_a degree_n pay_v to_o their_o superior_n and_o by_o exact_v it_o severe_o he_o first_o accustom_a the_o french_a to_o that_o zeal_n diligence_n and_o honesty_n to_o their_o master_n which_o they_o show_v in_o all_o public_a business_n cardinal_n mazarin_n be_v breed_v up_o in_o his_o school_n a_o man_n perhaps_o not_o quite_o so_o deep_a but_o of_o infinite_a subtlety_n and_o very_o fit_a for_o the_o intrigue_n of_o the_o cabinet_n in_o a_o minority_n and_o under_o the_o regency_n of_o a_o queen_n mother_n what_o the_o duke_n of_o sully_n but_o begin_v colbert_n bring_v to_o
and_o it_o be_v upon_o the_o score_n of_o this_o trust_n that_o in_o all_o probability_n the_o parliament_n name_v commissioner_n of_o the_o shire_n with_o the_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n to_o be_v associate_v with_fw-mi rot._n parl._n 12._o h._n 7._o n._n 12._o and_o n._n 13._o but_o commissioner_n have_v be_v several_a time_n since_o name_v by_o the_o king_n as_o 34_o and_o 37_o hen._n 8._o 2_o and_o 3_o edw._n 6._o 3_o and_o 4_o edw._n 6._o 4_o and_o 5_o phil._n and_o mary_n 15_o and_o 22_o car._n 2._o but_o there_o be_v a_o precedent_n for_o this_o in_o the_o first_o year_n of_o their_o present_a majesty_n reign_n and_o if_o pursuant_n to_o the_o power_n give_v in_o that_o act_n the_o king_n have_v name_v commissioner_n of_o his_o own_o in_o every_o county_n for_o levy_v the_o aid_n of_o one_o shilling_n in_o the_o pound_n there_o may_v have_v be_v a_o new_a survey_n make_v of_o all_o the_o rent_n in_o england_n and_o in_o all_o likelihood_n such_o sum_n will_v have_v be_v raise_v upon_o land_n only_o as_o may_v have_v near_o answer_v all_o the_o necessity_n of_o the_o government_n the_o second_o pound_n rate_n do_v not_o raise_v so_o much_o in_o proportion_n as_o the_o first_o and_o there_o be_v ground_n to_o think_v this_o last_o 4_o shiling_n aid_n will_v not_o raise_v so_o much_o as_o the_o former_a and_o there_o be_v reason_n to_o believe_v the_o aid_n by_o pound_n rate_n will_v every_o time_n grow_v less_o and_o less_o like_o the_o subsidy_n in_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n and_o beginning_n of_o king_n james_n reign_n unless_o there_o be_v a_o new_a and_o regular_a survey_n make_v of_o land_n for_o let_v the_o danger_n from_o abroad_o and_o the_o want_v at_o home_n be_v never_o so_o press_v no_o doubt_n most_o man_n if_o they_o be_v leave_v to_o themselves_o will_v be_v glad_a to_o save_v their_o money_n and_o will_v rather_o consult_v their_o private_a interest_n than_o the_o public_a good_n but_o if_o the_o king_n as_o be_v always_o practise_v in_o ancient_a time_n have_v power_n to_o name_n commissioner_n and_o if_o all_o people_n be_v bind_v under_o great_a forfeiture_n to_o give_v in_o a_o true_a rental_a of_o their_o estate_n or_o a_o true_a estimate_n of_o what_o they_o keep_v in_o their_o hand_n and_o if_o the_o commissioner_n have_v power_n to_o examine_v any_o person_n other_o than_o the_o party_n himself_o upon_o oath_n of_o the_o true_a value_n of_o each_o man_n estate_n there_o be_v hardly_o any_o doubt_n to_o be_v make_v but_o that_o a_o aid_n of_o four_o shilling_n in_o the_o pound_n will_v raise_v three_o million_o and_o if_o land_n can_v raise_v that_o sum_n the_o nation_n need_v not_o be_v put_v to_o such_o dishonourable_a and_o dangerous_a shift_n of_o raise_v money_n as_o be_v new_a project_n fresh_a imposition_n upon_o trade_n and_o fond_n of_o perpetual_a interest_n which_o if_o they_o be_v make_v use_n of_o as_o the_o constant_a way_n and_o mean_n of_o supply_v the_o war_n must_v in_o all_o appearance_n very_o quick_o destroy_v our_o foreign_a commerce_n and_o by_o consequence_n bring_v universal_a weakness_n and_o poverty_n upon_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n but_o there_o be_v nothing_o too_o hard_o for_o the_o wisdom_n of_o a_o parliament_n to_o bring_v about_o which_o perhaps_o may_v find_v a_o way_n to_o levy_v the_o pound_n rate_v just_o and_o equal_o in_o all_o county_n without_o give_v the_o king_n power_n to_o name_n commissioner_n the_o ancient_a subsidy_n do_v usual_o consist_v of_o a_o charge_n by_o poll_n a_o pound_n rate_v upon_o land_n and_o a_o pound_n rate_v upon_o money_n and_o personal_a estate_n so_o that_o all_o sort_n of_o people_n do_v contribute_v something_o in_o the_o old_a way_n of_o tax_v but_o such_o as_o for_o their_o poverty_n be_v exempt_v the_o usurer_n who_o be_v the_o true_a drone_n of_o a_o commonwealth_n live_v upon_o the_o honey_n without_o any_o labour_n shall_v of_o all_o people_n be_v bring_v in_o to_o bear_v their_o proportion_n of_o the_o common_a burden_n as_o yet_o they_o can_v never_o be_v effectual_o reach_v but_o they_o may_v be_v fetch_v in_o by_o the_o wisdom_n of_o a_o parliament_n if_o the_o house_n of_o commons_o will_v please_v resolute_o to_o set_v themselves_o about_o it_o what_o a_o pound_n rate_v of_o four_o shilling_n in_o the_o pound_n upon_o money_n may_v produce_v be_v very_o hard_a to_o compute_v because_o in_o that_o matter_n there_o be_v scarce_o any_o rule_n or_o measure_n to_o go_v by_o but_o suppose_v money_n at_o interest_n to_o be_v a_o sixteen_o part_n as_o some_o think_v of_o the_o annual_a value_n and_o income_n of_o england_n there_o be_v then_o twenty_o million_o of_o money_n at_o interest_n which_o may_v be_v and_o yet_o not_o a_o three_o part_n of_o that_o sum_n in_o specie_fw-la in_o the_o kingdom_n and_o if_o there_o be_v twenty_o million_o at_o interest_n at_o five_o per_fw-la cent._n a_o pound_n rate_v of_o four_o shilling_n in_o the_o pound_n upon_o money_n will_v raise_v 200,000_o l._n that_o which_o have_v make_v quarterly_o poll_n so_o distasteful_a be_v charge_v the_o poor_a sort_n but_o if_o they_o be_v all_o exempt_v a_o quarterly_o poll_n well_o levy_v may_v raise_v 500,000_o l._n and_o here_o it_o may_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o take_v notice_n that_o if_o in_o the_o pound_n rate_v upon_o land_n one_o shilling_n be_v take_v off_o from_o the_o landlord_n and_o place_v upon_o the_o tenant_n it_o will_v ease_v those_o who_o have_v bear_v all_o the_o weight_n nor_o can_v it_o seem_v oppressive_a to_o the_o tenant_n consider_v how_o well_o they_o have_v fare_v hitherto_o so_o that_o a_o mix_v aid_n by_o a_o pound_n rate_v upon_o land_n and_o money_n and_o by_o a_o quarterly_o poll_n all_o careful_o levy_v may_v raise_v by_o four_o shilling_n pound_v rate_n upon_o land_n l._n 3,000,000_o by_o four_o shilling_n pound_v rate_n upon_o money_n l._n 200,000_o by_o a_o quarterly_o poll_n l._n 500,000_o total_a l._n 3,700,000_o which_o without_o any_o new_a way_n and_o mean_n will_v come_v very_o near_o raise_v that_o sum_n to_o which_o the_o expense_n of_o the_o war_n have_v hitherto_o amount_v if_o in_o a_o war_n that_o be_v so_o expensive_a and_o be_v think_v so_o necessary_a for_o our_o preservation_n all_o people_n will_v agree_v to_o promote_v equality_n no_o doubt_n great_a sum_n may_v be_v raise_v in_o this_o nation_n and_o the_o country_n in_o all_o aid_n will_v be_v find_v to_o answer_v as_o well_o as_o london_n that_o london_n westminster_n and_o middlesex_n pay_v about_o a_o six_o part_n in_o the_o aid_n be_v very_o plain_a and_o that_o they_o be_v not_o above_o a_o ten_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v general_a rental_a be_v very_o probable_a what_o proportion_n in_o other_o wealth_n and_o substance_n london_n bear_v to_o the_o rest_n of_o england_n be_v very_o hard_a to_o determine_v but_o some_o land_a man_n will_v start_v up_o and_o say_v it_o be_v true_a london_n bear_v a_o six_o it_o ought_v to_o bear_v a_o half_a it_o have_v all_o the_o wealth_n and_o the_o immoderate_a growth_n of_o that_o city_n undo_v and_o ruin_v all_o the_o country_n it_o may_v therefore_o be_v well_o worth_a the_o enquiry_n of_o think_v man_n what_o truth_n there_o be_v in_o this_o common_a and_o receive_a notion_n that_o the_o growth_n of_o london_n be_v pernicious_a to_o england_n that_o the_o kingdom_n be_v like_o a_o rickety_n body_n with_o a_o head_n too_o big_a for_o the_o other_o member_n for_o some_o people_n who_o have_v think_v much_o upon_o this_o subject_n be_v incline_v to_o believe_v that_o the_o growth_n of_o that_o city_n be_v advantageous_a to_o the_o nation_n and_o they_o seem_v to_o ground_v their_o opinion_n upon_o the_o follow_a reason_n that_o no_o empire_n be_v ever_o great_a without_o have_v a_o great_a and_o populous_a city_n that_o the_o roman_n draw_v all_o the_o conquer_a city_n of_o italy_n into_o rome_n that_o the_o people_n of_o attica_n be_v no_o better_a than_o a_o crew_n of_o rude_a herdsman_n and_o neither_o flourish_v in_o war_n nor_o in_o civil_a art_n till_o theseus_n persuade_v they_o to_o inhabit_v athens_n that_o the_o greatness_n of_o london_n will_v best_o preserve_v our_o constitution_n because_o where_o there_o be_v a_o great_a and_o powerful_a city_n the_o prince_n will_v hardly_o enterprise_n upon_o the_o liberty_n of_o that_o people_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n a_o rich_a and_o powerful_a city_n seldom_o rebel_n upon_o vain_a and_o slight_a occasion_n on_o these_o ground_n and_o many_o other_o some_o people_n be_v lead_v to_o think_v the_o growth_n of_o london_n not_o hurtful_a to_o the_o nation_n but_o on_o the_o contrary_a to_o believe_v that_o there_o be_v not_o a_o acre_n of_o land_n in_o the_o country_n be_v it_o never_o so_o
distant_a that_o be_v not_o in_o some_o degree_n better_v by_o the_o growth_n trade_n and_o riches_n of_o that_o city_n perhaps_o if_o all_o the_o wealth_n and_o substance_n of_o london_n can_v be_v true_o rate_v in_o a_o tax_n of_o four_o million_o that_o city_n will_v pay_v a_o four_o part_n without_o any_o hardship_n to_o it_o but_o probable_o there_o be_v nothing_o but_o excise_n that_o will_v true_o and_o equal_o rate_v all_o sort_n of_o wealth_n and_o substance_n and_o bring_v in_o all_o sort_n of_o person_n chief_o those_o in_o great_a city_n to_o contribute_v in_o the_o public_a burden_n we_o have_v now_o go_v through_o the_o chief_a way_n and_o mean_n hitherto_o make_v use_n of_o for_o carry_v on_o the_o present_a war_n in_o which_o a_o impartial_a land-tax_n be_v chief_o recommend_v as_o most_o agreeable_a to_o the_o ancient_a constitution_n of_o this_o kingdom_n if_o it_o shall_v be_v think_v expedient_a to_o go_v by_o the_o way_n of_o a_o monthly_a assessment_n the_o aportionment_n of_o 1660_o seem_v a_o more_o equal_a distribution_n of_o the_o common_a burden_n than_o have_v be_v as_o yet_o make_v use_n of_o according_a to_o which_o the_o home_n counties_n will_v pay_v as_o they_o do_v now_o london_n westminster_n and_o middlesex_n may_v be_v rate_v at_o the_o sum_n they_o have_v pay_v in_o the_o aid_n of_o four_o shilling_n in_o the_o pound_n and_o the_o assessment_n will_v run_v thus_o northern_a and_o western_a county_n l._n 1,234,400_o the_o eleven_o home_n county_n l._n 626,000_o london_n westminster_n and_o middlesex_n l._n 307,14085_o 1_o 4_o total_a l._n 2,167,54085_o ¾_n a_o far_o large_a sum_n may_v indeed_o be_v produce_v by_o a_o pound_n rate_v equal_o and_o impartial_o levy_v through_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n but_o some_o will_v object_v that_o to_o levy_v a_o pound_n rate_v strict_o by_o commissioner_n of_o the_o king_n be_v name_v may_v occasion_v oppression_n and_o discontent_n in_o the_o country_n and_o that_o such_o a_o method_n of_o raise_v tax_n may_v create_v so_o many_o officer_n among_o the_o best_a of_o the_o gentry_n dependent_a upon_o the_o court_n as_o may_v be_v dangerous_a to_o liberty_n beside_o the_o northern_a and_o western_a county_n especial_o such_o as_o lie_v most_o distant_a will_v affirm_v that_o out_o of_o the_o same_o value_n in_o estate_n they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o pay_v the_o same_o pound_n rate_v because_o their_o rent_n be_v not_o so_o well_o pay_v their_o return_v and_o market_n be_v not_o so_o quick_a and_o they_o taste_v not_o that_o benefit_n of_o the_o trade_n and_o greatness_n of_o london_n in_o the_o same_o degree_n as_o the_o home_n counties_n it_o may_v be_v likewise_o object_v that_o land-tax_n in_o general_n and_o chief_o if_o strict_o levy_v must_v be_v very_o ruinous_a to_o the_o gentry_n if_o the_o war_n shall_v continue_v for_o any_o long_a time_n and_o since_o to_o a_o wise_a and_o virtuous_a prince_n no_o sum_n of_o money_n can_v be_v desirable_a that_o be_v levy_v with_o the_o oppression_n and_o discontent_n of_o his_o people_n it_o may_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o inquire_v what_o other_o way_n there_o be_v of_o supply_v the_o war_n which_o may_v be_v more_o casie_a to_o the_o nation_n excise_n have_v have_v a_o ill_a repute_n with_o such_o as_o have_v not_o thorough_o weigh_v and_o compare_v they_o with_o other_o tax_n but_o however_o it_o may_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o examine_v a_o little_a into_o the_o nature_n of_o such_o a_o fond_a of_o revenue_n to_o what_o degree_n it_o will_v supply_v the_o war_n and_o how_o far_o it_o may_v be_v consistent_a with_o the_o safety_n of_o our_o constitution_n of_o excise_n excise_n seem_v the_o most_o proper_a way_n and_o mean_n to_o support_v the_o government_n in_o a_o long_a war_n because_o they_o will_v lie_v equal_o upon_o the_o whole_a and_o produce_v great_a sum_n proportionable_a to_o the_o great_a want_n of_o the_o public_a it_o appear_v from_o the_o book_n of_o hearth-money_n that_o the_o family_n in_o england_n be_v about_o thirteen_o hundred_o thousand_o so_o that_o allow_v six_o to_o a_o family_n the_o people_n of_o england_n may_v be_v compute_v at_o above_o seven_o million_o sir_n william_n petty_n reckon_v the_o common_a mass_n of_o mankind_n to_o spend_v in_o their_o nourishment_n and_o live_v of_o all_o sort_n one_o with_o another_o about_o seven_o pound_n a_o year_n apiece_o by_o which_o computation_n there_o seem_v yearly_o to_o be_v spend_v in_o england_n about_o forty_o nine_o million_o of_o which_o land_n and_o rent_n in_o london_n according_a to_o what_o they_o pay_v in_o the_o present_a aid_n appear_v not_o to_o be_v above_o ten_o million_o and_o trade_n may_v be_v now_o esteem_v at_o six_o million_o the_o other_o thirty_o three_o million_o be_v spend_v from_o science_n art_n labour_n industry_n manufacture_n retail_v of_o foreign_a good_n and_o buy_v and_o sell_v our_o home_n commodity_n now_o in_o tax_v the_o people_n we_o have_v hitherto_o go_v chief_o upon_o land_n and_o foreign_a trade_n which_o be_v about_o one_o three_o part_n of_o the_o strength_n of_o england_n and_o the_o other_o two_o three_o of_o its_o strength_n we_o let_v escape_v so_o that_o usurer_n lawyer_n tradesman_n and_o retailer_n with_o all_o that_o troop_n that_o maintain_v themselves_o by_o our_o vice_n and_o luxury_n and_o who_o make_v the_o easy_a and_o most_o certain_a gain_n and_o profit_n in_o the_o commonwealth_n contribute_v little_a to_o its_o support_n all_o which_o by_o excise_n will_v be_v bring_v to_o bear_v their_o proportion_n of_o the_o common_a burden_n of_o the_o thirteen_o hundred_o thousand_o house_n that_o be_v in_o england_n it_o appear_v from_o the_o book_n of_o hearth-money_n that_o five_o hundred_o thousand_o be_v cottage_n of_o one_o chimney_n suppose_v most_o of_o these_o to_o be_v poor_a family_n and_o that_o they_o contribute_v little_a to_o any_o tax_n yet_o if_o the_o other_o eight_o hundred_o thousand_o family_n pay_v in_o several_a excise_n but_o six_o pound_n a_o year_n one_o with_o another_o the_o whole_a amount_v will_v be_v 4,800,000_o l._n per_fw-la annum_fw-la which_o show_v what_o great_a sum_n excise_n be_v capable_a of_o produce_v but_o the_o disproportion_n between_o what_o the_o rich_a and_o what_o the_o poor_a consume_v will_v make_v this_o fall_n easy_o upon_o the_o poor_a and_o not_o very_o heavy_o upon_o the_o rich_a sort_n the_o duty_n upon_o beer_n and_o ale_n be_v a_o instance_n of_o the_o value_n of_o excise_n which_o at_o 2_o s._n 6_o d._n per_fw-la barrel_n upon_o strong_a and_o 6_o d._n per_fw-la barrel_n upon_o small-beer_n and_o 16_o d._n per_fw-la gallon_n upon_o brandy_n produce_v in_o the_o year_n end_v 24_o june_n 1689_o clear_a of_o all_o charge_n 738,696_o l._n and_o if_o one_o branch_n of_o our_o consumption_n will_v yield_v such_o a_o sum_n what_o will_v a_o excise_n produce_v lay_v upon_o several_a other_o commodity_n and_o manufacture_n charge_v the_o thing_n of_o luxury_n high_a and_o the_o necessary_n of_o life_n but_o at_o a_o low_a rate_n that_o kind_n of_o revenue_n must_v needs_o be_v very_o great_a where_o so_o large_a a_o part_n of_o the_o people_n be_v every_o minute_n pay_v something_o towards_o it_o and_o very_o easy_a where_o every_o one_o in_o a_o manner_n tax_n himself_o make_v consumption_n according_a to_o his_o will_n or_o ability_n venice_n and_o holland_n two_o jealous_a commonwealth_n have_v not_o think_v excise_n dangerous_a to_o liberty_n they_o be_v the_o strength_n and_o support_v of_o our_o neighbour_a monarchy_n especial_o france_n and_o if_o we_o be_v to_o contend_v with_o that_o king_n the_o combat_n will_v be_v with_o very_o unequal_a weapon_n if_o we_o must_v make_v use_n only_o of_o land-tax_n and_o custom_n against_o his_o excise_n and_o all_o his_o other_o way_n of_o raise_v money_n but_o it_o may_v be_v object_v that_o no_o excise_n can_v be_v lay_v but_o the_o price_n of_o the_o commodity_n will_v rise_v which_o will_v hurt_v our_o manufacture_n hinder_v consumption_n and_o so_o prejudice_v the_o landlord_n and_o farmer_n of_o england_n but_o that_o objection_n will_v be_v quite_o remove_v by_o a_o good_a law_n of_o assize_n without_o which_o any_o new_a excise_n may_v indeed_o be_v of_o evil_a consequence_n the_o law_n of_o assize_n be_v make_v to_o increase_v consumption_n and_o give_v the_o common_a people_n the_o benefit_n of_o plenty_n as_o the_o price_n of_o corn_n fall_v the_o weight_n of_o bread_n shall_v increase_v and_o if_o this_o be_v strict_o look_v after_o it_o will_v much_o augment_v consumption_n among_o the_o common_a people_n who_o be_v the_o great_a consumer_n of_o our_o home_n commodity_n and_o who_o will_v consume_v more_o if_o they_o may_v have_v more_o for_o the_o same_o money_n but_o this_o be_v no_o where_o regard_v but_o a_o little_a within_o the_o city_n of_o