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kingdom_n	certain_a	king_n	time_n	2,645	5	3.5256	3	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A68397	The breuiary of Britayne As this most noble, and renowmed iland, was of auncient time deuided into three kingdomes, England, Scotland and Wales. Contaynyng a learned discourse of the variable state, [and] alteration therof, vnder diuers, as wel natural: as forren princes, [and] conquerours. Together with the geographicall description of the same, such as nether by elder, nor later writers, the like hath been set foorth before. Writen in Latin by Humfrey Lhuyd of Denbigh, a Cambre Britayne, and lately Englished by Thomas Twyne, Gentleman.; Commentarioli Britannicae descriptionis fragmentum. English	Llwyd, Humphrey, 1527-1568.; Twyne, Thomas, 1543-1613.	1573 (1573)	STC 16636; ESTC S108126	73,902	228

water either into the Sea as Aberconwy Abertiui Abertawy that is to say the mouth of Conway Tibius and Tobius or into some great Riuer as Aber hodni Abergeuenni to say the fall of Hodnus and Geuenus into Osca Moreouer wee call mouthes and entrances of Riuers Aber without addynge any thynge more thereto as in Carnaruanshyre between Conouium and Banchorium in the same maner so that I thinke Aber to signifie as much as Aestus doth whiche is the rage fall or force of Water as is most agreeable with Ptolomaeus Aboue these were the Damnij whose cheife Citie Antoninus maketh Vandagora to be not far from the valley Ofdam wherby I coniecture that they be those whiche wee call now VVestmerlandshyremen The Selgouij and Otadeni in times past inhabited Cumberland At the verie brimme of the Uallie standeth a most auncient citie Ptolomeus calleth it Lucopibia Antoninus Luguballia the Britaynes and Englishmen terme it Caerloyl and it standeth in the Frontirs of the Nouantes Not farre from this Citie as Malmsburiensis reporteth there was a Stone founde with this inscription In token of Marius victorie whiche token of triumph I suppose to haue bin erected by Meurigus whom some of the Romans haue termed more aptly Aruiragus othersome Marius in token that the Readshankes were there vanquished Rodericus beyng theyr kynge whiche at that season as the Saxons did exercised Pyracie in our Seas vntill at length one parte of them setled in Albania and other in Fraūce And it is wel knowne that these countries together with Gallouidia so farre as the Riuer Cluda vnto the yere of our Lorde 870 were in the Britaynes possession at what time beyng by the Scottes Danes and Englishmen disquieted with many batayles and in the ende their kynge Constantinus slayne at Lochmaba in Anādra they were enforced to returne into VVales to their countrymen and dryuing away the English Saxons forcibly chalenged to them selues the greater parte of the country which lieth twixt Conway and the water of Dee whiche they possessed and there appoynted a kyngdome whiche of the riuer Cluda on whose shoare they dwelt is of our countrymen called Struteluyd of Marianus Scotus corruptly Streadiylead of the VVallanes They had many conflictes agaynst the kynges of England as the same author reporteth vntill at length their last kynge dying at Rome they submitted themselues to the princes of Gwynedh This Marianus the chiefest Hystoriographer of his time one of late hath caused to set foorth in Printe being imperfect and lackynge the better parte of set purpose as him selfe confesseth because of the ambiguitie of the British Hystorie In like maner Sleydan while he turneth his abbridgement of Frossard into Latine beyng too too muche partiall to the Frenchemen either ouerpasseth with silence the most noble valiant deedes of the Englishmen or variynge from his author reporteth them otherwyse then Frossard hath written Wherefore me seemeth that the sayinge of Martial the Poet verye well agreeth with them That which now thou doest turne O Fidentine the booke is mine But when thou turnest him ill then he begins for to be thine But this much by the way The laste of the Northumberlandshyremen and almost of all Lhoëgr follow the inhabitantes of Lancashyre to be intreated of whom the Ryuer called of the Englishmen Merssee deuideth from the Kyngedome of March of whom the kyngdome of March in Englande was so called It is soone prooued out of Ptolomaeus that these were called Ordouici in olde time For the Ordouici saieth he lie more Southwest then the Brigantes doo Since therefore that Yorkeshyre is the kyngedome of Brigantes in vayne with Boethius wee seeke them in Scotland and muche more in Northfolke with Polydorus Wherefore renouncing these fables for my part I am perswaded that the ORDOVICI are not only the Lancas hyremen but also the Deuani or Ches hyremen and Shrops hyremen beyng recompted of Tacitus for a greate Citie In this place I call a Citie as Caesar doeth an whole conuent or kyngedome For looke how many Cities there are so many kyngedomes in olde time were in Britayne whiche seuerally wagyng batayle agaynst the Romans were all the sooner ouercummen Amongst the Cities of these kingdomes Ptolomaeus reciteth Mediolanū called now Lancastre Mancunium as appeareth out of Antoninus is called Māchestre Their kynge in times past was Cataracus whose fame was knowne aboue the Skies who the space of nine continuall yeres very muche molested the Romans with Warre at length was taken by treason of a Woman and led to Rome in triumphe And Claudius the Emperour deserued no lesse prayse for vanquishynge Cataracus then did Scipio for Syphax or Lucius Paulus for Perses as Tacitus writeth two moste puissant kynges brought home in shew to the people of Rome And here can I not maruel enough what came in minde to that Boëthius not the Troiane but the Scotte for Ahlas what one was he how farre from that same Hector sore He chaunged was that in Achilles spoyles came home before Impudently to affirme that he was a Scot seeyng that there was no suche nation at that time in the worlde But if there were it was so enfolded in darkenesse that it was vnknowne to the Romans and Britaynes or as Haymo Armenius writeth of a certayn nation it had so bleared the eyes of all peoples and countries that the Scots were inuisibly conuersant between the Romans and Britaynes Polydorus also writeth that he was kynge of the Ordulacae when neither Tacitus nor Ptolomaeus mentioneth the same but of the Ordouici And Tacitus reporteth that he was not onely gouernour of the Ordouici but also of the Siluri Which Siluri dwelled not in Scotland but in Southwales as in another place it shal be prooued more playnly And I remember very well that a few yeres agoe when I was in the frontirs of Shrops hyre with others about certain businesse of my Lordes the right honoble Erle of Arundell where some parte of his inheritance lieth I chaunced to fall into the view of a place exceedingly well fortefied both by nature art The situation whereof was vpon the toppe of an high hill enuironed with a triple ditche of greate depth There were iij. gates not directly but a shoshe the one agaynst the other and on three sides steepe headlonge places and compassed with twoo Riuers on the lifte hande with Colun or Clun on the right with Themis which our countrymen call Teuidia and accessible but on the one side therof These thinges when I beheld I vnderstoode by the inhabitants that this place was called Caër Caradoc that is to say the citie Caradoc and that there haue bin many fierce battayles fought there agaynst a certaine kyng called Caradoc who at last was vanquished and taken of his enemies For our coūtrymen ca● not only walled Cities townes but also al maner places which are entrenched and walled by the name Caër as I wil proue afterward by

knowne not only to be the head of Tegenia but also the whole shire After the discription of Gwynedh let vs now come to Powys the seconde kyngedom of VVales Which in the time of German Altisiodorensis which preached sometime there agaynst Pelagius Heresie was of power ▪ as is gathered out of his life The kynge wherof as is there read bycause he refused to heare that good man by the secret and terrible iudgement of God with his Palace and all his householde was swallowed vp into the bowels of the Earth in that place whereas not farre from Oswastry is now a standyng water of an vnknowne depth called Lhunclys that is to say the deuouryng of the Palace And there are many Churches founde in the fame Prouince dedicated to the name of German The Citie of Schreusbury in olde time was the Princes seate of this Kyngdome But when the Englishmen had taken it it was translated to Mathraual a place fiue myles from Pole of Powys This Region had on the Northside Gwynedh on the East from Chestre vnto Herford England on the South West the Riuer Wey and very high Hylles whereby it was disioyned from Southwales And bycause the lande was plain and neare to England and much vexed with continuall Warre by Englishmen and afterward by the Normans this parte of VVales did first experiment the yoke of English subiection Which brooding stoute men and such whose nature coulde not abide to be at rest but giuen to Murther and excursions not only procured infinite trouble vnto the kynges of England but wrought also greate iniurie vnto theyr neighbours the VVelshmen But afterward beynge parted between twoo brothers as was the custome of the Britaynes it began to wax weake And the part which lieth on the Northside of Tanat Murnia and Seuern befel vnto Madoc wherof it was called Powys Fadoc The other parte came bothe in name and possession of Gwenwynwyn The first lost the name of Powys for beyng subdued by the Normans it came into the power and right of the conquerours The first region therof Mailor is deuided into twaine by the Riuer Dee namely the Saxon and Welsh wherof the first appertayneth vnto Flyntshyre and the other vnto Denbyghshyre in the which standeth the Castle of Lion now commonly called Holt. And not farre from thence are seene the rubbish and relliques of the moste notable and famous Monasterie of Banchor while the glory of the Britaynes flowrished In the same were two thousand one hundred Moonkes very well ordred learned and deuided into seuen sortes dayly seruyng god Amongst whom those whiche were simple and vnlearned by their handie labour prouided meate and drinke and apparell for the learned and suche as applied their studie And if any thyng were remainyng they deuided it vnto the poore That place hath sent foorth many hundreds of excellētly wel learned men amongst whom it hath also vomited forth to the worlde the most detestable Archeheretick Pelagius And afterward through the enuie and malice of Augustine not the Bishop of Hippo but the most arrogant Moonke and the most cruell execution of his Ministre Ethelfrede worthy men of far more perfect ordre then he was of were made away and the whole house from the very foundations together with their most noble Liberary more precious then Golde was raysed downe and destroyde with fier and sworde It were ouerlonge to repeate what Latine and British chronicles doo reporte of the intollerable pride of this man For when he sittyng in his regal seat disdayned to ryse vp vnto the British Bysshops whiche came vnto him humbly and meekely as it became Christians to doo they beholdynge the same both iudged and sayde that he was not the ministre of y most gentle and meeke lambe Christe but of Lucifer as they had learned in the holy scriptures so they departed home againe For whiche contempt and reproche and partly also bycause they agréed not in some poynctes with the Archbishop of Cantorbury which he had appointed with the Church of Rome he so stirred the hate of the Englishmen agaynst them that shortly after as I sayde by Ethelfred through the ayde and helpe of Ethelbert king of Kent prouoked therto by Augustine the Mounkes whiche desired peace were most cruelly slaine And afterward the Britaynes vnder the conduct of Brochwell kynge of Powys were vanquished Until that at length being ayded with power from Belthrusius Duke of Cornwall Caduane kyng of Northwales Meredoc kyng of Southwales and hartned forward by the Oration of their most learned Abbot Dunetus who commaunded as our Chronacles reporte that euery one should kisse the grounde in remembrance of the cōmunion of the Body of our Lord should take vp water in their handes foorth of the Riuer Dee and drinke it in commemoration of the moste sacred Bloud of CHRIST which was shead for them Who hauynge so Communicated they ouercame the Saxons in a famous battayle and slew of them as Huntyngton writeth a thousande threescore and sixe and created Carduanus theyr kynge in the Citie of Legions Next ensue Yale and Chyrk hilly countries In this last standeth that antique Castle which at this day is called Brennus Palace And these apperteyne vnto Denbighshyre But more to the North are Stradalin so named of the Ryuer ALYN and Hope of Fluitenshire Towardes SCHREVSBVRY lieth VVhittington and Oswastrey a noble Market and enwalled rounde at the charges of the FITZALANES a moste auncient famely of Englande whose inheritaunce it is and these belonge vnto Schropshire Aboue these in the West are the Edeirnion men ioyned now vnto the Merionydh men vpon the Ryuer Dee And all these at this presente are called Gwynedhij or men of Gwynedh for the name of the mē of Powis is perished amongst thē The seconde Region of Powys conteyned the same Prouince whiche now only enioyeth the name of Powys and sometime stretched very wide but now contayneth only three Cantredes lyinge wholy on the Northside of the Riuer Seuern whiche is the seconde riuer of Britayne fallyng from the high Mountaynes of Plymnonia and risinge foorth of the same head with Wey and Rhydwely and runnyng throuhh Arwistli and Kedewen in Powys maketh speede to Schreusbury and so floweth forward through Brydgenorth VVorcestre and Glocestre from whiche not farre of it ebbeth and floweth and between VVales Deuonshyre and Cornwall beareth name of the Seuern Sea. Our countrymen terme it Hafren and not Seuern as the Englishmen doo The cheif towne and kyngs seate of Powys called Matrafal retayneth the aunciēt name howbeit the buildynges be defaced and worne And one myle from Seuern standeth a Towne the only market of all that Region of the Englishmen Pole of the VVelshmen called Tralhung that is to say the towne of the standynge water so called of the Lake whereto it is nigh where there stande aloft two Castels builded sometime by the Princes of Powys This princedome came by

buildynges it began to be called Caërludd and Lhundain that is to say Luds Citie and also London And I am not ignorant how Polydorus seeketh Trinouantū aboute Northampton but the authoritie of sacred antiquitie is of more force with me then any bare coniecture of a straunge and vnknowen person Wee yelde these names to London although Ptolomaeus lay thē nerer to the Thames the negligence of the Transcribers hath called Londō a Citie of Kent And Marius Niger afterward the other parte of the great bosome for the other side the Trinouātes doo holde into the middle wherof the Riuer Thames doth flow Polydorus Virgilius the Vrbinate goeth aboute to proue out of Tacitus by arguments of litle force that the Trinobantes are Inlande people when as his reasons seeme to próoue the contrary For where as he sayeth if the Trinobantes had bin nigh London Suetonius should haue had no salfe passage thither Nay rather Polydorus if it had bin in the midst of the Ilande it had byn harder for him to haue come to London through the thickest of his enemies for his way lay through them from the Isle of Anglesey from whence he cam Wherefore it is more likely that the Trinobantes were inhabitants of Essex as all sauynge a few obscure and vnknowen writers doo affirme Who suppose that with the Iceni their neigh bours whiche now be the people of Norfolke and Nordouolke they had conspired the death of the Romans and had spoyled with ●●er sword al that euer was in their way vnto Verolanū s●ayinge threescore and ten thousande Romans and were returned backe againe salfe and sounde before Suetonius cōmynge as Tacitus a●oucheth And that theyr rage extended not vnto London the cause was as the same author reporteth for that London was a Colony of the Romanes and a greate mart citie of theirs famous for plentie of trauaylers which resorted thither for tra●aque of Marchaundize aboundynge with vitayle and stoutly defensed with munition and garysons against all aduentures as all men doo know Hereby it appeareth how weak Polydorus argumentes be especially who so well knoweth that part of England and that London was the Citie Trinouantum whiche was afterward called Augusta as Marcellinus reporteth With these reasons beyng sufficiently instructed I say that the Trinobantes inhabited that parte of Britayne which after the cummynge of Saxons made vp theyr fourth kingdome which they called Eastsaxons and another called Midlesaxons whose principall citie is London at this day which somtime was vnder the kynges of the Mercij or march Ptolomaeus mentioneth a nother besides this citie Trinouantū called Camudolanum whiche I take to be all one with Camalodunum as I iudge by readyng Roman histories although Ptolomaeus speaketh of Camalodunū for it stoode not farre from the Thames and was by Claudius appoynted the first Colony of the Romanes and not neare the Brigantes as Polydorus much lesse in Scotlande as Boethius dreameth And for the more playnesse hereof I thinke it good to brynge forth the words of Dion who had bin somtime Consul Claudius after that he had receiued the message forthwith cōmitted the matters appertaynyng to the citie and the Souldieurs to Vitellius his college whose consulship as also his owne he had proroged for sixe monthes longer him self departed from Rome to Ostia where he tooke shippe and arryued at Massilia and takyng the residew of his iorney partly by lande and partly by water came too the Oceane and passed ouer into Britayne and came to his armie which lay by the Thames looking for him Whom when he had receaued in charge he wente ouer the Water with certeine Barbarians whiche drew to him at his commynge ●e spred his Banners fought and obtayned the victorie and wanne Camalodunū the regall seate of Cynobellinus and tooke many prisoners partly by force partly by yelding Hereby it appeareth euiuidently that Camalodunum standeth not far from the Thames in which place Ptolomaeus placeth Camudolanū And I suppose that this was the Colony of Claudius Cesar famous for the churche which they cal now Colchestre the olde name beyng made as I thinke by ioynyng the water and the Churche together a cōmon custome amonge the Britaynes as Henlhan that is an olde Churche Lhanelwy a Churche standyng vpon the riuer Elguen or the Church Elguen which the Englishmen and Bishops now a dayes call but not well the See of S. Asaphe Besides an infinite numbre moe wherby I am perswaded that those places which in Latin beginne or ende in these terminations Lan or Lam were of olde so termed of Churches in the British tōgue Moreouer out of this place of Dion it is gathered how much a man without shame that Polydorus virgillius is who doubteth not to affirme that Claudius Caesar vanquished the Britayns without any battaile most imputently calleth them dastards whom Caesar himself Tacitus Dion Herodian terme by these names most warlike cruell bloudthirstie impatient bothe of Bondage iniuries But an infamous beggage groome ful fraught with enuie hatred what dareth he not do or say I omit his Scholemayster Boethius who besides these lies speaketh of a mightie warre whiche Claudius made vpon the people of the Orchades affirmyng the same to be true too too impudently For thou mayst easely iudge good reader how muche Lande and Sea the Roman Emperour with a greate armie coulde marche ouer in xvi dayes only duryng whiche time he abode in Britayne when Tacitus also a most faithfull writer affirmeth that in the first yeres of Agricola the Iland of Britayne was knowne and the Isles called Orchades were then vnknowne but first founde out and subdued by him This Dion testefieth to be true in the life of Titus the Emperour neither speaketh Suetonius against it where he sayeth that Claudius taried in Britayne but a very few dayes Howbeit Eutropius and after him Orosius seeme to thynke otherwyse not knowinge exactly how farre distant the Orchades be from Kent But since reason and truth certaynly perswade vs to the contrarie let vs sticke vnto them as vnto twoo moste faithfull guides neglectynge the iudgement of Polydorus with his Hector Next to the Trinouantes were the Iceni whom I suppose to haue inhabited that region whiche maketh the fift kyngedome of Germans whiche is the East Englismen and their citie Venta whiche now of the Englishmen is called Northwe● And I am priuy also that there are thought to be other Iceni in the West but I thinke it more probable that these Iceni are put for Tigeni of whom I will speake hereafter And the kyngdome of East Englishmē comprehended not only the Iceni but also Cambridgshyre whose cheife citie in olde time the Britaynes called Caërgrawnt the Englishmen Grantcester of the water that passeth bie but now corruptlye is commonly called Cambridge and is a noble Uniuersity wherin florisheth all good learnyng Not farre of is the Isle of VVyllowes not of Eeles as some haue wroten For Helig

called in Latin Deua of the riuer whiche wee terme Dourdowy to say the water of Dee The Englishmen call it Legancestre and afterward clippyng the name shorter called it Chester and the Citizens doo glory that they haue the body of Henry the fourth Emperour whome they affirme to haue yelded vp the Empyre and haue betaken him selfe to an Hermites life And so are they likewise perswaded of Herald who was the last kynge of the Danish bloud More East from these are the Doruentani now Derbishyremen so termed of theyr cheifcitie Dwrguent whiche is as muche to say as white Water All these shyres and conuentes with a great parte of VVales as farre as the renowmed ditche of Kyng Offa of whiche wee will speake hereafter made vp the sixt kingedome of English Saxons in Britayne which of the ryuer Merse was called the kyngedome of Mercij or March. Here now I cannot sufficientlye merueile how VVolfangus Lazius a man excellently learned and very well deserued of all that be studious of antiquitie in his greate worke of the Migration of nations should be so muche deceaued as to say that the Mertij or people of March were Marcomanni and the their kynges Penda Offa with all the rest reigned in the lower Germany Beyng most euident in all hystories that there was neuer any such kyngdome there and that these kynges peoples whom he affirmeth to haue dwelled in Germany inhabited that country of Britayne whiche wée now describe Likewise while he endeuoreth to lynke together the discentes and pedegrees of the Norman bloud of the kynges of England he handleth them so confusely so far besides truth that it seemeth he neuer read either the names or order or deedes of the kinges but it is rather likely that he learned thē by hearesay of some babling vnlearned foole that had no regarde of his good same or honestie As a nother hath ●oone of late dayes a man famously learned in the Mathematikes in his Geographical chart of this Ilande And besides these Hieromus Ruscellus in his Ptolomaeus lately printed at Venice while he goeth aboute to set foorth new names correspondent to the olde confoundeth places an hundreth miles distant one from another namely Colchester and VVynchester Neither in other places ar his gheasses any thynge more certayne wherefore I exhorte men not to trust him in this behalfe There remayneth the seuenth and last kyngedome of Saxons in Englande whiche they termed Nordan Humbrorum because it standeth at the Northecoast of Humber The same was afterwarde deuided into two kyngedomes of the Deeres and Bernices The kyngedome of Deera contayned all the country from Humbre and Trent to the Riuer Tyssa Bernicia reached from Tyssa to the Scottish Sea whiche they call now Fyrthew the Britaynes terme this same Brennich the other Deifyr The inhabitantes of this region especially south warde are called Snotyngomenses but now most cōmonly Notingamshiremē Next vnto these are Yorkeshyremen who of the Romans were called Brigantes of whom Tacitus writeth thus Petilius Caerealis fought many batailes wherof some were not vnblouddy agaynst the Citie of the Brigantes which is reported to be the place of resorte to the whole populous prouince and obtayned a greate parte of the Brigantes either by victory or els by fight All these the liyng champion of the Scottysh name Hector Boëthius sticketh not to put into his Gallouidia and to proue the same by argumentes gathered out of Ptolomaeus and Tacitus But how much Ptolomaeus was deceaued trustyng to the report of others in describing the length and bredth of places in Britayne for he writeth that Scotland lieth forth to the East that the farthest Promontorie therof is viij degrees more Easterly then any place of England whiche in this paralelle do make aboute 240 miles whiche is altogether vntrue seyng Englande standeth more to the East then Scotlande ●●the is as cleare as day light to all those that haue tasted of Cosmography But Ptolomaeus is to be pardoned beyng an Egyptian borne and excellently well learned in Mathematicals who hath done the best he coulde but not foolish and impudent Boëthius borne and brought vp no farther of then Scotlād He speaketh thus of Tacitus that he beyng a graue author affyrmeth that the Brigantes were a Spanish broode dwellyng in a farre corner of Britayne farther then any durst auouche that at his time the Britaynes had passed O impudent face where aboute did Tacitus speake thus of the Brigantes He seemeth to deriue the Siluri by a colour from the Spanish broode because they lye ouer agaynst Spayne Gallouida is farther from Spayne then any Region of Englande or VVales And that in Tacitus time the Brigantes were first knowne to the Romans I confesse it but he findeth it not in Tacitus and not mindefull of him selfe as it behoueth a lier to be he calleth not to remembrance that he wrote in another place that Claudius the Emperour adioyned also vnto his Empyre the Orchades whiche lie beyonde Scotland But let vs bid faythlesse Hector a dieu and let vs now also see what the auncient writers haue writen of the Brigantes Ptolomaeus reciteth the Cities of Brigantes Eboracum Epiacum Calatum Bimonium Caturactoniū Rhigodunum Isurium Olicana with others All men know that Eboracum is that Citie whiche the Britaynes call Caër Efroc the Englishmen Euerwyke and now shorte Yorke Of the rest wee doo but coniecture as Bimonium to be Bincestre Calatum which Antoninus and Bede cal Calcaria to be Helicastre now Tadcastre Rhigodunum Rippon and Olicana Haligfex And that Isurium is called Aldburg There was neuer any man that dreamed that these Cities were in Scotland But Antoninꝰ ascribeth thē to the Brigāts placeth them in the way which leadeth to London from the Ually Praetoriū for that there was a vally from the riuer Soluathianus to the mouth of Tine al do knowe I conclude therfore that it is impossible that the Brigants were euer in Scotland In so muche that the remembrance of this name remaineth vntill this day amongst vs For when we sée any man not duly obeing lawes cōmaundements him wée cal Chwaret Brigans that is to say one that plaieth the Brigant And like as they were rebelles agaynst the people of Rome so doth he contempne the lawes of Magistrates and of Elders And surely I am of beleefe that all Deera before time was called Brigantia Ptolomaeus placeth the Vernicones and Taiazalos betweene the Riuers Tine and Tweede This country alonely now refayneth the name of Northumberland when al the region before time from that riuer to the Scotish Sea was called by that name For there is no riuer in all Britayne that hath the name of Humbre but only the water into whom many notable streames do flow Wherby our freend M. Leland not with out good cause supposed that the same should be called Aber whiche amonge the Britaynes signifieth an arme of the Sea either swiftnesse or fall of any

lately bin busied agaynst Pyrats afterward by the Mithridatick fight was very well practised by Sea and Lande Besides this nation was then but rude and the Britaynes beyng accustomed but only to the Readshankes and Irishmen their enemies as yet but halfe naked soone yelded vnto the Roman armes and ensignes that Caesar almost in all that expedition coulde vaunt him self but of this owne thing that he had sayled vpon the Oceane He affirmeth that the Britaynes only dwel in an Iland and termeth them Hibernenses who afterwarde were called Scots Also another Panegyricus vnto Constantinus the Emperour speaketh of the Readshankes called Pictones as followeth For neither he speakyng of his father Constantius after such and so many notable actes whiche he hath done vouchsaueth to get not only the wooddes and Marises of the Calidones and other Pictones but neither Ireland which lieth nigh neither the farthest Tyle neither yet the fortunate Ilands if there be any suche Thus farre the Panegiricus This he wroate aboute the yere after Christe was borne three hundred twentie at what time it seemeth that the Pictones or Readshankes beganne first to inhabite the farther most partes of Scotland After him Ammianus Marcellinus first of the Latines made mention of the Scots in the yere of our saluation 364. In the tenth Consulship of Constantius and the third of Iulianus when as in Britayne by excursion and breakyng foorth of the Scots Readshankes beyng wilde nations peace beyng broken the places about nigh to the frontirs were spoyled And afterwarde in the life of Valentinian and Valens he sayeth At this time as though alarme were sounded throughout all the Roman dominions the most fierce and sauage nations arose forcibly inuaded their neare neighbours The Alemanni or Almaynes spoiled the countrie of France and Rhetia together Sarmatae the Ponnoniae and the Quadi now Bohemans The Readshankes Saxons Scots and Attacotti much molested the Britaynes And afterwarde At that time the Readshankes beynge deuided into two nations Deucalidonae and Vecturiones also the Attacotti a very warlike nation and the Scots wandrynge vncerteinely about here and there wasted and spoyled very much And as for the coastes of Gallia they were spoyled by Frenchmen and Saxons c. Hereby it appeareth in what darkenesse the Scottish state is drowned For Boethius in no place maketh mention of the Attacotti who appeare by this authour to haue dwelled in Albania and to haue bin of the Scottishe race Wherefore it is most likely that a litle before that time the Scottes and Attacotti who afterward vanished into the name of the Scots foorth of Ireland and from the Hebrides the Readshankes out of the Orchades whereas they lurked before by one consent entred into Albania and there prouoked by warre the Romans and Britaynes that they departed out of the field some time conquerers and sometimes conquered For shortly after Ammianus reporteth that after that these nations were by Theodosius a valiant captain vnder Valentinian vanquished and driuen out of the Roman prouince they were at quiet And this can be no disparedgment but rather a greate glorie to the Scottish nation that rather at that time then before that forcibly agaynst the Romans will they planted them seates in Britayne Whiche is prooued not out of vayne and fabulous writers such as is Boethius and other suche like but out of substantiall authours and such as doo very wel know the state of Britayne After all these Claudianus a Poete singularly learned in diuers places maketh mention of these nation as for example of the Getick warre A power also there came against the farthest Britaynes bent Which bridled hath the Scots so fierce and notes with iron brent Then fayling reads whilst Readshanks bloud and breath is spent And in his Panegyricus to Honorius The nimble Moores hath he and Pictes so termed by name full true ●ubdude and he the Scots with blade at randon did pursue And of the fourth Consulship of Honorius Were wet with Saxons slayne The Orchades and Island eke was hot with Readshanks bayne And frosen Irland eke dead heapes of Scotshmen wept amayne Who did euer set foorth more plainly the natural countrie of both natiōs For he sheweth how Readshanks cam from Thule that is to say Ilandes of the North and the Scots but lately out of Ireland And in another place in his Panegyricus Britayne speaketh vnto Stilico And me she saith with countries neare about who was destroyd Almost defenced well hath Stilico When Irlands soyle on euery syde The Scots doo mooue and seas with noysom sayles doo fome about By whose helpe now it is that Scottish force I doo not doubt Ne doo I dread the Picts c. Hereby it appeareth manifestly that at this time that is to wit the yere of our saluation 410. the Scots possessed no certayne place in Britayne but many times vsed to make irruptions out of Ireland and by litle and litle subdued the North partes of the Ilande and at length hauyng driuen thence the inhabitants established their kingedome there vnder Valentinian the yonger the yere of God incarnate 444. whē as now the Romans had lefte of the charge and care of Britayne This much I had breifly to say touchynge the originall of the Scots and Readshankes Now I will addresse my selfe to the description of Albania or Scotland It is seperate from England by the Riuer Twede the hyll Cheuiot and certayne litle Riuers runnynge downe into the chanell Soluathianus The first people whiche come to hand are Gallouidiani of olde time called by the Romans NOVANTES and not Brigantes as wee haue shewed before Ptolomaeus called their citie Leucopibia whiche wee terme now Caërleil standeth in the entrance of both kyngedomes Next vnto these were the Gadini nigh the riuer Glota which some doo better call Cluyda howbeit that name by reason of the proprietie of the tongue is sometime pronounced Gluyda wherby grew that errour of calling it Glot Upon this Riuers side sometime there stoode a noble Citie of the Britaynes called Caër Alchuyd or Archuyd that is to say a Citie standyng vpon Cluyda whiche is now of the Scots called Dounbritton bycause it was restored agayne by the Britaynes aboute the yere of our saluation 800. Aboue these towards the East Sea lieth a region which now is called Lādonia and Mercia March but in times past Breunicia and of the Pictes called also Readshankes Pictlandia The Maeatae are placed here by Dion For sayth he the Maeatae dwel beyonde the wall vnto the Caledonij Ptolomaeus laieth the Vacomagi beyonde Tueda This limityng wall as Spartianus reporteth was first builded by Adrianus the Emperour fourescore myles in length And Capitolinus is author that Antoninus erected another made of Tur●es between the Britaynes And last of all that Seuerus by a trenche which was cast from Sea to Sea deuided the Roman prouince from the other Britains all men do generally agree Whereby our countrymen

nothyng troubled with hunger nor cold neither wearied with martial affayres neither fallynge into desperation by aduersitie but soone redie to rise vp after a fall and prest by and by agayne to assay the peril of war as in battayle easie so in continuance of warre harde to be ouercome Wherby Claudianus seemeth to speeke of the nature of the same nation saying If that their harts you let a whyle To rest so many slaughters they deuoyd of sence doo seeme To take and of smale price the losse of so much bloud to deeme Thus much he and more whiche shortly god willyng shal be set forth Now let vs come to the description of the lande This lande after the British destruction was deuided into six Regiōs as I read of late in a very auncient booke written of the lawes of the Britaynes For sayth that booke after that the Saxons had vanquished the Britaynes obtayned the Scepter of the Realme and the crowne of London all the people of Wales assembled together at the mouthe of the Riuer Deuey to choose a kynge And yno i Doethant Gwyr Gwynedh à Gwyr Powys à Gwyr Deheubarth à Reynnwc ac Esylluc à Morganuc That is to say and thither came men of Gwynedh and men of Powys and men of Deheubarth and of Reynnucia and of Syllucia and Morgania they chose Maylgun whom others call Maclocunius of Gwynedh to be their kynge This was aboute the yere of our Lorde ●60 Howbeit afterward in the lamentable conflict agaynst Ethelfredus kynge of Northumberland are recited the kings of Dynetia whiche falsly they call Demetia of Guenta of Powysia and of Northwales And in another place ●ention is made of the kinges of Stra 〈…〉 Cluyde So that hereby it is easely 〈…〉 ered that this country was subiect 〈…〉 iuers petikinges or Erles vnto 〈…〉 e of Roderike the great who ob 〈…〉 the Monarchie of al VVales the yere of our Lorde 843. deuidyng it into three partes whiche he left in possession of his three sonnes For vnto Meruinius as Gyraldus termeth him to whom I consent his eldest sonne he gaue Gwynedh to Anaraudus whome some make the eldest Powys to Cadelhus the youngest Deheubarth And that I may vse the woords of Gyldas Southwales was alotted to Cadelhus with the blessyng and goodwil of all the people which they call Deheubarth which is as much to say as the right side Which although in quantity it be farre the biggest notwithstandyng by reason of noble men which in the welsh tongue are called Vchelwyr that is to say high men wherwith it aboundeth whiche were wont to rebell agaynst their Lordes to defie them in armur it séemed to be the worser This diuision whilst their posteritie contēded among themselues in Ciuill warre and ech of them alone with the Englishmen in externall at last destroyed the kyngedome of wales The cheefest of these kyngdomes whiche the inhabitantes call Gwynedh Englishmen Northwales the Latine writers corruptly Venodotia had in auncient time these limites On the Weast and North sides it hath Vergiuiū or the Irish Oceane at the Southwest and by South the Riuer Deuye Wherby it is cut of from Southwales On the South and East sides it is seuered from Powys and England with high Hilles and somtime with waters vnto the force of the Riuer Dee The same also was parted into foure Regions which conteined fiftéene Cantredi which signifieth an hundred villages The principallest of these Regions was the I le of Anglysey of whom wee haue spoken in another place in the same was a kynges Palace the seate of Northwales in Aberfraw whereof the kinges of Gwynedh haue the name of the kinges of Aberfraw For in the lawes of Howel Dha that is to say good Howel of walles both kynge and lawier which I haue seen written both in the British and Latin tongues it was decreed that like as the kynge of Aberfraw ought to pay threescore and thrée poundes for tribute vnto the kynge of London So likewise the kinges of Dinesur an Matrafall were seuerally bounde to pay so much Whereby it appeareth that this kinge was the cheefest prince of al wales About Anglysey be diuers litle Ilands as Ynis Adar that is to say the I le of Byrdes sometime but now it is called Ynis Moylrhoniaid to witte the I le of Whales in English Ysterisd Also Ynis Lygod that is the I le of Myse and the I le Seirial in english Preêstholme The seconde Region of Gwynedh called Arfon as who should say aboue Anglysey the best fortified parte of all VVales For it centeyneth the highest Mountaynes and Rockes of all Britayne which wee terme Yriri the Englishmen Snowdowne because they carie Snow For height and plentie of cattayle scarce inferiour to the Alpes It hath in it many Riuers and standing Waters Beyonde whose farthest promontory called Lhynus lieth an I le whiche Ptolomaeus termeth Lymnos our countrymen Eulhi the Englishmē Bardesey that is to say the I le of the Bardi In Arfon oueragaynst Anglysey stoode an auncient Citie called of the Romans Segontiū of the Britaynes Caërsegont of a Riuer whiche passeth therby But now out of the ruynes therof there is a new Towne and a Castle founded by Edward the first of that name kyng of England called Caër Arfon that is to say a Towne vpon Anglysey And not farre from thence oueragaynst Anglysey lieth the Byshops See of Banchor And vpon Conway water which there ebbeth and sloweth standeth Conway of our countrie men called Aberconwy a walled towne builded by the same kynge Then followeth Meridnia with vs Merionydh and Gyraldus calleth it the land of the sonnes of Conauius The same as he sayeth is the most roughest and sharpest of al VVales hauynge in it moste highest Mountaynes The people vse longe Speares wherwith they be of greate force as the Southwales men with their Bowes so that an Harnies cannot beare it of So much he The Sea coast there by occasion of great Herryng takyng is much frequented by people of diuers countries In the same standeth the Towne Harlechia by the Sea side And within the lande is the great lake Tegid through which the riuer Dee whiche wee call Douerduwy that is to say the water of Dee floweth Where it is worthe the notyng that there is in that Ponde a peculiar kinde of Fish which is neuer founde in the runnynge water neither the Salmons wherof the Riuer is full doo euer entre into the Lake In this country and in Arfon are seene greate multitude of Deare and Goates vpon the high Hilles And these two countries of all Wales cam last into the power of the Englishmē Neither did the people of this country euer frequent domestical incursiōs but before our time alwaies séemed to obey lawes rightfully The farthest last part of Gwynedh is called of our coūtrimen Berfedhwlad that is to say the inward and midland region and is seuered from

Arfon by the ryuer Conway of whom Antoninus Ptolomaeus do speake vnder the name of Nouius In this besides the forenamed Riuer standeth a most antique citie of the Britaynes called Dyganwy in Rosse of the Englishmen Gannock famous in Tacitus by the name of Cangorum wherof the people of that countrie were called of the Romans CANGI And Ptolomaeus mentioneth the Promontorie of the Iangani which they call now Gogarth A place so fortified by nature that it can scarse be taken by mās strength This citie as I say was the seate and Palace of the later kynges of Britayne when as now their power began to quayle as namely of Maylgun Caduanus Cadwalla whom Bede termeth a most cruell Tyranne bicause he persecuted his enemies very fiercely and of Cadwalladar who was the last kynge of Britayne of the Brittish bloud This Citie the yere of our redemption eight hundred and sixteen Cananus Dyndaythuy reygnynge in VVales was stroken with lightnynge from Heauen and burned in suche sort that it could neuer be afterwarde restored howbeit the name remayneth to the place to this daye out o● whose rubbish Conouia was builded Moreouer in this Territory in Rhyfaniacum Henry Lacey Erle of Lincolne to whom the conquer our therof Edward the first gaue that land erected a very stoute Castle not only by naturall situation but also by a Wall of wonderfull thicknesse made of a very harde kinde of stone in my opinion the strongest and best defensed thynge in England Addyng also therto a towne walled about whiche by the auncient name he called Dynbech although those which cam afterwarde termed it Denbigh This fine Towne and my sweet country beynge compassed welnigh aboute with very fayre Parkes standyng in the entrance of an exceedynge pleasant Ualley aboundeth plentifully with all thinges that are necessarie to the vse of man The Hilles yéelde Fleash and white meates The most fertile Ualley very good Corne and grasse The sweet Riuers with the Sea at hande minister all sortes of Fishe and Foule Strange Wynes come thither foorth of Spayne Fraūce Greece abundantly And being the cheif towne of the shyre standyng in the very middle of the countrie it is a greate market Towne famous and much frequented with wares and people from al partes of Northwales The indwellers haue the vse of both tongues And beyng endued by kinges of England with many Priueledges and Liberties are ruled by their owne lawes The valley nigh wherto this Towne standeth is termed amongst vs Dyphryn Clwyd that is to say the Ualley of Clwyd It is almost eighteene miles in length and in breadth in some place foure miles in other some sixe On the East west and South sides it is enuironed with high Hilles on the North with the Oceane Sea. In the midst it is cut in twayne by the Riuer Clwyd wherof it taketh name into whom diuers other litle streames fallyng out of the Hilles doo discharge them selues by reason wherof irriguous and pleasant Medowes plentifull pastures doo lie aboute the bankes therof In the entrance of whiche Ualley Ruthyn an auncient towne and Castle of the Grayes from whence the most noble famely amōgst the Englishmen tooke beginninge is to be seene And not farre from the Sea standeth Rudhlan in Tegengyl sometime a greate Towne but now a litle Uyllage In the same Prouince is a Cathedrall Churche of our country men called LHANEL WEY of the Englishmen S. Assaph builded between twoo Ryuers CLWYD and ELWEY I remember that I haue read that there was one ELBODIVS Arch bis●hoppe of Northwales preferred vnto that honour by the Byshoppe of Rome Who fyrst of all the yere of our Saluation seuen hundred thrée score and two reconciled the VVelshmen to the Romishe Churche from whiche before they had disagreed For the Britaynes imitatynge the Asiaticke Churche celebrated theyr EASTER from the foureteene day of the Moone vnto the twentie When the Romans followynge the Nicene counsell keepe theyr Easter from the fifteene to the one and twentie Whereby it commeth to passe that these Nations haue celebrated that Feast on diuers Sundayes But let the Byshoppes take regarde how farre they doo erre from the Decrees of the NICENE Counsell whyle they followe that vncertayne rule of the motion of the Sonne and Moone whiche they call the Golden Number beynge therein very fowly deceaued Whiche thinge in times paste was obiected for a cryme agaynst the Britaynes by the ouer superstitious Mounke Augustine and lykewyse by Bede whiche to muche attributed vnto suche ti●les in somuch that for the same cause he durst terme them Heretiques But now howbeit vnder curse of the Nicene counsell it be otherwyse commaunded it is reiected by the Prelates them selues and the whole Churche of Europe But let vs returne to our purpose In that place where the See of S. Assaph is was sometime a Colledge of learned Agonists that I may vse Capgraues woordes celebrated for multitude vnder Centigeme a Scot whiche was called Elguense or Eluense of a Riuer This Prouince Tegenia is called of the Latines Igenia and after beynge vanquished by the Englishmen began to be termed Tegengel that is to say the Englishmens Tegenia Afterward being inhabited by Britaynes cūminge foorth of Scotland driuyng the Englishmen thence with the Ualley of Clwyd Ruthyn and Rosse make one kyngdome whiche Marianus calleth Streudglead our countrymen terme it Stradclwyd that is to say the soyle of Clwyd For this woord Strat with the name of some Riuer ioyned therto doth vsually signifie amongst the welsh men a veyne or soyle of lande nigh to a Riuer as Strad Alyn Strad Towyn with many such like Theyr last prince called Dunwallon forsakyng his kingdome when the Danes afflicted all Britayne departed to Rome the yere after the incarnation 971. where shortly after he died In Tegenia is a well of a meruaylous nature whiche beyng sixe myles from the Sea in the parish of Kilken ebbeth and floweth twise in one day Yet haue I marked this of late when the Moone ascendeth from the East Horizon to the South at what time all Seas do flowe that then the water of this Wel diminisheth and ebbeth And not far from this place is the famous Fountayne takynge name of the superstitious worshyppinge of the Uirgin VVenefride which boyling vp sodenly out of a place which they call Sychnant that is to say a drie vallye rayseth forth of it self a greate streame which runneth immediatly into Deuanus This water besides that it bredeth Mosse of a very pleasant sauour is also most holsome vnto mans body bothe for washyng and drinkynge and of verie good tast in so much that many beinge washed therin were cured of diuers infirmities wherwith they were borne Moreouer in Tegenia there is a certayne auncient monument of an olde building in a place called Pot Vary somtime renowmed by Roman letters and Armes The towne whiche they call Flynt standynge vpon the water Deua is