against the Cruelty and Perfidiousness of Sertorius he offered himself for their Leader Many of them before bribed by him easily consented and others seeing Pompey so near complied with necessity least they should want a Head in that time of Danger Pompey resolving the first thing he did to make an end of Perpenna Perpenna chosen General of the Lusitanians accordingly marched hastily towards him and he nothing Daunted advanced to meet him Both Armies being in sight of one another fell to Fortifying their Camps The Work ended they spent the time in Skirmishes before they would hazard a pitched Battle but Perpenna's Forces decreased much many by night Deserting which obliged him to offer the Enemy Battle before he was quite forsaken Tho' Pompey doubted not of the Victory yet to make it secure he laid an Ambush and retiring drew Perpenna into the Danger of it Thus when he thought himself Victorious he was fallen into the Snare and immediately put to the Rout he himself fled and was as much afraid of his own Men He is vaâ—quâ—shed by Pompey and put to Death as of the Enemy The Romans followed the Chace without giving any Quarter certain Horsemen carried on with this heat found Perpenna among the Shrubs and Bryars He falling down begged his Life assuring them He would make great Discoveries of principal Men in Rome who kept Correspondence with Sertorius which he could prove under their hands The Captain of those Horse acquainted Pompey therewith who ordered his Head to be immediately struck off and those Papers to be brought to him The being accordingly performed Men of Note whom their Conscience accused were in a great Consternation in Pompey's Army for that they had secretly favoured Sertorius But he fearing the ill consequence of such a Discovery publickly Burnt all those Papers and so quieted their Apprehensions 6. Afranius a most Valiant Captain by Pompey's Order entred Lusitania but finding the Camponeses were fled to the Mountains and left all the plain Country Desart he suspected rather Policy than Fear had carried them Pompey subduâ—s many places wherefore he returned to inform Pompey and both of them came before the City Caucia which offered to embrace the Friendship of the Romans but refused to admit a Garrison Pompey requested that whilst they could agree upon Articles his sick Men might be admitted into the City which being granted he sent in a Number of his best Soldiers privately Armed who being let in possessed themselves of the Walls and so the Town was obliged to receive a Garrison and pay a Sum of Money With such like Arts Pompey gained admittance into many Towns of Lusitania Both Pompey and Afranius laid Siege to Oxama now Osma where no fair means prevailing the place was furiously Battered then Undermined and a sufficient Breach being made it was pertinaciously defended as long as any of the Inhabitants were left alive They all died to the last Man and Pompey having none left to kill vented his passion upon the Buildings leaving the place in a confused heap of Rubbish then the Army marched to Calahorra but whilst they lay before it Metellus sent to Advise Pompey it concerned him more to return to Rome than linger the time there He leaving Afranius to continue the Siege in his way laid the Foundation of Pamplona in Navar and so went away to Rome where it was allowed him to Triumph as he had well deserved Afranius left at Calahorra tho' he suffered much by the Weather it being then Winter and also for want of Provisions yet he reduced the Besieged to that extremity that having eaten all the Leather and Hides in the City they killed and eat their Wives and Children Nevertheless Afranius broke in upon them and found many Inhabitants looking rather like Ghosts than Men and many quarters of Women and Children hanging up for Food 7. The Roman Senate thought the Victories of Pompey and Metellus 67. had sufficiently secured Spain therefore they sent thether Publius Piso Pretor a Man more addicted to Peace than War He found all things quiet but after a while understanding that Warlike preparations were making in several parts of Spain he sent his Questor Lucius Flaccus to visit and put all Garrisons into a posture of Defence in the mean while he gathered an Army of Romans and Andaluzians and taking the Field in several places Defeated the Spaniards but Authors do not mention the particulars â—000 Lusitanians slain by Pub. Piso Certain it is he vanquished a Body of Lusitanians that had been plundering the Country and killed 5000 of them His success was doubtless more considerable since it appears he triumphed at Rome 63. Cneus Piso succeeded Publius he by his ill Government lost the Affections not only of the Natives but of the Romans and marching into Lusitania had his Legate cut off by some Light Horse of the Country none of his Army stirring to rescue him The next Pretor was Quintus Calidius who defeated several Parties of Lusitanians 61. that Plundered the Country after him came Tubero who brought with him as his Questor Julius Caesar to whom his future Fortune was foretold at Cadiz For visiting the Temple of Hercules and falling asleep in it he Dreamed that he lay with his Mother This the South-sayers interpreted to Denote his becoming Sovereign of Rome his Mother-Country which he should deprive of its Antient Liberty There also seeing the Picture of Alexander the Great he wept considering that mighty King had subdued so considerable a part of the World at that Age which he then was of and had yet done nothing worthy of Fame 60. These considerations made him quit his Employment and return to Rome to aim at greater A great Earthquake About this time hapned on the Coast of Galicia and Portugal so terrible an Earthquake that many Buildings being overthrown the People fled to the Mountains for Safety The Sea also broke in and drowned several places At Cape St. Vincent a Mare brought forth a Monster with the Head Breast and Fore-feet of a Bull the Body of a Horse and the Hind-feet like a Man's This Monster was thought to foreshew the Calamities that afterwards befell Lusitania 8. Some Years passed that the Romans sent no Commander of Note into Spain which the Lusitanians observing they broke into Castile with a great Power putting all the Country to Fire and Sword The chief among these People were the Herminii inhabiting the deep Valley and high tops of the Mountain Herminius now called Serra de Estrella which crosseth the greatest part of the Kindom of Portugal Julius Caesar comes into Lusitania The next great Man that came was Julius Caesar he to spread a Terror spared none of the Lusitanians that ranged in Castile and Andaluzia but put all to the Sword which made those that escaped home give the Alarm to prepare the People for the Storm that threatned them Caesar over-running all the Province of
Italy the Alans and Lusitanians before dispersed began to take heart and recover what they had lost founding also many new Towns Among these were Albuquerque and Terabrica which last was rather repaired being called Alankerken which signifies The Church of the Alans and now corruptly Alanquer Whilst the Alans thus without any King only following their Generals paid Tribute to the Emperor The Suevians incorporate with the antient Lusitanians Hermenericus the Suevian King at Lisbon applied himself to the repairing of the Towns that had been destroyed treating the Native Lusitanians no otherwise than his own Country-men The Lusitanians having the free Liberty of their Religion and being equally admitted to all Honours with the Suevians the two Nations joined Marriage and by that Means became so entirely one that there was no knowing the Suevian from the Lusitanian or the contrary Being thus joined into one Body they could afterwards never be parted but notwithstanding the Invasion of the Goths the Inhabitants of Portugal were afterwards called Suevians Thus the Portugueses are descended from the Suevians no less Noble than the Goths if either of those Barbarous Nations deserve to be esteemed Honourable And thus the Province of Lusitania lost that Name and was long after called Suevia 8. The Alans enjoyed Tranquility 419. without any King as did the Suevians or Portugueses under their Sovereign Hermenericus till Gundericus King of the Vandals thinking it easie to subdue the Alans in Lusitania and the Silingi in Andaluzia if Hermenericus were once oppressed he broke the Peace with the Suevians and rushing suddenly with Fire and Sword into their Territories Hermenericus though surprized at this unexpected Invasion gathering his Forces together received the Enemy so successfully that he sent him to seek new Seats in the Islands of Majorca and Minorca where we will leave him to be spoken of by those Historians to whom it belongs 420. Gensericus the Brother of Gundericus The Suevians Alans and Silingi join in League against the Romans succeeded him Who understanding that Etius Honorius's General was coming into Spain to revenge the Wrongs done by his Brother he joined in League with Hermenericus King of the Suevians and with the Alans and Silingi believing none would dare to oppose their United Power At Merida they Mustered their Forces Etius dreading their Multitude but much more surprized at the death of the Emperor 423. attempted nothing upon them Thus Gensericus was left at leasure to pass over into Africk where he utterly abolished the Name of the Roman Empire and Hermenericus 427. whilst the Vandals were employed in Africk enlarged the Borders of his Kingdom to almost the same extent it now bears 9. Valentinian the Emperor Wars betwixt the Romans and Suevians who succeeded Honorius understanding the Vandals were gone over into Africk Commanded his General Sebastian to invade the Alans left in Lusitania Merida and all that Territory was easily taken from them as was Lisbon and Estremadura from the Suevians Sebastian now Victorious forgetting his Duty caused himself to be Proclaimed King of what part he had recovered of Lusitania yet his Friends failing him he was soon killed and by his Death the Alans and Suevians had an opportunity of recovering Merida and Lisbon Hermenericus grown Old and Infirm caused his Son Richila to be Proclaimed King who proved one of the most fortunate Princes of the Suevians whilst Hermenericus rejoyced in the hopes of surviving in the Person of his Son Andebalus the Imperial General was on his march to recover what Sebastian had lost Richila to begin his Reign honourably gathered a mighty Power and meeting Andebalus on the Banks of the River Xenil then called Silingus slew him and the greatest part of his Army 10. All Andaluzia easily submitted to the Victorious King Richila makes himself Master of Lusitania and Andaluzia as did also Merida where there had been an Imperial Garrison ever since Sebastian took it All Lusitania in like manner was brought under and Richila became absolute in Andaluzia and Lusitania Old Hermenericus died contentedly leaving such an Heir in the Town of Britonium near Viana de Caminha on the mouth of the River Minho 440. Another Author who calls him Monarch of Spain says he was drowned in the River Guadiana near unto Merida Richila being sensible how much more easie it is to gain than to preserve too large a Dominion voluntarily resigned up Cartagena and Carpentania to the Romans and entring into League with them by that means established a large and peaceable Kingdom 448. He died Eight Years after his Father and left his Son Ricciarius to succeed him being equal to him in valour but more fortunate in the true knowledge of the Evangelical Law which he professed living and adhered to at his death CHAP. III. The Kingdom of the Suevians subdued by the Goths two Kings set up by their consent all again reduced under one with the other remarkable occurrences between the Years of Grace 448 and 560. 1. RIcciarius succeeded his Father Richila 448. not only in the Kingdom of Portugal Ricciarius his Reign but the greatest part of Spain The beginning of his Reign was disturbed with some Conspiracies of the Great Men but he privately took off many of them and by that means secured his Life and Kingdom He Married a Daughter of Theodoredus King of the Goths her Name is not known Ricciarius after his Marriage raising a great Army made War upon those parts of Navarre which were yet subject to the Roman Jurisdiction and through them he forced his way into France to see his Father-in-law Theodoredus The old Man perceiving his aspiring Spirit gave him considerable supplies for the carrying on of his Designs In his return he conquered the Province of Tarragona and Carpentania which his Father had abandoned to the Romans In Aragon he took Zaragoza and Lerida in Catalonia after plundering the Province of Cartagena he returned loaded with Booty and Honour into Lusitania Ricciarius being now at rest 451. his Father-in-law Theodoredus died and Theodoricus his Son succeeded him Him Ricciarius thought to have been no less forward toward his Assistance than the Father had been and upon this conceit he resolved to conquer the other Lands of the Empire The Goth who was in League with the Romans and feared the Ambition of his Brother-in-law might involve him in his own Ruin advised him to moderate his extravagant desires Ricciarius offended at this wholesome advice marched against his Brother-in-law with a powerful Army Theodoricus was not backward to meet him being strengthned with Succours from the Kings of France and Burgundy He is overthrown by Theodoricus King of the Goths The two Armies furiously ingaged in the Plains about Astorga both Kings were present in all places where the greatest Danger was Encouraging their Soldiers and the Men fought as those who had their Kings to be Spectators of their
〈◊〉 a King leaving the Formalities of the inauguration of the new King for another place The Judges and their Officers walk a foot from the Town-house with long mourning Cloaks with Hoods to them on their head After them the Town Standard Bearer on a Horse with mourning trappings with black colours on his Shoulder the end whereof trails upon the Ground Then follows the Sheriff with two others in Mourning like the others each of them carrying a Bucler over his head Next to them come the Aldermen followed by a multitude of People in this manner they proceed to the great Church where the Sheriff having made a short Speech declaring the King's death and their great loss he lets fall the Buckler from his head upon the Stones and breaks it to pieces at which the People raise a hideous lamentation Then they go to the Mint and so to the great Hospital at both which places they perform the same Ceremony which done they return to the great Church and hear Mass The third day after is performed the Ceremony of inauguration which shall be spoke of in another place This Ceremony was now performed at Coimbra where Martin then Bishop crowned King Sancho and his Queen Dulcis according to the custom of those times 3. The first action of the new King was paying his Obedience to Pope Vrban III. 1186. after which he so much addicted himself to repairing of Towns and Castles and building others anew He repairs and builds many Towns as also to encouraging of Tilling that he was called the Peopler and the Farmer or Tiller To the Military order of Santiago he gave the Towns of Alcazar Palmela Almada and Arruda to that of Avis Alpedriz and Alcanede to the Templars Idanha He repaired the great Town of Covillam to whose jurisdiction 300 Villages are subject and gave a Charter to it as he did to Gouvea Viseo and Braganza Ferdinand King of Leon entred into Portugal 1187. with greater force than success for after several repulses he was defeated in the Country of Cerolico Bebado now called la Vera The Governour of Villota a Town on a Hill near the City Guardia observing the King of Leon's Army dispersed about the Villages for Plunder gatherered all the Forces near him and marching from Trancoso recovered all the Booty killing many and putting the rest to flight A Fleet of English Flemings and Danes consisting of 53 sail 1188. Commanded by Jaques Lord of Avesnes entred the Mouth of the River Tagus being designed for the Holy Land The King supplied them with all they wanted and designing the Conquest of the City Silves the Metropolis of Algarve Silves in Algarve taken with the help of a Foreign Fleet. and refuge of all the Moorish Pyrates he proposed advantagious terms to these Strangers if they would assist him in that Expedition They consented Articling for the Plunder of the City if taken Forty Portuguese Gallies were joined to the Foreign Fleet besides Tenders carrying Provision and warlike Munitions The King marched with his Army by Land whilst the Fleet made the best of its way at Sea Both being come before the City they furiously Battered and gave several Assaults to it for the space of two Months meeting a vigorous resistance in the Defendants At the end of that time the Moors pressed with Hunger and the continual attacks of the Christians delivered up the City capitulating only for their lives 4. This City of Silves taken 1189. as has been said was again lost the ensuing Year Algarve subdued King Sancho adds that Title to Portugal King Sancho soon returned into Algarve and not only recovered it but took also the Town of Albor and Castle of Abenabacci besides other places This Country thus conquered King Sancho stiled himself King of Algarve and to the Royal Arms of Portugal added an Orle of Castles Some of his Coin has been seen which in the Orle has 7 Castles which number is still used in the Armes of Algarve when separated from those of Portugal King Alonso III. added more making the Number uncertain but King John II. long after fixed the Number again at seven Betwixt this Year and that of 1200 were repeopled the Towns of Penamacor Pinel Torres Novas Azambuja Penucova Gondomar Ermelo Covellinas Soto de Panoyas and Povos Mâ—ntemayor the New was now first Built as also the City Guarda on the side of the Mountain formerly called Herminius now Serra da Estrella 1190. King Sancho entred Andaluzia a second time laid Siege to the Town of Serpa overthrew the Moors that came to relieve it and yet was forced to rise without taking it Soon after it was taken by the Knights of the Order of Avis Peter Fernandez de Castro that famous Castilian who taking offence at his King often led the Moors against him being now General for the King of Morocco did great harm in Portugal All the territory of Tomar was wasted and Abrantes plundered As he was retiring loaded with rich Plunder Martin Lopez a famous Commander encountred him and after a most sharp dispute recovered all the Prey and took him Prisoner 5. The Miramamolin again overwhelmed this Kingdom with an Army of 400000 Horse and 500000 Foot I could wish a Cipher were cut off from each Number and it would appear more credible He took Torres Novas without opposition but Tomar was bravely defended by Galdin Paez Master of the Templers who had done notable service in the Holy Land The Moor offered to exchange the places he had taken for the City Silves but this proposition being rejected by King Sancho he in a fury laid Siege to Santarem where the Plague raging in his Army Robert Labril and Richard Cambil Englishmen with a fleet of 63 Ships arrive at Lisbon and assist the Portuguese against the Moors he was forced to break it up and depart 63 Men of War from the Northern parts arrived at Lisbon commanded by two English Men of Note called Robert Labril and Richard Cambil The first ten that came in aided the King at Santarem against the Miramamolin the others being joined to them there arose such contention betwixt them and the Portuguese as might have been the cause of much Bloodshed had not the King prudently prevented it and sent the Strangers away well contented A most terrible Plague and devouring Famine followed all these great successes and not only destroyed Men in their Houses but even the wild Beasts in the Woods or else they ran to the Towns for Prey whilst Men fled to the Mountains for Shelter 1191. The Monks of Alcobaca perceiving they must of necessity Perish Great Famine hid an Image of our Lady in the Mountain which being afterwards found A total Eclipse of the Sun a Church was built there and called Our Lady of Help To be brief a great part of the Kingdom was altogether unpeopled all this was foreshown by a total Solar Eclipse 6. As if
audience with his Mother and to assist in Council and was not at all averse to it so that tho' he did not quite forsake his vices yet he had not so much leisure to indulge them Conti was not at all displeased at these proceedings hoping this would be the means for advancing his Fortune and therefore lost no time or opportunity but plyed the King with immoderate suits for himself and his companions The first thing the King asked for him of his Mother was that he might be admitted into the order of Knighthood called of Christ which as she durst not absolutely refuse for fear of provoking her Son so she delayed granting it still putting him off from time to time with seveal excuses Conti perceiving her subtilty sailed not to press the King urging how unworthy his grandeur it was to be refused that which was in his power to take and by these and other insinuations so fiered his mind that at length he forced the Queen to condescend to all that was asked for him Being thus raised from the degree of a Merchant to that of a Minister of State not only the meaner sort made application to him in their Suits but even the Nobility had recourse to him in matters of moment least his interest should thwart their designs nay even the Queen herself tho' contrary to her haughty inclination refused not to truckle to his greatness fearing she could not maintain her Authority by opposing him But he knowing all this Courtship was Feigned used Art against Art shewing a good countenance to all yet at the same time arming himself against all Emergencies To this purpose he began to make a party in the Court introducing instead of the experienced Nobility all the youth into places of honour and preferring some of mean parentage till the Queen fearing least the increase of his party should prove her downful began openly to oppose him Thus the Court was divided into factions some siding with the King others with the Queen and others adhering to Neither Conti ceased not to blow the Coles but his chief aim was to perswade the King to take upon himself the Government urging as the truth was Denis Alphonso the 5th and Sebastian Kings of Portugal took upon them the administration being yet younger than he That which most moved the King was that his Mother falling sick at this time the whole Court was made to him which gave him to understand what a diminution it was to his splendor and therefore he began to be inflamed with a desire of absolute command The Queen recovering and reasuming the care of the government found the King more intractable than he had been before as being wholly bent upon wresting the power from her by force if she should refuse to resign This was a deadly stroke to her ambitious Spirit which abhorred the thought of falling from that height wherein she had upheld herself for so many Years nor could she be without some care for the Kingdom if it were wholly left at the disposal of a wilful and unexperienced Youth beset with a croud of dangerous and unskilful favourites and Councellors Being perplexed and tormented with these thoughts she resolved to set up her Younger Son Peter against the King The Queen sets up the Infante against the King that so he in hopes of attaining the Crown through her means might be wholly at her devotion and at the same time Alphonso fearing to lose his right might be kept in awe Therefore to prepare the Infante who of himself was willing enough she perswaded him he ought to be declared Prince and Heir to the Crown alledging that his Brother was impotent and consequently the Kingdom must devolve to him For the Executing of this design she tampered with all the Nobility and Magistrates intending to call the Cortes or Parliament to confirm her resolution but finding it a matter of greater difficulty than she had expected most men abhorring to set up two Brothers as it were two King's to rend the Kingdom and destroy themselves and thinking it a rashness to condemn Alphonso as impotent before any proof were made of his Ability she desisted from the method but not from the design Her next practice then was to set out the Infante in the most splendid apparel to cause him to show himself often to the People to give him a Family composed of all such as were disaffected to his Brother and to put him into a house the best in Lisbon built by Christopher de Moura Marquess of Castelrodrigo Having thus set up the Infante in opposition to his Brother and secured him to herself her next artifice was to counterfeit a desire of quitting the regency and retiring into a Monastery of Nuns For this purpose she drew up a subtle writing intimating her pretended desire and yet so worded it that the great men and principal Ministers to whom she sent it for their advice soon saw into the depth of it which was that she desired to be as it were constrained to continue the Regency yet so as she must be drawn to condescend by the removal of Antony Conti and the rest of his party from about the King Those to whom the writing had been communicated being all her creatures The Council combine with the Queen and fearing least if she were suffered to abandon the government they should by the King be deprived of the preferments they enjoyned resolved not to forsake her least they should be involved in her fall Therefore by writing they gave her to understand that tho' she were resolved to lay down the administration of the Kingdom it was not yet time to do it till she had removed from the Person of the King those that seduced and led him into ill courses Nothing could be more pleasing to the Queen than this answer so pat to her purpose since they had fulfilled all her wishes without obliging her to express them However that all might seem to be carried by the advice of the Council knowing they were all resolved to perform her will she would have nothing done but what should be there discussed and given under their hands The Councel met accordingly and tho' some of the gravest among them opposed the design as too visible an affront to the King yet it was carried The faction seize Conti the Kings favourite in the King's appartment and send him to Brazil that Conti and his adherents should be seized and sent into banishment contrary to the will of the King for this Council sat not to serve him but his Mother In pursuance to this resolution the Queen having secured the King in her Lodgings upon pretence of business the Duke of Cadaval with his Party Entred the King's apartment where Conti then was He seeing a Throng and suspecting some danger locked himself in but the Duke without respect to the Sacredness of the place or to the Remonstrances of the Count de Castellomelhor who would have
the Malice and Virulency of our Times bear with the Mention of solid and real Praises What you are and what you merit neither is nor will be unknown it may prove the Subject of an abler Pen when those who know shall see a fit Time to recommend your Memory to Posterity All that remains Sir is to beg a favourable Acceptance of the Tender I make It is the entire History of a Kingdom from its first Plantation to this present Time The Original was dedicated to a King The Translation has not I hope so much degenerated but it may be worthy of you If you think it so I have gained my Point and shall reap a singular Satisfaction if it gives you any I am SIR Your most Obedient Humble Servant JOHN STEVENS THE PREFACE POrtugal though a Kingdom of but a small Extent and which for these latter Years has not furnished us with any great subject of History yet in past Ages it did so largely extend its Dominions and raised such admiration throughout Europe by its wonderful Discoveries and stupendious Conquests that it is much to be admired all its past Glories should be Buried under its present obscurity Nor is it less to be wondred at that England which so lately received from thence a Queen yet living should know so little either of her Country or Progenitors This I say in regard that till now there has not appeared abroad in the English Tongue any History of that once so famous Kingdom unless we will reckon as such some small fragments which at several times have crept into the World and which seem rather to stir up our curiosity to know who those People were than any ways to satisfy our desire of Knowledge This fault I conceive must be chiefly imputed to the Portuguese themselves whose care it ought to have been to deliver to Posterity and Foreigners their own honourable Actions so methodized that they might delight in seeing them together reduced into the form of a compleat History But they though furnishing so much matter for Authors to employ their Pens were yet supinely negligent in duly recording and publishing of it It is true they had many Writers who snatched their Actions from utter oblivion by leaving that piece-meal which ought to have been reduced into one Work but this was a labour most Men were averse to as believing it above their strength because those Writings were partly so voluminous that it required almost a Man's Age to reduce them to a less compass and partly so scattered abroad in sundry parts of the Kingdom that they despaired of ever being able to bring them together Emanuel de Faria y Sousa our Author was the first that I can find ever undertook to digest and publish to the World the compleat History of his Country and give a perfect account of the Actions of his Countrymen in all parts of the World He not only undertook but performed it with general applause not only of the Portuguese who are the subject of his great Enterprize but even of the Spaniards in whose Language he Wrote This his labour was not finished till the Year 1640. and appeared not in publick till many Years after He has observed a strict method of History without running out into endless Digressions which only serve to swell Volumes and are no way material to the subject in hand Being a Portuguese I cannot affirm him to be altogether impartial for there is no Man whom the love of his Native Country does not a little sway yet this can be no exception against him because if such all History would be lyable to the same censure and besides he was a Man that proposed to himself no interest in flattering the great ones living always a private retired life which will plainly appear in that he spares not often to expose the Vices and Enormities of notable Persons for the sake of their Posterity and no where extols any though never so mighty for the hope of pleasing their descendants But to be short let the History speak for it self for my commendation as being a party too much concerned in it cannot add much to its Reputation and yet this I must say that I cannot at all doubt of its meeting applause because having run through the Kingdoms of Spain and Portugal with a general esteem in its original Language I cannot be perswaded that the Translation can have so much detracted from its first value as to render it unacceptable to the judicious lovers of this sort of Learning Thus much may suffice as to the History in General but to descend to particulars The first Book contains all that hapned in Portugal from the time it was first peopled by Tubal the Grandson of Noah till the time of the famous Viriatus The second begins with Viriatus and ends at the Birth of Saviour The third reaches from the Birth of our Saviour till the Conquest of Spain by the Moors The fourth from the Moorish Conquest till the erecting of Portugal into a particular Kingdom under its first King Alonso the First or rather his Father Count Henry The fifth from the said Count Henry till King Sancho the second The sixth from him till King Ferdinand inclusive The seventh from King John the First to King John the Second The eighth from King Emanuel till Henry the King and Cardinal and the Governours left by him at his Death The ninth Book has the lives of the three Philips Kings of Spain and Portugal till the Year 1640. where the Author concludes and the Supplement begins Having given this short account of the main History and named the Supplement I must not omit to say somewhat in relation to it Emanual de Faria having concluded as has been said just at the Year 1640. there ensued that very Year the great Revolution in which the Portuguese cast off the Dominion of the Spaniards and set up a King of their own This mighty work was in a manner done in a day all places submitting to the new King and expelling the Spaniards with such success as is scarce credible but that the thing is still fresh in the memory of many persons living However though the Portuguese in so short a time had asserted their Liberty and cast off the Foreign Yoak yet the consequences of so great an Enterprise were a continual War for the space of almost Twenty Eight Years Now this War is the principal subject of the Supplement and indeed a matter well worthy to be known as a most material Transaction of this Age. Being a thing so remarkable and near our times I have been very particular in it and therefore given an exact account of the Transactions of every Year apart I have not been sparing of any labour in perusing such Authors as have writ of it and extracting from them as much as my intended Brevity would permit and tho' I designed to have been much shorter the variety of accidents is such that it has obliged
Tideus he called Tide and in process of Time by Corruption is now called Tuy 12. The wonderful Abidis succeeded his fortunate Father Gargoris Abidis reigns in the Kingdom of Spain and in Gratitude to the Mountains where he was bred built the City Santarem and reigned 35 Years much beloved of his Subjects 1038. About this time happen'd that wonderful Dearth in Spain A wonderful Dearth which lasted 26 Months during which time it never rained Some there are who extend this to 40 Years others to 30. Such it was that all the Country became Desart the Inhabitants either perishing for Want or fleeing to other Places Long after this 952. a Multitude of the Celtae the ancient Inhabitants of France came into the Southern Parts of Portugal where they built several Towns and re-edified others before ruined They being mixed and well united with the Natives stood them in good stead when the Phoenicians possessed themselves of the Island of Cadiz Sidonians in Spain Not content with settling themselves there they began to incroach upon the People of Andaluzia and fortified themselves at Sidon now Medina Sidonia whence they were expelled by the united Forces of the ancient Natives 752. and intruding Celtae Which done the Lusitanians chose Argantonius for their King who governed them many Years with general Applause some Authors stretching his Life to 140 Years others only to 120. 13. The Celtae inhabiting Lusitania The Celtae settle in Portugal being vastly increased so that the Country they possessed could not contain them passed over the River Tagus with their Flocks and Families with a Design to settle along the Sea-Coast beyond the Promontory of the Moon now called the Rock of Sintra Those People fearing their intruding Guests marched out to oppose them but being overthrown were forced to submit to those that came with Intention only to be their Companions The Turduli for so those People were called joining with the Inhabitants of Lisbon formed another Army and joining Battel with the Celtae gained the Field but with such Loss that they had no reason to boast of their Victory Both Parties considering the Loss sustained came to an Agreement and divided the Province betwixt them 14. The Turduli thought themselves secure after this War with the Celtae when a more dangerous Enemy assaulted them The Mountainous People descend into the Plain These were a savage Mountainous People who having till then lived upon the Milk of their Goats and Wild Fruit came down to seek a better Country to inhabit but being defeated they passed the River Tagus There the Celtae cut off a good Number of them which obliged the rest to march along the River Tagus to the Sea-side where finding no Body to oppose them they settled themselves And from them that Cape near Setuval was called Promontorium Barbaricum now Caboâ—de Espichel 15. Nabuchadonosor having taken Hierusalem Nabuchodonozor in Spain and subdued a great part of the then known World came at last into Spain with his mighty Army composed of all Nations Having besieged the Island of Cadiz where the Phoenicians inhabited by Sea and Land he was driven thence by the united Forces of Spain and so with his whole Army put to Sea again He had before over-run the greatest part of Spain and now departing left behind him the greatest Plague that ever infested it Thus was a great Number of Jews dispersed in several Parts of it who fixing then could never since be rooted out The Phoenicians delivered of the Danger of Nabuchodonosor refused to pay the Lusitanians whom they had called to their Aid who offended thereat demanded more than was their Due The Controversie came to be decided by Blows wherein the Lusitanians were worsted yet not so discouraged but that gathering fresh Forces they came on again so furiously that having vanquished their Enemies they put them all to the Sword without Mercy By this Victory they became Masters of the greatest part of Andaluzia so that great Numbers of them went over to inhabit there calling it Turdetania where they built many Cities 16. In the mean while The Carthaginians come to relieve the Phoenicians the Phoenicians shut up in the Island of Cadiz craved Aid of the Carthaginians their ancient Allies against the Lusitanians who Lorded it over all Andaluzia The Carthaginians were not backward to undertake this Expedition but Rigging a mighty Fleet sent it to their Relief under the Command of Mezerbal a valiant and wise Captain At their first Landing in some Skirmishes our Men found their Valour would not avail against the Africans without some Martial Discipline Therefore they made Choice of one Baucius Capetus or as others call him Bachius Carupus a Man of a Gigantick Stature and great Conduct for their General He observing the manner of the Carthaginian Warfare instructed his Men accordingly About Break of Day the two Armies joined Battel with terrible Out-cries and no less Effusion of Blood Mezerbal observing his Troops disordered and giving way with some chosen Bands renewed the Fight and made the Victory more bloody than it would have been had not so great a General commanded Yet at last The Carthaginians defeated he was forced to give way and save his Life by Flight Baucius having pursued the Enemy and taken the Spoil of the Field returned Victorious and erected lasting Trophies in the Temples of his Idols The future Actions of Mezerbal being the Beginning of the Carthaginian Dominion in Spain require a new Chapter These Things were done about the Year of the World 3403 after the Deluge 1747 which is 559 Years before the Birth of Christ CHAP. III. The Actions of the Carthaginian Governors Mezerbal Sappho Hanno the First Himilco Gisgo Hannibal the First Hanno the Second Boodes Maherbal Hamilcar Barcinus Asdrubal and Hannibal the Second The Planting of many Colonies and Beginning of the Roman War 1. MEzerbal and Carthaginian though overthrown quitted not his Pretensions but contrived by Policy to compass what he had failed of by open Force He began to treat amicably with the Lusitanian Turduli 559. and sped so well that they intrusted him with several Places of Consequence Mezerbal subdues Portugal whereof being once possessed he began to Lord it over them This was the Beginning of the African Dominion in Spain Mean while that barbarous People who inhabited along the Coast of Setuval invented a new and bloody Sacrifice which continued for many Years 550. The Sea cast up a Whale of a wonderful Bigness whereat that ignorant People being terrified and thinking it had been some Sea-God A barbarous Sacrifice they killed a Young Man and a Maid and left them by the Whale The Tide rising it carried away the dead Bodies which they looked upon as an Acceptance of their Sacrifice and therefore they every Year after repeated it even after the Coming of Christ 2. About the same time 15000 of the Turduli seeking new Lands to
thereto by the Avarice of their late Governor Soon after 400. the Celtae of the Province of Alentejo their Territories being thronged by the Turdetani who came out of Andaluzia resolved to move farther into the Country and to that purpose made a solemn Sacrifice and swore ever to continue Friends Whilst they were busie in that Solemnity they descried four Sail which made towards the Shoar and understood they came from Laconica in Peloponnesus seeking some Place to settle in The Celtae received them into their Society and they together passing the Tagus and coming to the River Mondego left there a Company of the Lusitanian Turdetani called Colimbrii or Columbri who there settled a Colony which of them was called Colimbria now known by the Name of Condeixa the Old the Ruins which still are to be seen about it being a Testimony of its former Grandeur Yet some will have that City to have been built by Hercules Lybicus Several Towns founded others by the Carthaginians The Lusitanians and Greeks going on they founded Eminium now Ageuda a great City and a Bishop's See in the time of the Romans and Goths They also were the Founders of Talabrica now Aveyro of Lavara of Lameca or Laconia now Lamego and some other Places whereof there is now no Memory The last Place named was built by the Greeks and the Celtae who continuing their Progress fell at Variance forgetting the Oath made at their Setting out in such manner that in cruel Battle among themselves the greatest part of them perished Such as remained spread themselves about that Country and some of them are supposed to be the Founders of Araduca now Guimaraens 7. The Lusitanians and Africans about the Port of Hanibal were at Peace 359. when Boodes came to succeed Hanno the Carthaginian Commander in Spain He introduced himself politickly by fair means into the Affections of the People The Progress of the Carthaginians in Spain and they together sacrificed to Hercules Having thus setled Friendship Boodes with the Consent of the Natives built a Town called Lacobriga in Algarve now Lagos After Boodes came Maherbal who so managed the People that he became absolute over all that part which is now the Kingdom of Algarve and hearing of the Greatness of the City Elvas marched thither with a good Body of Men and by Kindness so won the Hearts of the Inhabitants that they wholly submitted themselves unto him Maherbal falling sick here was told by the Diviners that there was no way to recover his Health but building a Temple to the God Cupid which he did and recovered This Temple was famoâ—â— many Ages after and the Idol called Endovellicus Tâ—â— Image had its Eyes shut a Heart in its Mouth and Wings on its Feet The Priest when he sacrificed to this God stripped himself naked and then put on a loose Garment which traiâ—ed on the Ground his Back and Left Arm remaining naked then with the Right Hand he ripped up a Lamb and took out his Heart which with the Left Hand he cast into the Fire 8. The City Tyre being destroyed by Alexander the Great 318. 15000 of the Inhabitants were saved by the Sidonians who served in his Army Some of them by means of the Carthaginians came into Lusitania The City Mirtiri built by the Tyrians where they founded a Town which they called Mirtiri that is New Tyre now Mertola This same Year Gatelus sailing from Egypt with his whole Family is reported to have landed in Portugal and it is supposed it was at the City Porto He had two Sons Iberus and Humecus the first of them some will have to have sailed into Ireland and given the Name Hibernia to it these are meer Suppositions Some Years after the Greeks between the Rivers Duero and Minho 310 encreased by the coming of the Celtae and Turdetani finding their Multitude too great for that Province by common Consent sent their Sons to find new Seats Some of them settled in the Mountains of Asturias and others along the Banks of the Rivers Erla 303. The Carthaginians being at War with Pyrrhus Prince of the Epirots who was possessed of Siciâ—y drove him thence by the Assistance of the Spanish Auxiliaries among whom were 2000 Lusitanian Celtae 9. Hamilcar Barcinus a Man extraordinary well qualified was sent from Carthage to promote the Interest of that Commonwealth in Spain His mighty Zeal in the Worship of their Idols endeared him to the People and the more to oblige them he resolved to marry a Woman of the Country by her he had Hannibal the Second by Name but far the greatest in Renown His Project of marrying a Lusitanian to gain the Affection of the Natives Hamilcar subdues all Spain was so highly approved of by the Carthaginians that returning home he was sent back to finish what he had so well begun He brought with him his Wife by whom he had Five Children Hannibal Asdrubal Magâ— Hanno and a Daughter After he had settled the Affairs of Andaluzia he passed thence into Lusitania intending to make 〈◊〉 â—he Seminary of Soldiers Having gathered a mightâ— Army he set forward so fortunate that he subdued all the Country from the Streights of Gibraltar to the Pyrenean Mountains Hanibal then a Youth was present at these Exploits and then learnt his first Military Rudiments In the mean while the Vectones who lived betwixt the Rivers Duero and Coa down as far as Tagus and were ancient Enemies to the Celtae of the Province of Alentejo and to the Turdetani considering that the Flower of these People was drawn out under Hamilcar Barcinus laid hold of this Opportunity and invaded their Territories The Celtae asked leave of their General to return Home to defend their Country and he careful of their good Fortune marched back with them The Vectones being strengthened with Supplies waited his coming in a convenient place with a great number of Carts loaded with Wood before them as if they had been upon the March Hamilcar admired their Resolution but understood not the Stratagem He caused the Celtae to give the Charge but neither their Courage nor Martial Discipline availed them for the Vectones setting Fire to the Wood the Oxen being frighted ran so furiously with the Flaming Carts into the midst of them that they were put into Confusion notwithstanding their General did all that was possible to restore the Battle In the heat of the Action he was killed leaving a bloody Victory to the Vectones Asdrubal his Son-in-law and Hannibal gathering the Relicks of the Army fell upon the Phocentians who had assisted the Vectones but these coming to their Relief the two Generals were obliged to raise a greater Power with which they not only subdued the Phocentians but put all to the Sword that were able to bear Arms. This done he marched towards the Vectones who continued to insult the Celtae and sufficiently revenged their Wrongs But the Celtae not so satisfied ceased not
well that he was continued in that Government four Years doing incredible harm in the Country and at last triumphed at Rome 90. The chief service that acquired him that Honour was the War with the People between the Rivers Duero and Minho There he had first knowledge of the Islands called Cassiterides which some imagine to be those of Bayona in Galicia The Islands of Bayona in Galicia and other believe they were swallowed by the Sea they were ten in Number one of them only inhabited the Natives of a swarthy Complexion their cloathing a long Gown down to the Feet girt upon the Breast all of them carried Staves in their hands 87. They traded with other Nations particularly the Carthaginians for Hides and Lead and Tin whereof they had great Plenty still the Proconsul Licinius Crassus by fair means drew them to the Roman Friendship The cruel Wars between Marius and Sylla hindred the Romans from sending Supplies into Spain 85. the Lusitanians took hold of that opportunity and with a numerous Body breaking into the Roman Provinces exercised the utmost Cruelty sparing neither Sex nor Age and this made the Roman Commanders quit the weaker places and retire to those of more safety But in the height of this their prosperity 83. came Caius Annius sent by Sylla after Sertorius who in two great Battles though with much difficulty overthrew the Lusitanians This made them sensible that they only wanted a General and therefore pitched upon Sertorius who was then in Mauritania 7. Sertorius was well known in Spain for the share he had in the War of Numantia Sertorius his Origin he was born in Italy among the Sabini of an indifferent Family neither Great nor Despicable His first Years he spent in the Schools the best and last in the Army Being ill treated at Rome he fled into Spain and then into Africk where in the City of Tangier he found the body of the Gyant Antâ—us and other pieces of Antiquity Here Ambassadors sent from Lusitania found him and in the Name of the People invited him to come and Command them which he immediately accepted and came over with the Ambassadors At his first Arrival he gained the good will of all Men He comes into Lusitania by his Affability and Bounty and chose Evora for a place of Arms when he had taken an Oath of Fidelity of the Lusitanians he visited the Province accompanied with 700 Horse and 4000 Foot and with all possible Diligence provided all Necessaries for War The Neighbouring People perceiving it offered him their Service as did others farther off moved by their Example Among them the City Osca which Tradition will have to be that in Aragon a strong Place where Sertorius settled an University This he did for his own Security rather than the Instruction of the People that he might there have the principal Youth of the Country together as Hostages His Practises for the fixing of this University Professors of all Sciences came from several Countries To strenghten his Enterest the more he made use of another practice which is that having a Hind brought him he made her so tame that she followed him in the Army amidst the Noise of Arms and the People admiring thereat he gave out it was sent him by the Goddess Diana to give him advice how to behave himself in the War When he understood that any of his Captains had gained a Victory he caused the Hind to be Crown'd with Flowers by him he entrusted with the Secret and as soon as let loose she would run to him and he putting his Ear to her Mouth would discover what he had been told before saying Diana gave him that intelligence by the Mouth of the Hind This Fraud made the People follow him as if he were somewhat more than Man 8. Sertorius having thus gained the Affections of the Lusitanians His Warlike Exploits and secured their Children as Hostages at Osca ventured to take the Field against the Romans with only 8000 Men whereof 5000 were Lusitanians the rest Italians and Africans Nine Years he maintained War against Rome and against four of its best Generals who brought over 7000 Horse and 122000 Foot besides the Spanish Auxiliaries His first Exploit was the subduing most part of the Province of Carpentania where he found little or no Resistance Next he defeated Cota the Roman Admiral who kept the Streights of Gibraltar and hinder'd Supplies from coming to him out of Mauritania Sailing victorious up the River Guadalquiver he surprized at Break of Day the Roman Army under the Command of Didius who lay encamped upon the Banks of the River and put the greatest part of it to the Sword Herculeus one of his Captains was sent out by him against Lucius Domitius who by Order of the Consul Quintus Metellus Pius destroyed all the Country between Andaluzia and the Pyrenean Mountains Herculeus pursuing overtook him in Aragon where he overthrew his Army and killed him The Fame of this Defeat moved Manilius Proconsul of Gallia Norbonensis to pass the Mountains with a mighty Army of Romans and Gauls in hopes to gather together the few scatter'd Remnants of Domitius's Army But the Victor flushed with his late Success met him near Lerida where a most bloody Battel was fought and Manilius routed with a terrible Slaughter of the Roman Legions but above all of the French Horse In the mean while Sertorius stuck close to Metellus who perceiving himself to be still upon the Losing Hand resolved to alter his Method of Carrying on the War and laid Seige to Lacobriga now called Lagos in the Kingdom of Algarve Want of Water pressed the Besieged but Sertorius with great Rewards prevailed with 2000 Soldiers to break through the Roman Camp with each of them a Skin-full of Water This Supply encouraged the Lacobrigenses till Sertorius could come to raise the Seige But Metellus hearing of his Preparations marched away and left it Want of Provisions forced him to depart for Sertorius had cut off a Legion that was coming to him with a Convoy Metellus marched into Andaluzia Sertorius keeping close at his Heels and came to Osca where the Lusitanian Youths were designing to take that Place but it was well provided Besides the Lusitanian Army being upon his Back he marched away to Cartagena and Sertorius returned to Evora Thus it appears that Osca where the University was erected was not in Arragon as some will have it but in Andaluzia At Evora Sertorius received Ambassadors from Mithridates King of Pontus He proposed to settle Amity for the subduing of Italy offered Ships and asked some Lusitanian Soldiers Besides he offered to Sertorius the whole Dominion of Asia Sertorius received the Ambassadors with Majesty promised the Supply of Soldiers and afterwards sent it The Ambassadors being dismissed Sertorius employed himself in making Provision for the next Campaign and exercising his Men knowing he could not expect long to enjoy Peace 9. In
Forces 577. and invading the People called Rucones now Rieja subdued them Luiva was now King of the Goths and took for his Companion and Successor his Brother Leovigildus Which done he returned into France leaving Leovigildus in Spain to secure his former Conquests and add others to them He victoriously traversed the greatest part of Spain and at last enter'd Galicia Ariamirus in vain striving to put a Stop to his Progress who now perceiving how ineffectual Force proved thought better to try if Fair Means would prevail Therefore he sent Ambassadors to Leovigildus to put him in mind of the Peace and Alliance established betwixt their Predecessors and to desire the Renewing thereof Leovigildus content with this Submission curbed his aspiring Thoughts concluded a Peace and retired 3. Leovigildus had now two Sons Hermenegildus and Recaredus The first was married to Ingunda Daughter of Sigebert King of France and his Wife Brunechilde Upon this Marriage he lived apart from his Father and had the Stile of a King given him at Merida There by the Means of his Wife who was a Catholick and of his Uncle St. Leander Archbishop of Sevilâ— he embraced the Catholick Faith and in Baptism was called John Leovigildus the Goth Wars upon his Son Hermenegildus on Account of Religion His Father being an obstinate Arian was so offended at his Conversion that he deprived him of the Regal Dignity The Prince fled into Portugal and was there protected by King Ariamirus who was a Catholick Hermenegildus raised Forces but his Father coming speedily upon him he fled with 3000 Men to Ossela a Place thought impregnable But Leovigildus for all that enter'd it by Force put all to the Sword burnt the Town and carried away his Son Prisoner to Toledo From thence he made his Escape to Sevil where he fortified himself King Leovigildus laid Siege to that City being assisted by King Ariamirus of Portugal and having forced his Way into it carried away Hermenegildus to Tarragona where he was put to Death in the Year 586. Which Passage is here related to avoid interrupting the Narration 4. Our King Ariamirus died at that Siege 583. and his Son Eburicus then very young succeeded him in the Crown of Portugal under the Protection of Leovigildus the Goth. Endeca usurps the Crown of Portugal Endeca a Noble-man in great Power at the Portuguese Court taking Advantage of the King 's tender Years married Sisegunda the Queen-Dowager and with the Help of his Friends possessed himself of the Government upon pretence of managing it for the young King But having in Process of Time secured his Interest he usurped the Regal Title and put Eburious into Prison at first and soon after obliged him to take the Habit of a Monk that so he might forfeit his Pretensions to the Crown The Tyrant Endeca fearing Leovigildus the Goth who was Protector to the deposed King joined in League with Gunteranus the French King But the Goth whose Courage was not to be shocked sent his Son Recaredus against the French and himself invaded the usurping Suevian He is deposed and shorn a Monk by Leovigildus the Goth He soon took him Prisoner and obliged him to take the same Habit he had before forced upon the Rightful King and to enter into Holy Orders banishing him to the City Beja then possessed by the Goths Yet Leovigildus though he was thought to have conquered that Kingdom for Eluricus kept it for himself adding it to his other Dominions Thus ended the Kingdom of the Suevians after it had with various Turns of Fortune lasted about 180 Years 585. It expired in the Year 585. The People dissatisfied with Leovigildus rose up in Arms and proclaimed a Noble-man called Malaricus King but he being soon overthrown and taken Prisoner by the Forces of the Goth the Kingdom of the Lusitanians or Suevians was entirely brought under the Dominion of the Goths He persecutes the Catholicks but dies one himself The Lusitanians at this time continued firm in the Faith and Leovigildus ceased not to persecute the Professors thereof deposing the Catholick Prelates and filling their Places with Arians who perverted many of the People Leovigildus having raigned 18 Years died at Toledo a Catholick though he had lived an Arian His first Wife was Theodora Daughter of Severianus Governor of Cartagena and his Wife Theodora Daughter to Theodoricus King of the Ostrogoths in Italy and Sister to Isidorus and Leander Archbishops of Sevil and of Fulgentius of Cartagena By her he had Hermenegildus whom he put to death and Flavius Recaredus who succeeded him 5. Recaredus 586. born at Sevil in the Year 566 now in the 20th of his Age Recaredus succeeds inherited his Father's Throne He proved an excellent Prince and having embraced the Catholick Faith restored all those that his Father had expelled He becomes a Catholick His pious Intention of Assembling a National Synod was for some time obstructed by the Treasonable Conspiracies of the Hereticks The first Council was held at Merida under the Direction of Claudius who governed the small Remainder of the Roman Empire along the Sea-Coast of Lusitania Suna the Arian Archbishop being now compelled to resign that See to Mansona the Catholick before expelled by Leovigildus conspired with other Hereticks to murder him and Claudius Witericus who was afterwards King now one of the Conspirators laying his Hand upon his Sword to execute his Purpose he could not draw it whereat being moved he discovered the Treachery and was therefore pardon'd Suna the Heretical Archbishop was banished as were the other Accomplices and their Estates confiscated Amidst this Confusion Gunteranus King of France made War upon Recaredus sending against him an Army under the Command of his General Bossus Claudius a Man fortunate in War marched to oppose him and overthrew him near Carcassonne with a great Slaughter Some will have it that Claudius with only 300 Men defeated Bossus who had 60000 But let every one judge thereof as he pleases 6. Recaredus having thus subdued his Enemies both at home and abroad was at leisure to assemble the Council he had before designed at Toledo 589. Seventy two Prelates met together there A Synoâ— at Toledo St. Leander Archbishop of Sevil presiding The King himself made an Oration at the Opening of the Council Now the Arian Heresie was totally extinguished the Catholick Faith triumphed and Recaredus for his singular Piety had the Title of Catholick or Most Christian King conferred upon him 601. After triumphing over his which were the Enemies of Christ Recaredus dies our Religious King Recaredus died at Toledo He was born at Sevil in the Year 565 reigned 16 and lived 37. His Coin has been seen in our Age at several Places Some at Lisbon with this Inscription on the one side RECAREDUS REX and on the Reverse OLISIBONA PIUS Others at Evora with RECAREDUS REX and on the
flight of his Daughter Ximena The third was Sancha Daughter to the King of Navarre by these two he had no Children 923. The last Action of his life darkn'd all the Glory of his former Triumphs He sent for four Counts who governed Castile upon safe Conduct to Carrion and there cut off their Heads Which so incensed the People of Castile that they only wanted an Opportunity to rebell and take Revenge But Death prevented their Designs 924. taking him away at Zamora His Body was buried in the great Church of Leon which City he had so entirely loved that he took its Name for the Title of his Kingdom leaving that of King of Oviedo and Galicia CHAP. VIII The Succession of the Kings of Castile and Leon from the Year 924 till 985 With the Revolt of Count Fernan Gonzalez And the Desolation made in Portugal by Alcoraxis and Almanzor the Moors 1. D. Fruela II. was Successor to his Brother Ordonno Fruela II. usurps the Crown usurping the Crown from his Children who were then very young He was nothing like to his Brother in Valour for he ceased the Prosecution of the War against the Infidels but was not unlike to him in the last Action of his Life for as Ordonno unjustly put to death the fore-mentioned Counts so Fruela wrongfully executed certain Gentlemen called Olmudes He became so odious to the Castilians that the Nobility Castile separates from Leon. and creates a Government under Judges joining together rebelled and separated themselves from the Crown of Leon. To this purpose they chose two Judges to rule them The two first were Nunno Rasura and Lain Calvo They were of the Middle Sort of People neither of the Greatest nor Meanest that so they might neither be too powerful nor become contemptible Yet from them are the Kings of Spain descended At the same time that this Government was instituted in Castile we find Counts governing in some Parts of Portugal as D. Gutierre Arias at Porto and Hufo Hufez at Viseo A Leprosie consumed King Fruela so fast 925. that he died at Leon having reigned scarce a Year and was buried in the Cathedral He had two Wives D. Munia and D. Vrraca By them he had Issue Ordonno Alonso and Ramiro King Ramiro II. put out all their Eyes and thrust them into the Monastery of St. Julian either upon Suspicion or Proof that they conspired against him He had also a fourth Son called Fruela 2. Alonso IV Alonso IV. resigns the Government to his Brother Ramiro Eldest Son of King Ordonno II after the Death of Fruela recovered his Right and Kingdom He was not wicked as his Predecessor but as unprofitable to his Kingdom as he His best Quality was That he was sensible of his own Insufficiency and therefore first sent his Brother Ramiro to govern Portugal and afterwards resigned the Kingdom to him and became himself a Monk Ramiro had chosen the City Viseo for his Residence in Portugal whence he made Inroads into the Frontiers of the Moors and by his gentle Government gained the Affections of the People Here he received Letters from the King his Brother calling him to Court in order to resign the Crown to him for that his Son Prince Ordonno was but an Infant D. Ramiro fearing his Brother's Inconstancy hasted to Zamora that he might not have Time to repent The King immediately put the Crown upon his Head and was the first that did him Homage as his Subject Which done he took the Habit of a Benedictine Monk in the Monastery of Sahagun and is therefore called Alonso the Monk He was married to Ximena the Daughter of King Sancho Abarca of Navarre and had by her Ordonno who came to be King and D. Alonso who died young He died in the Monastery of St. Julian and lies there buried But we shall see him repent and disturb his Brother's Reign 3. King Alonso being become a Monk 928. and repenting Alonso repents and raises a Civil War his Brother Ramiro now possessed of the Crown resolved not to part with it and thus began a Civil War which was the Cause of much Mischief The Moors making their Advantage thereof recovered the Cities of Lamâ—go Braganza and Porto with all the Country lying between the Rivers Tagus and Duero The Castilians also made use of this Opportunity their Judges Nunno and Lain being dead to raise up in their stead the Count Ferran Gonzalez King Ramiro politickly winking at this Affront 932. which he could not revenge upon the Authors invaded the Kingdom of Toledo destroying all before him with Fire and Sword King Alonso the Monk held out two Years in Leon against his Brother Ramiro But then despairing of Success he stirred up Alonso Ordonno and Ramiro the Sons of his Predecessor Fruela to raise a Rebellion in Asturias and Biscay believing that would draw away the King his Brother from attending upon him Nevertheless the King continued the Siege obliged him to surrender and afterwards put him into Prison This done he found Means to apprehend the three Brothers and to prevent future Designs put out theirs and his Brother the Monk's Eyes Two Years Alonso lived blind But the King repenting of this Cruelty used towards his Brother to testifie his Repentance built the Monastery of St. Julian 4. Two Months are said to have passed in the Year 934 934. in which Time the Light of the Sun was scarce seen Prodigies in the Sky at the End whereof a Breach or Yawning appeared in the Sky along which great Flames of Fire were seen to run and the Stars seemed to wander in the Region of the Air. Many Judgments were made upon these Prodigies but most agreed they portended the End of the World to be at hand At last the Sun shined out and whilst the Christians appeased God with Prayers the Moors consulted their Wizards Alfarani of Meca affirmed to King Abderramen that this Prodigy threaten'd the Downfall of Christian Princes if he would take in hand to pull them down Diviners fore-tell what they know is pleasing to Princes and Princes believe that which pleases them Abderramen declares War and makes mighty Preparations for it drawing great Succours out of Africk under the Command of Almanzor With an Army almost innumerable he broke into Portugal bearing down all before him and putting the Christians to most cruel Deaths King Ramiro having gathered the greatest Power he could set forward to meet the Enemy whose Multitude obliged him to retire to the Mountains of Clavijo Ramiro destroys a great Army of Infidels Here the Apostle St. James is said to have appeared to him promising he should obtain a wonderful Victory in that Place In the Fight the Apostle was seen on Horseback making great Slaughter among the 〈◊〉 This Victory some will have to be the Cause of his being taken for Patron of Spain though others say it was that in the Time of King Alonso I. as was
enacted by him He was the first that instituted general Laws in the first Year of his Reign holding a Parliament for that purpose at Coimbra In these Laws great regard was had to the Church-Men the prices of all things necessary for the support of life were settled so that the meanest might buy as cheap as the greatest the Extortions of publick Ministers were retrenched Plaintiffs if cast were ordered to pay a Fine Sentence of Death passed by him was appointed not to be Executed till 20 days after to prevent the Effects of Passion This King used extraordinary severity towards the Church-men 1221. for which being reproved by Stephen Suarez de Silva Archbishop of Braga instead of amending he set Officers to destroy all the Possessions of that See He persisted so obstinately in this fury that Honorius the third wrote a Letter to him full of most severe Expressions calling him Tyrant In fine the King died before he was reconciled to the Clergy His Death or his own Sisters the Kingdom at that time lying under an interdict He lived 48 Years and Reigned 21 His Body lies Buried with the Queen his Wife in the Royal Monastery of Alcobaca in a plain Tomb without any Epitaph or Inscription as were all the first Kings of this Nation Of Body he was extraordinary gross and therefore called the Fat yet his Gigantick Stature carried it off his Countenance was Comly his Forehead High 1223. his Eyes Chearful and his Hair Yellow which he always wore long 5. King Alonso Married Vrraca His Wife and Issue the Daughter of Alonso VIII of Castile called the Noble and Good a most vertuous and beautiful Princess His Issue by her was Sancho who succeeded in the Throne Alonso Earl of Bolen in right of his Wife Maud whence he was called to Govern the Kingdom by reason of the insufficiency of his Brother whom he succeeded Ferdinand called de Serpa married to Sancha Fernandez Daughter to Ferdinand Earl of Lara Lastly Elenor who was Queen of Dacia The King had one Bastard Son called John Alonso of whom there is no other memory but that he lies Buried in the Church of Alcobaca Tho' it be said before at the end of the last King's Reign that then the orders of St. Dominick St. Francis the Blessed Trinity and the Carmelites came into Portugal our Author repeats it again in the Reign of this King which is the most likely CHAP. VI. The Life and Reign of King Sancho II. he is deposed by his Brother flies to Toledo and there ends his days all betwixt the Years 1207 and 1246. 1. SAncho II. of the Name 1203. and Fourth King of Portugal Sancho II. ascends the Throne Eldest Son to King Alonso was Born on the Eighth of September at Coimbra He was called Capelo because being sickly in his Child-hood his Mother confiding to obtain his Health through the intercession of the Holy Father St. Augustin caused him to wear that Habit. His Weakness rather than want of Years must be the cause that he appeared not in any Military Action with his Father for we have no account of him till he ascended the Throne which was about the 20th 1223. or 21st Year of his Age. His first Action was a Reconciliation with the Clergy who had suffered much under his Father but he soon followed his Example After this agreement with the Church the Ecclesiastical Censures were taken off and those who died during the interdict were now Buried in hallowed Ground The controversies also between the late King and his Sisters ceased they now swearing fealty to the King for the places they possessed His next care was to visit his Kingdom which he did taking a Progress through it leasurely doing justice to all Men and giving prudent Orders in all places Then laying aside for a while the Civil Affairs he applied him to the Military making several incursions upon the Moors whence he returned with Honour Our King and Ferdinand of Castile met at Sabugal to adjust certain Differences which they amicably put an end to King Ferdinand delivering up the Town of Chaves which had been engaged to him 2. Still the Arabs ranged about the territory of Elvas He entirely defeats the Moors at Elvas wasting the Country and destroying the Villages King Sancho assembling his Forces soon drove them thence but no sooner was his back turned then they came again laid Siege to Elvas and carried it by Assault Our King returning with speed utterly discomfitted those Barbarians so that they never again attempted any thing there Nor did he desist till he had Juremenha 1226. Serpa and other Castles which had often been gained and again fallen into the Enemies hands For four Years there was nothing of Action but in the Year 1230 1230. he made War on the Moors in the Province of Alentejo The following year he advanced into Algarve to recover what his Grand-father had conquered there and was now again fallen into the hands of the Infidels 1232. Some places he re-took consecrated the Churches and placed therein Evangelical Pastors 1235. After this by his Commanders the chief whereof was Payo Perez Correa he took Aljustrel which he gave to the Military Order of Santiago 1239. then the Towns of Mergola and Alfajar de Penna which also he bestowed on the same Order Of late Years the insolencies of Favourites were grown insupportable they abusing the King and their Kindred and friends them Common complaints when subjects will rebell The Subjects were treated worse than conquered Moors their Persons Imprisoned their Estates Wasted their Children Murdered unless redeemed for Money and their Wives and Daughters openly Ravished Nor was the Sanctuary of the Church any refuge for even in those Holy Places all Villanies were committed The King knew nothing but what his Favourites told him and it was their study to keep him in ignorance and hence proceeded the ruin of this unhappy Prince 3. In the Year 1240. Cacela and Ayamonte were taken by Assault 1240. in which Actions D. Payo Perez Correa particularly signalized himself Complaints made to the Pope and all things adjusted wherefore the King gave those places to the Military Order of Santiago whereof he was Commendary During this current of Affairs the King was highly commended and received Spiritual Favours from Pope Gregory IX The Spiritual Graces were for such as died in the War and for the King himself who lay under Ecclesiastical Censures for having proceeded unjustly against Peter Bishop of Porto who carried his complaints to Rome Besides he seized the Ecclesiastical revenues on pretence of urgent necessities and of punishing Clergy Men who kept Women in their Houses Silvester Archbishop of Braga had hereupon made application to the Pope who therefore wrote to the King and recommended the charge of reducing him to certain Bishops But he prevented them by submitting himself and so all differences were adjusted The King
whilst others acknowledged the true King so that this difference came to be decided by the Sword 7. The Dominicans and Franciscans were appointed to put in Execution this unjust decree and one Giles a Dominican durst notify it to the King King Sancho flies into Castile He seeing himself deprived of his Wife and Government and the People in Rebellion fled to Toledo then the Court of Ferdinand the Holy King of Castile By the way King Sancho reposing himself at Moreira certain Gentlemen came to him offering to stand by him and support his cause provided he would put away his Favourite The King disapproving of this conditional Loyalty no better then open Rebellion continued his Journey At Toledo he spent the remainder of his life in works of Grandeur and Piety He expended a great Treasure in Alms and Building the Royal Chappel in the Cathedral having done extraordinary Pennance for his Sins and given singular marks of great Piety His Death he departed this life the Thirty Ninth Year of his Age and the Thirteenth of his Reign reckoning in those that his Brother Governed for him He is said to have had a special Devotion to S. Lazarus and also that he appeared twice to him in his life-time and was present at his Death In the beginning of his Reign he peopled the City Idanha which had been destroyed by his Grand-father King Sancho when he took it from the Moors He maintained the City Aleazer against the Infidels who Besieged it who after much loss sustained begged a Truce He not only preserved his Kingdom but recovered many places that had been lost and may be accounted amongst the best of our Princes 8. In this King ended the direct line of the Kings of Portugal His Person described he being the Fourth King and Second of the Name His Countenance was Beautiful his Hair fair and long his Forehead high his Eyes green and cheerful his Nose large and his Complexion inclined to pale In his Antient Pictures he is represented in Scarlet Robes a Crown on his Head a Book in one Hand and in the other a Scepter with a Pigeon on the top of it as the commonalty would have it or else it might be a Stork as many Antient Kings used denoting by the care that Bird has of its young ones the love of a Prince towards his Subjects He built from the ground the Monasteries of St. Dominick in the Cities of Lisbon and Porto Some say his Queen accompanied him at Toledo and others affirm she was never heard of more after being taken from him He had no Issue and consequently his Brother suceeded him CHAP. VII The Life and Reign of Alonso the third of the Name and Fifth King of Portugal his Actions and Death from the Year 1210. till 1279. 1. D. Alonso the Third of the Name Alonso III. his Birth and Actions till his assumption to the Crown and Fifth King was Brother to King Sancho whose lot it was to have a Crown without the power of the Government and a Wife without Issue He was Born in the City of Coimbra on the 5th of May was the second Son of King Alonso II. and Married Maud Countess of Bolen in France 1210. then Widdow of Phillip the curled Son of Philip Augustus King of France and Grand-son to the Duke of Maravia whose Daughter Queen Mary was 1245. His thoughts were employed upon the Holy War when he was called to the Crown of Portugal The Kingdom being in confusion the Nobles made suite to Pope Innocent the III. that Alonso might ascend the Throne instead of his Brother Sancho The Pope not to deprive the King of his right and being informed he was not of Ability to Govern consented that Alonso should have the Authority of Regent but Sancho should still have the regal stile and preheminence and his Children if he had any should inherit At Paris Alonso took Solemn Oath as Regent which was to this Effect That he would preserve the Priviledges of the Clergy Nobility and Commonalty That he would constitute upright Judges without Favour or Affection That such as had committed Crimes against Priests should be punished That their Estates should be restored That all Buildings erected to the prejudice of Prelates should be Demolished and nothing for the future should be taken from them This was the promise made and consequently such were the miscarriages then in the Government so that the King suffered for some miscarriages in his Ministers 2. Alonso having taken upon him the Title of Regent Alonso received as Regent set out from Paris and returned to his Country where he was received by most places yet several having more regard to their Loyalty than the present Danger held out long after and some till King Sancho died at Toledo Alonso possessed of the Kingdom He puts away his Wife and Marries another like an ungrateful Man put away his Wife Maud the Countess who Married him when he had nothing and took in her place Beatrix Bastard Daughter to King Alonso the Tenth of Castile Some Authors say the Countess was contrary to all Human and Divine Laws put away on account of Barrenness but that is a mistake for it will appear she had Children Pope Alexander the Fourth thundered out Censures against this second Marriage as unlawful but all to no purpose the King continuing obstinate till the Death of Maud put an end to the dispute Alonso with the ambition of rule pressed all Governours to deliver up their Forts into his hands and yet they that did so were accounted no better than Traitors and such as held out against him were afterwards most esteemed even by him Obidos was the first Town Besieged by Alonso but what the event was 1247. is not known Ferdinand Rodriguez Pacheco valiantly defended Cerolico de los Bebados or Bebado and being reduced to great want one Morning a Bird of Pray dropped a large Trout before him taken out of the River Mondego The Governour sent it as a present to Alonso who judging thereby there was plenty in the Town raised the Siege and departed Thus the Besieged were left at liberty to look abroad for Sustenance so that the Trout may be said to have fed them all 3. The Regent removed to Coimbra A notable example of Loyalty where he met with no better success being opposed by the invincible Loyalty of D. Martin de Freitas Both Parties resolved not to give way to one another The Siege lasted long and the Defendants wavering their noble Governour performed more than Man to retain them in their Duty insomuch that one day he brought out to the Parade his Daughter telling the Soldiers That if want of Women obliged them to think of a Surrender they might make use of that one This act wholly confirmed the minds of the Garrison to him insomuch that they resolved to live and die with him Such was the posture of affairs when News was
Coimbra His Liberality was such that it became a Proverb As liberal as Denis The Presents he made to Kings Queens and Nobility when he went to compose Affairs betwixt the King of Castile and Duke Alonso de la Cerda were inestimable and cannot be reckoned After that a Gentleman of Castile telling him that none but himself had fallen short of his Bounty he gave him the Silver Table whereon he dined To reckon up the particular acts of his Generosity were too tedious it may suffice to say this above the rest was his peculiar Vertue in which he exceeded most Princes He knew all the Product of his Kingdom and valued it so much that he never desired to be supplied from abroad with any thing that he could have at home Of the Gold gathered in Tagus he made a rich Crown and Scepter But notwithstanding his prodigious Liberality he never oppressed his Subjects with heavy Taxes He was of a middle Stature his Hair black full Faced not so Beautiful as Majestick He died at Santarem the 7th of January 1325. at the Age of 64 Years 1325. having Reigned 46. It became a Proverb That Denis could do all he would His stately Tomb built by himself is in the Monastery of Odivelas of Benedictine Nuns near Lisbon of the Invocation of St. Denis 12. Elizabeth His Wife and Issue Daughter to King Peter III. of Aragon and his Queen Constance the Daughter of Manfredus King of Naples and Sicily was the only Wife of King Denis He being extreamly addicted to Women she bred up all the Children he had by them as if they had been her own by which her patience she made him afterwards forbear that Vice and punish it severely in others To be short she was a most holy Woman and an excellent Queen and was Canonized in the Reign of Phillip IV. of Spain By her the King had Alonso his Successor and Constance Wife to King Ferdinand IV. of Castile His illegitimate Issue were by Aldonza Rodriguez Alonso Sanchez created Earl of Albuquerque By the Lady Grace Peter Earl of Barcelos the first Title of that kind given by the Kings of Portugal another Peter called also Earl By other Women John Alonso Ferdinand Sanchez the Lady Mary Married to Duke John de la Cerda another Mary a Nun at Odivelas CHAP. IX Yhe Life and Reign of Alonso the Fourth of the Name and the Seventh King of Portugal his Actions and Death from the Year 1290. till 1357. 1. THE Favour that King Denis shewed to Learning made him reside where he had caused it to flourish King Alonso the 4th wholly addicted to his Pleasure Having therefore resettled the Court at Coimbra on the Eighth of February 1290. was Born to him in that City of his Wife the holy Queen Elizabeth his Son Alonso 4th of the Name and the Seventh King of Portugal 1290. who for his forward and fiery spirit was called the Fierce He who as we have seen was so eager to Rule whilst his Father lived after his Death cast off all the care of Government giving himself wholly up to his Pleasure and particularly to Hunting Upon his Accession to the Crown instead of settling the Affairs of the Kingdom he went away to the Forrest of Sintra 1325. where he spent a whole Month among the wild Beasts Returning to Court and appearing at the Council-Board instead of the Business of that Place he gave them an Account of his Sport Hereupon one of the Counsellors took the Boldness to reprove him with threatning Expressions which the King being offended at all the Council stood up and said they would choose another King if he did not alter his Course of Life The King tho he then went out in a Passion being grown cool thought good to curb his Inclination Our Author here extols the Bravery of those Counsellors I find nothing to admire in the matter but the Insolency of wicked and haughty Subjects and the want of Resolution in him he stiles a Magnanimous Prince The King not satisfied with having during his Father's Life unjustly Persecuted his Bastard-Brother and Expelled him the Kingdom At Variance with his Bastard-Brother still persisting in his ill grounded Malice towards him laid many things to his Charge and by formal tho' unjust Process Condemned him to forfeit all his Possessions in Portugal at once endeavouring to deprive him of his Fortune and Honour D. Alonso Sanchez modestly sued for Redress but none was to be had from a byassed Judge He was now powerful and beloved in Castile and Leon and therefore raising a good Force entred the Territory of Bragança with Fire and Sword whilst others of his Troops did the like from Medellin and Albuquerque in the Country about Guadiana 1326. This done he returned to his Town of Albuquerque where he Fortified himself and made preparations for open War D. Gonzalo Vaz Master of the Knights of Avis being sent against him by the King was put to the rout and Duke Alonso falling Sick returned to Medellin In the mean time the King Besieged the Castle of Codesseyra near Albuquerque which being basely delivered to him by the Governour was rased to the Ground 2. The King proposed a Match betwixt his Son Prince Peter 1327. and Constance the Daughter of D. John Emanuel who was of the Blood Royal of Castile and his Wife of that of Aragon King Alonso IX of Castile broke off this Match contracting himself to her for she was under age and yet afterwards he contemned her and was Married to Mary Marries his Daughter to the King of Castile Daughter to King Alonso of Portugal To that effect he came into Portugal and received the Princess at the Town of Alfayates whither her Father had Conducted her At this Place a Match was concluded betwixt Henry 1328. Prince of Portugal and the Princess Blanch Henry Prince of Portugal marries Blanch Aunt to the King of Castile Aunt to the King of Castile The following Year the Portuguese received her at Fuentegrinaldo where he again met with her Father Prince Peter about some alterations to be made in the Hostages given for exchange of the Ratifications Two Years after the King of Castile was Married to our Princess he became so intangled in the Love of the Lady Ellenor Nunnez de Guzman 1330. that he treated her as Queen and the Queen as if she had been but a Concubine Our holy Queen Elizabeth met him at Xerez de Badajoz to endeavour to reclaim him but could obtain nothing but promises for he continued obstinate in his Amours 1332. D. John Emanuel desiring to be revenged of the King of Portugal for that giving his Daughter to the King of Castile in Marriage he had caused his Daughter Constance to be put by made his interest with the Lady Ellenor the King of Castile's Mistress perswading her to prevail with the King to marry her for his Marriage with the
the Queen's Favourite and the said Master being appointed General of the Country betwixt the Rivers Tagus and Guadiana he marched Three Leagues from Lisbon whence suddenly returning with armed Men he rushed into the Place and there Murdered the Unhappy Count. The Queen when she heard it said He has died a Martyr and I will to Morrow in proof of it undergo the Trial of Ordeal Next she went to know of the Master whether she also must die and a civil Answer was returned to quiet her The Rabble raised by the clamours of one of the Master's Pages who cryed he would be killed in the Palace flocked thither and would certainly have destroyed the Queen had not D. John the Master of Avis looked out at the Window He seeing the Multitude on his side went away followed by them to the great Market called Recio to Dine with the Queen's Brother the Earl of Barcelos who was consenting to the Murder The Bishop of Lisbon was then also at Dinner at his House and with him the Prior of Guimaraens and a Notary of Silves They hearing the Tumult got up into the Belfrey where the People seeing them called out to have the Bells ring They not regarding to obey these Tumultuary Shouts the Rabble broke in and cast them headlong from the Tower then dragged them to the Market called Recio where they lay naked and exposed to the Dogs till the next Day D. John after Dinner went to Court to beg the Queen's Pardon for murdering the Count. She took little Notice of him but threatned the Kingdom with the Power of Castile yet fearing the Rabble she went away from Lisbon to Alenquer praying to God at her departure that she might see the City burnt 3. Don John fearing the Power of the Queen resolved to go away into England but the more this was rumoured the more the Multitude pressed him to stay and protect them against Castile He made some seeming opposition but was soon brought to comply A Council was named where it was resolved that D. John should marry Queen Ellenor for defence of the Kingdom and that if the King of Castile had ever a Son by Queen Beatrix the Government should continue in D. Jâ—â—n and the Queen till that Son came to Age. Here ceased all the Reproaches that had been cast upon the Queen who when this Overture was made to her rejected it with Scorn Nevertheless he was declared Protector of the Kingdom He is declared Protector of the Kingdom by the Commonalty in the Church of S. Dominick and because most of the Nobility were absent then they were summoned to meet in the Town-House where the chief of them being dubious what to do one Alonso Jannez a Cooper stept into the midst of them and laying his Hand on his Sword threatned such as should refuse their Consent and they fearing the Multitude consented to what had been done in the Church of S. Dominick Thus was D. John Master of Avis entrusted with the Government and Defence of the Kingdom His First Action that gained him Reputation was the Prudent Choice he made of Counsellors not according to Men's Quality but their Ability Next to secure many of his Party he distributed a considerable Treasure belonging to those that followed the Queen or sided with Castile amongst them and promised a general Pardon for all Crimes but Treason not considering that the only Treason was to support him 4. The Queen began to think herself in Danger at Alenquer The Castle of Lisbon taken by the Protector and therefore leaving Vasco Perez de Camoens Governour there she went away to Santarem Here Nunno Alvarez Pereyra who had been Educated by her forsook her and went away to Lisbon where he was admitted into the Council of State D. John Alonso the Queen's Brother was Governour of the Castle of Lisbon and Martin Alonso Valente was within as his Lieutenant Alonso Yannez Nogueira got in with some Men sent by the Queen to Re-inforce the Garrison These refusing to deliver up their Trust to the New Protector they were Besieged and the Assailants threatning to Sacrifice their Wives and Children before their Faces if they held out they surrendred the Place The Nobility who opposed D. John called the Commonalty that followed him The People of the Messiah because they seemed to Adore him And the Rabble termed them Schismaticks and Traitors Several Places then in the Hands of the Nobility were easily wrested from them by the Commonalty as Beja Portalegre Evora and others Now the Rabble being uppermost began throughout the Kingdom to commit the most execrable Villanies Barbarities of the rebelliouâ— Rabble under the Pretence of defending their Country It was an unpardonable Offence even to name Castile And the Lady Joanna Perez Ferreyrim Abbess of the Monastery of Castres seeing a Man ill used for that pretended Crime modestly reproved their Cruelty but such was their Rage that tho' she fled into the great Church and embraced the Sanctuary in which the Holy Sacrament is kept there they gave her several Wounds then dragging her from the Altar tore off her Vail next they cut off her Coats so high as modesty forbids to utter which done she was dragged into the Market and there hewed in pieces Lastly the Body was dragged to the Place where they shut up the Cattle and left there till some Charitable Body buried it by Night To compleat this Sacrilege they returned to the Monastery designing to Murder all the Nuns but they withdrew themselves from their Fury 5. Queen Ellenor seeing her self in manifest Danger Queen Elenor flies to Castile fled to her Son-in-Law the King of Castile who espoused his own Quarrel in her The First thing he did was to secure Prince John Son to the Lady Agnes de Castro by that means to cut off the Hopes the Portuguese might have of a lawful Successor But the Portuguese ceased not to Encourage D. John to proceed in the Defence of the Kingdom and he the more to try them seemed doubtful and spread some Reports as if he would depart the Countrey But finding an inclination in the Multitude towards Prince John the more to exasperate them against Castile he caused a Standard to be made in which that Prince was drawn to the Life loaded with Chains The Protector his contrivances to Usurp the Crown which being carried about the City enraged the People against the King of Castile Thus pretending to Revenge the Wrong done to the Prince he gained the means of Establishing himself in the Throne and stirred up all the Kingdom to defend it self against Castile The Commonalty every where took his Part but not the Nobility Yet he believing he could not prevail without Forreign Aid asked it of Richard King of England at the same time perswading the Duke of Lancaster to assert the Right he had to the Crown of Castile by his Wife The Embassador's Proposals were admitted and much Money advanced to them
Library in the Palace It was said of him That he was a better Man than a King and on the contrary of his Son That he was a better King than a Man He was Bountiful to Prodigality temperate in Eating and Sleeping and of such Continence that becoming a Widower at 〈◊〉 Years of Age he is said never after to have known Woman His Issue His Lawful Issue and he had no other was first John who died in his Infancy Secondly Joanna who being contracted to several Princes they all died before she could be marryed and she became a Dominican Nun at Aveyro Thirdly John who succeeded his Father 11. The Discoveries in this King's Reign were as follows Discoveries during his Reign Nunho Tristan and Antony Gonzalez sailed as far as Cape Blanco in 20 Degrees of North Latitude whence they brought some Moors and also Blacks then a Rarity in Spain Nunho returned and proceeded as far as the Islands of Arguin Lanzarote and Yanez found the Island of Garças whence they brought 200 Slaves Antony Gonzalez returning pierced as far as the Island Tider Alvaro Fernandez discovered Cape Matos and going 100 Leagues farther slew the Lord of that Country Gonzalo de Sintra at Angra lost six Men which was the first Loss sustained in these Discoveries Denis Fernandez reached as far as the River Sanaga in 16 Degrees of North Latitude and discovered the Islands of Cabo Verde Buenavista Santiago and S. Philip. Vincent de Lagos and Lewis Cadamusto a Genâ—ese found the Islands Terceras being Eleven in number The Islands of S. Thomas and Principe the Kingdom of Beni as far as Cape Catherine and Sierra Leona were also discovered John de Santarem and John de Escobar found the Couâ—try called Mina Ferdinand Po that which bears his Name The Islands Azores were now first known so called from the many Hawks seen there and are Nine in number lying due West of the Rock of Sintra In one of these on the top of a Mountain called Del Cuervo or of the Crow was found a Statue of a Man on Horseback his Head bare his Left Hand on the Horse's Main the Right pointing to the West It stood upon a stone Pedestal which together with the whole Statue was all of one piece and under it were certain Characters cut in the Rock but could never be understood CHAP. VII The First Part of the Life and Reign of John the Second of the Name and Thirteenth King of Portugal from the Year of our Lord 1455. till 1491. 1. IN the renowned City Lisbon Birth of King John the Second on the Third of May 1455. was born the most excellent Prince John the Second King of Portugal sirnamed the Perfect and the Great 1455. He was baptized in the Cathedral with the greatest pomp and solemnity that had till then been seen This Prince was educated and instructed in all Arts that can accomplish a Person of that Character This and his personal Worth moved King Henry the 4th of Castile to propose a Match between him and his only Daughter the Lady Joanna However the King his Father gave him to Wife the Lady Ellenor of Lancaster eldest Daughter to his Brother Ferdinand having obtained the Pope's Dispensation for it and they were accordingly married on the 22th of January 1470. 1470. Soon after his Marriage the King preparing for his Voyage into Africk the Prince asked and obtained leave of him to bear him company where he behaved himself with such bravery that his Father Knighted him in the Mâ—sque of Arzila then converted into a Christian Church on the 24th of August 1471. 147â— Alonso the Prince's only Son being born on the 18th of May at such time as King Alonso was marching into Castile to marry the Lady Joanna 1475. rightful Heiress of that Crown he ordained that in case he had Issue by her and his Son should die before him then his Grand-Son should be sworn his Heir which was done and Prince John was left to govern the Kingdom 1476. How he marched with Forces to the assistance of his Father then at Toro in Castile and how he behaved himself in the Battle between that Place and Zamora has been said in the Life of that King 1477. Upon his return into Portugal he recovered Alegretâ— taken by the Castilians Having been as was said in the last Chapter proclaimed King in his Father's life time and by his order upon his return out of France he restored to him the Regal Authority by the advice of the Duke of Bragança and yet he thought to have put that great Man to Death afterwards upon that same Account 2. King Alonso having revived the War with Castile 1478. Lope Vaz de Castel-Branco seized the Town of Moura and called himself Earl thereof The Prince resenting this Insolence sent Six Men who being admitted into his company slew him as he was Hunting which done the Prince secured the Town and gave it to the Princess Beatrix his Mother-in-Law to whom it property appertained The King lying on his Death Bed at Sintra the Prince hasted thither to see him and his Father dying on the Three and twentieth of August 1481. he was the second time proclaimed King the last Day of that Month. King John proclaimed Nunho Pereyra immediately upon the New King's Acession to the Crown presented him with a Note he had given him under his Hand in his Minority promising to make him an Earl whensoever he ascended the Throne The King considering he had obtained that Note in his Infancy when he had not judgment to know on whom he ought to bestow Honours tore it telling him it was a sufficient Favour he did not punish him for having used sinister means to obtain it He had resolved to build a Town and Fort on the Coast of Africk called Mina to this purpose he fitted out a Fleet commanded by James de Azambuja who had with him 500 fighting Men and 100 Masons with all materials for the Work so fitted that at their landing there was nothing to do but to put them together Azambuja landing caused Mass to be said on the Shoar under a Tree Fort of St. George on the Coast of Africâ—◠〈◊〉 whither the King called Caramansa came to him with a great Retinue and was converted The Fort was built and called S. George which done Azambuja sent home his Caraveâ—s with a great quantity of Gold 3. Before this Fleet sailed the Cortes or Parliament had met at Ebora where the Form of Obligation that Lords and Governours of Places were to enter into with the King was settled because till then the Nobility and Commanders exercised a despotick Power in their Juridiâ—cions independent of the Kings and by their tyrannied Proceedings were grown burdensome to the People and dangerous to the Sovereign who had little more left him but the Name King John being now at Peace abroad ordered that no Lord should exercise a judicial
they were the greatest that had ever been seen in Portugal The Palace at Evora being thought too little to Entertain the Bride Prince Alonso marries Elizabeth Daughter to the King and Quein of Castile and Aragon was much enlarged On the 22d of November the Bride was brought to the Borders of the two Kingdoms and on the Bridge of the River Caya the Cardinal D. Gonzalo Perez de Mendâ—ça Archbishop of Toledo delivered her to Emanuel Duke of Beja sent to receive her Betwixt Eâ—vas and Estremoz the King and Prince met her At the Church of our Lady of Espineiro which is without the Walls of Eâ—ora they were marryed by the Archbishop of Braga and in that Monastery the Prince bedded her November the 27th they made their Solemn Publick Entry into the City with such Grandeur as is not easily to be expressed no more than can the infinite Rarities that were served up that Night at Supper Besides the Balls Musick and other extraordinary Divertisements the King appointed a Solemn Tilting in which he deservedly carryed away the Honour from all that ran In May the King Queen and Princes removed to Santarem the Divertisements never ceasing 149â— till upon Tuesday the 12th of July The Prince killed by 〈◊〉 fall of his Horse the Prince riding abroad after Dinner and being upon a Full-speed his Horse fell upon and Mortally bruised him He was past all Remedy and died the next day at the same hour he had fallen Thus was that Scene of Joy converted into a horrid Spectacle of Sadness The Prince was magnificently Interred in the Church of Batalla The Princess was sent back to Castile all clad in the deepest Mourning and in a Horse-Litter covered with Sackcloath CHAP. VIII The remaining Part of the Life and Reign of King John the Second of the Name and Thirteenth King of Portugal from the Year 1492 till 1495. 1. ON the 25th of May 1492. 1492 King John laid the Foundation of the Magnificent Church and Hospital of All-Saints in the beautifullest Square or Market-Place of Lisbon scattering some Money under the first Stones laid having obtained leave of the Pope to incorporate all other Hospitals into this The French then at Peace with Portugal had taken a Caravel bringing Gold from Guinea whereupon the King seized all the Vessels of that Kingdom within his Ports which caused the Caravel to be restored untouch'd King John in the Year 1485 had sent James Cano with a Fleet to Guinea Further Dâ—sâ—â—veries in Guinea He came to an Anchor at the Mouth of the River Manicongo lying in Seven Degrees of South Latitude and understanding that King was far off in the In-land Parts he sent some Portuguese to him with a Present who not returning he seized some Blacks and brought them away to Portugal assuring the People they should be restored whereupon King John sent them back loaded with Gifts which so obliged the Black King that he said That must be the true God whom a Prince of so much Honour adored He sent an Embassador to him offering Submission to his Authority and desiring Priests to Instruct the People and Workmen to build Churches and a Fleet returned with all that had been desired The King and a great number of his Subjects were baptized as also the Queen and Prince The King soon fell off again because Christianity obliged him to adhere to only one Wife and therefore he resolved to declare his Second Son Panso Aquitimo who continued an Idolater his Heir Alonso the eldest Brother the Lawful Heir and a Christian was absent when his Father died but hasting to Court was proclaimed King His Brother Aquitimo thought to surprize him but failed for his great Army was overthrown by a handful of Portuguese and Blacks that followed Alonso Many of the Prisoners declared they were overthrown by a glittering Army led by a Commander that carryed a white Cross Alonso being secured in his Throne became the Apostle of that People in which good Work most of his Successors have followed his Example 2. In the Month of March 1493. Christopher Columbus after discovering the Islands of America Columbus after discovering of America â—â—rives at Lisbon entred the Port of Lisbon to Revenge himself by shewing what he had found to King John who had before rejected him when he came to offer his Service and whom he thought it would now grieve to see what he had lost Some Gentlemen offered the King to Murder him which he not only refused but calling Columbus to him honoured and made him Presents This Discovery alarmed all Spain the Castilians fearing to be disturbed in their Conquests there and the Portuguese pretending it appertained to them Many Messengers and Embassadors passed between the two Kings Spain and Portugal divide the World 〈◊〉 them at last their Ministers meeting at Tordesillas divided the World betwixt them To the Portuguese was allotted from 370 Leagues to the Westward of Cabo Verdâ— all to the Eastward and all to the West from that Place to the Castilians drawing a Line there from North to South so that commencing from that Point one half of the Globe remained to each Crown Many Persons of Note came about this time from Foreign Parts to see and some to serve King John Among them was a French Prince whom the Portuguese call Monsieur de Lion who offered to serve in Africk with 300 Horse at his own cost The King of Naples also sent his Embassador with Rich Presents 3. This Year and part of the next the King spent in taking a Progress through his Kingdom 14â—4 and settling the Affairs of greatest Importance for being grown sickly he could not apply himself to Business of less moment He also fitted out the Ships in the River of Lisbon that were to Sail to discover the way to India by the Ocean and gave the Command of them to Vasco de Gama with Instructions how to proceed His Distemper increased and not only cost him his Life but laid a lasting stain upon the Good Name of his Subjects Some of those who designed to have murdered him by the Sword King John poisoned now executed their Design with Poison A Woman held in Esteem for her Sanctity warned him to have a care of Poison which nevertheless he drank out of a Spring near Evora which Water he liked best That this was true appeared by that two Gentlemen who drank with him at the same time died as well as he His Distemper seemed to turn to a Dropsie and the Physicians advised him to go to the hot Baths at Alvor in Algarve One of them opposed the rest affirming this would shorten his Days but he was a Jew and therefore found no Credit The King fell into a Flux which being stopped he became wholly Lethargick Coming a little to himself he asked how the Tide was and being told said he should die within two hours 〈…〉 Just at Sun setting he gave
Assemblâ—◠〈…〉 and appeared inflexible Martin 〈…〉 Camara was sent to appease them and promise they should have all the Records relating to the Succession It was proposed the Governours should remove to Santarem and disband the Forces they entertained The Prior of Crato drew near to Lisbon thinking the City would receive him they ordered him to remove farther yet he approached nearer and at last was admitted The Governours and Commons were at variance and could agree upon no one Point King Philip wrote to the Governours Parliament and chief Cities admonishing them to Proclaim him King Philip of Spain Arms to secure the Crown 〈◊〉 Portugal and at the same time suspecting them gathered his Forces He chose Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo Duke of Alva then a Prisoner at Vzeda for Miscarriages in Flanders to be General of this Expedition Philip removed to Guadalupe on Pretence of Devotion thither came to him the Portuguese Embassadors desiring him to forbear Force and stand to the Determination of the Judges But he told them he could not lay down Arms till he was proclaimed King The Governours weary of the Commons sent them word they were dissolved and might depart They doubted at first but soon after obeyed This done the Governours to rid themselves of such as opposed King Philip sent them away to the Frontiers and other Parts on pretence of securing the Kingdom 2. King Philip now at Merida spread his Forces along the Borders of the Kingdom ordering the Commanders to treat such Portuguese as resorted to them courteously Preparations in Portugal to oppose Philip The Portuguese tho' they knew of these Preparations yet because the King courted them they thought he was weak Such of the Governours as favoured him were afraid to discover it and therefore Francis Barreto was sent into France to obtain 6000 Foot of that King which done he was to go to Rome to move the Pope to Mediate that King Philip might stand to Judgment D. Elisio de Portugal was sent to the Emperor The Fleet was also ordered to be fitted out D. Emanuel de Portugal erected a Wooden Fort on a Bank of Sand at the Mouth of the River to secure the Harbour There being great want of Men the Fryars from the Pulpits encouraged them to take up Arms and became more insolent when they incensed the Rabble to Rescue Antony Suarez who was hanged for murdering Ferdinand de Pâ—ca an Ancient Grave Man and Alderman of the City for that he opposed Antony the Grand Prior by whose order he was assassinated and he now pressed the Governours to declare him Legitimate D. John Tello one of the Governours was sent to Belem with absolute Power and there joyned with D. Emanuel de Portugal both of them being Mortal Enemies to Castile These Two wanting Money designed to sell the Crown Jewels but Christopher de Moura deterred any from buying affirming They would lose their Money for that the King would take them from them and their Persons would be in Danger 3. The Portuguese Embassadors followed the King to Badajoz where he dismissed them with the same Answer as before The Governours still remained irresolute but resolved to secure themselves and therefore removed to Setuval that being a stronger Place The Duke of Bragança and Spanish Embassador followed them and they began to talk of summoning the Cortes or Parliament as if the Duke of Alva were not now upon his March Elvas and other places delivered to King Philip. In the mean while the City Elvas was delivered up to King Philip there being Two Parties in the Place and Sixty Horse appearing before it and cutting off its Water The same happened at Olivenza Serpa Mâ—ura Campo-Mayor Aronches and Portalegre did the same Antony the Grand Prior at Santarem was by the Rabble proclaimed Protector of the Kingdom Antony the Bastard declared Protector by the Rabble and he going to lay the Foundation of a Fort a Base Fellow called Antony Baracho flourishing a Clout on the point of his Sword cried out Antony Antony King of Portugal All the Multitude took the word and pursued it so that none durst contradict them Only he made some seeming Opposition which was but to heighten their Desires Mounting on Horseback he was conducted to the Church and thence to the Town-Hall where all present swore Allegiance to him This done he resolved to set forward for Lisbon believing himself secure if received there This News was soon carried to the Governours at Setuval But before we proceed let us give some further Account of this Mob King 4. Antony Prior of Crato that is of the Order of Malta was born at Lisbon in the Year 1531 being Bastard-Son to Prince Lewis the Son of King Emanuel by Vâ—â—lante Gomez yet he made efforts to prove himself Legitimate but all unsuccessfully He was bred to Learning but made but little progress 1531. only understood Latin and had some rudiments of other Sciences The Birth and Education of Antony Prior of Crato His Particular Talent was a smooth Tongue which was very Attractive Incontinency was so predominant in him that in the depth of his Misfortunes he could not refrain from it Upon some Distast given him at Court he went into Castile and was kindly Entertained by King Philip. 1560. At Tangieâ— he served against the Moors and gained Reputation 1568. and Accompanied King Sebastian in both his Voyages to Africk where as we have seen he remained in Captivity Being ransomed he returned to Portugal and soon began to aspire to the Throne Finding King Philip so powerful an Enemy he offered to Compound but his Proposals were rejected What followed till his being proclaimed King at Santarem we have seen above The Governours hearing thereof and fearing he would soon be upon them Fortifyed themselves At Lisbon all things were in the greatest Confusion imaginable King Philip was at Badajâ—z and the power of his Army much extolled which spurred all Antony's Followers to press the Kingdom to Declare for him that so united they might the better oppose the Spaniards The Council of Lisbon refused to admit Antony as King but would receive him as Protector which he refusing they prepared to oppose him 5. Antony advanced to Lisbon Antony enters Lisbon 〈…〉 and tho but slenderly attended entered the City all that saw him saluting him as King He went to the Town-House and being there proclaimed all that were present swore Allegiance to him which done he immediately sent to acquaint the Duke of Bragança the Governours and other Noblemen of his Exaltation His next care was to raise Men and dispatch Expresses to England and France to crave Succours Having gathered 1500 Men he set forward for Setuval where the Governours were sending before the young Count de 〈◊〉 his great Favourite with a Letter admonishing them to submit They thought to have defended themselves but the Gount being possessed of the Gates they fled away privately and met again at 〈◊〉
absolute Ascendant over her Husband who never undertook any thing of moment without her Advice and therefore could not proceed farther in this Affair without consulting her To her he revealed the whole Conspiracy the Parties concerned their Zeal in carrying it on and all that had happened to him at Lisbon and at Almada in the Conference He told her how much the Nobility were offended at the Expedition against Catalonia That nevertheless the greatness of the Danger discouraged him as did the fear that the Great Ones out of Envy would oppose him that the Power of the King of Spain was formidable and little Confidence to be reposed in Foreign Princes These Considerations weighed more with the Duke than the desire he had of a Crown But the Dutches whose Aâ—â—â—ion was more rooted presently embraced the horâ—â— of a Crown and used all the Arguments her Rhetorick could furnish her with to perswade him yet so as that he should see a greater Number of Conspirators engagâ—â— and never openly espouse the Cause till the moment it should be put in execution 10. The Court at this time was not free from Care The Prime Minister of Spain resolves to draw the Duke out of Portugal The extraordinary Joy the People express'd at Lisbon at the sight of the Duke alarmed the Prime Minister He suspected there were Private Cabals held at Lisbon and certain groundless Reports which are commonly the fore-runners of great Revolutions increased his Jealousie Several Councils were held hereupon and it was finally resolved to call the Duke of Bragança to Madrid that so the Portuguese wanting a Head might have no hopes left of succeeding in their intended Revolt On the 20th of October 1640. the Count Duke de Olivares sent an Express to the Duke of Bragança 1640. to acquaint him the King expected him at Court to be informed by him of the Posture of Affairs in Portugal assuring him he should receive all marks of Honour that were due to his Birth and Quality This Positive Command strangly surprized him as knowing should he refuse to Obey the next Orders would be for carrying him away by force and thinking he was betrayed concluded himself fallen into the depth of all Misfortunes The Duke's Arts in refusing Nevertheless that he might gain time and advertise the Conspirators of his Danger by the Advice of his Dutchess he sent a Gentleman to Madrid to assure the Prime Minister of his Resolution to appear suddenly before the King This Gentleman had private Instructions to find some counterfeit Excuses for his delay from time to time Being come to Madrid he assured the King that his Master followed him He hired a great House bought Rich Furniture hired Servants and lay'd out much Money as if he daily expected his Master Soon after he pretended he had received Advice that his Master was sick and finding this Fraud would not last long presented a Memorial to the Prime Minister desiring that the King would ascertain in what manner his Master should be received at Court This was done in hopes that the Grandees opposing him the Dispute might be held on foot some considerable time But the Count Duke to avoid all delays perswaded the King to decide the Controversie in favour of the Duke of Bragança so that he could 〈◊〉 longer doubt of as Honourable a Reception as he cou 〈◊〉 himself desire 11. As soon as the Conspirators understood what Orders the Duke had received from Court they sent Mendoza to assure him of their stedfastness and to perswade him openly to joyn with them They met a Hunting and being withdrawn into a Wood Mendoza made use of the most preâ—ing Arguments to engage him to espouse his own Quarrel The Duke answered He approved of their Proceedings and was fully resolved to Head them Mendoza returning to Lisbon informed the Conspirators how he had sped and that the Duke would have Pinto repair to him He was sent and with him the whole Scheme of their intended Proceedings Pinto acquainted his Master how great a Misunderstanding there was betwixt the Vice-Queen and the Secretary Vasconcellos and withal told him nothing could have fallen out more advantageously for advancing his Affairs The Duke who was fully convinced of the force of his Reasons found himself more pressed forward by the Gentleman he had sent to Madrid for he writ that the Prime Minister would admit of no longer delays This made him resolve to lose no time However he writ to that Gentleman that he should acquaint the Count Duke de Olivares that he would have been at Madrid long since but for want of Money to support his Dignityâ— which as soon as it could be raised he would set out towards the Court. The Duke carryed Pinto to the Dutchess's Apartment where several Methods were proposed about the Execution of their Design At length the Duke concluded that Lisbon should be secured for that being the Capital City would shake the whole Kingdom and that the same day it was done he would cause himself to be proclaimed King in all the Towns that depended on him That such of his Friends as were Governours of Towns should do the like where they commanded and that the People should be made to rise even in the Villages that were subject to any of the Conspirators to the end that the Conflagration being general throughout the Kingdom those few Spaniards that were in it might not know which part to have recourse to first That he would march his own Regiment into Elvas the Governour of which Place was wholly at his Devotion That as to the securing of Lisbon he must leave it to them to Act as Opportunity should offer Nevertheless his Advice was that their first â—â—â—rts should be made against the Palace that having seized the Vice-Queen and all the Spaniards they might serve as Hostages to oblige the Citadel to Surrender which might otherwise incommode the City He gave Pinto two Letters of Credence directed to Almeida and Mendoza only requiring them to give entire Credit to the Bearer and to be faithful and couragious in putting what they had promised in execution 12. Being come to Lisbon Pinto delivered his Credentials to Almeida and Mendoza Then they sent for Lemos and Correa The Conspirators contrive how to incense the Citizens of Lisbon against the Spaniards two Citizens of the Duke's Faction who employing many Workmen and having gone through all the Offices of the City were in great Reputation among the People They had before made it their business to incense the Citizens against the Spaniards by spreading Reports of new Taxes to be raised and had designedly discharged many of their Workmen pretending that the Trade being lost they had no Business for them but in truth that Want might make them the readier to rise and yet from time to time they relieved them that they might be entirely at their Devotion Besides they held Intelligence with the chief Men of every Quarter so
him but it took no effect On the 18th of April he took the Field with 7500 Foot 500 Seamen 300 Indians 5 pieces of Cannon and a great quantity of Ammunition and marching to the Fort Barreta the Captain who commanded there unadvisedly went out with 80 Men most of whom were kill'd the Captain taken and his Ensign surrendred the Fort. Francis Barreto who commanded the Portugueses having called a Council of War it was resolved to give the Enemy Battle though at such great odds rather than stay to be beaten out of all their Posts by degrees According to this Resolution they marched and posted themselves in a small Plain at the Foot of the Mountains Gararapes on the 16th of April They sent out Major Antony Diaz Cardoso with 20 Men to observe the Enemy who stirred not that Night but appeared next Morning being Low Sunday upon the Mountains Antony Dias with his 20 Men and 40 Indians that had joyned him skirmishing in their Van. The Enemy drawing near our Men attack'd them with Sword in Hand and at the first Charge disordered their Van which retiring to the other Troops endeavoured to rally Henry Dias with his Regiment pressing hard upon them was overpowred by the fresh Troops and forced to give way so that many of the Portugueses who were disordered in Confidence of the Victory began to fly Francis Barreto in good time rallyed them and charging the Enemy again recovered the Day Yet the Dutch were not soon broke for the Fight continued four Hours very obstinate At last the Dutch gave way and retired to a Hill whether Francis Barreto thought not good to pursue them because his Men were spent with Travel and fasting 24 Hours There were taken 33 Colours many Arms and a great Booty At Night the Enemy returned to the Shoar leaving behind 1000 Dead and carrying 523 wounded of the Portugueses 80 were killed and 400 wounded This done Francis Barreto marched back to possess his former Quarters hoping the Enemy was not in a Condition to destroy them and so it proved for they had only possessed themselves of the Fort Barreta and Town of Olinda which last he resolved to recover At Night he sent Henry Diaz with his Regiment and some other Companies who drove out the Enemy killing 160 of them and recovered 5 pieces of Canon Francis Barreto ordered the Works to be rased and his Men to retire to their Post Sigismund Vanscop sent a Drum demanding exchange of Prisoners which was refused and they all sent away to Bahia Some Ships of the Dutch Fleet that had been separated by Storm arriving now Sigismund several times attacked the Quarters of Henry Dias but was as often valiantly repulsed by the Blacks There was great want of Men and Provisions in our Quarters which was in some measure remedyed by the arrival of Collonel Francis de Figueyroa from Bahia with 300 Men and a quantity of Cattle The joy of this Succour was abated by the Death of D. Antony Philip Camarao Governor of the Indians a good Christian and resolute Soldier Sigismund Vanscop perceiving Fortune favour'd him not at Pernambuco put to Sea with some Ships and landing in several parts of Baâ—ia returned with a great Booty he had gather'd Francis Barreto growing better versed in the Affairs of that Country continued the War with good Conduct as we shall see in the following Years 4. It has been said above that Salvador Correa was sent from Lisbon with the Title of Governour of Rio de Janeyro The Dutch beaten out of Angola in Africk and General of the Kingdom of Angola In January he arrived at Rio de Janeyro and found there Emanuel Pacheco de Mello with the 5 Ships sent by the Count de Villa Pouca in pursuance of the King's Orders Salvador Correa was no sooner landed but he called a Council to deliberate about recovering the Kingdom of Angola It was unanimously resolved to go upon the Enterprize and for the carrying of it on the Inhabitants contributed 55000 Cruzadoes which is 7333l 06 s. 04 d. This encouraged him to hire 6 Ships and buy 4 small Vessels He listed 900 Land Men and 600 Sea-men and having made all necessary Provision for them sailed for Angola on the 12th of May with 15 Sail. The weather proved so bad his small Vessels could not keep up with him However he arrived at Quicombo where he was ordered to raise a Fort and landed to view the place Five days after arrived his Vice-Admiral and two of the small Vessels but the Night following the Vice-Admiral sunk in the Bay without the least Wind no Man knowing what should be the cause of it In her perished 360 Men for only two were saved Salvador Correa called a Council where he proposed that though the King's Orders were not to make War upon the Dutch as supposing they lived peaceably with the Portugueses yet finding on the Contrary that they ceased not to make War upon those who were retired up the Country he thought it was but reasonable to assist their Country Men and expell those Usurpers All that were present answered they would either recover Angola or dye With this unanimous Consent he set sail again and arrived at Loanda Having taken a Black he reported that 300 Dutch with 3000 Blacks so streightned the Portugueses who were fled to the City Masangano that it was impossible to have any Correspondence with them Having received this Confirmation of the unjust proceedings of the Dutch he sent to summon the Governor of Loanda to surrender This Message so surprized him that he sent to desire only 8 days to resolve what was to be done Salvador Correa perceiving this was only to gain Time to call in their Men that were Abroad replyed he would grant two Days after which they must expect to be treated with the utmost Rigour They accepted of the offer and in that time gather'd all the Force they could into the Fort of St. Michael which commands the City and that of our Lady on the Shoar both which can contain 5000 Men. At the expiration of the two days Salvador Correa sent to know whether they were ready to surrender but they answered they were resolved to hold out to the last Hereupon he instantly landed 900 Men and marched to the Town which he entred without Opposition possessing himself of the Fort S. Antony abandoned by the Enemy who had left in it 8 pieces of Canon whereof only two were nailed With the other 6 and 4 Demi-Canon brought from the Ships he formed two Batteries that Night which at break of Day began to play on the Fort of St. Michael but not with any considerable effect Salvador Correa displeased at this disappointment and more at the News that the Dutch had defeated the Portugueses at Masangano resolved to venture upon a desperate Action which was to assault both the Forts joyned by a Line of Communication and defended by 1200 Dutch French and Germans and as many Blacks
besides not only the Magistrates and multitude of Lisbon but generally of the whole Country pressing upon him with Threats and open Violence he was at last constrained contrary to his Inclination to comply with their demands For it was now come to that pass that the Council did not advise but command him wheresoever he went the clamours of a Parliament followed him and from all parts Letters were brought urging the same thing It was now equally dangerous to him to refuse or to call the Cortes for the intent was not to do justice by calling them The King forced by his Enemies to call the Assembly of the States but to palliate disloyal practices under that Name Not content to have extorted a complyance to the meeting of the States though the King desired it might be delayed till his return from Salvaterra which would be about the middle of February they obliged him to send out the Writs of Summons for the first of January 1668 so impatient is the desire of Rule After this Violence committed upon him the King finding himself beset on all â—ides by his Enemies and no hope left of safety among them his Crown Liberty and Life being all in eminent danger he resolved to fly to some other place To this purpose he caused Horses to be provided and Boats upon the River He designs to fly to the Armâ— but is prevented by his Brother thinking to try his Fortune in the Province of Alentejo but his Brother who wanted not Intelligence having all the Power prevented his Design The time appointed for the meeting of the Cortes or Parliament being come the Queen who well knew the King would be deposed by them The Queen knowing the King would be deposed flies to a Monastery disdaining to appear her self in a less Sphere than that she had been raised to resolved before Hand to separate her self from him Accordingly on the 21st of November 1667. she retired to the Monastery of Franciscan Nuns called Esperanca into which when she was entred she gave out she was a Maid as being untouched by the King and that she came thither for refuge amidst those Confusions that embroiled the Kingdom Presently after she sent the King a Billet writ with her own Hand to this effect That she had left her Country and Friends to become his Wife but finding she was not acceptable to him and fearing the dangers that threatned on all sides she had resolved to return into France That she desired his leave and the restitution of her Dower since the Marriage was void for want of Consummation Having read this Billet the King was so enraged that he immediately took Coach with a resolution to force her from the Monastery but the Infante who was privy to the whole matter was there before him with a vast Company and withstood him so that he was forced to return without doing any thing Amidst all his Misfortunes and the Affronts put upon him nothing so nearly touched Alphonso as this last offered him by the Queen As soon as setled she sent for the Infante and conferred with him in private as was then given out about her return into France but the more received Opinion and approved by the Event was that there they agreed to be Marryed as soon as her Marriage with the King could be made void Her next Care was to send to the Chapter of the Cathedral Church of Lisbon to desire their Judgment for the dissolution of the Marriage then she sent for all the Nobility who being come into her Presence she demanded their Assistance and Protection and lastly she sent an Express into France to acquaint the King and her Kindred with what she had done Mean while King Alphonso overwhelmed with such a continual stream of disasters following one upon the Neck of another being insulted by the Commonalty contemned by the Nobility deluded by his Brother and forsaken by his Wife stood as one amazed and almost stupified not knowing what course to take Nor was there any left to extricate himself out of this Labyrinth of Confusions and Miseries But now approached the last act of this Tragedy and all that had been before acted under a mask must appear bare-fac'd to the World Therefore the Council of State being assembled together with the Magistrates of the City it was resolved the King should be layed aside and the Government put into the hands of his Brother Yet that the Action might appear the more justifiable they agreed to endeavour to perswade the King to resign up the Government to his Brother but in case he refus'd then it was concluded he should not only be deposed but imprisoned However that it should be left to the determination of the Parliament whether the Infante should be enthroned as King or the King restored to his Liberty This Decree being passed in the morning by break of day the whole Council went without the Infante to acquaint the King with their Resolution Amongst them the Marquess of Cascaes more insolent then the rest being told by the King's Servants that he was still asleep bid them awake him at the same time fell himself a knocking rudely at his Door Insolent words of the Marquess de Cascae◠〈…〉 The King being thus disturbed ordered the Council to be admitted Then the Marquess of Cascaes with a loud Voice accosted the King in these very Words without the least respect or common Civility Thou lyest wallowing in Sloath and Pleasures when the ruin of the Kingdom threatens thee and us through thy Fault Therefore since thou art unfit to Rule or get Children pass from thy Self willingly that Burthen which thou art not able to bear to thy Brother Peter least the Kingdom be deprived of a King and the Royal Family of an Heir and least thou be forced to that against thy Will which thou wilt not freely consent to The rest of the Council spoke to the same effect though not altogether in such audacious Language The King tho' surprized at so trayterous a Proposition answered That he was a lawful King and brought to that pass by the Malice and Perfidiousness of his Enemies Alphonso resolutely denies to resign the Crown but that however no Fear or Danger should force him to resign the Crown as long as he had Breath to draw yet if they would use Violence to him that then he would appeal for Justice to the supream Tribunal which is above all Kings against those that violated his Authority and wrongfully snatched his Crown Being thus disappointed of their first attempt the Council repaired to the Infante where they protracted their Debates till late at Night for being resolved to use force they feared least the People who before took their part against the Favourites should be of another Mind when the matter came to touch the King's Person However after much time spent in fruitless projects they came to this Resolution That the King should be forcibly deposed and