Cattel being the two main Things that are exported out of Denmark the first by Sea and the last by Land over into Germany the Incomes of Custom-houses as to other Commodities are not exceeding great But on the other side the Accession of the Crown-Lands is not inconsiderable In short the Kings Revenues are such that he keeps a handsom Court and maintains a good Fleet with several Garrisons he has in his numerous Forts and Frontire-Places As to the Forces which he is able to raise that may best be seen by some of his Royal Predecessors particular Undertakings As of Christiern II who at the Request of Henry II. of France sent a Fleet of a hundred Sail into Scotland and therein no fewer than 10000 Souldiers And of Frederick his Uncle then Duke of Holstein who in his Wars against this Christiern whose Removal from the Crown he had projected brought 50000 Men into the Field to make good his Quarrel In short considering the many Ports and Islands this Crown is Master of both within the Baltick and without it cannot be but the King may suddenly raise a strong Power at Sea And then considering that each of the Nobility which are here numerous enough is bound to find a certain number of Horse upon all Occasions as are those also who hold Lands of the King which the Danes call Verlehninge there is no doubt but he is able to make good Levies for a sudden Service especially in defence of his Dominions For State-Affairs the King has his Council of State with whose Advice he determines either of Peace or War enters into new Leagues or Confederacies and imposes Taxes upon his Subjects as occasion requires In this Juncture of time this Court seems engaged with France with an Eye upon Sweden in order perhaps to recover from that Crown by the Assistance of France what has been formerly extorted from the Crown of Denmark by the Treaty of Roschild Schonen is a fine Country East of Seland which till that Treaty belonged to Denmark and if the King of Denmark should attempt to recover it by such means as God has put into his hands 't were but repelling Force by Force and endeavouring to regain that by Force of Arms which Charles Gustave by the terrour of his Arms extorted from Frederick I pass by the Act of Calmar whereby the Swedes bound themselves to a perpetual Union with Denmark under the lawful Successors of Queen Margaret Which Act was afterwards confirmed upon the Coronation of Eric her immediate Successor For all Causes and Controversies such is the Constitution of this Crown that they are first to be decided in the Herets or Prefectures where they first arise From whence it is lawful to appeal to the Judge of the Province from him to the Chancellor of the Kingdom and finally to the King and Council Having said thus much as to the Government of Denmark and of the King as Supreme thereof I shall now present you with the Chronological Succession of the Kings of Denmark with an Historical Abstract of those Kings Lives that have any thing worth taking notice of The Danish Authors make a great Catalogue of fabulous Kings since King Dan which being unwilling to impose upon the Publick I shall freely pass over I could begin as Heylin with Gotricus whom he looks upon as the first Legislator of the Danes and the Establisher of their Kingdom But I shall content my self to begin with Harold the first Christian King of Denmark that settled the Christian Religion in those Parts and who began his Reign about the Year 927. The Chronological Succession of the Christian Kings of Denmark since the Year 927. Anno Chr. Reigned 927 HArold I. 48 Years 975 Sueno I. 35. Years 1010 Olaus 10. Years 1020 Canute I. 21. Years 1036 Canute II. 9. Years 1045 Magnus 4. Years 1049 Sueno II. 27. Years 1074 Harold II. 2. Years 1076 Canute III. 9. Years 1085 Olaus 10. Years 1095 Eric I. 7. Years 1102 Harold III. or Nicolas 33. Years 1135 Eric II. 4. Years 1139 Eric III. 8. Years 1147 Canute IV. 8. Years 1155 Sueno III. 2. Years 1157 Waldemar I. 28. Years 1185 Canute V. 18. Years 1202 Waldemar II. 40. Years 1241 Eric IV. 9. Years 1250 Abel 2. Years Anno Chr. Reigned 1252 Christopher I. 7 Years 1259 Eric V. 28. Years 1286 Eric VI. 35. Years 1321 Christopher II. 12. Years 1333 Waldemar III. 42. Years 1376 Margaret with Aquin 36. Years 1412 Eric VII 27. Years 1445 Christopher III. 3. Years 1448 Christiern I. 34. Years 1482 John 32. Years 1513 Christiern II. 10. Years 1523 Frederick I. 11. Years 1534 Christiern III. 24. Years 1559 Frederick II. 29. Years 1588 Christiern IV. 60. Years 1648 Frederick III. 22. Years 1670 Christiern V. the present King  Harold I. according to our Account was converted to the Christian Faith seeing for a Proof of it a Clergy-man carry a burning hot Iron in his hands without any hurt Whereupon he became the Apostle of the North and prudently governed his Dominions His Son being still a Heathen waged War with him and slew him in a Battel Sept. 1. Anno 980. That Son was Sueno I. otherwise called Swain his immediate Successor At first a great Enemy of the Gospel as well as an Usurper of the Throne in his Father life-time and a great Scourge unto the English Being outed of his Estate by Eric King of Sweden he received the Gospel regained his Kingdom and re-established Christianity in it his War on England still continuing He was King of Denmark by Birth and of Norway by Conquest Which last he conquered from Olaus then King of Norway After Sueno's Death both Denmark and Norway fell to the share of his eldest Son Olaus whilst his younger Son Canute fixed in England Olaus having reigned Ten years in the North and dying without Issue left his two Crowns to his Brother Canute I. surnamed the Great but the second Canute in the general Account His Father Sueno being dead he went on in his Conquests against King Edmund surnamed Iron-side who succeeded Ethelred After some Disadvantages he at last came off victorious in a field-Fight Then he challenged his Rival to a single Combat which made them Friends but he obliged him to divide his Kingdom with him Not long after which Edmund having been basely murdered by Edward surnamed the Outlaw his eldest Son King Canute brought the Murderers to a condign Punishment and took upon himself the Government of the whole Kingdom After that he conquered Sweden and brought the Crown of Scotland to a state of Vassalage He married Emma the Widow of Ethelred and Daughter of Richard Duke of Normandy In the year 1027 he went in Pilgrimage to Rome and died eight years after leaving the Northern Crowns to Canute and England to Harold his base Son He had a Daughter called Elfgine who was married to the Emperour Henry III. Canute II second Son of Canute I was first of all King of Denmark and
raised upon the Subjects by the name of Danegelt Till at last King Ethelred weary of these Exactions and willing to shake them off plotted with his Subjects to kill all the Danes as they slept in their Beds Which Plot took effect according to expectation on St. Brice's night Nov. 12. Anno 1012. Sueno was then King of Denmark to which Crown he added Norway by Conquest He being a right Valiant Prince heard no sooner of the Nocturnal Exploit of the English but he prepared a mighty Fleet in order to revenge so great an Outrage and Dishonour done to his Nation He came over himself with his Fleet unto England and the dreadful noise of his Approach compelled King Ethelred to fly Away he goes into Normandy leaving his poor Subjects to the Mercy of a cruel Invader who breathed nothing but Revenge The Danes having thus by the Valour and good fortune of Sueno their King recovered their Power in England obtained at last the Kingdom in the Person of his younger Son Canute A Temperate Prince and who did really deserve the Title of Great Besides the Crown of England he got the Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway upon the Decease of his Brother Olaus and conquered that of Sweden Thus he was King of England Denmark Norway and Sweden But unhappily for his Posterity he opened a way to their Exclusion from the Crown of England when he sent back his Danish Forces into their Country A very Impolitick Act as if a Kingdom got by Force could be held by Favour 'T is true he reigned twenty Years and at his Death left the Crown of England to Harold his base Son But then the Danes Interest here grew so weak that in less than seven years this Crown returned to the Saxon Line For King Harold reigned but four years and died without Issue To whom succeeded his Brother Hardy Canute King of Denmark who reigned here but about two Years and was the last King of the Danish Race in England Thus the Danes had here in all but three Kings of their Nation viz. Canute the Great and his two Sons Harold and Hardy Canute who reigned here all three but about 26 years To Hardy Canute succeeded his half Brother Edward surnamed the Confessor the seventh Son of Ethelred by Emma his Queen Goodwine Earl of Kent being the main Instrument in setting him up The Saxon Line being thus re-inthroned we must now follow the Danes into Denmark and take a view of their Transactions in the North. Canute the Second aforesaid had a Sisters Son called Sueno who was his next Successor but one in Denmark This Sueno restored the Kingdom of Norway to the Norvegians But it was again united to Denmark in the Reign of Aquin King of Norway by his Marriage with Margaret Daughter of Waldemar the Third King of Denmark that is above three hundred Years ago In which State it has continued ever since Aquin being dead his Widow Queen Margaret took up the Reins of the Government And not being contented with two Crowns she ventured them to get that of Sweden as a Crown that had gone away from her Ancestors and that by course should have fallen to the share of her Husband Albert of Mecklemburg was then King of Sweden This Semiramis of the North challenges him as an Usurper raises an Army against him fights him routs his Army and takes the King Prisoner So that Albert was fain to resign his Crown to Margaret as her due This brave Queen having thus united the three Kingdoms under her Command caused an Act of State to be passed in Calmar one of the chief Towns in Sweden for the Perpetuation of this Union unto her Successors the Law and Privileges of each Kingdom continuing as before they were Her immediate Successor was Eric Duke of Pomeren her own Sisters Son Him she adopted for her next Heir and he was accordingly chosen in her life time King of the three Kingdoms into which he succeeded actually after her Decease Anno 1422. Having reigned about 27 years he resigned his Kingdoms Anno 1439. This Resignation was followed by an Anarchy which lasted six years At last viz. Anno 1445 Christopher Count Palatine of the Rhine and Nephew of Eric being the Son of Margaret his Sister was chosen by the joynt Consent of all the States of these Kingdoms He reigned but three years and died without Issue Whereupon the Swedes grown weary of the Danish Government broke the foresaid Agreement made at Calmar and chose a King of their own The Danes on the other side considering the great Advantage they had got by the Addition of Norway pitched upon Adolph Duke of Sleswick and Earl of Holstein for the next Successor that they might get in those Estates to their Kingdoms But he excused himself by reason of his Age and want of Children and commended to them Christiern Earl of Oldenburg his Nephew and next Heir who was accordingly chosen An. 1448. Adolph dying some years after King Christiern succeeded him in the Estates of Holstein and Sleswick continuing ever since united unto that Crown And from this Christiern the Succession was hitherto continued in his Line As for the Crown of Sweden 't is true the Danes recovered it in the time of the said Christiern For Charles Canute King of Sweden whom the Swedes had chosen on the Death of Christopher King of Denmark and Sweden being upon discontent fled to Dantzick where he ended his days Christiern was called in by a Party of the Swedes and crowned King of Sweden But he was outed again under colour that he had not kept Conditions with them Christiern dying Anno 1482. his Son John succeeded him and the Swedes then overpowred by the Moscovites received him as their King But their turn being served they expelled him also To John succeeded Anno 1513. his Son Christiern the Second the Nero of the North who recovered once more the Crown of Sweden But he used his Subjects so insolently at home and his Victory in Sweden so cruelly that he was driven out of Denmark by his Uncle Frederick and out of Sweden by Gustave Eric descended from the ancient Kings of Sweden Thus the Danes recovered no less than three times the Crown of Sweden till they were utterly dispossessed of it by the foresaid Eric Anno 1523 in whose House it has continued ever since And such is the Vicissitude of humane Affairs that whereas in former Ages the Crown of Sweden was subject to Denmark in this our Age that of Denmark was twice reduced to such straits by the Swedes that the whole Kingdom of Denmark was in a manner confined within the Walls of Copenhagen and then in the greatest Distress imaginable All which hapned within the compass of four years viz. in the years 1657. 1658. 1659. 1660 under the late Reigns of Charles the Ninth King of Sweden and of Frederic the Third King of Denmark The History of which Wars you will find accurately written by Sir
Roger Manley A prodigious History and scarce to be parallelled by any Where you will find those two Kings fighting hand to hand for no less than a Crown the King of Sweden with a wonderful Resolution and continued Successes the King of Denmark with an undaunted Courage and indefatigable Indeavours to beat back so swift an Invader and stop him in his Career Whereupon a Treaty by the Mediation of England was concluded at Roschild in the Month of February 1658. By which Treaty the King of Sweden was to restore the Places he had taken from the Danes and were then possessed by him And the King of Denmark in consideration of the said Restitution as also for a Recompence of the Damages caused by this War did give and grant to his Majesty of Sweden and his Heirs for ever the Country of Schonen with the incorporate Provinces of Halland and Bleking besides the Island of Bornholm together with the Castles Towns and Territories of Bahuys and Drontheim in Norway the Secular and Ecclesiastick Jurisdiction which the King of Denmark had over some Places in the Isle of Rugen and all Places whatsoever taken from the Swedes during this War Those were Bremerford a good place in the Dutchy of Bremen the Bellemore Sconce lying upon the Elb and the Leher Sconce commanding the Weser The taking of which whilst the Swedes were deeply ingaged in Poland was the Occasion of this unhappy War to the Crown of Denmark To which I shall only add this material Article granted by King Frederick to King Charles by the said Treaty viz. That all Swedish Ships whatsoever in the Sound and Belt are by virtue of the said Treaty to be free and exempted from all Customs Inquisitions Visitation Arrest or any other Molestation whatsoever producing only a right Sea-pass in the King of Denmarks Custom-Houses of Elsineur and Newburg By this Treaty 't is plain that King Frederick was a great Loser and yet a great Saver considering the desperate Posture of his Affairs in that Juncture of time His Crown was clipped but still he had a Crown And 't is observable that the two Kings upon this Treaty had a friendly Interview with plain dealing and little or nothing of Royal Formality The Relation of which I shall have occasion to give you in another Place And yet soon after this the War broke out again For King Charles pretending that King Frederick had not performed his Articles prepared for a second Invasion upon Denmark and did it with so much Prudence and Secrecy that whilst some thought him gone towards Prussia others towards Pomeren but none towards Denmark he came from Wismar to Oldeslo then to Kiel in Holstein from thence by Sea to Corsoer in Seland and so straight before Copenhagen in August 1658. My Design is not to give you the particulars of this famous Siege which is already so well done in the forementioned History Only I shall tell you in general that the Pate of Denmark depended now if ever on the invincible Courage and Conduct of King Frederick Who upon the sight of these unexpected Invaders being prompted to make a timely Retreat into Norway or Holland declared with a Royal Magnanimity that he would live and die in his Nest and not survive the Fate and Glory of his Country In short this War continued as long as King Charles lived And though a Treaty was on foot to be influenced by the Mediation and Sea-Forces of England and Holland yet the Business was so carried on that no Treaty was made till after the Death of King Charles Who dying in the Year 1660. of a malignant Fever at Gottenburg in Sweden left his Crown and Conquests to Charles his Son the present King of Sweden Soon after his Death the Treaty of Peace was concluded much upon the Basis of the Roschild Treaty But the Government of Drontheim in Norway was by this Treaty restored to King Frederick Who died February the 9th in the Year 1670 being 61 years old Since that time there has been another Rupture betwixt these two Northen Crowns in the late Wars which have imbrued Europe in so much Blood Where both the present King of Denmark Christiern V. and the Illustrious Prince George his only Brother have given such proofs of their Personal Valor as becomes the Royal Issue of so magnanimous a Prince as King Frederick 'T was in this War that the Swedes were routed out of Germany Pomeren they lost to the Elector of Brandenburg Wismar in Mecklemburg and several Places in Schonen to the King of Denmark Where the Danes overpowred them frequently in Field-Fights and in Sieges neither did they come off less triumphantly at Sea And though the most Christian King forced the Danes at last as well as Brandenburg to a Restitution yet they had the satisfaction of having revenged in some measure their former Quarrel with the Swedes So true it is that of all humane Things none is more subject to Vicissitude than the Issues of War Thus having brought this Monarchy from the first Rise thereof to its present State through a continued Series of the most material Changes I shall now with all the clearness and brevity I can prosecute my main Design In order to which I must in the first place give an Account of Denmark then of Norway and lastly of some other Estates and Dominions belonging to this Crown Of DENMARK in general THE Kingdom of DENMARK lies East from Scotland and the North of England at least 300 miles by Sea the nearest Parts The same is called Denmark or Danemark i. e. the Country of the Danes whose Original you shall hear of afterwards The best and greatest Part of it is the Peninsule called Jutland otherwise the Cimbrick Chersonese from its ancient Name Cimbrica Chersonesus The rest does consist of Islands the principal of which are Seland and Funen As to the Country of Schonen formerly part of Denmark 't was by the Roschild Treaty transferred to the Crown of Sweden and incorporated with it So that it does not belong to my Subject The whole Country is almost surrounded with the Sea nothing but the South Parts of the Peninsule bordering upon any Land The Peninsule lies Westward and the Islands Eastward The Ocean goes round about that as far as the little Belt which parts it from Funen Situate it is betwixt the fifty fourth and fifty ninth Degrees of Northern Latitude and consequently altogether in the Northern Temperate Zone the Skau or Skagen which is the most Northern Point of Denmark being no less than eight Degrees and a half distant from the Arctick Circle where begins the Frigid Zone Accordingly there the longest day is somewhat above 18 hours and at Altena near Hamburg in the South Parts of the Chersonese not quite 17. In short this Country lies parallel to all that Tract of Ground which is from Hull in Yorkshire to Dornock in the furthest Parts of Scotland At 20 Leagues or 60 miles a Degree
which sails through the Sund into or out of the Baltick And here it is that all forein Ships pay the Toll to the King of Denmark except the Swedes who got themselves off by the Treaty of Roschild In short such is the Strength of this Castle and the narrowness of the Streight that the first seems impregnable and that by the addition of a few Ships the King of Denmark may keep the greatest Fleet that is from passing by him But yet this very Castle was taken by the Swedes in the late Kings time and this famous Structure the Product of eight years Labour and vast Expence fell in the space of three Weeks into the hands of Field-Marshal Wrangel Which was principally effected by a Stratagem then used by the Swedes Who to increase the Terror of the Besieged gave it out that Copenhagen was taken and celebrated this pretended Conquest with the discharges of all their great and small Shot with the Noises of their Drums and Trumpets with Bonfires and all other Demonstrations of Joy Whereupon the Garrison was summoned and threatned with all sorts of extremities if they alone should be so confident as to continue to oppose their victorious Armies The Governours who were then no less than three a stout Triumvirate upon the sordid Suggestions of Fear and a rash Credulity surrendred this strong Place Sept. 6. 1658. And yet they wanted neither Souldiers nor Provisions nor Ammunition but instead of those they wanted indeed Courage Discretion and Fidelity They were afterwards says my Historian condemned by a Council of War at Copenhagen to lose their Heads but pardoned by the Kings Clemency and the Intercession of the Mediators for Peace Tho the truth is the loss of that Place was like to have lost Copenhagen then closely besieged as it was and consequently the whole Kingdom So great and universal a Terror did the News of this unhappy Surrender strike in the Inhabitants that now they look'd upon themselves as irrecoverably ruined and there was scarce any amongst them so resolute but was shaken at this fatal Truth The Swedes on the other side were not little heightned with this Victory whereby they found a great quantity of Gun-powder which they much wanted and great Provision of Cannon and other Instruments of War Neither did they doubt in the least but that Copenhagen would now quickly follow being resolved now they were secure behind to attack it with their united Forces But the Besieged re-assumed their wonted Courage and kept still the Swedes out of doors About three leagues West of Cronenburg you will find Fredericksburg a Royal and stately Pallace pleasantly seated on the North side of a Lake among Woods of Beech. There was anciently a Castle known by the name of Ebelholt and an Abbey dedicated to the holy Ghost King Frederick II. was the Founder of this Palace It has a little Park about it and therein amongst other forein Beasts some fallow Deer transported hither out of England in the Twenty fourth year of Queen Elizabeth Afterwards the Pallace was beautified by Christiern the Fourth with fine Statues and Pictures and other pieces of rare Workmanship But there 's nothing that recommends this Place so much to the Memory of Man as the solemn Interview that hapned here betwixt the late Kings of Sweden and Denmark upon the Conclusion and Ratification of the Roschild Treaty Thither both Kings went says Sir Roger Manley and which is remarkable without any previous Stipulation concerning Gards or Number of Followers a Thing usually practised upon such Occasions but with a frank and Northern simplicity either not mistrusting or unwilling to mistrust each other King Frederick met his new Guest coming from Roskild about two miles from his House Both Kings being at a competent distance alighted out of their Coaches at the same time and approaching on foot saluted each other by joyning their right hands with all the respect and obliging demonstrations of Kindness imaginable And now as if their late Enmity had been intirely forgot they both entred the same Coach Which being King Frederick's Coach the King of Sweden stept in first There went with them Mr. Meadow the English Mediator and the Duke of Holstein Sunderburg The Intertainment at Frederixburg was as splendid and magnificent as the Place and Winter-season could afford At Table the Queen of Denmark sat at the Boards end the King of Sweden on the side at her right hand as being the Guest and next below him on the same side the King of Denmark The Provision was sumptuous the Order exact and the Solemnity rare to see two Kings at one Table who had so little before been in Arms one against the other It could not be but very pleasant to hear now those Trumpets and Kettle-drums loudly proclaim Healths which so lately denounced Death In short the Solemnity continued from Thursday to Saturday both Kings lodging two nights under the same Roof At parting they exchanged Horses and other Presents and those Officers of the Danish Court who were particularly appointed to attend the Swedish King were nobly regalled by him On Saturday he took his leave and went to Elsinor the King of Denmark accompanying him part of the way From thence he passed the Sound through the noise and smoak of the Canon of the two Castles of Cronenburg and Elsinburg to take possession of his Purchase in Schonen On the West side of the Island is Corsoer situate on the great Belt over against Nyburg in Funen and fortifyed with a Castle Here August 8. Anno 1658. King Charles of Sweden landed his Army from Kiel in Holstein in his second Expedition against Denmark but five months after the aforesaid Interview of the two Kings at Frederixburg And though this Army was far greater in reputation than numbers yet it met with little or no resistance Those few Gards that were on the Coasts fled at first sight of the Fleet and the Townsmen dissembling what they durst not seem to fear were fain to receive their Invaders as Friends 'T is true the Swedes indeavoured to make them believe that they intended no hostility but were come to assist the King of Denmark against the Designs of some of his rebellious Nobles And therefore King Charles his chief care upon his Landing was to keep his Souldiers from plundering and by quick sending out of Parties of Horse to suppress the Danish Troops which were quartered up and down the Island or at least to hinder their Retreat into Copenhagen Count Tott Lieutenant-General of the Horse led the Van but the King himself did not stir till the day following And though his main hopes of Victory consisted in the quickness of his Motion yet he marched but slowly So that the noise of this Invasion fled to Copenhagen before him and by his slow march he gave the Citizens time enough to recollect themselves from their sudden terrour and take up Arms in their own defence Sixteen miles North of Corsoer stands
Germans called all Thieves Cimbers These Cimbri having left their Peninsule the Saxons Jutes and Angles took Possession of it And upon the Removal of these into Britain the greatest part of it was peopled by the Danes who dwelt in the Islands The Danes in general are of a good Stature clear of Complexion well coloured for the most part healthful and long lived Their Language is but a Dialect of the German Tongue From which it does however so differ that the Danes and Germans cannot understand one another unless they do first converse some time together As to their Inclinations they do not vary much therein from the Swedes and Germans Only they are look'd upon to be more crafty than the latter and more ambitious than the former The Women are fair courteous and good Houswives fruitful in bearing of Children and yet delivered of them with great difficulty For Men of Learning they have had Tyche Brahe that renowned Astronomer Hemingius a well known Divine Bartholinus a Physician and Philosopher of very good esteem John Cluverus the Historian c. For great Captains Gotricus or Godfrey who setled the Government of this Kingdom and indangered the great Monarchy of France Sueno and Canute the fortunate Conquerours of England Waldemar III. a right valiant Prince but unsuccessful in his Wars against the Hanse-Towns Christiern II. a great Commander but a cruel Prince Christiern IV. little inferiour to many of his Predecessors Amongst whom we may list Queen Margaret the Semiramis of these Northern Countries a Lady of a Masculine Spirit no less fortunate than daring in her Enterprises This Nation was converted to the Christian Faith in the time of King Harold about 650 years ago Till then it cannot be said that the Christian Religion was rooted here though I read of some Christian Kings before this as Eric and Froto both living in the ninth Century Neither was the Gospel so well fix'd in Harold's time but that the Danes relapsed still for the most part to their ancient Heathenism till they were finally regained by Pope Adrian the Fourth an Englishman In process of time the Popes of Rome would needs pretend some Power and Jurisdiction over them Which when they began to exercise with too much Authority King Waldemar III. the Father of Queen Margaret is said to have return'd this Answer Naturam habemus à Deo Regnum à Subditis Divitias à Parentibus Religionem à Romanâ Ecclesiâ quam si nobis invides renuntiamus per Praesentes That is to say We hold our Life from God our Crown from our Subjects our Riches from our Ancestors our Religion from the Church of Rome which Religion if you envy us we do here remit it by these Presents But this Renunciation though then threatned was not made till afterwards King Frederick I. was he that abolished the whole Mass of Popery using therein the Ministry of Bugenhage a Divine of Pomeren by whom the Danes were reformed according to the Doctrine of the Lutheran Churches And ever since they have continued in that state of Reformation wherein the Church of Denmark differs not much from the Church of England For as they have rejected several Errors and Abuses of the Church of Rome so they have still retained a settled and prescribed Liturgy for all their Churches most of the Holy-days observed in the former Ages the Cross in Baptism Kneeling at the Communion and many other practicable Ceremonies transmitted to us from the Primitive Church The main Point wherein they differ as Lutherans from all other Protestants is the Article of Consubstantiation whereby they believe that in the Sacrament of the Lords Supper the Elements of Bread and Wine remain in Substance with the real Body and Blood of our Saviour after the Consecration Of the Danish Government THis Kingdom has been till of late Elective and not Hereditary whatever Heylin pretends to the contrary 'T is true the Danes have usually preferred the Royal Family and set the eldest Son on the Throne of his Father But because the House of Austria for example has hitherto injoy'd the Imperial Crown above 240 years successively I hope it do's not follow therefore that the Empire is not Elective 'T is well known that in Denmark after the death of Christopher the Crown was transferred to the House of Oldenburg who held it on no other ground but by that of Election And about 160 years ago was not King Christiern II. outed of his Estate and Frederick advanced unto it But Dr. Heylin eludes that by saying that such things have hapned in Estates that were clearly Hereditary and ought to make no Precedent and that Acts of Violence and Force are only justifi'd by the false Topick of Success When all is done 't is undeniable that the Crown of Denmark was formerly Elective if we consider that it was made in due form Hereditary no longer ago than the year 1660 in the Person of King Frederick Which hapned thus soon after the Treaty concluded that very year betwixt his Majesty and the now King of Sweden The Clergy and Commonalty had been always jealous of the great Power of the Nobility and more particularly during the War with Sweden They therefore being now armed especially the People and consequently capable of all things secretly combined together as well out of hate to the Nobles as out of gratitude to the King for his Fortitude in preserving of them to make him Hereditary Monarch of their Crown Their declared Reasons were that being his Majesty had undergone in his War with Sweden all imaginable Dangers and that he had with admirable Constancy and Magnanimmity demonstrated his affection and willingness in Conservation of his People and Kingdom they were of opinion that so great Benefits ought not to be let pass without the demonstration and some extraordinary Marks of their Gratitude Which could not be better expressed than by presenting the Crown to his Majesty's Line by Succession Wherein they were the more incouraged by the Example of a neighbouring Kingdom meaning that of Sweden where the same Thing had been done with good Success and notable Advantage to the People This Resolution being taken these two States appointed Deputy's to inform the Senators of their design and desired them to communicate it to the Nobles whom they acknowledged to be the first and most conspicuous Part of the Whole They farther wished them to cooperate in perswading them to a Compliance in this Point that they might all joyntly agree in so reasonable and plausible an Undertaking After great Deliberation they were answered that the Proposition was not so new but that several Discourses had been had about it heretofore and that very important Reasons had been produced Pro and Con in the matter But that the Nobility could not forbear complaining of the Informality used herein namely that a Business of so great weight should not only come abroad so secretly and without the least Communication but also positively be
afterwards of England upon the death of his elder Brother Harold who died not long after his Coronation Anno 1040. He was kindly received by the English but he proved very unkind to ' em For he caused several of the chief Men of the Kingdom to be put to death and he oppressed the People with heavy Taxes To avenge the Injuries done to his Mother Emma by Harold he caused him to be digged out of his Grave and his head to be cast into the Thames Two years after his coming to the Crown he went to a Wedding in Lambeth where he fell off his Chair and died Some thought he had been poisoned However he being dead the English took up Arms and made a riddance of the Danes This is that King Canute which was commonly called Hardy Canute To him succeeded King Magnus in Denmark who governed that Kingdom the space of four years He was Son of Olaus King of Norway Sueno II was Sisters Son of Canute I according to our account by Ulso an English Duke 'T was he that restored the Kingdom of Norway to the Norwegians Harold II was Son of that Sueno There is nothing memorable of him that I can find at present but that he was surnamed the Idle Canute III was Brother of that Harold He attempting to recover England was murdered at the Altar in the Church of St. Albans Anno 1081 and after that ranked among the Martyrs A Son of his called by his Name did likewise suffer Martyrdom and was canonized a Saint Anno 1164 by Pope Alexander IV. The Church of Rome celebrates his Day on the 19th of January I suppose this is that Canute who was murderin the Church of Odensee in Funen whom Heylin mistakes for his Father As for Olaus I find nothing of him that 's memorable Eric I surnamed the Good was Brother of Canute the Saint He being a Religious Prince took a Voyage to Rome and afterwards to the Holy Land with his Queen Bochilde and he died in Cyprus Harold III was base Son of Eric 'T is said he was murdered by his own Brother Eric II called the Bastard a cruel and passionate Prince was also assassinated Eric III Son of Anna Sister of Eric II succeeded him He was surnamed the Lamb because of his sweet Nature But he had no Fortune in his Wars with the Swedes At last he retired into a Monastery and there died Canute IV. was slain at a Feast by his Successor Sueno III who was likewise murdered by his Successor Waldemar I Son of Canute the lawful Son of Eric I by whose means the Rugians and Vandals embraced the Gospel He was the first that reduced the Laws into a set form and Writing And by his Laws the Bishops were to sit with the Council of State in all Causes of moment But they were discharged from that Employment by King Christiern III. Canute V. was the Son of Waldemar and of Sophia Sister to Canute the Fourth Having reigned some time with his Father he at last succeeded him He made War to the Pomeranians and is said to have been married to Mathildis Daughter of Henry the Lion Duke of Saxony Waldemar II Brother of Canute the Fifth was Duke of Sleswick before his coming to the Crown Eric IV Son of Waldemar the Second was married to Agnes the then Marquess of Brandenburgh's Daughter He shewed a great deal of good Conduct in his Government But he was murdered by his Brother Abel the second Son of Waldemar the Second Who did not long enjoy his Usurpation For two years after he came to the Crown by an Act more Cain than Abel-like he was kill'd himself by the Boors in the Friseland War And it is said that the Place where he was inhumed swarmed with Spirits and strange Apparitions Christopher I the youngest Brother of the foresaid Abel and Eric was no Admirer of Prelates He reigned with a various Fortune and at last was taken Prisoner in his War against the Earls of Holstein Some Authors are of opinion that he did not die before the year 1268. Eric V surnamed the Old was Christopher his Son His Reign of twenty eight years was blessed with Peace and Plenty but he was slain by the Practices and Treason of his Officers Mathildis Daughter of Albert called the Great Duke of Brunswick was his Queen By whom he had amongst other Children his Son and Successor Eric VI surnamed the Young who supplanted Christopher his Elder Brother He began his Reign with a severe Punishment of his Father's Murderers He took Rostock now a Hanse Town in Mecklemburg and some other Places and he married with the Sister of Birger King of Sweden by whom he left no Issue Christopher II elder Brother of Eric added the Island of Rugen to the Crown of Denmark and gave Rostock in fief to the Dukes of Mecklemburg The Earls of Holstein beat him out of his Kingdom and he was twice restored to it Waldemar III was Son of Christopher A stout Prince but unfortunate in his Wars with the Hanse Towns which confederated against him and vanquished him in many Battels Margaret Daughter of Waldemar the Third gave her self in Marriage to Aquin King of Norway and so united the Kingdoms They had a Son named Olaus a hopeful Prince but he died young Aquin her Husband and Olaus her Son being dead she stood still at the Helm and not contented with two Crowns she put in for a third In short she attempted by force of Arms to recover the Crown of Sweden She raised a fine Army and appeared at the head of it Albert Duke of Mecklemburg was then King of Sweden He was Son of Euphemia the Sister of Magnus IV. of Sweden and got that Crown to the prejudice of Aquin the Husband of Margaret For you must know that Magnus IV. King both of Sweden and Norway had two Sons Eric and Aquin aforesaid Eric his eldest Son was his designed Successor in the Crown of Sweden whilst in his Life-time he bestow'd the Crown of Norway upon Aquin. Eric dies before his Father and after his death the Father himself was outed of his Kingdom by the practice of Albert his Nephew aforesaid Queen Margaret therefore having raised a good Army undertook to do her self Justice and to dispossess Albert of his Inchroachments By that time Albert was grown a worse Tyrant than his Predecessor which made the Nobility that had raised him up to the Throne seek the means to unthrone him So that all things seemed to concur for the Success of Queen Margarets Design And indeed such was her Valour and the Fortune of her Arms that she gave the Swedes Battel in the Year 1387 defeated their Army and took their King Prisoner A bloody Battel it was says my Author Albert was kept Prisoner for the space of seven years To get his Liberty he freely resigned his Kingdom to Margaret and so went to his own Country where he died Upon his Resignation Anno 1394 she caused
Children are chosen the Bishops Canons Ministers and Magistrates of Towns Clarks of Castles and Fortresses Ship-Officers Tollmen c. These Magistrates judge the least Causes but for the most part they have a President out of the Gentry But of all the Corporations within this Kingdom none has such Privileges and truly none deserves such as the City of Copenhagen Privileges as to the Freedom of the City and the Increase of Trade Privileges whereby the City has a Vote in all those Deliberations which concern the publick Good To which add their Privileges in purchasing any Lands and Lordships whatsoever and injoying them with the same Rights as the Nobles In not being burdened with any Impositions the Nobles do not bear and not that but by publick Consent in being free from all Contributions or Inquarterings whatsoever in times of Peace and lastly in that the Citizens Children whether Ecclesiastick or Civil are admitted to Honours and publick Offices equally with Noblemens Children provided they be sit and capable for them All which Priviledges and several others the late King Frederick granted this City when besieged by Charles Gustave of Sweden that having the more to lose they might have most reason to defend themselves as they did effectually The fifth Order or Degree is that of the Country-men Which are of two Sorts the one called Freibunden that is Free-holders These enjoy their Living by Inheritance but give some small matter yearly They trade also and have the Liberty of Fishing They are not taxed with Servitude or Bondage neither pay they any Contribution without the Consent of the Senators and Counsellors of the Kingdom The other Sort is of such who have not any Land but what they farm of the King Gentry or Clergy and are bound to do Homage for the same as they make their Conditions The chief Order of Knighthood in Denmark is that of the Elephant Instituted as some say Anno 1478. by King Christiern I at the Wedding of John his Son and Successor The Badge of these Knights is a Collar powdred with Elephants towred supporting the Kings Arms and having at the end the Picture of the Virgin Mary OF THE King of DENMARK'S Foreign Estates And first of NORWAY BEsides the Crown of Denmark the King has several Estates in Foreign Parts both Continent and Islands In the Continent he has NORWAY a Kingdom that lies North and North-cast from Denmark from which parted by the Ocean And 't is from its Northern Situation that it is so denominated Norway quasi Tractus seu Via Septentrionalis And indeed 't is the most Northern Country of all Europe part of it lying in the frigid Zone I mean the North-cast Parts Where you will find the North-Cape in the seventy second degree of Latitude that is about five degrees within the Arctick Circle So that there is no Night in Summer for about three Months together and consequently no day in Winter-time during the same space of time This Country runs as I said before North and North-east from Denmark which way it extends it self about 1000 miles But the Breadth of it is not proportionable the Southwest Parts where it is broadest not exceeding 300 miles in breadth from East to West From whence Northward it grows much narrower Westward it is bounded with the Northern Ocean and Eastward with Sweden Which together with Norway makes up that large and famous Peninsule by the Ancients called Scandia or Scandinavia But before we proceed to the description of Norway let us take a View of the Northern Ocean otherwise called the Frozen Sea as being commonly clogged with Ice in Winter-time In which Sense Pliny called it Mare Amalchium Tacitus Mare Pigrum and the Cimbrians of old Marimorusa Illuc usque tantum Natura here is the end of Nature says Tacitus speaking of this Sea Till the English found the way to Archangel in Moscovy this Sea was commonly look'd upon as Unnavigable Now this North-east Passage was discovered in King Edward the Sixth's time Anno 1553 under the Conduct of Richard Chancellour For which Adventure three Ships were fitted out but two of them perished with Cold and all their Men were the next Year found frozen to death in their Ships Along the Coast of Norway the Sea runs much into Creeks and long Bays and there is a World of Islands But it is most remarkable for that great and famous Gulf or Whirl-pool called Maelstroom or Moskestroom which lies between two Islands near the Coast of Norway A Whirl-pool is a Collection of Waters turning swiftly about and drawing to it self whatever comes within some distance of it and having whirled the same to the bottom casts it up again after a certain time The fury of which Stream being so great has a long time deterred Men from venturing themselves over it So that Whirl-pools were concluded to be unfadomable Abysses of Water Nay some would have 'em to be the origininal Cause of the Flux and Reflux wherein when the Water runs it is Ebb and when it runs out Flood Kircherus in his Tabula Geogr. Hydrogr is of opinion that the Sea runs down this Whirlpool under the Land of Norway and out again at another Whirl-pool within the Gulf of Bothnia part of the Baltick Sea And to strengthen this his Opinion he says there is a high Rock in the midst of the Stream and under that Rock an Abyss through which the Water is swallowed So that there should be first a Vortex or Whirl-pol and within it a Vorago or Gulf that should have its way under Norway and its out-let within the Gulf of Bothnia But Lucas Jacobson Debes a Danish Writer thinks otherwise of it He says that where this Whir-pool lies the bottom of the Sea arises and does not descend in deep Cavities That the Whirl-pool proceeds from round Grounds with Channels or Conduits in them That if there were any deep Ground to make a swallowing Gulf the Water should not run about as it does in such turbulent and boisterous a manner as to be heard some Leagues off at Sea And his Reason is because the stillest Waters have the deepest Bottom But he says that great Noise is occasioned by the narrowness of the Passage for the large Ocean to run through with the Tide to the Continent and to fall back again into the main Sea Besides the round Grounds and Channels under Water where the huge beating and running about of the Sea must needs make a terrible Noise As to what Peter Clauson writes that what whole Trees that Stream draws in come out again rugged with torn Roots and Branches 't is probable enough that happens by reason of those high round and sharp Grounds between which the Trees are whirled about by the strong Stream so as to beat and wear off the Roots Branches Bark and the uppermost of the Trunk thereof Of which sort of Trees sayes my Author there comes many ashore to Feroe and Greenland Which would not be
to the Danes For it has no Walls about it but lyes open on all sides 'T is true it has been destroy'd several times by fire and there is still to be seen some Remains of one of the most stately Churches in the North. But this Place could never recover it self to any thing of its ancient Greatness or Splendour since the Danish Viceroys kept their Residence at Berghen as a more convenient Place and to be sure not so extreme cold as the other For whereas Drontheim is situate in the 24th degree of Northern Latitude a cold Seat for a King or a Vice-Roy Bergen is at least two degrees more Southerly To be short Drontheim is that Place which the Latines called Nidrosia as the Italians call it still to this day And they termed it Nidrosia from Nider a River which runs before it There is a Castle to defend it but none of the strongest And yet it is the largest Prefecture or Government reaching from South to North no less than 500 miles and from the Ocean Westward to the Kingdom of Sweden Eastward at least 100 miles 'T is true this Government by reason of its great Extent is subdivided into the Prefecture of Drontheim properly so called which takes up the Southern Parts and the Prefecture of Salte which takes up the North Parts The Whole by the Roschild Treaty was granted to the Swedes but afterwards restored to the Danes by the next Treaty of the year 1660. East of Drontheim lyes the Countrey of Jempterland formerly part of Norway and as such belonging to the Crown of Denmark But by the Treaty of Bromsbroo Anno 1645 it was yielded to the Swedes to whom it has been subject ever since At last we come to Wardhuis a Government in the sarthest Parts Northward So called from the Town of Wardhuys as that is from the Isle Ward about 120 miles South-East of the North-cape in which it is seated This Place which was but formerly mean and poor is something improved since the North-East Passage to Archangel was found out by the English it lying in the way for the English and Dutch to touch at as they go to Moscovy But by reason of the extremity of the Cold and long absence of the Sun for some Months together it is hardly habitable and consequently the Sea not navigable In the Summer time the Governour makes shift to reside in it but past that Season he shifts to a warmer Place The Castle was strongly fortify'd by King Frederick the Second as well to command the Natives as to awe the neighbouring Laplanders For Eastward this part of Norway borders upon the Moscovian Southward upon the Swedish Lapland And truly this Government at least the East part of it otherwise known by the name of Finmark may be called the Danish Lapland Here is the great Lake Enarak which parts a great way this Region from the Moscovian Lapland The Norvegians were formerly so warlike a People that they became terrible to the more Southern Nations By whom they were called Normans q.d. Northmen being at that time a mixture of several Nations of the North as of Norvegians and Swedes amongst whom perhaps the Danes did come in In short 't is from them that the fair Province of Normandy in France took that name For as the Romans had been routed there by the French so the French afterwards were routed by the Normans Who about the year 800 began their Irruptions out of their Northern Countreys and did so ransack and plague the Maritime Towns of France and the Netherlands that it was inserted in the Litany From Plague Pestilence and the Fury of the Normans good Lord deliver us Charles the simple to quiet them and to secure himself gave them a part of Neustria from them since called Normannia or Normandy together with the Sovereignty of Britanny enjoy'd by them and their Posterity for many Ages Their first Duke was Rollo Anno 912 from whom in a direct Line the sixth was William called the Conquerour and crowned King of England Anno 1067. But since the Norvegians became subject to the Crown of Denmark their Fury is so much abated and their Spirits have been so quelled that they are grown as cold as their Climate Instead of Invading Nations they are given to Hospitality and far from turning Pirates they are become great Abhorrers of Theft In short they have now the repute of being a sort of good harmless People without any fraud or deceit For which they are indebted to the Danes who by keeping them low have not onely took away their Strength but their Courage And yet it is said some of them are much given to Witchcraft and that they are so expert in it as to be able by keeping good Correspondence with the Prince of the Air drive a Trade of Winds As to Christianity the Norvegians did not imbrace the Gospel till the Reign of Olaus Son of Sueno King of Denmark and Norway that is about the Year 1055. The English assisted in the Work and the good King Olaus was so zealous in it that he was canonized for a Saint after his decease The Reformation was wrought here at the same time and in the same manner as it was in Denmark I said from the beginning that the Norvegians were first conquered by Sueno King of Denmark In whose Line that Crown continued till Sueno II restored it to the Norvegians But afterwards being reunited to the Crown of Denmark by the Marriage of Aquin King of Norway and of Margaret eldest Daughter of Waldemar III King of Denmark it has ever since continued subject to this Crown And though Olaus the only Son of Aquin died without Issue yet the Norvegians liked the Danes so well that they never offered to assert their Liberties But if their stomachs served them now to stir against the Danes where is their strength to do it They are poor and only fit to live as they do in an entire submission to their Prince the King of Denmark and under Him to his Viceroy the Lord Guldenlew Of the Earldoms of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst in Germany IN Germany the King of Denmark possesses the Earldom of Oldenburg and under it That of Delmenhorst The Earldom of Oldenburg is a fine Estate in the North-Parts of Westphaly so called from Oldemburg the chief Place of it and the Head of this Earldom It lies betwixt the German Ocean Northward and the Bishoprick of Munster Southward the Dukedom of Bremen Eastward and East-Friseland Westward The Soil hereof is exceeding rich but in Pastures especially Which breed infinite Herds of Cattel and furnish not this Country only but some of their German Neighbours and many of the more Northern Nations with Horses Beeves Sheep Swine Butter and Cheese Here is also good store of Pulse Barley and Oats plenty of Fruits and Trees of all sorts large Woods well stored with Venison and yielding unto the Gentry the Delights of Hunting But the Air is pretty cold in
there besides the Kingdom of Norway Of the Isles of Schetland and of Feroe BEfore I come to a Description of these Isles it will not be improper to take notice in our way of the Orcades which formerly belonged to the Kings of Norway and Denmark They were called Orcades by the Ancients which we call now the Orkney Islands Situate North of Scotland not far from Cathness the most Northern Country of all that Kingdom and separate from one another by some narrow Streights They are in number thirty two but those of chief note eleven The Kings of Notway held these Isles till the Year 1266 when Magnus King of Norway surrendred them up to Alexander III. King of Scotland Which Surrender some of the succeeding Kings did afterwards ratifie But the Claim was finally relinquished by Christiern I King of Denmark and Norway on the Marriage of his Daughter Margaret with King James III Anno 1474. And then some Money was added to make good the Contract without which the Danes would not give up their Claim to these Islands Further Northward about sixty miles lye the Islands of Schetland and of Feroe all of them still subject to the Crown of Norway and consequently to the King of Denmark The Isles of Schetland lye North-east of the Orcades and the Isles of Feroe Northwest But the Situation of these last is something further Northward Those are under the 61 and 62 degrees of Northern Latitude about 60 Leagues West of Bergen in Norway and forty North of Scotland By Cluverius Sanson and other Geographers they are supposed to be the Hemodes of the Ancients One with another they are reckoned to be about twenty six But they are most of them little rocky Islands uninhabited The main Island and that which is worth all the rest is Schetland otherwise Hetland which gives its Name to the whole Cluster But it goes also like the chief of the Orcades by the Name of Mainland 'T is a long but narrow Island reaching from South to North about sixty miles and sixteen where broadest This Island is not much inhabited but by the Sea-side because of Fishing which is the main Thing here Southward there are high Hills and Northward there 's another called Renisfelt on the top of which is kept a great Light for the use of Mariners As the Inhabitants are not very industrious so they are not much inclined to Vices 'T is seldom they drink any strong Liquors to excess and when they do 't is as rare to see one of them mad-drunk For Quarrelling does not attend their Drinking And perhaps this their Temperancy as much as the wholsomness of the Air or the nature of the Country makes them to live so long as they do Mercator makes mention of one Laurentius a Native of this Island who lived in his time This Man says he being above 100 years of Age was yet so vigorous that he marry'd a Wife and when he was 140 years old still he went with his Boat a fishing in a most unruly tempestuous and turbulent Sea The great Dispute amongst the Learned is whether Schetland or Iseland is the Thule of the Ancients Thule which the Poets do so often speak of as Virgil Tibi serviat ultima Thule and Seneca Nec sit Terris ultima Thule Thule which the Ancients did report such strange things of and some of them beyond all belief Nulla per bruman dies says Pliny here 's no day for all the Winter with whom agree Solinus and many others as to that particular Another says more than that nullum ultra eam diem esse that beyond this Isle there was no day in any Place as if here had been the end of the World and Nature But Pytheas in Polybius go's beyond them all when he says that in this Isle there was no distinction of the Elements but a confused Mixture of all together like the Primitive Chaos of the Poets According to these Authors 't is neither Schetland nor Iseland that can be the Thule of the Ancients and 't were a hard matter to find out such a Place in any part of the known World But it is no new thing for remote Places to be strangely represented When all is done I am apt to be of Dr. Heylins Opinion who takes Schetland to be the Thule for these Reasons following First Ptolomy places Thule in the 63 degree of Northern Latitude who differs therein but in one Degree or there abouts from the best of our modern Maps Whereas Iseland is so much further North that a good part of it is within the Arctick Circle Pomponius Mela places Thule opposite to Bergen in Norway which Situation agrees with that of Schetland but not Iseland Multae sunt says Solinus circa Britanniam Insulae è quibus Thule ultima there are many Islands about Brittain of which Thule is the last or farthest off So that in his Judgment Thule must be one of the Brittish Isles which cannot be said of Iseland Insulas quas Orcadas vocant domuit despecta est Thule say's Tacitus speaking of Agricola he subdued the Island called Orcades and made sleight of Thule Now Iseland is so far from being kenned by any one of the Orcades that it is almost 5 degrees distant from the nearest of them And the truth is Iseland was so far from being known unto the Ancients that it was hardly known unto those of Norway till about the ninth Century To which add Gasper Peucerus his Observation that Schetland is by some Mariners called Thylensel which includes the name of Thule After all these Arguments who can almost doubt but that Schetland not Iseland is really the Thule of the Ancients But besides Schetland or Mainland there are two other Islands North-Eastward of a pretty bigness viz. Zell and Wust by some called Yell and Vnst These Islands and the rest being much of the same nature and constitution as those of Feroe I shall not stay to give you a particular Account of those of Schetland but proceed to those of Feroe Which as wild as they are will find us more diversion and variety than far better Countries And therefore I intend to dwell here a while under the principal guidance and conduct of a Danish Author Lucas Jacobson Debes Master of Arts and Provost of the Churches there A Man of Learning and in all likelihood of as great Integrity The Islands of Feroe lye Westward from those of Schetland and somthing more Northward The heigth of the Pole or Latitude thereof is at the South end 61 degrees 15 minutes and at the North end 62 degrees 10 minutes So that there is but little night in Summer Neither are the Winter nights so tedious long as one might imagine because the Crepusculum and Diluculum are somthing longer here than elsewhere which takes off much from the night For in the midst of Winter one may perceive something of the day at eight a clock in the Morning and at four a clock