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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A42668	The history of four-footed beasts and serpents describing at large their true and lively figure, their several names, conditions, kinds, virtues ... countries of their breed, their love and hatred to mankind, and the wonderful work by Edward Topsell ; whereunto is now added, The theater of insects, or, Lesser living creatures ... by T. Muffet ...; Historie of foure-footed beasts	Topsell, Edward, 1572-1625?; Topsell, Edward, 1572-1625? Historie of serpents.; Gesner, Konrad, 1516-1565. Historia animalium Liber 1. English.; Gesner, Konrad, 1516-1565. Historia animalium Liber 5. English.; Moffett, Thomas, 1553-1604. Insectorum sive minimorum animalium theatrum. English.; Rowland, John, M.D.	1658 (1658)	Wing G624; ESTC R6249	1,956,367	1,026

armed and furnished which he led into the Temple after the Sacrifice ended he delivered the rains of the Bridle into the hands of his Wife who led the same Horse home again but for what signification or cause this rite was observed Aelianus which relateth the story sheweth not but saith he referreth himself to the Thessalians to declare their own reasons of this observation And thus much shall suffice concerning the Sacrificing of Horses Another moral-honour done unto them was their burial For we have shewed already that Volucer the Horse of Verus the Emperour was honourably buried the Mares of Cinon which had won three games at Olympus were likewise interred neer his own body The Scythians at the burial of their Kings used for to strangle one of his harlots his cupbearer his Cook his Horse-keeper his Messenger and also Horses and other Cattle and after a year they do this the second time taking fifty of his dearest servants which were natural Scythians and strangled them likewise fifty of his best Horses out of whose bellies they pull out their bowels and guts and filling their bellies up again with chaffe they sow them up then make they half an arch upon two posts standing upright and likewise the other half upon two other posts over the Kings grave likewise fastening in the earth divers other sharp posts upon which they put the fifty Horses so fastening them with thick pieces of timber all along their neck and back so that the shoulders of the Horses rest upon the fore-arch and their bellies on the hinder their legs standing upward then bridle they the Horses and stretch forth the rains of their bridles unto the posts of the earth afterwards upon every one of the dead Horses they lay a dead man putting a stake through his back out of his neck and the neather part of the said stake they fasten in the post which pierceth or goeth through the Horse and thus having compassed about the grave of their King with such Horses and Horse-men they depart leaving both the one and the other to the consumption of nature and after this manner did they bury all their Kings Adrian buryed his Hunting Horse Ennomaus his Mares Partheria and Eripha Likewise Miltiodes Evagoras and Augustus the Emperour At Agrigentum also there are many Pyramides erected upon the Sepulchres of Horses And thus much shall suffice for the burial of Horses We have shewed you already how Men and Women have been transformed into Horses according to the fiction of the Poets as of Saturns Jupiter Neptune Ceres Hippes and Ocyrrhoes the Daughters of Chiron In like sort there have been predictions or ostentations of things to come taken from a Wolf a Fox a Serpent and a Horse which were called Auspicia Pedestria Dreams also have been declared by Horses for Publius Vatinius in the Macedonian war coming towards Rome in the night time supposed be saw two young men of excellent beauty to meet him and tell him that Perses the King was taken by Paulus which thing he declared to the Senate but was by them put into prison as a contemner of the Majesty and honour of that Captain but afterwards it appeared by the letters of Paul that Perses was taken that very day whereupon Vatinius was delivered out of Prison and rewarded with land and liberty It also appeareth that the same day that Castor and Po 〈…〉 washed away the sweat of themselves and their Horses in the lake of J 〈…〉 that they watched for the safety of the Roman Empire and their Temple which was joyned to the same fountain being fast locked upon a suddain flew open without the hand of man Aeneas also in Virgil saith that he knew war would follow by the appearance of four Horses which in a green field set upon a whole Campe whereupon in Virgil he speaketh thus to Anchises Quatuor hic primum omen Equos in gramine vidi Tondentes campum late candore nivali Ft pater Anchises Bellum O terra hospita port as Bello armantur equi Bellum haec armenta minantur Sed tamen 〈…〉 dem olim curru succedere sueti Quadrupedes fraena jugo concordia ferre Spes est pacis ait Lucan also speaketh to the same purpose that Horses presage war Primus ab aequorea percussis cuspide saxis Thessalicus sonipes bellis feralibus omen Exiluis Alexander also writeth that the Germans were wont to bring up white Horses which were never used to labour by whose neighing they were forewarned of wars and of other strange events It is vulgarly known how Dorins came to the Kingdom of Persia after it was agreed amongst the seven Princes that he whose Horse did first neigh in the morning in a place appointed should be saluted King Ebores his rider in the night time took one of the mares which he knew his Masters Horse loved and led her into the Suburbs and there tied her afterward he brought thither Darius his Horse and led him about her two or three times and at length suffered him to cover her and so led them both away together In the next morning the Princes met as soon as day brake and road up and down the Suburbs until at last they came to the place where the Mare of Darius was tyed the night before whereunto the Horse of Darius ran neighing strongly and presently it thundred and lightned in a clear day whereupon the residue of the Princes alighted from their Horses and did reverence to King Darius who by divine appointment was thus advanced to the Scepter Although there be some that say Ebores by handling of a Mares genital and keeping his hand warm untill they came to the place aforesaid there stroking the Nostrils of his Masters Horse caused him thus to neigh and win the Kingdom yet I rather in cline to the former opinion which was related by Herodotus in his Thalia There have also been Horses of strange fashions for as we have shewed already that a Mare did bring forth a Hare so also Livie saith an Ox did bring forth a Foal Nero did shew certain Hermaphrodite Mares wherewithal his Chariot was drawn which was a thing worth the sight that the Monarch of the world should sit upon Monsters Julius Caesar had a Horse which had cloven hoofs like a Mans fingers and because he was foaled at that time when the Sooth-sayers had pronounced that he should have the government of the world therefore he nourished him carefully and never permitted any man to back him but himself which afterwards he dedicated in the Temple of Ven 〈…〉 for he conceived that such a strange beast bred in his own flock was a prediction unto him of great honour The Palatine of Vilva had a Horse foaled with five legs and Henry the Count-Palatine had likewise a Horse with six legs Thus much may suffice for the monster Horses In the next place it is good to enquire what the

of Fishermen as also huntsmen in that behalf being careful and earnest to learn and understand of them if any such were except you hold opinion that the Beaver or Otter is a Fish as many have believed and according to their belief affirmed as the bird Pupine is thought to be a fish and so accounted But that kind of Dog which followeth the fish to apprehend and take it if there be any of that disposition and property whether they do this thing for the game of hunting or for the heat of hunger as other Dogs do which rather then they will be famished for want of food covet the carcases of carrion and putrified flesh When I am fully resolved and disburthened of this doubt I will send you certificate in writing In the mean season I am not ignorant of that both Aelianus and Aetius call the Beaver Kunapotamion a water Dog or a Dog-fish I know likewise thus much more that the Beaver doth participate this property with the Dog namely that when fishes be scarce they leave the water and range up and down the land making an insatiable slaughter of young Lambs untill their paunches be replenished and when they have fed themselves full of Flesh then return they to the water from whence they came But albeit so much be granted that this Bever is a Dog yet it is to be noted that we reckon it not in the beadrow of English Dogs as we have done the rest The sea Calfe in like manner which our Countrey men for brevity sake call a Seel other more largely name a Sea Veale maketh a spoil of fishes between rocks and banks but it is not accounted in the Catalogue or number of our English Dogs notwithstanding we call it by the name of a Sea-Dog or a Sea-Calf And thus much for our Dogs of the second sort called in Latin Aucupatorii serving to take fowl either by land or water Of the delicate neat and prety kind of DOGS called the SPANIEL GENTLE or the COMFORTER in Latin Melitaeus or Fotor THere is besides those which we have already delivered another sort of Gentle Dogs in this our English soil but exempted from the order of the residue the Dogs of this kind doth Callimachus call Melitaeos of the Island Melita in the sea of Sicily which at this day is named Malta an Island indeed famous and renowned with couragious and puissant Souldiers valiantly fighting under the banner of Christ their unconquerable Captain where this kind of Dogs had their principal beginning These Dogs are little prety proper and fine and sought for to satisfie the delicateness of dainty dames and wanton womens wils instruments of folly for them to play and dally withal to trifle away the treasure of time to withdraw their mindes from more commendable exercises and to content their corrupted concupiscences with vain disport a silly shift to shun irksome idleness These puppies the smaller they be the more pleasure they provoke as more meet playfellowes for minsing mistresses to bear in their bosomes to keep company withal in their Chambers to succour with sleep in bed and nourish with meat at bord to lay in their laps and lick their lips as they ride in their Waggons and good reason it should be so for courseness with fineness hath no fellowship but featness with neatness hath neighbourhood enough That plausible proverb verified upon a Tyrant namely that he loved his Sow better then his Son may well be applyed to these kind of people who delight more in Dogs that are deprived of all possibility of reason then they do in children that be capeable of wisdom and judgement But this abuse peradventure reigneth where there hath been long lack of issue or else where barrenness is the best blossom of beauty The virtue which remaineth in the SPANIEL GENTLE otherwise called the COMFORTER NOtwithstanding many make much of those prety puppies called Spaniels Gentle yet if the question were demanded what property in them they spie which should make them so acceptable and precious in their sight I doubt their answer would be long a coining But seeing it was our intent to travail in this treatise so that the Reader might reap some benefit by his reading we will communicate unto such conjectures as are grounded upon reason And though some suppose that such Dogs are fit for no service I dare say by their leaves they be in a wrong box Among all other qualities therefore of nature which be known for some conditions are covered with continual and thick clouds that the eye of our capacities cannot pierce through them we finde that these little Dogs are good to asswage the sickness of the stomach being oftentimes thereunto applyed as a plaister preservative or born in the bosom of the diseased and weak person which effect is performed by their moderate heat Moreover the disease and sickness changeth his place and entreth though it be not precisely marked into the Dog which to be truth experience can testifie for these kinde of Dogs sometimes fall sick and sometimes die without any harme outwardly inforced which is an argument that the disease of the Gentleman or Gentlewoman or owner whatsoever entreth into the Dog by the operation of heat intermingled and infected And thus have I hitherto handled Dogs of a gentle kind whom I have comprehended in a triple division Now it remaineth that I annex in due order such Dogs as be of a more homely kinde Dogs of a course kinde serving many necessary uses called in Latin Canes rustici and first of the Shepherds Dog called in Latin Canis Pastoralis THe first kinde namely the Shepherds hound is very necessary and profitable for the avoiding of harmes and inconveniences which may come to men by the means of beasts The second sort serve for succour against the snares and attempts of mischievous men Our Shepherds Dog is not huge vast and big but of an indifferent stature and growth because it hath not to deal with the bloudthirsty Wolfe sithence there be none in England which happy and fortunate benefit is to be ascribed to the puissant Prince Edgar who to the intent that the whole Countrey might be evacuated and quite cleared from Wolves charged and commanded the Welshmen who were pestered with these butcherly beasts above measure to pay him yearly tribute note the wisdom of the King three hundred Wolves Some there be which write that Ludwal Prince of Wales paid yearly to King Edgar three hundred Wolves in the name of an exaction as we have said before And that by the means hereof within the compass and term of four years none of those noisom and pestilent beasts were left in the coasts of England and Wales This Edgar wore the Crown royal and bare the Scepter imperial of this Kingdom about the year of our Lord Nine hundred fifty nine Since which time we read that no Wolf hath been seen in England bred within the bounds and borders of this Countrey marry

evening because of their fasting all the day before and for this is alleadged the saying of holy Scripture where the Prophet makes mention of Lupi Vespertini but we have shewed already in the story of the Hyaena what those signifie It is said that Wolfs do also eat a kinde of earth called Argilla which they do not for hunger but to make their bellies waigh heavy to the intent that when they set upon an Horse an Ox a Hart an Elk or some such strong beast they may weigh the heavier and hang fast at their throats till they have pulled them down for by vertue of that tenacious earth their teeth are sharpened and the weight of their bodies encreased but when they have killed the beast that they set upon before they touch any part of his flesh by a kinde of natural vomit they disgorge themselves and empty their bellies of the earth as unprofitable food The remainder of their meat they always cover in the earth and if there be many of them in hunting together they equally divide the prey among them all and sometimes it is said that they howl and call their fellows to that feast which are absent if their prey be plentiful Now this they have common with Lions in their greatest extremity of hunger that when they have election of a man and a beast they forsake the man and take the beast Some are of opinion that when they are old they grow weary of their lives and that therefore they come unto Cities and Villages offering themselves to be killed by men but this thing by the relation of Niphus is a very fable for he professeth that he saw an old Wolf come into a Village and set upon a Virgin to destroy and eat her yet he was so old that he had scarse any teeth in his head but by good hap company being at hand the Maid was saved and the Wolf was killed Now those Wolfs that are most sluggish and least given to hunting are most ready to venture upon men because they love not to take much pains in getting their living This Wolf is called Vinipeta but the industrious hunting Wolf Kunegeiseia It is reported that a Wolf will never venture upon a living man except he have formerly tasted of the flesh of a dead man but of these things I have no certainty but rather do believe the contrary that like as Tyrants in an evill grieved estate do pick quarrels against every man that is rich for the spoil of their goods accounting them their enemies how well soever they have deserved at their hands In like manner Wolfs in the time of their hunger fall upon all creatures that come in the way whether they be men or beasts without partiality to fill their bellies and that especially in the winter time wherein they are not afraid to come to Houses and Cities They devour Dogs when they get them alone and Elks in the Kingdom of Norway but for Dogs it hath been seen that they have lived in a kinde of society and fellowship with Wolfs but it was to steal and devour in the night time like as Theeves do cover their malice and secret grudges one to other when they are going about to rob true men Wolfs are enemies to Asses Bulls and Foxes for they feed upon their flesh and there is no beast that they take more easily then an Ass killing him without all danger as we have shewed already in the story of an Ass They also devour Goats and Swine of all sorts except Boars who do not easily yeeld unto Wolfs It is said that a Sow hath resisted a Wolf and that when he fighteth with her he is forced to use his greatest craft and subtlety leaping to and from her with his best activity lest she should lay her teeth upon him and so at one time deceive him of his prey and deprive him of his life It is reported of one that saw a Wolf in a Wood take in his mouth a piece of Timber of some thirty or forty pound weight and with that he did practise to leap over the trunk of a tree thas lay upon the earth at length when he perceived his own ability and dexterity in leaping with that weight in his mouth he did there make his cave and lodged behinde that tree at last it fortuned there came a wilde Sow to seek for meat along by that tree with divers of her Pigs following her of different age some a year old some half a year and some less When he saw them near him he suddenly set upon one of them which he conjectured was about the weight of wood which he carryed in his mouth and when he had taken him whilest the old Sow came to deliver her Pig at his first crying he suddenly leaped over the tree with the Pig in his mouth and so was the poor Sow beguiled of her young one for she could not leap after him and yet might stand and see the Wolf to eat the Pig which he had taken from her It is also said that when they will deceive Goats they come unto them with the green leaves and small boughs of Osiers in their mouths wherewithal they know Goats are delighted that so they may draw them therewith as to a bait to devour them Their manner is when they fall upon a Goat or a Hog or some such other Beast of small stature not to kill them but to lead them by the ear with all the speed they can drive them to their fellow Wolfs and if the beast be stubborn and will not run with him then he beateth this hinder-parts with his tail in the mean time holding his ear fast in his mouth whereby he causeth the poor Beast to run as fast or faster then himself unto the place of his own execution where he findeth a crew of ravening Wolfs to entertain him who at his first appearance seize upon him and like Devils tear him in pieces in a moment leaving nothing uneaten but only his bowels But if it be a Swine that is so gotten then it is said that they lead him to the waters and there kill him for if they eat him not out of cold water their teeth doth burn with an untolerable heat The Harts when they have lost their horns do lie in secret feeding by night for fear of the Wolfs untill their horns do grow again which are their chiefest defence The least kinde of Wolfs we have shewed already do live upon the hunting of Hares and generally all of them are enemies to sheep for the foolish sheep in the day time is easily beguiled by the Wolf who at the sight of the Sheep maketh an extraordinary noise with his foot whereby he calleth the foolish Sheep unto him for standing amazed at the noise he falleth into his mouth and is devoured but when the Wolf in the night time cometh unto a fold of Sheep he first of all compasseth it round about watching both the

sharp some namely of the harder kinde naked but others namely of the tenderest are covered with moss or silken down The most of them are bred of the eggs of Butter-flies and are changed into Aurelia's some are bred on the leaves of trees of the proper seed left there in the web in Autumn or of the dew or air shut up in it and corrupting there as Vine-fretters Some again feed on leaves some on flowers and some on fruits We to express both kindes of Catterpillers shall divide them into those that are bred from other things and those that are bred from their own kinde alone Such as are bred from other things again are either smooth or hairy as also those are that proceed from their own kindes Amongst the smooth Catterpillers the Silkworm deservedly challengeth the first place A worm that to a Fly transformed is and then Transformed back once more is made a worm agen Twice it both dies and lives an●w is wafted ore By Cha●on twice unto the Elizian sh●re It s successor is left half living and half dead Which after spins silk robes for those are finely bred Find thred this Silk-worm makes why doth she labour thus It is not for her self she labours but for us Her fleece was formerly an ornament for Kings But this prodigious age confusion brings So prodigal of silks that the vile rabble clowns Oyster-wives herb-women shine in silk suits and gowns Nothing more common now for all than silk attire Which wastes and burns mens hearts with continual fire In which words though our divine Poet who was more clear than the ancient Bards doth something touch upon the Silk-worms and paint them forth yet he doth not describe them ●o fully that it may suffice for the History of them For Silk-worms are smooth Catterpillers almost of a milky colour with small black eyes and as you see with a so ked mouth The snow white ones are bred of Butterflies eggs which growing by degrees into little worms produce Silk-worms of the same colour with Butterflies And that I may not repeat this again let it suffice that I have once said it the Butterfly is almost alwaies of the same colour with its Catterpillar That Butterfly forsaking its Aurelia as many eggs as it leaves or seeds if you will like to eggs they become so many Silk-worms afterwards which if you cherish them when they are fostered by the Suns heat and full fed with Mulberry leaves they will repay a reward worth your cost and care namely a silken fleece They breed first in May in which moneth and the two following moneths they devour a multitude of leaves and in eating as it were by sucking they harden when they are grown up with plenty of nourishment being become able they spin a most fine web out of themselves like to a Spiders web Then against cold weather they grow rough with hair and make themselves new thick coats for Winter by the sharpness of their clawes pulling the down of their skins into fleeces then they thicken and close it carding it with their feet then they draw it out amongst the boughs and make it small as with a comb lastly they take hold of this web and wrap their body in it making a round nest Then men take them and put them in earthen vessels and feed them with bran and so there spring up seathers of their kinde which so soon as they are prepared with they are set to perform other tasks But the spinning work they began growes pliable by moisture and is spun into threds on a smal spindle Some women do use to draw it forth into yarn and then they weave it Pamphila the daughter of Latous was the first that was reported to have woven in the Island of Co. Also Pliny reports that Silk-worms are bred in that Island Plin. lib. 11. cap. 23. the flowers of the Cypress Turpentine Ash Oake-trees being beaten down to the ground by showres whence they receive life Though women were the first inventers of this Art yet men are not ashamed to wear these garments for lightness in Summer The customes of men are so far degenerate from Arms that their very cloathes are grown burthensome The thinner and softer the leaves are they feed upon the finer Silk these Silk-worms make wherefore amongst the people of Seres in Scythia the most soft garments are made which we call silken as Marcellinus witnesseth lib. Hist 23. In India also and in Aegypt there is great plenty and use of them and are brought from thence to the Spaniards and Italians being the greatest cause of wantonness amongst mortals So often as I consider that some ten thousands of Silk-worms labouring continually night and day can hardly make three ounces of Silk so often do I condemn the excessive profusion and luxuriousness of men in such costly things who defile with dirt Silks and Velvets that were formerly the ornaments of Kings and make no more reckoning of them now than of an old tattered cloak as if they were ashamed to esteem better of an honourable thing than of a base and were wholly bent upon waste The Greeks call this Catterpiller 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Bombyx which name is become Latine The Italians call it Bigatto the Spaniards Guafano della seda the French Ver à Soye the Germans Ein Seyde worme the English Silk-worm Amongst whom a Silken habit is so much loved and valued that they despise their own Wool which compared with Silk is not contemptible and is the most profitable and the greatest merchandise of the Kingdome But time will make them forgoe this wantonness when they shall observe that their moneys are treasured up in Italy at that time when they stand in need of it for their private or publick affairs This is a pleasant thing and worthy to be noted that the head of the Silk-worm makes the tail of the Butterfly in that golden coloured Metamorphosis and the tail the head which also happeneth in all other Catterpillars that are changed into an Aurelia CHAP. II. Of the rest of the smooth Catterpillers The third that is all green when Autumn comes is transformed into a blackish case it feeds on the softer Pot-herbs especially on Lettice whence we call it the Lettice Catterpiller The fourth upon the Medlar-tree is less all over green drawing it self into an ash-coloured case all besprinkled with most black spots The fifth is least of all spins its threds on trees especially upon the Oake and descends by them upon the heads of those that pass along and intangles their hats and cloathes a very little creature most noted in Summer and obvious every where when the fall of the leaf is at hand he wraps himself in a course web and being shut up in a red and green cover he dieth in Winter He hath but ten feet as all the rest that went before had We call them yellowish that are most part yellow such these figures present you