The Crouch or Crosse Friers began about the year of our Lord 1215. by the device of Syracus Bishop of Jerusalem which shewed Helen mother of Constantine where the Crosse lay hid and in memorial of the Cross he caused this brotherhood and Colledge of Friers to bear the Cross and yet they never knew what the Cross weighed in their bodies or in their hearts and forasmuch as they were sore wasted Innocentius the third renewed the Religion CHAP. IV. Black and Grey-Fryers the Trinity-orderâ— Brigidians Jesuits new Hermites and Bonhomes ABout the time of Innocentius the third arose two famous founders of two superstitious Sects I mean Dominick the Spaniard and Francis the Italian of the Country of Vmbria Dominick at the first was a Canon but because he could not suffer to have a superiour and was also weary of the Cloyster he invented a new fraternity named Dominicans Black-Fryers or Fryers-Preachers because they had the charge to preach the Gospel without mixture of any Pharisaical leven The new guise of their Vesture made innocent Innocentius to wonder But Honorius the third by his Bull honourably admitted them the year of our Lord 1220 and Gregory the 9th put the matter all out of doubt canonized Dominick and by his Bull under Lead allowed him for a Saint Frances that was first of the Friers Augustines thinking that sect not to be sufficiently furnished with Hypocrisie began a new trade of living in the Mount Appenninus in a place named commonly Laverna doubtless a ground worthy for such a foundation as was beside the Word of God it was set up in the time of Honorius aforesaid They were named Minoribes of the humility and lowliness of heart that they should have but that was smally regarded and farthest from their study Two years after the year of our Lord God 1229 Francis was sanctified by Gregory and made a Saint Francisoans afterward fell at contention for the rules of their profession They that failed somewhat of the unperfect perfection of them retained the name of Minorites still the other entituled themselves Observants more worthy to be called Obstinate The latter fellows were brought inâ—o England by King Edward the 4th and were greatly inhanced by the famous Prince King Henry the 7th At the same time was Clara the Virgin Countrey-woman to Saint Francis which was a great Foundress of Nuns of the same Rule that Francis gave his Covent of them sprung the bastard Penitencers in the dayes of John the 22 and the year of our Lord 1315. The Order of the Trinity under Innocentius was begun by John Matta and Felix Anachorita in France in the County of Meldine Then also was founded or else not long after in the time of Martin the fourth the Religion of Virgins or Servants by one Philip of Florencia a Physitian and Benedict the 11th confirmed it in the year of our Lord 385. The Order of Brigidians was instituted by Brigidia a Widow that was Princess of Sueta under Vrban the 5th in the year of our Lord 1370 it was as well of men as women albeit they dwelt severally by themselves The Family of Jesuits was the Invention of Johannes Columbinus in the City of Senes in the time of the same Urban the year of our Lord 1368 they were no Priests nor consecrated persons but were men of the lay sort given and addicted to prayer and had the name of Jesuits because that name of Jesus should be often in their mouth they be much like to our Beads-men in England The Sect of new Hermites began in Urbin a City in Italy in the Countrey of Umbria where Polidore Virgil was born and was the device of one Petrus an Hetrurian and they had in the same City a goodly Hospitall or Guild-Hall The Bonhomes were instituted in England by Edmund son of Richard Earl of Cornwall which was brother to Henry the third and was elected King of the Romans and heir apparent to the Empire by the principal Electors about the year of our Lord 1257. The speciall head place of that Religion was Astrige where the noble King Henry the eighth hath now a goodly Palace This Edmund brought the bloud of our Saviour as it was said into the Realm CHAP. V. The original of sacred Knights and white sect WHilest the City of Jerusalem before our Christian men had conquered it in the year of our Lord 1099 was in subjection to the Saracens the Latine Christians that lived there tributaries purchased a licence to build near unto the Holy Sepulchre dwelling houses and among other they made an Hospital of our Lady to receive the strange Pilgrims and appointed a Provost to entertain them This was in Silvester the first his time the year of our Lord three hundred twenty and four and renewed the year of Christ one thousand three hundred ninety and seven in the time of Celestine the third Bishop of Rome After the pattern of this house was devised a like house of Virgins in memorial of Mary Magdalen to receive the Women that resorted thither It began in the 2d Vrbanes dayes the year of our Lord 1099. Notwithstanding because the multitude of Latine Pilgrimes waxed very great they builded three Hospitals of Saint John Baptist as some say Albeit some think it was of John Eleemosinarius that was the Patriarch of Alexandria in the reign of the Emperour Phocas This Sect one Gerardus adorned with a white Cross in a black vesture grand Captain of these Knights was Ramundus when Clement the fifth had the See of Rome about the year of our Lord 1310 yet some affirm that the beginning of them was in the 3d Alexanders dayes the year of Christ one thousand one hundred seventy and nine and they be called of the order of Saint John or Knights of the Rhodes because they won the Rhodes from the Turks which afterwards they lost again in January in the year of our Salvation one thousand five hundred twenty three albeit they did long defend it manfully The Temples order was begun in Gelasius the second his dayes in the year of Christs Incarnation one thousand one hundred twenty and eight by Hugo Paganus and Gaufridus de sancto Alexandro they were named Templers because they kept in a part of the buildings near to the Temple they kept Bernardus rule in their living But Clement the fifth deposed them partly for that they renounced the Faith and conspired with the Turks and partly for other notable crimes The order of Teutonicks or Dutch Lords began in Jerusalem by a Dutch man whose name is not known Their office was to fight against the enemies of Christs Cross it began in the dayes of Clement the third the year of Christs incarnation 1190. Petrus Ferdinandus a Spaniard began the order of Saint James Knights that lived after St Austins rule under Alexander the third and in the year of our Lord one thousand one hundred and sixty in the same
Patriarchs and Archbishops Patriarchs at the first were of Rome Antioch Alexandria Jerusalem and Constantinople Archbishops had their title to be called Metropolitans because their See was in the Mother-City of the Province 〈◊〉 the first ordained that all Patriarchs and Archbishops shouâ—d wear a Pall which which doth signifie Meekness and Justice wherewith they should especially be garnished Then also the inferiour Orders began to be divided as that the Arch-Deacon should be above a Deacon and Arch-Priest above the Priest and over them the Deans and then were ordained Canons that sing in Cathedral Churches 〈◊〉 permitted that a Bishop might change his Bishoprick for another upon an honest cause if he were thought sufficient to discharge a greater for his learning and godlinesse Caius first made a Statute that a Priest might not be Convented before a Temporal Judge but lest any man should be circumvented by fraud or guile Euâ—â—chianus instituted That the accusatiâ—â— should be put in writing before the Judge Likewise Cornelius decreed 〈◊〉 a man should not take or require 〈◊〉 oath of a Priest but onely in matterâ— concerning Religion and Faith The manner of Swearing was in olâ— time of this sort He that should sweâ—â— took a Stone in his hand and said If I deceive you that I know Jupiter banish me out of all good mens company preserving the rest of the City as I cast away this stone from me And as Pliny 〈◊〉 write it was not lawfull for any man to bear an Office five dayes unless he were sworn In like manner our Bishops Kings Priests or other Offices-swear before they be admitted to the Office Justinianne Emperour appointed first that men should swear by the Gospel and now adayes all that swear lay their hand on the book and kisse it saying So help me God and the holy Gospel because as the Gospel of our Religion and Faith may for no cause be violated so an Oath in no case may be broken The fashion of excommunicating men that be obstinate and disobedient to the Officers or common tranâ—gressors came as some think out of the Rites of the Jews which banished out of their Synagogue all those that ran in obstinacy against their Traditions And some suppose it sprung of the Religious folk in France named Druides which as Caesar recordeth if either a private man or officer were â—ot conformably ordered after their Ceremonies excluded him out of their company CHAP. IX Consecrating Nuns taking off our Caâ—kissing the Popeâ— feet and washing of feet THe custome to consecrate Virgins making a vow of chastity was 〈◊〉 by Pius the first which instituted 〈◊〉 that none should be made before 〈◊〉 were 25 years old and that they mighâ— be consecrated at no time but in the Epiphany or Twelf-day Easter Eavâ—â— and on the Feasts of the Apostles 〈◊〉 it were when any professed were 〈◊〉 point to dye And Sotherus caused 〈◊〉 a Decree was made that no such Professed should touch Cope or put Inceâ—se into the Censors the year of our Lord God 175. It seemeth to have begun 〈◊〉 the Apostles which is proved by Pauls words where he saith let no Widow be chosen before she be threescore years of age with divers like sayings Lynus Bishop of Rome commanded that no woman should enter into the Congregation or Temple with her head bare which appeareth to have been taken of the Hebrews for the Bishop iâ— the old Law might not uncover his head and in Arabia and Carthage it 〈◊〉 taken for an unhonest and unreverent thing if a Woman should uncover her head and go bare The taking off of our caps to our Superiours signifieth that we should disclose and shew them all such things as we have in our custody The Rite diabolick of Kissing the Bishop of Romes feet took its original of the manner of the Romans which in their Paganism used to kiss the feet of the people and other nobles in token of obedience as Seneca telleth how Caius Caesar stretched out his left foot that Pompeius a Carthaginian might kisse it Pompenius Laetus writeth that the Emperours used to give their hands to be kissed of the Nobles and then to take them up to kisse their mouths and the Commons kissed their knees but Cuius Caligula and Dioclesianus made them to stoop to their feet This Pagan example our Christian Bishop and Gods Vicar full uncomely and ungodly doth counterfeit All other Bishops used to deliver their right hand to be kissed of such as came to salute them For the Right hand as Pliny saith in the 11th book hath in it self a certain Religion and therefore we make all Covenants and Promises with it The manner of saluting with kisses is very ancient for it was the manner of the Hebrews to kisse strangers at their first meeting as Jacob kissed Rachel before he broke unto her that he was of kinred and Laban after he knew him to be his sisters son embraced him with his Arms and kissed him And the Romans custome was to kisse their kinsfolk but afterwards it was extended to further familiarity and is now frequented very lasciviously Albeit in Rome it was an Ordinance that Women should kiss their kinsfolk because that if Sshe had drunk any Wine contrary to the Law made against the Women for drinking of Wine by such means she might be espied Washing of feet on Maundays-Thursday that the Priests use among themselves and Nobles to inferiour persons is a counterfeit of the institute of Christ who to shew them a pattern of humility and meekness washed the Apostles feet The Kings and Queens of England that day wash the feet of so many poor men and women as they be years old and give to every of them so many pence with a Gown and an ordinary Alms of meat and kisse their feet and afterwards give their gowns on their backs to them that they see most need of all the number It is a godly institute I would there were more such Ceremonies to help the poor For they be now neglected and not regarded but lie dead often in the streets for lack of sustenance CHAP. X. The Institution of Priests called Flamines with other Religions of the Romanes NUma Pompilius the second King of Rome willing to reclaim that fierce Nation from war and Chivalry to the regard of Justice and keeping of Peace ordained to the High God Jupiter a Sacred person called Flamen Dialis that is Jupiters Priest And to advance the order he set him in a Chariot of Ivory and a costly Robe but so soon as his Wife was deceased he was discharged and gave over his Office He never road out nor might not lye one night out of the City lest any sacrifices should be neglected by such absence Swearing was clean forbidden him because an Oath is a manner of punishment to any free-born man and namely to a Priest which hath charge of all divine observances For
and Evila of whom came the Evelites And semblably we must believe that of them came all other Nations and people of the world which be now in so great number that they cannot easily be numbred CHAP. IV. The beginning of Marriage and sundry rites of the same GOD after that he had fully accomplished and perfectly created the world and when all the creatures therein were in their kind consummate as Moses teacheth he made man last of all to be Lord and Sovereign of the whole body of the world as one of whom all his work should be subject because he was fashioned after his own likenesse And lest so worthy a creature should by death perish or the world might want his governour ruler it pleased him to make woman out of the body of man and so with the bond of Matrimony combined them together that they should not live after the manner of brute beasts therefore hath God joyned Adam and Eve in Marriage in Paradise before they knew sin that by the congression and company of these two sexes and kinds their issue might be enlarged and so replenish the whole World In this sort was Matrimony instituted albeit antiquity feigneth Cecrops King of the Athenians to have ordeyned Matrimony for which cause he was reported to have had two faces But all Countreyes did not enter like bond of Matrimony neither kept it after one fashion For the Numidians Egyptians Indians Hebrews Persians Parthians Thracians and almost all the Barbarians every one according to his substance married Wives some ten some more The Scythian the Stoicks and Athenians used their children and wives in common and copulated with them abroad openly like beasts The Messagites married every one a wife but they used them commonly Among the Arabians it is the manner that all Kinsmen should have but one wife and he that came to meddle with her should set his staff at the doore for their custome was to bear a staff albeit she lay every night by the eldest by this means they were all brethren An Adulterer was there condemned to death which was perceived by this if he were of another family or kindred Where chanced on a time a strange thing worthy to be had in memory there was a certain Kings daughter of excellent beauty which had fifteen brethren that loved her all intirely well and used one after another to resort to and keep company with her she began by such daily dalliance to be weary of their wanton company and devised this feat she prepared staves like her brothers staves and by and by as one was gone she set a staff at the door like to his and by that deceit the other when they came to the door supposing one to be within pressed no further and it fortuned on a day when they were all together in the Court one of them departed from the other and repaired to her house and when he espyed a staff at the gate thinking it to be some Adulterer for he was assured that he left his brethren in the Court he ran to his father and accused his sister of Adultery but when the matter was known it was perceived that he had falsly slandered her The Assyrians and the Babylonians bought their wives in open Market at a common price which custome among the Saracens and Arabians yet still remaineth When the Nazamones were first married they used to suffer their wives to lie the first night with all her guests in the worship of Venus and from thenceforth they kept themselves chaste and pure of living A certain people of the Carthaginians which border on Aegypt were wont to offer such maidens as should be married to the King of that Region to deflour whom it pleased him In Scotland also the usage was that the Lord of the soyl should lye with the bride before her husband but for so much as it was unfitting to be frequented among Christians their King Malcolme the third of that name about the year of our Lord M.XCIX did abolish that beastly abomination and ordained that every maid should give the Lord for the redemption of her maidenhead a Crown of Gold Some people lived single as certain Nations called Cristae and Esseni among the Hebrews which did abhor the calamities and troubles in marriage Wedlock was observed sincerely and reverently of the Romanes till Divorcement began which although it be an occasion that Women should more earnestly keep their chastity yet our Religion doth scarcely permit it One Spurius Servilius the year after the City was founded 522. Marcus Pomponius and Caius Papâ—rius being Consuls first sued a Divorce from his Wife because she was barren for which fact although he affirmed openly before the Censors that he did it only because he would have issue yet he was evil spoken of among the common sort This decree of divorcing was taken out of the Laws of Moses which made the first constitution of that statute yet was there this difference For by Moses it was onely lawfull for the Husband to forsake his Wife but the Romans decree gave them both like liberty The Rites of Marriage were divers in Rome the manner was that two children should lead the Bride and another bear a Torch before her of white-thorn in worship of Ceres that like as she with fruits of the earth doth nourish men so the new bride like an houswife should bring up her children Which manner is used in England saving that instead of the Torch there is born here a cup of Silver or Gold before them A Garland also of Corn-eares was set on her head or else she bare it in her hand or if that were not when she came home wheat was scatered abroad over her head in betokening of plenty and fruitfullnesse Also before she came to bed to her Husband Fire and water were given her which have power to purify and cleanse signifying thereby that she should be chaste and honest of her body There were besides these divers Rites which I omit The maids of Greece and Rome as it may appear by Homer and Catullus were usually accustomed to gird their Privity with a lace or swathel till the day of their Marriage The Bride anointed the posts of the doors with swines grease because she thought by that means to drive away all misfortune whereof she had her name in Latine Neither might she step over the threshold but must be born over to declare that she loseth her Virginity unwillingly with many other superstitious ceremonies which be too long to rehearse CHAP. V. The Institution of Religion and who Worshipped gods first with sacrifice IT is no doubt but men which at the first without any Governour led a barbarous and rude manner of life did highly advance their first Kings honour and prayses and by the perswasion of the Devil either for their wonderfull courage
and vertue or to flatter the condition of their dignity or for some special benefit that they received by them magnified them as gods Whereby it came to passe that Kings being well-beloved of their people leâ—t a fervent memorial of themselves among their subjects and posterity by reason whereof men made Images of them to take a comfortable pleasure of the beholding of them Afterward because to encourage men to vertue and chevalry they reverenced them as gods for every valiant courage would with more alacrity enterprise dangerous adventures for the common-weal when they perceived the noble acts of worthy and puissant men to be recompensed with honour and laud of the immortal Gods Thus Temples began first to be builded and service of the gods to be performed by the ordinance of Melissus in the time of Jupiter or not long before Yet that the true and certain original may be absolutely known let us appoint the custome of idolatry to have begun in the time of Belus King of the Assyrians which reigned in the 3180 year of the world whom the Babylonians first worshipped for a God and set up an Image of him and therefore they that think Idolatry hath endured from the begiuning of the World are deceived Hâ—rodotus saith that the Egyptians first builded Altars Temples Images and offered sacrifice to the gods and after taught them to strangers Some suppose that Mercury shewed with what ceremonies gods should be honoured Some say it was devised by King Numa Pompilius Diodorus thinketh that the Aethiopians did institute the Rites of sacrificing to the gods which thing Homer in his Ilias witnesseth where he telleth how Jupiter and the other gods went into Aethiopia to the oblations that were customably made there and also repaired thither to be cherished with the fragrant odours that perfumed the sacrifices And the Aethiopians received this reward of their holinesse that they should never be conquered but ever live in liberty without any bondage Lactantius affirmeth that Melissus King of Creet did first sacrifice and ordeined other solemn rites in the ceremonies of their gods In Italy Janus and his son Faunus appointed sacrifices to Saturn and after them King Numa set up a new Religion Cadmus out of Venice and Orpheus out of Thrace brought first into Greece the mysteries solemnities dedicating of Images and Hymns of their gods Albeit Herodotus saith that Cecrops King of Athens transported all such constitutions and ordinances out of Egypt into Greece and first invocated Jupiter founded Images set up Altars and offered sacrifices that were never seen before in Greece But to God Almighty whom we Christians honour and serve Cain and Abel first offered and Enos first called upon the name of the Lord. CHAP VI. Who found the Letters aud the number of them LEtters wherein is conteined the treasure of knowledg and by whom things notable be preserved in fresh remembrance after the opinion of Diodorus were found by Mercury in Egypt yet some say one Menon an Egyptian devised them but instead of the letters they of Egypt used to signify and declare the intents and conceits of their minds by the figures of beasts Fishes Fowls and Trees Pliny saith he thought that the Assyrians excogitated the letters which Cadmus brought out of Phoenice into Greece which were but 16 in number A b c d e g i l m n o p r s t v. to these Palamedes added in the battel of Troy other four viz. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Simonides found as many viz. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Whose power is contained in our letters Aristotle saith there were 18 of the old viz. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and that Epicarmus put to the other two 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 S. Hermolaus is supposed to have added sy Herodotus writeth how that the Phenicians that came with Cadmus to inhabite Thebes brought letters into Greece which were never seen in use there before-time Some think the Aethiopians invented them and then taught them to the Egyptians that were one of their Provinces But Eumolphus telleth unfainedly that the beginning of letters did proceed of Moses which reigning long before Cadmus dayes taught the Jews the letters and thence the Phoenicians received them and the Greeks learned of them Which thing is conformable to the saying of Pliny before rehearsed for Jury is a part of Syria and the Jews be Syrians Neverthelesse I find by Josephus that writing was before Noe's floud for the sons of Seth wrote in two Pillars one of brick and another of stone the Science of Astronomy whereof that of stone in the time of Josephus remained in Siria Philo ascribeth the invention of them to Abraham which was elder then Moses albeit I had rather assign to Seths children the beginning of writing As for the Hebrew letters which be now according to Saint Jeromes opinion were but newly invented and devised by Esdras for before that time the Hebrews and Samarites used all one Characters The old greek letters were the same that the Romans use now as Pliny conjectureth by a certain brasse Table that came from Delphos which was dedicated and hanged up in a Library in the Temple of Minerva at Rome in his time They were brought into Italy by Evander and the Arcadians which came into Italy to inhabit there as Ovid telleth in his book Defastis The Hetrurians had also a form of letters by themselves wherein the youth of Rome was instructed as well as in the Greek letters which one Demeratus a Corinthian taught the Hetrurians And like as the Grecians had enlarged the number of their letteâ—s so the Italians following their example put to theirs f k q x y z h. which h is no letter but a sign of aspiration f they received of the Aeolians which both among the old Romanes and Aeolians had the same sound and pronuntiation that p. with an aspiration hath which we use in writing Greek words And afterward Claudius Casar as Quintilian writeth appointed that it should be taken in the place of v. consonant as fulgus for vulgus fixit for vixit And even so our English men use to speak in Essex for they say Fineger for Vineger Feal for Veal and contrariwise a Vox for a Fox vour for four And in processe of time it was used for ph in Latine words k. was borrowed of the Greeks but no good Authour useth it in writing Latine q. was added because it hath a grosser sound then c. The letter x. we had also out of Greece although as Quintilian judgeth we might well forbear it forasmuch that they used for it either c s or g s. Likewise y and z were sent from the Grecians and be used of us onely to write Greek words CHAP. VII The Invention of Grammar NExt the Letters the invention of grammer ordinarily
the Grecians who found it first In this kind of writing Aristophanes Eupolis and Cratinus bare the price of the Romans Livius Andronicus found it first In a Tragedy noble personages as Lords Dukes Kings and Emperours be brought in with an high style In a Comedy amorous dalliance matters of love and deflouring of maidens be conteined Heavinesse is appropried unto a Tragedy and therefore when King Archelaus desired Euripides to write a Tragedy of him he denyed it wishing that never such thing should chance to him as should be worthy of of Tragedy for it hath ever a miserable end and a Comedy hath a joyfull end A Satyre is a Poesy rebuking vices sharply not regarding any persons There be two kinds of Satyres the one which was both among the Greeks and Romans of antient time used for the diversity of Meters much like a Comedy saving that it is more wanton Demetrius of Tharsus and one Menippus a bondman whom Marcus Varro did counterfeit were writes in this kind The second manner of Satyres is very railing onely ordeined to rebuke vice and devised of the Romans upon this occasion When the Poets that wrote the old Comedies used to handle for their arguments not onely feigned matters but also things done indeed which although at the first it was tollerable yet afterwards it fortuned by reason that they inveighed so liberally and largely at their pleasure against every man that there was a law made that no man should from thenceforth reprehend any man by name Then the Romans in the place of those Comedies substituted such Satyres as they had newly imagined Then also began the new Comedy which concerneth generally all men of mean estate and hath lesse bitternesse and railing but more pleasantnesse and pastime for the auditors Of this Menander and Philemon were Authors which asswaged all the crabbednesse of the old writings Of them Cicilius Nevius Plautus and Terentius learned to compile Comedies although as Quintilian saith they never attained to the least proportion of their Patrons because the Latine Tongue is not so fit to receive the ornaments of Eloquence as the Greek Tongue is The Satyres had the name of Barbarian gods that were rude lascivious and wanton of behaviour In this form of writing Lucilius Horacius Persius Juvenal obtained great fame and praise CHAP. X. The Devisers of Histories Prose and Rhetorick HIstories of all other Writings be most commendable because it informeth all sorts of people with notable examples of living and doth excite Noble-men to insue such activity in enterprises as they read to have been done by their Ancestors and also discourageth and dehorteth wicked persons from attempting of any hainous deeds or crime knowing that such acts shall be registred in perpetual memory to the praise or reproach of the doers according to the desert of their endeavours Pliny writeth That Cadmus Milesius first wrote Histories among the Grecians which contained the actions of Cyrus King of Persia Albeit Josephus supposeth it to be made probable that Histories were begun by the old Writers of the Hebrews as in the time of Moses which wrote the lives of many of the eldest Hebrews and the creation of the World or else to the Priests of Egypt and Babylon For the Egyptians and Babylonians have been of longest continuane very diligent in setting forth things in writing insomuch that their Priests were appointed for that purpose of putting in writing such things as were worthy to be had in memory As concerning the first writers of Prose I cannot hold with Pliny which saith Pheresides a Syrian wrote first Prose in the time of King Cyrus For it is no doubt but he that wrote Histories wrote also Prose first and Pheresides was long after Moses which was 688 years before Joatham King of the Jews In whose time the Olympiads began and this Pheresides as Eusebius writeth was but in the first Olympiad Of the Grecians Xenophon Thucydides Herodotus Theopompus flourished most in writing Histories Of the Romans Titus Livius and Caius Crispius Salustius with divers other were had in high estimation Before that time they used Annals or Chronicles which contained onely the actions and facts of every day severally The first office of an Historiographer is to write no lye The second that he shall conceal no truth for favour displeasure or fear The perfection of an History resteth in matter and words The order of the matter requireth observance of times descriptions of places the manners and lives of men their behaviours purposes occasions deeds sayings casualties atchievings and finishing of things The renour of the words asketh a brief perspicuity and sincere truth with moderate and peaceable ornaments We may be sure that by and by after men were formed they received of God the use of speech wherein when they perceived some words to be profitable and some hurtfull in uttering of them they appointed and compiled an art of speech or communication called Rhetorick Which as Diodorus saith was invented by Mercury but Aristotle affirmeth that Empedocles was first author of the Oratorial Art In Rome this seat of eloquence was never forbidden but in processe as it was perceived to be profitable and honest was had in such estimation and so many partly for their defence partly for glory and ambition employed their studies in it with such endeavour that very many of the Commonalty were promoted into the degree of Senatours and atchieved much worship by it Corax and Thisias being Sicilians gave first precepts in writing of this Science And their Countryman Leontinus Gorgias succeeded them Demosthenes was principal among the Grecians among the Romans Tullius Cicero had no fellow Now as touching the effect and property of it there be in it as Cicero writeth five parts first to invent matter to speak then formally to order his devices next to polish it and furnish it with elegant terms and choyse words and to have it in perfect memory and last of all to utter it with a comely gesture in such sort that it delight for the convenient treat ablenesse thereof doth teach and plainly declare the thing and move affections of pitty and favour in the hearts of Judges or if the cause permit or time require to excite a chearfull laughing and abundant grave severity In terms of this faculty we have this difference we call him that defendeth matters and pleadeth causes an Oratour A Rhetoritian is he that teacheth or professeth to be a Schoolmaster in that Art A Declamator is he that is occupied in feigned causes either for his own exercise or to instruct others thereby CHAP. XI Who Invented Musick and what efficacy it is of in humane affairs MUsick by the testimony of ancient Poets is very antient for Orpheus and Linus both born of the linage of the gods were very excellent Musitians And because the one by the sweetnesse
number of years and sometimes by nails For every year the Consull or chief Judge called Praetor in the Ides of September fastned a nail in the wall of Jupiters Temple next joyning to the Temple of Pallas to signify the space of years And we use to write our numbers with these seven letters C I D L M U X. or with these Figures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. which because they be in quotidian use it needeth not to declare CHAP XVI Physick and the parts thereof PHysick which with remedies provided by God doth much comfort and cure men in their maladies and diseases that break forth in their bodies is thought worthily to have been invented of the Gods For it is supposed that Mercury found it among the Egyptians some say it was Apys their god or Arabus son to Apollo some refer it to Apollo himself because the moderate heat of the Sun is banisher of all sicknesse Clement doth attribute the finding of it to the Egyptians in general and the amplifying and enlarging of it to Aesculapius which beside other things found the plucking out of Teeth Notwithstanding whosoever found the notable knowledge of Medicines it is no doubt but it was perceived by what things were wholesome and what unwholesome And as they observed how the sick folks used their diet and marked how some for greedinesse did eat much and some forbare their meat because of faintnesse of their stomach Whereby they learned that abstinence was a helper and furtherer of health and by such observance other Precepts of Physick were gathered It hath three parts one of Dieting another of Medicines the third of Surgery for by one of these three wayes are diseases relieved But forasmuch as it often changeth it was very obscure till Hippocrates did renew it and whereas they had a custome that the Patient being restored to health should write in the Temple of the God that helped him both his name and the manner of healing that the example might help the like disease our of all such precedences he gatherâ—d Precepts of Physick and brought it first to a formall Art In Rome Archagathus of Peloponuesus was the first Physitian in the five hundred thirty fifth year of the City Lucius Emilius and Marcus Livius being Consulls and was made Freeman of the City which was first made a Surgeon after for the sharpnesse of his cutting and searing he was named a Butcher and Murtherer and afterward when the number began to increase they were expulsed out of Rome and banished by Marcus Cato as Pliny telleth in his thirty sixth Book In Egypt and Babylon they used no Physitians but brought the sick persons into the streets and common places that the men which passed by might tell them what manner diet or means they themselves had used in the like disease to escape it Neither was it lawfull for any man to passe by till he had communed with the Patient In the latter dayes the Egyptians distributed the Art of Medicines in such sort that every Disease had a diverse Physitian to minister in it as one for the eyes one for the head others for the entrails and likewise other for other sicknesses and so it came to passe that all places were full of Physitians In this Art Cassius Calpitanus Aruntius Rubrius Antonius Musa Galenus Avicenna excelled CHAP. XVII The Inventours of herbs medicinable what remedies men learned of beasts NAture doubtlesse the Mother and Governesse of all things did create hearbs as may appear by many examples partly for the delectation and partly for the Health and preservation of mens bodies For Xanthus an Historiographer as Pliny recordeth telleth how a Dragon revived his young Faun that was slain by the vertue of an hearb called Balin and the Hechewall if a wedge be driven into the hole of her nest for she maketh her nest in the hole of a Tree that she worketh with her beak compelleth it to fall out with an hearb that she knoweth and some of the Indians live onely by hearbs Appianus writeth that the Parthians which Anthony put to flight constrained by extream famine chanced to eat a certain hearb whose nature was to make them that eat it to forget all other things and onely dig up stones as if they would do some great matter and after such extream travail died Of such Medicines made with Herbs Chiron son to Saturnus and Phillara was the finder and devised also salves for wounds Sores Biles although some think it was Apollo and some refer it to his son Aesculapius whom Chiron brought up to the Samothracians But I suppose they attributed the Invention of it to Chiron because he found the Herb Century wherewith he healed the wound that he had by Hercules shafts falling on his foot as he was handling of his weapons Notwithstanding Celsus saith that the Art of Physick is very ancient but he maketh no mention of the Author of it onely he saith Aesclepiadss which was an excellent Physitian did abolish the use of it for asmuch as it annoyed the stomack and engendred evill humours Mercury found the use of Moly Achilles Yarow Esculapius Panace and sundry men found sundry hearbs Medicines of Honey Sol the son of Oceanus invented and beasts taught men certain hearbs necessary for Medicines As the Hart stricken with an Arrow driveth it out with Dittany and if he be stinged with a Spider he healeth himself with eating Pills or a certain hearb named Cancer Selandine whâ—ch is a soveraign hearb for the sight was perceived by the Swallows which healed the eyes of their young ones with it The Snail or Torteise ready to fight with the Serpent armeth himself with Savery or Marjoram The Boar in his sicknesse cureth himself with the Ivy. Of the water Horse in Nylus men learned to let bloud For when he is weak and distempered he seeketh by the River side the sharpest Reed-stalks and striketh a Vein in his Leg against it with great violence and so easeth his body by such means and when he hath done he covereth the wound with the mud The Ibis a bird much like the Stork of the same Country taught Physicians to Minister Glisters For when she is full she purgeth her self with her crooked beak at the Fundament The Wesil in chasing the Serpent preserveth her self with Rue and the Stork with Organy In Greece Orpheus Museus Dioscorides In Rome Marcus Cato Pompeius Leuius wrote of the nature of Hearbs Pliny thinketh that this Art was first received among the Romans CHAP. XVIII The beginning of Magick driving out of Spirits Charms Prophecying in sundry manners MAgick had its beginning of Physick and was the invention of Zoroastres King of the Bactrians which reigned eight hundred years after the siege of Troy the same time that Abraham and Ninus reigned
that were under Evander as their Soveraign Lord and chief Captain Notwithstanding the very true Authour of Lawes was God which first planted in us the Law of Nature and when it was corrupted by Adam and his posterity he gave the written Law by Moses to reduce us again to our first state and true instinct of Nature which was before all other as Eusebius declareth CHAP. II. Who ordained the first governance of a Cominalty Tyranny with other Constitutions THe administration of a Common-weal is after three sorts as Plato divideth it Monarchy where one ruleth Aristocracy when the best men govern Democracy or popular state where the common people have a stroke in ruling the publike-weal Principality or a Kingdom was first begun by the Egyptians which could not long subsist without a King or Ruler there reigned first as Herodotus saith Menes and their manner was to choose him among the Priests of their Religion and if it fortuned that any stranger obtained the Realm by Conquest he was compelled to be consecrated Priest and so was the election legitimate when he was King and Priest The Diadem that was the token of the Honour-royall had its beginning by Liber Bacchus The Athenians first ordained the state of a Common-wealth that was governed by the whole Commons as Pliny thinketh albeit they had also Kings whereof Decrops Diphyes which reigned in Moses's time was the first For as Justine writeth Every City and Nation had at the beginning a King for their chief Governour which attained to that dignity by no ambition or favour but by a singular Wit and sober modestness and reigned with such loyalty that seemed onely in title a King in deed a Subject Ninius King of the Assyians contrary to the old â—ite and custome of an ambitious desire that he had to bear rule first arrogantly usurped the Emof all Asia except India As concerning the Institution of the Common-Wealth where the Commons do all things notwithstanding the mind of Pliny I suppose it began among the Hebrews which were ruled by a popular State many years before that Athens was built The form of Policy which is governed by the best as the Romans Common-wealth was I cannot well understand when it had its original unlesse I should assign it to the Thebans which in the time of Ninius ruled the Egyptians whose rule because the valiant and noble bare the authority was called a power or potency which was the 3185th year of the World Pliny writeth That after Theseus Phalaris was the first Tyrant whereby it appeareth that he thinketh Theseus was authour of tyranny but Nemroth of the linage of Noah not long after the floud used tyranny Bondage as Pliny supposeth began in Lacedemonia yet I find that it began among the Hebrews and had its original proceeding of Chanaan the son of Cham who because he had laughed his father Noah to scorn as he lay dissolutely when he was drunk was punished in his son Chanaan with penally of bondage and thraldome a thing to them very strange and to his posterity grievous The order of manumission in old time was in this manner The Lord or Master took took the bond-men by the head or some other part of his body saying I will this fellow be free and put him forth of his hands The Councel of the Areopagites which were called so of the Court of Mars were instituted by Selon to judge of life and death their custome was to use such Soveraignty and integrity in Judgment that they heard all causes and matters in the night and not in the day to the intent they should have no occasion to regard the parties but onely have their eye and respect earnestly to the thing that was brought before them Voyces which be used and occupied in Consultations Judgments and Elections were first ordained by Palamedes CHAP. III. The three manner of Regiments in Rome the beginning of Ornaments-Royall with other matters pertaining to a Common-wealth ROme which was the most renowned City of all the World both for the Valour of Arms and Civill Policy whereby it was governed had three forms of Regiment In the beginning it had Kings for Romulus which was builder thereof reigned there and after him six other under whom the Principality lasted 244 years after the City was builded Then Tarquinius being banished for the notable crime and rape of Lucretia committed by his son it was ordered by two Consuls Junius Brutus and L. Tarquinius Collatinus They had the name and title of Consuls of the consultation and provision which they made for the Common-wealth They ruled the Empire conducted Armies and by these Officers because they were annuall the years were counted Within 12 years after the expulsing of the Kings when 40 Cities of the Latines Octavius Manilius son in law to Tarquinius being their captain made insurrection and conspired against the Romans T. Largius was created Dictator or great Master which office was highest in authority and as Dionysius thinketh it was taken of the Greeks among whom Elyâ—netae had the same power that Dictators had in Rome Livius referreth the original of them to the Albanes And the Carthaginians had also their Dictators This Magistrate was never used saving in great dangers of the Common-wealth and it continued but six moneths during that Office all other Magistrates were abrogated except the Tribunate or Provostship of the Commons The Consul's duty was to name and proclaim him and that no time but in the night albeit what time the Veientes had won the Romans Camp A. Cornelius Cosus Marshal of the Army need so constraining denounced Mamercus Aemelius for Dictator contrary to that statute About 300 years after the building of Rome the publike State was transferred from the Consulship unto the Rule of Ten called Decem-viri which endured but three years for by reason of the outragious lust of Appius Claudius against the Maid Virginea they were deposed and Consuls were substituted to supply their room Then the 310th year of the City in the place of Consuls were chosen Marshals or Provosts of Armies whom they named Tribunes Aulus Sempronius Attacinus L. Attilius Longus and T. Colicius Sieulus The authority of the Commons became daily more seditious and confederacies increased In such sort that C. Cunuleius brought to passe that the Comminalty married with the Nobility and the Tribunes by their earnest instance and suit caused that the high Offices were permitted to them of the common sort At the 355th year of the building of the City P. Licinius Calvus was made Tribune of the Army The 389th year L. Sextus Lateranus attained the Consulship the 399 year C. Martins Lateranus was created Dictator From this manner of Governance it was by Sylla and Marius brought to one Ruler or Prince again Thus hath Rome had all
in the first Punick battel The water-Dial was used first in Rome by P. Scipio Nasica the 900th year of the City to divide the hours of the day and night Albeit it was invented by Cresibins of Alexandria Afterwards Clocks made of Metall were invented by subtil wits and sand-Dials were made whose Authors be yet unknown In some places the Clocks strike 24 hourâ— by order in other some as in the Well parts of the World it smiteth twice in the day In such order that the 12th hour is at noon and at midnight The dayes which be reckoned diversly in several nations began in Egypt where the year and Moneths were also devised they take all the space from midnight to midnight for one day and the Romanâ— used the same manner For the Sun-rising is the beginning of all affairs and functions the night is a time of Counselling they had also assigned to every hour a sundry Ministry as Martial in his Epigram declareth The day was devided in sundry wise That every hour had a several office The two first served for salutation The third for Lawyers alteration Two next were spent in labour diversly The sixt men might themselves rest quietly The seventh of Works was a resolution The Eighth was for wrestlers and in Conclusion The ninth was limitted for Mens repast And so for the other of time was made no waste The Babylonians called the space between the Sun risings a day the Athenians named all that was between the goings down a day The Vmbrians count their day from noon to noon but commonly from morning till night is called a day The night was devided into four watches whereof every one as Hierome witnesseth contained three hours CHAP. VI. Who set forth Books first or made a Library Printing Paper Parchment or Art of Memory BOoks which contain the Monuments of ingenuous wits and a Register of all Valiant prowesse as Laeâ—tius thinketh were first published 〈◊〉 Greece Gellius saith it was Pisistratâ—â— that made the first book and exhibitâ— it to be read openly Yet Josephus deâ—clareth that the Hebrews and Priests 〈◊〉 Egypt and Chaldee set forth Books first The Athenians multiplyed the number of Books which Xerxes carryeâ— from thence into Persia and Seleuoâ— king of Macedony caused them manâ— years after to be conveighed to Athenâ— again After that Ptolomeus King oâ— Egypt gathered together 700000 books which were all burnt at the battell oâ— Alexandria Neverthelesse Strabâ— recordeth that Aristotle did institute the first Library and left it to Theophrastus his Disciple and taught the Kings of Aegypt how they should order their Library Theophrastus left it to Melus and of him Seepsis received it There was also a very antient Library at Pergamus In Rome Asinius Pollio had the first Library which was the occasion that good wits employed great study in learning to the ample furtherance and commodity of that Common-wealth There be at this day many in Italy but the most famous is the Library which Frederick Feltrius Duke of Vrbine did cause to be edified Truely the commodity of Libraries is very profitable and necessary but in comparison of the Art of Printing it is nothing both because one man may Print more in one day then many men in many years could write And also it preserveth both Greek and Latine Authors from the danger of corruption It was found in Germany at Mogunce by one J. Cuthembergus a Knight he found moreover the Ink by his devise that Printers use sixteen years after Printing was found which was the year of our Lord 1458 one Conradus an Almain brought it into Rome and Nicholas Johnson a Frenchman did greatly polish and garnish it And now it is dispersed through most parts of the World Before the use of Paper men used to write in leaves of Date-Trees and sometimes on the bark of Trees Afterward they wrote the publique writings in plates or sheets of Lead and their private matters in Tables and wax for tables as Homer testifieth were before the siege of Troy Paper was devised by King Alexander as Varro affirmeth it was made of a kind of fenny Rushes that grew in the marish grounds of Egypt But Pliny saith it was used in the time of King Numaâ— that reigned 300 years before Alexander and his books which were found in a chest of stone in a field by L. Pitilius a Scribe were written in Paper In processe of time paper that we use now was invented it is made of linnen cloath beaten together in Mills for that use Parchment as Varro witnesseth was found in Pergamus albeit Jewish Historians as Josephus sheweth used Parchment they wrote also in Goats in s and sheep-skins in old time as Herodotus declareth There be divers manner of Papers as Paper-royall Paper-demy blotting paper marchants paper The usage of writing by characters is very ancient and was found by Tyrotullius Freman as Eusebius supposeth and Julius Caesar used it much in secret and privy Counsels The Art of Memory was found by Simonides in Thessaly For when he was invited to a banquet at a Nobleman's house called Scopa it chanced that he was sent for to speak with two young men at the gate and straightway the Banquetting-house fell and destroyed all the guests Then he because he remembred in what order and place every one sate delivered every man his friend to be buried By that fact both he perceived the order of the Art of Memory and what commodity came to the remembrance of man by such an Art Cyrus King of Persia excelled in Memory which could call every man in his Army by name Cyneas the Embassadour of Pyrrhus the day after he came to Rome saluted every order of Nobles by their proper names Mithridates could speak 22 Languages Julius Caesar could write read endite and hear a tale all at once Adrianus the Emperour could do the same CHAP. VII The beginning of War with other things concerning the same CHivalry wherein is declared the manly courage of noble Captains was devised as Tully saith by Pallas the manner of War as Diodorus thinketh was invented by Mars But Josephus telleth that Tubulcain which was before the floud did first practise feats of Arms whereby it appeareth that the use of Wars is of great antiquity but it is uncertain who was the first Warriour Before the finding out of Weapons men used to fight with their fists seet and biting And thus began battel as Lucretius writeth Hands and feet tooth nail Were first Weapons in battail Afterward they began to fight with Staves and Clubs And therefore they assign to Hercules a staff and a Lyons skin For men in the beginning used staves to revenge their injuries and quarrels and covered their bodies with skins of wild beasts instead of Armour Palamedes ordered and set men first in array appointed Watches and Warding to be kept and Watch-words in the battle of
Lacedemonians when they vanquished their enemies by craft policy or decâ—it offered a Bull when they did valiantly subdue them by force of Arms they sacrificed a Cock according to their manner of triumph Read Appianus Livius or Julius Capitolinus CHAP. XI Garlands or Crowns the diversity of them and of Oyntments PLiny testifieth that Bacchus did first invent and wear a garland made of Ivy on his head and after it was taken in a custome that when they sacrificed to any of the gods they were to be crowned with a garland and the oblation likewiâ—e Notwithstanding I find that the use of Garlands or Crowns is of more antiquity then Bacchus For Moses that was many years before him made many Crowns and Garlands of gold At the first the manner was in all Playes and Sacrifices to make Garlands of boughs of Trees And after they were garnished with variety of flowers among the Sicionians by Pausias and Glicera his leman Not long after Winter Garlands that be called Egyptian which are made of wood or Ivory did with many colours began to be had in use And in process they made Crowns of brasen plates gilt or covered with silver called for their thinness garlands Lastly Crassus the Rich did first set forth in his Games and Shews Crowns with silver and golden leaves And consequently there were invented many manner of Crowns As the triumphant Crown that the Emperour or grand Captain ware in his triumph this was first made of Olive and afterward of gold The murall or wall crown that was given to him that scaled first the Walls The Camp-Crown that was the reward of him that entred first in Arms into the Camp of his enemies Naval or Sea-Crown which was set on his head that first boarded his enemies ship And all these were of gold The Obsidionall Crown that was worn of him that delivered a City besieged and was made of Grasse There was also a Civill Crown which was a Sovereignty that a Citizen gave to him that had valiantly preserved him from his enemies this was made of Oaken branches And this manner of Crown the Athenians did first devise and gave it to Pericles There were moreover Crowns of Pearls Trench Crowns and Garlands composed of the ears of Corn which as Pliny witnesseth was first in use among the Romans But Garlands made of Cynamon woven and imbossed with gold Vespasianus did first consecrate in the Capitol in the Temple of Peace In some space of years the excesse of Crowns was such that the Grecians in their Banquets crowned both their heads and Cups also whereof the Ionians were authors By this sort of Crowns Cleopatra empoisoned Antonie as Pliny writeth And Artaxerxes used Crowns of Garlands in his Feasts to this Virgill alluded in his Aeneides They set forth their golden goblettes And crowned them with fresh chaplettes Oyntments as Josephus writeth though Pliny saith the contrary were used long before the battel of Troy for Jacob sent to his son Joseph in Egypt oyntmâ—nts and Moses that was three hundred and fifty year before the siege of Troy maketh mention of Oyntments concerning the sanctification of the Tabernacle and Priests of the Old Testament Albeit it is not known who was the first deviser of them Pliny and Solinus report that Alexander when he wan the Camp of Darius found among other Jewels and spoyls a casket of oyntments that much pleased him But Herodotus doth declare that it was in frequent use before Darius's time For Cambyses son to Cyrus sent Embassadours to Aethiopus King of the Macrobians with great presents whereof a box of Oyntments was a parcel When the King had learned the manner of the confection of it he contemned and neglected it as a thing of no value It is not certain when they came into Rome but I find in Pliny that the 565th year of the City Antiochus being vanquished and Asia subdued and conquered P. Licinius Crassus and Julius Caesar then Censors commanded that no forraign nor strange Confection of oyntments should be sold in the City CHAP. XII Who found out Metals Smiths Coals Fire Candles and Bellows OF all Metall wherein worldly substance consisteth Gold that all men sorely Covet to have is the most precious For the desire hereof they have digged in the deep bottomelesse Abysse of the Earth and at the length as Phalerius said they will dig Pluto out of hell for it And Diogenes when he was asked why Gold looked so pale answered very well saying Because it hath many that lye in wait for it Cadmus as Pliny affirmeth found it in the Mount Pangeus in Thrace or as some think it was Thoas and Eaclis that invented it in Panchaia Silver Erichthonius of Athens or Ceacus found out They report that Gold was found in Pageus because there is great plenty in that hill as Herodotus doth write The five brethren named Idei Dactyli found Iron in Creet Midacritus brought lead out of the Islands against Spain called Cassitrides as Strabo declareth Brasse was found by Cinirs in the Isle of Cyprus and Solinus saith it was found in Creet Ciniras also devised the Tongs File and Lever Notwithstanding Clement saith that Selementes and Damnameneus two Jews found Iron first in Cyprus and the Pannonians Brasse Aristotle holdeth opinion that Lydus a Scythian first taught to melt and work Brasse Theophrastus thinketh it was Delas a Phrygian Strabo writeth that a certain people named Thelchines wrought Iron and Brasse first and they made a Sword named Harp which they gave to Saturn The Smiths Forge some think the Caelybians found and some suppose it were the Cyclopes which first used the Smiths craft Diodorus holdeth an opinion that Idei Dactyli and Vulcanus were Authors of Iron Brasse Silver Gold and all mettals that are wrought with the fire Sothering of Iron Glaucus found and Cadmus melting of Gold But I take it that all these before named found the use of such things in their own Countries For the use of all such mettall was perceived in the beginning of the VVorld by Tubulcain which was son to Lamech and occupied Smith-craft Clement referreth the tempering of Iron to Delas Fire is supposed to be the invention of Vulcanus Victruvius saith that the Trees tossed and shaken with Winds by beating together of their boughs excited fire But it had been more convenient to have ascribed it to the gift of God which gave it to man to be a remedy against the danger of cold Pirodes first stroke fire out of Flint Prometheus taught first to keep it in Matches Pliny telleth how the Spies in Armies and Camps or else the Shepheards devised to smite fire by rubbing of two pieces of Wood together Laurel and Ivy be best for that use Bellows were found by Anacharsis as Strabo witnesseth Candles the Aegyptians invented CHAP. XII Who ordeyned Coynes Looking Glasses Rings with precious stones COyn of what mettal soever it was made
slain by the Husband-men when they were drunk Atheneus in one place writeth that Oresteus son to Deucalion first found the Vine about the Mount Aetna in Sicily In another place he saith that it was found at the City Plinthina in Egypt Aruntes a Tirrhene banished out of his Country by Lucinon whom he brought up of a child carried first Wine into France Seculus the son of Ventus invented the first food of men of the Trees and Eumolphus an Athenian taught the manner of ordering of them But before all these Noah was the first that either tilled the Land or planted the Vineyard And when he had drunk of the fruit of the grape he was drunk Wine-Taverns were set up first by the Lydians a people of Asia which also found divers games Staphylus as Pliny saith allayed wine first Drink that is made of Barley which we call Ale and was the common drink of the Egyptians was devised by Bacchus and he taught it to such Nations as had no grapes growing And for that cause England Scotland Ireland France and Germany and all that border on the West and North Seas use this drink Albeit the Germans put Hops in it and call it Beer In Greece as Diodorus affirmeth Pallas shewed the Olive and the way to make Oyl And Aristâ—â—â— gathered the cruddes of milk and made Cheese first And the Oyl-Mill as Pliny witnesseth notwithstanding the Olive was before Noah's floud and Moses spake of Oyl that was used in sacrifices whereby it may be perceived that the Jews invented Oyl Justine saith Gargorus King of Curetes found the fashion of gathering Honey he dwelt in the Forrest of Carchesia in Spain There grew no Olive in Italy Spain nor Africk in the time of Tarquinius Priscus the 174th year of the City And afterward the 440th year of the City there were some howbeit they were near the Sea But indeed honey was gathered first by the Hebrews shepherds The Cherry-trees L. Lucullus brought out of Pontus the year of the City 680. Zizipha and Tuberes two kinds of Apple-trees S. Papinius conveyed out of Syria and Africk into Italy in the time of Augustus Casar The Plane-tree the Laurel-tree the Figg-tree and Apple-trees with other which is not needfull to rehearse were brought in by divers men whose names are not spoken of by any Authors CHAP. III. Who named Beasts instituted Sacrifices Hunting Salt Poultries BEasts after they were all created in their kind were named by Adam with the same names that they be now called Hiperbius son to Mars killed them first but I rather refer that to Abel Adam's son for he did first offer to God the first begotten of his flock and from him it spread abroad among the Hebrews and also other Countries Of all other Swine were the first that were sacrificed of the Gentiles in the Sacrifices of Ceres Goddess of Corn as Varro witnesseth in Leagues of peace and in Marriages At length they came to such outragious cruelty that they sacrificed men Flesh was not used to be eaten untill the time of Noah and then God permitted it but many Countries long after that forbare and kept great abstinence from flesh aâ— in the golden World under Saturn men onely lived by fruits of the earth The Priests of Aegypt refrained from flesh Eggs and milk because as they thought Eggs were but tender and soft flesh and milk was bloud saving that the colour was turned And the Essenes in Jury and Jupiters Priests in Creet never eat flesh Banquetting dishes and delicates were made in Ionia and then that evill custome was taken up by other Countries albeit there were laws made in Lacedemonia by Lycurgus and in Rome by Fannius for the abolishing of such excessive feasting I would some good man would now prescribe a Law to be precisely observed of all men For I think there was never such riot in feasting as there is in these times Hunting and fishing the Phoenicians found Salt and Thuse thereof was perceived by Misor and Salech In Rome Q. Hortensius did first set forth a Pecock at the Augurs feast Poulteries of all kind of fouls were instituted by Marcus Laelius Strabo a Knight of Brundusium And Alexander Emperour had also such Poultries Warrens and Parks were made first by Fulvius Hirpinus And now they be every where used but most commonly in England to the great damage of good pastures that might feed other Cattle The Wolf the Minotaur the Horse the Boar were cognisance of the Romans Armyes And Caius Marius in his second Consulship appointed the Eagle for a badge of his Army and Legion with many other now adayes which be in Coats of Arms of Noble Men. CHAP. IV. Who found Flax and Wool with such instruments and Arts as belong to the same and Silk LInnen or Flax as Pliny saith was sound by the beautiful Lady Arachne of Lydia and she taught also the way of knitting Nets to take Beasts Fish and Fouls Minerva instructed the people of Athens first in spinning and weaving Wool but in one place Pliny seemeth to ascribe the feat of Weaving to the Egyptians The Walkers or Fullers craft was invented by Nicias a Megarian the Lydians in Sardis died Wool first Spindles for Wool were first invented by Closter son to Arachne Hangings of Arras which be used in Halls or Chambers Attalus King of Asia devised and Pallas taught the use of cloathing or apparel as Diodorus writeth and Eusebius saith one Vsâ— a Sicilian born made first cloathing and Apparrel for men of beasts skins but indeed Adam whom God did first create made the first Leather Coats for himself and his Wife Eve our old Mother leaving thereby a pattern to all his posterity of that craft The Shoo-makers Art one Boethoius found Attalus taught men first to Weave Gold in Cloaths And the Phrygians invented broidring The Greeks devised the Mantle and the Hetrurians found the Robes of estate And mingling of divers colours in Apparel was the invention of the Babylonians Silk which in all Countries is occasion of much dissolute behaviour in Apparel was found of the Cerites growing on their Trees and with wetting they comb it off and make it fit for their uses Spinning and weaving of Silk that commeth of Worms Pamphila the daughter of Platis devised it in the Isle Coos Purple colour was found as Pollux witnesseth upon this occasion As Hercules being in love with a beautiful Lady named Tiro walked on the Sea-Cliffs his grey-Hound chanced to find a shell-fish called a Purple and when he had eaten it the orient colour of the bloud remained on his snowt which fresh colour the Lady espying threatned Hercules that he should never be admitted to her presence unlesse he brought her a cloath dyed with that pretious colour Then Hercules willing to accomplish his Ladies will sought the purple Fish and carried the blood to his Soveraign Lady
And thus began the Purple-colour among the Tyrians CHAP. V. Buildings made of Clay Brick Stone with other like matters MEn at the first lived like wildbeasts in caves and also fed on frâ—its and roots of the earth but after they perceived the commodity of fire and felt thereby a great comfort against the vehemency of cold some began to edily Coâ—tages of boughes of Trees and some digged Caves in the Mountains and by often experiencing of such means they attained to a greater perfection in building And afterward as wits of men be inventive they learned to fashion building with walls that they set up with long props And did wind them about with small rods and so daubed them and to keep out the storms they covered them with reeds boughes or Fen-sedges Thus in processe of time they came to the Art of building which as Diodorus saith is ascribed to Pallas but I rather think that either Cain or else Jobal son of Lamech found out this art Houses of clay Doxius son of Gellus did first invent and set up taking example at the Swallow's nest Brick-buildings were invented by Eurialus and Hyporhâ—us two brethren of Athens as Pliny judgeth albeit Diodorus referreth it to Vesta daughter of Saturnus Epimendes of Crete first used to hallow his house and fields with expiatioâ—s Tyle and Slate to cover houses were the invention of Siniras son of Agriopa in the Isle of Cypres Stone-delves or quarells were found by Cadmus in Thebes or as Theophrast writeth in Phoenice Yet I think the Invention of such Arts may more justly be ascribed to Cain or the posterity of Seth which did make two Pillars one of Brick and another of Stone and wrote in them all the Art of Astronomy at which time I suppose Pillars and Brick were first made whereby it appeareth that the feat of building hath been from the beginning of the World Neverthelesse I deny not but these afore-named did begin edifying in sundry Countries Marble was used in building at Rome of rich men to shew their sumptuous magnificence As M. Scaurus being Aedilis caused 360 Pillars of Marble to be carried to the making of a Stage whereon an enterlude should be played but L. Crassus was the first that had Pillars of Marble M. Lepidus made the Gates of his house with Marble of Numidia He was Consul the year of the City 676. Mamurra a Knight that was Master of Julius Caesar's Works in France pinned first the Walls of his house with broken Marble In graâ—ing Marble Dipoenus Scilus born in Crete flourished first before King Cyrus reigned in Persia CHAP. VI. Who made the first City Tents Temples and Pitts WHen men were somewhat reclaimed from their brutish behaviour by reason that they were refreshed from their extream cold by fire and such houses as they had devised they gathered them substance and goods to the sustentation of their housholds and families But after they perceived that mighty and strong men did invade and dispoyl them of such stuffe as they had they knit themselves together in a company and dwelled in one circuit which they walled about and named it a City Notwithstanding there is much diversity of opinions among Writers which was first For Pliny saith Cecrops builded the first City and called it by his own name Cecropia which was afterward called Athens Strabo writeth that Phoroneus first builded Argos the Egyptians say that Diospolis in their Country was long before which is credible to be so because they be a very ancient Nation Trason first made Walls Towers as Aristotle saith the Cyclopians edifyed but Theophrastus thinketh the Phoenicians builded them And Virgil referreth that feat to Pallas But to say the truth Cain as Josephus declareth made the first City and named it Enochia after his sonne Enoch And the young men that came of Noah his linage by the advice of Nimroth builded the first Tower of an exceeding heighth which was called afterward Babylon Tents Jobal son of Lamech invented notwithstanding that the Phoenicians affirm that the Nephews of Seculus found them Temples as Diogenes supposeth were found by Epimenides in Crete But Victruvius affirmeth that one Pithius a Carpenter made the first Temple in Priene in the honour of Pallas Herodotus saith that the Egyptians instituted Temples first In Rome Romulus builded the first Temple to the worship of Jupiter Feretrius To Almighty God Solomon King of the Hebrews builded the first Temple 3102 years after the Creation of Adam in Jerusalem Pits or Wells Danaus digged first as Pliny teacheth after he came out of Egypt into Argos a Country of Greece Neverthelesse to tell the very originall of them Isaac his shepherds digged the first Pitts as appeareth in Genesis And Moses caused Pitts to be digged in the Wildernesse when he did conduct the Israelites out of Egypt which was 393 years before that Danaus came into Argos neither was it Danaus but his daughters that digged the Pit at Argos CHAP. VII The Labyrinths Turrets sundry fashions of Burials LAbyrinths which we may call Mazes were certain intricate and winding works with many entries and doors in such sort that if a man were once entered he could not issue out without he had either a perfect guide of else a clew of thred to be his conduct There were four of them most notable as it is reported the first was in Egypt and was called of some the Palace of King Motherudes of some the Sepulchre of Mexes but there be other that say it was builded in honour of the Sun by King Petesucus or Tithoes albeit Herodotus saith It was the common Tomb of the Kings of Aegypt this stood a little from the Pool of Mirios The second was made in Creet by Daedalus at the Commandment of King Minos wherein Theseus of Athens slew the Minotaure The third was wrought in the Isle Lemnos by Smilus Rhodus and Theodorus Carpenters of the same Countrey The fourth Porsenna King of the Hetrurians caused to be made and set up in Italy for his Sepulchre it was all of Free-stone and vaulted The high Steeples or Turrets that the Aegyptians call Pyramides were between Memphis and Delta two Cities of Aegypt of such height that it was marvel how the stone and morter should be carried so high One of them that was greatest was the work of 3040 men in 20 years at the cost of King Chemis whom Herodotus nameth Cheopis Chabreus brother to the same King made the second Turret not equal in height The third King Micerenus caused to be wrought 20 foot shorter then his fathers was The occasion that they were made as Pliny telleth was lest the people should be idle and Josephus saith the Egyptians enforced the Hebrews to build those Pyramides because they should be in subjection to them and that they might be made slaves and drudges or else lest the Kings should leave so much Treasure to their Successours that
it might move them to Sedition or Treason Mausoleum that was the Tomb of Mausolus King of Caria his wife Artemesia builded most sumptuously and for that faithfull love that she bare to him she remained a Widow all her life time The manner of burial in divers countries is of sundry fashions as the Massegetes and Derbians judge them that dye in sicknesse very wretches and therefore when their Parents and kinsfolk wax aged they strangle them and eat them supposing that it is better that They should eat them than the Worms The Albanes the dwelled by the Mount Caucasus take it to be a mortal crime if they regard or once name them that be dead The Thracians kept solemnly the Funerals of the dead Corps of men with great joy and solace because they be discharged by death from humane miseries and rest in eternal felicity and contrariwise at the birth of their Children they made great sorrow and lamentation because of the calamities that they must sustain in this miserable life The Women in India take it for a great honesty and Triumph if they be buried with their Husband for it is granted to her that loved him best There be other diverse manners of burying among the Pagans and Heathen people which forasmuch as they exceed the bounds of humanity and have in them no hope of Resurrection which I shall at this present omit and over-passe them The Romans because the dead corps that died in battel were after their burial digged out of the ground instituted the manner of burning the carcases of men departed which Rite was executed on Sylla chief of all the house and kindred of the Cornelians which feared lest he should be served as he had used Marius They had also in Rome a manner of deifying or hallowing their Emperours dead bodies after this sort When the Emperour was dead and his body reverently buried with great exequies they formed an Image of the Emperour pale as though he were sick and layed it at the Gate of the Pallace in a bed of Ivory and the Physicians resorted thither to the bed six dayes continually the Lords of the Senate and Noble Ladies and Matrons standing on every side of the bed The seventh day the young Lords and Nobility bare him on their shoulders in the bed first into the old place of judgments called Forum Vetus and then into the field named Campus Martiuâ— where they chose their Magistrates and high Officers where they layed him intent builded for the purpose like a Tower and filled it with dry wood and sweet Oyntments and after they had finished the Rites and Ceremonies of their Law he that should succeed in the Empire put a Fire-brand to the Tent and then others did the like And after all was burned they let fly an Eagle out of the top of the Turret which as they supposed carried the Soul of the Emperour to heaven and from thenceforth they honoured him as a god Commendations to the worship of the dead bodies at Funerals Valorius Publicola first made in the praise of Brutus and that was long before the Greeks had any notwithstanding Gellius writeth that Solon ordained that law in Athens in the time of Tarquinius Prisoâ—s The Romanes used to praise the Women at their burialls because on a time they were contented to give their Golden Jewels to make a boul to send to Dolphos to the god Apollo CHAP. VIII Who made Spires called Obelisci the marks of the broaches the Aegyptians Letters first Sanctuary OBelisci which may be called long broches or Spires were great and huge stones in Egypt made by Masons from the bottome smaller and smaller of a large length and were consecrated to the Sun because they be long much like to the beams of the Sun The first of them was instituted by Mitres which reigned in Heliopolis being commanded by a Vision to make it and so was it recorded and written in the same King Bochis set up four that were every of them 48 Cubits long Rameses in whose time Troy was destroyed reared up one fourty Cubits of length and another of 819 foot and every side was four Cubits broad Ptolomeus Philadelphus made one at Alexandria of four Cubits And Phoron set two in the Temple of the Sun of an hundred Cubits length a piece and four Cubits broad on this occasion It fortuned that this King for a great crime that he had committed was stricken blind and continued so ten years and after by Revelation at the City Bucis it was told him that he should receive his sight if he washed his eyes with the water of a woman that was never defiled with any strange man but was alway content with her Husband First he tried his own wife and afterwards many other till at the last he received his sight and married her by whose Urine he was healed and recovered his sight and all the other with his first wife he caused to be burnt at once Then for a remembrance he made his oblation with the two foresaid Spires in the Temple of the Sun Augustus Caesar brought two of these Broches into Rome and set one in the great Tilt-yard or Listes if I may call Circus in those terms the other he set in the field called Campus Martius In these broaches for the most part were written Images of beasts whereby their posterity and successours might perceive the renown of such Princes and the manner of their â—ows and oblations For the Egyptians used the Images of beasts in the stead of letters and as Cornelius writeth they declared their minds by the figures and shapes of beasts as by the Bee they signified a King ruling his Commons with great moderation and gentlenesse by the Gos-Hauk they meant speedy performance of their affairs Sanctuary as Stacius writeth was made first by Hercules Nephews in Athens and was called the Temple of Mercy From thence it was not lawfull to take any man violently that repaired thither for aid and comfort notwithstanding Moses which was long before Hercules did institute three franchised Towns whither it was permitted for them to go that had done any Murther unawares oâ— by chance-mâ—dly Next after him Romulus ordained a Sanctuary in Rome to encrease his Citizens and to have more number to build the City There was a Sanctuary in the Isle Calvaria dedicated to Neptune and another in Egypt at Canopus consecrated to Hercules and another to Osiris and in Syria one hallowed to Apollo And there be many at this day in Christendome and namely in England but now the liberty and number of them is diminished because they were occasion of great crimes and enormities CHAP. IX Of Theatres Amphitheatres and Baths THeatres were certain places as Scaffolds with Pentises wherein the people of Athens stood to behold the enterludes that were shewed and they were made like half a Circle with benches one above another that they might without any impediment see
where the Priests were customably shaven in token of sorrow and heavinesse for the death of their God Apis. And they were also shaven daily because they should be without filth in their quotidian Sacrifice The signification of the Priests crouns is to declare that they ought to reject terrene and Earthly substance reserving to themselves onely a competent sufficiency Anacletus first forbad Priests to have beards or long hair Siricus decreed that all those men that were twise married or wedded a Widow should be no Priests Anastasius commanded that none that was lame or maimed should be admitted to be a Priest Bonifacius instituted That no man could be a Priest before he were 30 years old for that was the age of Priests in the old Law But the Council of Laterane thought it sufficient if he were 25 years old after the example of the Levites which at that age ministred in the Tabernacle Anacletus also appointed that every Bishop should be installed and consecrated of other ancient Bishops CHAP. VI. Who devised Parishes and Diocesses the Order of Cardinals Notaries and Chamberlains AFter that the Priesthood was ordained both lest the cure should be over-great and also that every man might know what his charge was and ho far his Office extended Dionysius the year of our Lord 267 divided both in Rome and other places Churches Church-yards and Parishes to Curates and Diocesses to Bishops and commanded every man should be contented with his prescript bounds But before that Euaristus appointed titles of Cures to the Priests in Rome whose duty was to christen all that were converted from Paganism to Christian Religion and resorted thithen 〈◊〉 received â—he faith and to bury the dead And afterward Marcellus decreed that there should be 〈◊〉 in number These because they were the chief Priests in Rome and had the prerogative before the rest were named Cardinals and of them without doubt the order of Cardinals sprung first which for as much as they were in daily presence with the Bishop of Rome that then had the primary oâ— of Christ endome were had in great reputation and reverence And Innocentius the fourth of that name which was about the year of our Lord 1â—54 willing to augment and advance their dignity commanded by 〈◊〉 that from thenceforth they should riâ—â— when they came to the Bishop's Palace and wear a red hat whereby was mean that they ought to be in â—â—â—endinesse to adventure themselves for the love of Religion and spend their blood in Christ's Cause and Paulus Bishop ordained that they should have Scarlet Robes or Kirtells This order standeth of three sorts for some be Bishops and be in number sâ—x The Cardinals of Hostia Sabine Portua Tusculane Prenestine and Albane The other were either Priests or Deacons albeit in no certain or speciall number But there is another Order in Rome of Notaries which were appointed by Julius the first of that name to write the Acts of all godlâ— Martyrs and Confessors and register them for a perpetual example of constant and vertuous living Albeit I think it rather to be the invention and device of Clement which ordained seven Notaries to inroll the notable deeds of Martyrs And Antherius after did more firmly ratifie it Also Leo the first a godly and well disposed man seeing the people repair thither from all parts of the world for pardon appointed certain Officers of the Priests whom he named Chamberlains to keep the Tombs and Sepulchres of the Apostles and Martyrs that they perceiving the holy reverence about the Apostles graves might be more enflamed with devotion But all such Offices be now perverted and turned from that godly purpose to a vain worldly ostentation and pomp and be ready Merchandise in Rome the promotions be so grear CHAP. VII The Prerogatives of the Bishop of Rome and his Election ONe special Prerogative and Priviledg of the Bishop of Rome iâ— that he may change his name if it seem to him not very pleasant to his ears As to speak merrily if he be a malefactoâ—â— he may call his name Bonifacius if he be a coward he may be called Leo for a Carter Vrbanus and for a cruel man Clemens if nocent Innocentius if ungodly Pius This was the ordinance of Sergius and they say they do it after the example of Christ which changed Simon Barjona his name into Peter and of this it came to passe that every Bishop when he was elected chose the name of one of his predecessours The Bishop of Rome is also born on mens shoulders which custome came of the election of Stephanus the second whom the people for his great vertue and godlinesse with much joy of the election bare on their shoulders The manner of the pomp of bearing was admitted but the imitating and following of his vertue and sincere living was omitted Albeit it might spring of a gentile custome that was among the Romans that every rich man or high Potentate should be born of his servants in a bed The authority to choose the Bishop of Rome belonged first to the Emperour of Constantinople and the Deputy of Italy till the time of the Emperour Constantine which licenced the Cardinals and the people of Rome to elect him This was about the year of Christ 685. A few years after Gregory the third with other his Successours when they were vexed by the Lombards seeing they could not have ready help of the Emperour of Constantinople required ayd of Charls Martelle Pippin and Charls the Great King of France For which benefits Leo the third made and denounced Charlemain Emperour and gave him authority to ratifie and confirm the election of the Bishop of Rome but Nicholas the second rerestrained the election onely to the Cardinals which custome remaineth at this day The great possessions that the Bishopâ— of Rome have contrary to the example of Christ whose Vicars they name themselves and Peter's poverty their predecessor were given them by 〈◊〉 and Lâ—wiâ— Emperours And yet notwithstanding all that large benigniâ—y and kindnesse shewed to him and his Auncestors John the 12th made Othâ— King of Germany Emperour and afterward Gregory the third a Gerâ—â—â— born for to gratifie the Emperoâ—â— his Countryman Decreed that the 〈◊〉 shops of Mogunce Treverance and Câ—â—len the Marquess of Brandenburgh 〈◊〉 County Palatine Duke of Saxony and King of Bohemia should have full power to choose the Emperour about the year of our Lord 1002. Thus the Bishops of Rome have been inhanced in worldly power that they think themselves equal with Princes Kings and Emperours But as it was falsly Usurped so shall it by the Word of God be rooted out and extirpateds as an unprofitable Tree CHAP. VIII The dividing of Priests into sundry degrees A manner of Swearing and Excommunication GRegory sirnamed the Great where before time Priests and chief Priests 〈◊〉 onely used in the Congregation first divided them into
Carthagenians were first Merchants 151 Casting Lots 64 Casting money abroad 193 Cecrops 15 22 Centauri was found by Chiron 58 Ceres 68 Ceres's Image 117 Ceremonies why they were so named 214 Chaldees 46 48 Chalices of Wood 243 Chalices of silver and gold 244 Chamberlains 175 Chariots 92 Charms 61 Chances 95 Chanters 166 Chattering of birds 64 Cherry-Trees 126 Cheese making ibid. Chesse 95 Chip-Axe 147 Chiromancy 62 Chiron authour of Salves 58 Chius 95 Chrysippus 4 Chrism 197 Christ authour of our Priesthood 167 Crystal 114 Christmas Lords 195 Christening of Infants 163 Churches and Church-yards 202 Cicero 39 Circenses 97 Circumeision 161 Civil Crown 104 Civil Law 67 Cleanthes 3 Cleophantus invented colours 119 Clergy 165 Clocks 82 Cock-boat 150 Coyning 111 Comedies 34 Commendations to dead bodies 141 Common-wealth 70 Common-women 153 Communion 216 Compasse 148 Confession 219 Confirmation 197 Conjurers 166 Constantine forbade putting to death on the Crosse 203 Constantine born in England first Christian Emperour 297 Consuls of Rome 73 Corax gave rules of Rhetorick 39 Corn-sowing 123 Corona triumphalis 104 Corporaces 244 Corpus-Christi day 137 Covering of Scaffolds 143 Councils 292 Counting by nails 54 Cranes or Vernes 90 Cratus taught the Grammer in Rome 28 Cries 99 Crosse-bowes 90 Crosse-dayes 236 Crosse forbidden to be made 203 Crowns of Brazen plate 103 Crowns of divers sorts 104 Cups were crowned 104 D. DAyes of every moneth 79 Dayes turned into Feries 230 Dayes named of the Planets 231 Daphnis found the Shepherd's Carolls 32 Dardanus Trezenius 44 Darts 89 David sung in Meter 30 42 Decking of Churches 191 Declamator 39 Decrees 74 Dead bodies 139 241 Daedalus slew his Nephew 148 Dedication-dayes 237 Dedicating of Churches 205 Degrees of kindred inhibited to marry 200 Deifying of the Emperour 140 Delaying of Wines 125 Demaratus taught the Heâ—rurians Letters 25 Demaratus 120 Democrasie began in Rome 74 Democrasie 69 Democritus 11 Demosthenes 39 Denouncing the Dictator 71 Detany 59 Division of Nations 13 Divorcement 18 Diagoras 4 Dialls 81 Dialogues 47 Debutades 120 Dice 94 Dictators first in Rome 73 Dictator's Ossice ibid. Dying of Wooll 129 Dying of hair 152 Diocesses 174 Dioclesian 297 Diodorus 23 Dionysius 40 122 Diriges or Exequies 239 Disguising 195 Divers Divisions of the year 77 Divers divisions of the day 82 Divers kinds of meter 31 Divers manner of Paper 86 Diversity of speeches 12 Divisions of the night 83 Dreams 65 Drinking on Maundy-Thursday 192 Druides 46 Drumslades in Warr 45 Dulcimers 44 Dunging Land 123 E. EAster 234 Easter appointed to be kept on the Sunday 230 Easter instituted by the Apostles 233 Easter to be kept in March ibid. Eating of flesh 127 Eclipse of the Sun and Moon 50 Eggs. 128 Egyptians 49 Egyptians are superstitious 157 Egyptian Letters 23 Egyptians found Geometry 52 Egyptians found the year 76 Election of the Bishop of Rome 177 Electors of the Emperour ibid. Eleazer driveth out Spirits 61 Embring-dayes 226 Embroidering 130 Ennius called the Poets holy 29 Empedocles 38 Endymion perceived the course of the Moon 50 Enos 23 Epicarmus 24 Epicurus 4 Epicurus taught the Grammer first 28 Epulones 89 Ethiopians 21 Ethiopians opinion of man 10 Evander brought Letters into Italy 25 Even and odde 96 Eumolphus 24 Excommunication 181 Exercises 93 Extream Unction 198 F. FAmous Physitians 57 Fanes 51 Fasting 224 Faunus 3 Feasts instituted by the Apostles 235 Feasts instituted at the Council of Lyons 236 February 78 Faeciales Sacerdotes 188 Feeding of Birds 64 Ferry-Boats 151 Fetters 76 F. was taken of the Aeolians 25 F. for V. consonant ibid. Fidlers and Pipers 45 Fighting on horseback 92 Figures of Arithmetick 54 Fire 7 109 Fire and Water given in token of chastity 19 First Masse of Priests 192 First Church of the Christians 202 First Church in Rome ibid. Fishing 128 Flesh was not eaten before Noah 225 Flying of Birds 64 Five parts of Philosophy 47 Fore-heads 154 Frederick Feltrius's Library 85 Fullers craft 129 Funerals 138 Funeral Playes 94 G. GAley 150 Games 92 Garlands 103 Gates of Marble 133 Geomancy 62 Gymnosophists 46 Glasses to look in 111 Glasse 113 Glew 147 God's Nature 5 God made man 12 God what he is 6 God was the author of Lawes 68 God is made man 158 God's mercy ibid. Goddesses of favour 43 God-father and God-mother 163 God-brother and God-sister 201 Gold 107 110 Good Angels 2 Goshauke 143 Grace at meat 231 Grammer two parts 27 Gravers in Marble 134 Grecians learned in Egypt 49 Gregory established the single life of Priests 200 Greek Letters 25 Greek stories 37 Grinding 123 Guns and when they were first made 90 H. HAbergeon 89 Hallowing of the Priests Vestures 244 Hangings 130 Harness 89 Harp 108 Harp who found it 43 Hebrew letters 25 Hebrews were authors of Poetry 29 Hebrews were authours of Philosophy 47 Hebrews after Josephus found Geometry 52 Hebrews ordained Democrasie 70 Hechwall 57 Hellen found the Cross 203 Helmets 89 Herb called Balin 57 Herbs were created for man ibid. Hercules 96 Hereticks 289 Heroical Verse 31 Hiperbius 127 Hippocrates 55 Histories 36 Hoye 150 Holy bread 251 Holy-dayes 205 Holy-water 206 Honey 126 Horses 91 Hostanes wrote books of Magick 60 Hours 81 Houses 132 Hunting 128 Hunting-staves 90 Husbandry 122 I. JAcob made a league 99 January 78 Janus 22 Janus coyns of brasse 111 Javelins 89 Icarius 124 Idaei dactyli 108 Ides 80 Idolatry 20 Jehosuah 99 Iginius made first orders 170 John Baptist 209 John Guthenbergus found Printing 85 Images 115 249 Images of Kings 20 Images of Wax 191 Institution of wedlock 14 Instruments of husbandry 123 Instruments of Physick 57 Job 30 156 Joseph ibid. Iron 107 Isaac digged pits 136 Isis 21 Jubilee 281 Julius Caesar made the year perfect 78 Jupiter 3 Justes in Rome 146 Justing-Spears 89 K. KEele 150 Keeping the Sacrament in Churches 217 Kingdomes began in Egypt 69 Kings how they behaved themselves 70 Kings of Rome 72 Kings and Queens of England 184 Kings and Priests were anointed 196 Kindred inhibited to marry 200 Kissing the Bishop of Rome's feet 183 Knights wear Rings for difference 112 Knights of the Rhodes 269 Knights of St. James 270 Knights of Jesus Christ ibid. Knitting nets 129 L. LAbyrinths 136 Labourers pass the time with Songs 24 Lacedemonians manner of War 45 Lacedemonians offerings 102 Laity 164 Lamech had 2 Wives 201 Lame men may not be Priests 173 Lammas-day 237 Lamps 191 Latine stories 37 Law 66 Law for drinking of wine 184 Law-makers 68 Lawes of mourning 239 Lawes natural 66 Lead 107 Leagues 99 Leap-year 79 Legends 223 Leg-harness 89 Lent 225 Leontinus Gorgias's Image 117 Letanies 247 Letters 23 Letters to accompt withall 54 Letting of blood 59 Lever 108 Levites 66 Liberty of the old Satyres 34 Libraries 84 Licinius Calvus 75 Lycurgus 68 Lydians 110 Lighter 150 Line 147 Linnen 129 Linus 30 Livius Andronicus ibid. Looking-glasses 111 Lots 64 Lucretia 154 Lupercalia 96 M. MAgitians 46 Magi. 61 Magick 60 Mahomet's Sect. 276 Maids of
Cypres 152 Maids of Rome and Greece 19 Maying 193 Marjoram 59 Malcolm King of Scots 17 Manner of divers Nations in Marriages 15 Manner of reckoning years 53 Mantil 130 Manumission 71 Marble 133 March 77 Marcus Cato banished Physitians out of Rome 56 Marcus Valerius ordained a Diall in Rome 82 Mary the Virgin dyed 160 Marriage began in Paradise 15 Marriage of divers Nations ibid. Marriage of Priests 198 Marius 75 Mars author of Chivalry 88 Martyrs 294 Masques 153 194 Messagetes 15 Masse the parts thereof 214 Masts 151 Matches 109 Mattins Prime and Hours 221 Measures and Weights 53 Meats forbidden on Fasting-dayes 231 Melissus 21 Melting brass 108 Memory of Martyrs 237 Menander 35 Men deified 2 237 Men lived by Acorns 123 Men of great memory 87 Men were first called Christians in Antioch 159 Men were sacrificed by the Gentiles 204 Men wrote in plates 86 Menon 23 Mercury 38 48 68 Mercury found the Concordes 41 Mercury found the Harp 43 Mercurius Trismegistus appointed 12 hours in the day 81 Mettals 107 Meter divers kinds thereof 31 Mice engender of the mudd 10 Milk 128 Minister 166 Minos 68 Minos had the first rule on the Sea 149 Myrrhe 114 Moly 58 Monarchy 69 Moneths 79 Money 110 Monks 257 Morispikes 89 Moses 24 29 103 Moses did promulgate the first Laws 68 Moses did write the first story 36 Moses found the trump 45 Moses ordained divorcements 18 Motleys 130 Moulds 121 Mourning 239 Mourning is superstitious Hypocrisie 241 Mummius destroyed Corinth 120 Murall crown 104 Musick 40 Musick maketh a man effeminate 42 N. NAbles 44 Naked games 94 Nasamones 17 Nature gave Musick to men 40 Nature of Oyl 196 Navall Crown 104 Necromancie 62 Nemi 94 Neptunus 2 Neptunus had the Empire of the Sea 149 Nero first persecutor 296 Netts 129 New-Years gifts 193 Night sacrifices are abolished 229 Nilus doth overflow Egypt 51 Niâ—us did enlarge his Empire 70 Noah made the first Altar 165 Noah planter of the Vine 125 Noon 82 Nonas 80 Notaries 175 Numa added to the year 78 Numbers 53 Nunnes 182 259 O. OBelisci 141 Observing of dayes 48 Observing of dyet was beginning of Physick 54 Obsidional Crown 104 Occasion of Idolatry 20 Ochus 46 Odde and even 96 Offering 191 Office sold in Rome 176 Oyl 196 Oyntments 105 Olympiades 93 Olive-Oyl 126 One God 6 Opinion of Philosophers 3 Opinion of the birth of of man 9 Oracle 115 Oracles doubtfull 2 Oracles ceased at Christ's coming 206 Orator 39 Order of Cardinals 175 Order of Manumission 71 Oresteus 124 Organie 59 Orpheus 22 30 40 46. Original of Heathen Gods 1 Otho a German made Emperour 178 P. PAinting 118 Palamedes array 89 Pallas 3 Pamphilia 130 Panase 58 Pancias 103 Paper 86 Parchment ibid. Pardons 282 Parishes 173 Parts of Rhetorick 39 Parts of the night 83 Partâ—ians 57 Paschal Candles 234 Patriarchs 179 Paul is converted 160 Peacock 128 Pelagius caused Subdeacons to forsake their Wives 200 Penitencers 266 Pensil 119 Pentecost 235 Persecutors 297 Peter and Philip had Wives 199 Peter crucified 160 Peter converted three thousand 159 Phedon 110 Pherecides 37 Phidias 118 Philip Emperour proclaimed an heretick 249 Philosophy 46 Philosophy in three parts 47 Pyrrhus dance 94 Physitians famous 57 Physick 54 Phonoreus 68 Pillars 133 Pirodes struck fire out of flint 109 Piromancy 62 Pisistratus made the first book 84 Pythagoras called himself a Philosopher 47 Pythagoras observed the Day-star 50 Pits who digged them 136 Playes or Shews 92 Plato 8 Pliny 23 Plough 123 Plucking out of Teeth 55 Poets 112 Poets be called holy of Aeneas 29 Poetry ibid. Pole-axes 89 Polignotus 118 Punishment for Adultery 16 153 Punishment for omitting Oblations 204 Pontifex Maximus 187 Possessions permitted to the Clergy 252 Posthumius 102 Potters craft 120 Potters frame 121 Prayer 207 Preaching 208 Price of Writs 284 Priest's age 173 Priests 168 Priests first Masse 192 Priests of Egypt 128 Priests of Egypt wrote stories 37 Priesthood 165 Primitive Church 169 Prime 80 Prince Electours 178 Printing 85 Prisons 76 Prognostications 52 Prometheus 111 Prophesying 63 Prose 37 Protagoras 4 Psalter of David 30 Psammeticus 10 Ptolemeus's Libraries 84 Pultries 128 Purification of women 201 Purple colour 131 Purple robe 196 Q. QThe Letter 26 Quarrels 90 R. RAmmers 90 Readers 166 Reading the Bible at meat 231 Riding of horses 91 Reckonings 53 Reconciliation of Churches 237 Regals 44 Religion 13 156 Reliques 279 Repentance a remedy for sin 218 Rhetorick 38 Right hand 183 Ringing to Service 245 Rites of burying 138 Rites of Marriage 18 Royal Ornaments 75 Romans burned their dead bodies 139 Romans League 99 Rome made orders 170 Romulus 72 Romulus ordered the year 77 Rowing in Boats 150 151 Rudders ibid. Rue 59 Ruling the Common-wealth 69 S. SAbbath-dayes of the Jews 232 Sacrament of the Altar 217 Sacrifices 227 Sailes 150 Solomon 136 Solomon made the first Temple 202 Salt 128 Saluting with kisses 184 Sanctuaries 142 201 Sand Diall 82 Satyres 34 Saturnalia games 97 Saturnus Father of the gods 4 Savery 59 Saw 148 Scaffolds 143 Scarlet robes 175 Schisms 290 Scythians League 100 Scribes 284 Selandine 59 Senio 95 Servius Tullius 111 Secretaries 285 Seth's posterity 49 Sextons 166 Shafts 90 Shalmes 44 Shaven Crowns 171 Ships 150 Shoo-makers craft 130 Silk ibid. Sylla 75 Silver 107 Silver coyned in Egina 110 Silvester commanded That a Priest should have but one Wife 199 Simony 287 Simonides 5 Singing Psalmes by course 222 Singing to the Lute 44 Single-livers 17 Sithes 90 Slings ibid. Smith's Forge 108 Socrates 42 Solicitors 285 Sol. 81 Soul-masse day 241 Somners 285 Sons of Noah 13 Sons of Seth found the Letters 24 Sodering of Iron 108 Spears 89 Speaking of the Nature of God is dangerous 5 Spindles 129 Spinning 130 Spirits 60 Spurius Carilius 18 Squire 147 Stations 281 Stalling a Bishop 17â— Staves 8â— Steeples 137 13â— Stephen is martyred 15â— Stars of what poweâ— they be 48 Stewes 152 29â— Stocks 7â— Story of a King's daughter 1â— Striking of the Clock 82 Subsidies and taxes 76 Succession of Priesthood 166 Superstition turned into Religion 227 Supplications 247 Susanna 154 Swearing 181 Swine commended in sacrifices 127 Swords 89 Sword-players 98 T. TAbles 94 Talus 95 Tapers 191 Targets 89 Taxes or subsidy that they pay which have benefices 285 Telesphorus did appoint Lent to be kept before Easter 226 Tennis 94 Tents 135 Texts proving Confession 220 Thales 3 77 Theatres 142 Themistocles 42 Theodosius commanded That no Crosse should be graven on the ground 203 Theseus first Tyrant 71 Thessaly used Magick 60 Thracians fashion of burying 139 Three strings in the Harp 43 Three Masses on Christmas-day 215 Tile and Slate 132 Tyrians were cunning Capentersr 148 Tisias gave rules of Rhetorick 39 Tithes 25â— Titles of Bishops of Rome 283 Tongues 108 Towers 135 Tragedies 32 Tragos ibid. Transfigurations 235 Tribunes 74 Triumphs 101 Trix 33 True Fast 225 Truce for years 99 Tubal-Cain 40 88 108 Turning our faces Eastward 208 V.
VEnus 95 Venus a common woman 152 Vermilion 114 Vigils 229 Vizzards were found by Echilles 33 Voyces 72 Vowes 246 Use of Scotland 17 Use in the Service 224 Vulcanus 108 Vultursii 96 Uxor ab ungendo 19 W. WAggons 92 Walls of houses 135 Washing of feet on Maundy-Thursday 184 Washing dead bodies 241 Watch-words 89 Watches wards ibid. Water is cause material 7 Water-Dial 82 Weights and Measures 53 Weaving 129 Weather-cocks 51 Whit-Sunday 164 Wimble 147 Winds 50 Wine 124 Wine-Taverns 125 Winter-garlands 103 Wooll 129 Women had commendations in Rome 141 Women may not base their heads in the Church 182 Women of India 139 Works due on the Holy-dayes 232 World made of nought 8 World was made by Meter 31 Wrestling 94 Writing in Egypt 143 Writing Tables 192 X. X The letter 25 Xamolxis 46 Xerxes 95 Y. YAwning 248 Year who found it 77 Yoking Oxen. 123 Z. ZEphus 40 Zeno 11 Zoroastes found Magick 60 FINIS Ephes 6. Oracles doubtfull What men were deified Isis Neptunus Faunus Pallas Apollo Jupiter Belus Opinions of the Philosophers Thales Cleanthes Anaxagoras Chrisippus Diagoras Theodorus Protagoras Epicurus Anaximan Saturnus father of the gods To speak of the nature of God is dangerous Simonides One God What God is Water is cause material Fire Four Elements Ayre Atomos The World was made of naught Plato The opinions of the birth of man The second opinion The Egyptians opinion of man Mice engendred of the mud The story of Psammaticus The Aethiopians opinion of man Aborigines Anaximander Democritus Zeno. Poets God made man Adam the first man Diversity of speeches Religiou Babylon Division of Nations Sons of Noah Authors of the names of Countries Instruction of wedlock Marriage began in Paradise Cecrops The manners of divers Nations in Marriages Massagites Arabians Punishment for Adultery Buying of Wives Nazamones The use sof Scotland Malcolme King of the Scots Single livers Divorcement Spurius Servilius Moses ordained Divorcements Rites of Marriages Fire and Water given in token of chastity Maids of Rome and Greece Vxor ab ungendo Occasion of Idolatry Images of Kings Melissus Belus Aethiopians Janus Cadmus Orpheus Cecrops Cain Abel Enos Letters Diodorus Menon The Egyptianss letters Pliny Cadmus found fourteen letters Palamedes added four letters Epicarmus Cadmus Eumolphus Moses The Sons of Seth found the letters Hebrew letters Greek letters Evander brought letters into Italy Demeratus taught the Hetrurians letters The letter F. was taken of the Aeâ—lians Two parts of Gramm Epicurus taught Grammer first Crates taught Grammer in Rome Antonius-Enipho a Schoolmaster Poetry Poets be called holy of Ennius Hebrews were Authors of Poetry Moses David The Psalter of David Solomon Job Orpheus Linus Livius Andronicus The World was made by Metre Diverse kinds of Meter Heroical verse Archilocus found Jambus Daphnis found the Shepheards Carolls Tragedies 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Visards were found by Eschylus Famous Tragedies 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Tragedy A Comedy Archilaus A Satyre Two sorts of Satyres Liberty of the old Satyre New Comedy Menander Satyres whereof they were named Histories Cadmus wrote the story of Cyrus Moses did write the first Stories Priests of Egypt wrote stories Pheresides Greek stories Latin stories Rhetorick Mercury Empedocles Corax and Thiseas gave rules of Rhetorick Cicero Parts of Rhetorick Orpheus Finders of Musick after divers Authours Zephus Amphion Arcadians Mercury found the Concords Tubulcain Nature gave Musick to men Labourers passe away the time with Songs Musick maketh men effeminate Socrates Themistocles Salii Martis David Mercury Harp The strings in the Harp Amphion Gods of favour Shalms Dardamus Trezenius Pipe Singing to the lute Regalls Nebles Dulcimers Brazen Trumpet Dyrceus Captain of the Lacedemonians Moses found the Trumpet Arcadians brought Instruments into Italy Lacedemonians manner of war Drumslades in war Pipers Fidlers Magitians Chaldees Gymnosophists Druides Ochus Xamolxis Orpheus Atlas Hebrews were Authors of Philosophy Pythagoras calleth himself a Philosopher Three parts of Philosophy Five parts The power of the Stars Observing of dayes Chaldees Astrology Egyptians Mercury Abraham Grecians learned in Egypt Atlas Seth his posterity Two Pillars preserved Astrology from the Flood Archimedes Aeolus Four Winds Andronicus Images of Winds Weather-cocks Fans Nilus overfloweth Egypt Prognostication of plenty and scarcenesse Egyptians found out Geometry The Jews found out Geometry Abraham taught the Egyptians Contents of Geometry Measures and Weights Numbers Manner of reckoning years Counting by Nails Letters to count with Figures of Arithmatick Inventors of Physick Apollo god of Medicines Drawing out of Teeth Observing of diet was the beginning of Physick Three parts of Physick Hippocratâ—s reduced it to an Art Archagathus the first Physitian in Rome Marcus Cato banished Physitians out of Rome The manner of the Egyptians in their diseases Every disease had a sundry Physitian Famous Physitians Hearbs were created for man Hearb called Balin Hechewall Parthians Chiron was Author of Medicines and Salves Centaury was found by Chiron Aesclepiades abolished Physick Moly Panace Dittany Cancer Selandine Savery Marjoram Ivy. Letting of bloud Rue Organy Zoroastres found Magick Thessaly used Magick Hosthanes wrote books of Magick Driving out of spirits Charms Eleazar driveth out spirits Two kinds of Prophesying Natural Artificial Beholding the bowels of beasts Feeding flying and chattering of birds Massolanus letteth the Augury Dreams-reading Law The Laws Natural Civil Law Law-makers Ceres God was the true Author of Laws Moses promulgated the first laws in writing The manner of ruling the Common-wealth Monarchy Aristocracy Democracy Kingdom began in Egypt Democracie began in Athenâ— First Kings how they behaved themselves Ninius did enlarge his Empire Hebrews ordained Democracy Aristocracy Theseus first Tyrant Nemroth Bondage Areopagites judged in the night Giving of voyces Kings of Rome Consuls in Rome Dictator first in Rome The space of the Dictator's Office The time of denouncing the Dictator Decrees Tribunimilitum Democracie began in Rome P. Licinius a man of the Commons L. Sylla C. Marius Royall Ornaments Divers devisions in the year The great year Romulus ordered the year Numa added to the year Julius Caesar made the year perfect Leap-year Bissextus Dayes of every Moneth Mercurius Trismegistus appointed 12 hours M. Valerius Messala ordained a Dial in Rome Water Dial. Clocks Sand-Diall Striking of the Clocks Sundry Divisions Parts of the Night Pisistratus made the first Books Atheus made many books Ptolomeus Libraries Aristotle had the first Library Asinius Pollio F. Feltrius John Cuthenbergus found Printing Men wrote in Plates of Lead Men of great Memory Mars author of Chivalry Tubulcain Palamedes appointed Watches and Warding Watch-words What year Guns were found Riding of Horses Playes or Shews Corilus Exercises used in the Olympiads The reward of the Victors Nemei Pyrrhusdance Xerxes Talus Chancebone Odd and Even The Rites of these feasts Sword-Players Truce Truce for Years Hours Barceans League Triumph Camillus Posthumius Tubertus Baccbus Moses Pausias Pericles Cups were crowned Aethiopus devised Oyntments Oyntments might not