together The Prince having refreshed his Men the May following set sail for England with his Prisoners and safely arrived at Plimouth and was with great joy and acclamations received every where At his coming to London where at that time a magnificent Citizen Henry Picard he who afterwards at one time so Nobly Feasted the four King 's of England France Scotland and Cyprus was Lord Major he received him with all imaginable Honour And the multitude of People that came to see the Victorious Prince with the King of France his Son Philip and the other Prisoners was so great that they could hardly get to Westminster between three a Clock in the Morning and twelve at Noon Great Edward saving that he forgat not the Majesty of a Conqueror and â—f a King of England omitted no kind of civility towards the Prisoners King John and his Son were lodged under a Guard at the Savoy which was then a goodly Palace belonging to Henry Duke of Lancaster and the other Prisoners in other places Some time after Prince Edward by dispensation married the Countess of Kent Daughter to Edmund Brother to King Edward the second and his Father invested him with the Dutchy of Aquitain So that he was now Prince of Wales Duke of Aquitain Duke of Cornwal and Earl of Chester and Kent And not long after he with his Beloved Wife passed over into France and kept his Court at Bourdeaux The Prince of Wales was now grown famous over all the Christian World and the man to whom all wronged Princes seemed to Appeal and to fly for relief For which end there came at this time to his Court James King of Majorca and Richard King of Navarr just when his Lady brought him a Son for whom these two Kings undertook at his Baptism giving him the Name of Richard The Soldiers most of whose Captains were English either by Birth or Obedience wanting employment because the Wars of Britain were quieted for the Present ranged tumultuously up and down France But about this time Sir Bertram de Glequin having paid his Ransom found employment for them drawing the greatest part of that Military Pestilence into another Coast For by the assistance of Peter King of Arragon and the Power of Glequin with his floating Bands called The Companions or Adventurers Peter King of Castile and Leon a cruel Tyrant was driven out of his Kingdom his Bastard Brother Henry being chosen in his room and Crowned King of Spain at Burgos This Peter was Son to Alphonsus the eleventh King of Castile and had to Wife a French Lady called Blanch Daughter to Peter Duke of Bourbon who was Father also of Joan the French King's Wife His Tyrannical cruelties were so many and so foul that the Spanish Stories scarce allow Nero or Caligula to go beyond him For which by his Subjects he was deposed Peter thus driven out of his Kingdom by the aid of the French applied himself to Prince Edward craving his assistance for his restoration making many and large Promises to him upon the accomplishment thereof The Prince out of Charity to succour a distressed Prince and out of Policy to imploy his Souldiers having got leave of his Father marched with a gallant Army of thirty thousand men upon confidence of good pay for his men and other benefits when Peter should be re-established in his Throne He made his way through the famous straits of Rouncevallux in Navarre by permission of that King who yet suffered himself to be carried Prisoner into Castile that he might not seem to cross the French King's designs who favoured Henry the Usurper Our Prince had â—n his Company besides most of all the principal Captain of the English two King 's Peter of Castile whos 's the quarrel was and the King of Majorca As also John Duke of Lancaster who after Don Pedro's death having married his eldest daughter wrote himself King of Castile and Leon. On the other side King Henry for the defence of his new Kingdom had raised a very great Army consisting partly of French under Glequin their famous Captains and of Castilians and others both Christians and Saracens to the number of about an hundred thousand And upon the Borders of Castile it came to a bloody battel wherein the valaint Prince of Wales obtained a very great victory having slain many thousands of his enemies Henry himself fighting valiantly was wounded in the Groin but yet escaped There were taken Prisoners the Earl of Dene Bertram de Glequin who yet shortly after by paying a great Ransom was set at liberty The Marshal Dandrehen and many others Neither was this Victory less worth to Peter than a Kingdom For our most Noble Prince left him not till at Burgos he had set him upon his Throne again But this unworthy King's falshood and ingratitude were odious and monstrous For the Prince notwithstanding this great success was enforced to return to Burdeaux without money to pay his Army which caused great mischiefs to himself and the English Dominions beyond the Seas as if God had been displeased with his succouring such a Tyrant The Prince himself though he returned with Victory yet he brought back with him such a craziness and indisposition of Body that he was never throughly well after And no marvel considering the Country the Season and the action it self and it may be more wondred at that his Souldiers came home so well then that he returned so ill Being come home discontent of Mind was added to his indisposition of Body For not having Money to pay his Soldiers he was forced to wink at their preying upon the Country for which the Country to stop whose murmuring his Chancellor the Bishop of Rhodes devised a new Imposition of levying a Frank for every Chimney to continue for five years to pay the Prince's debts But this Imposition though granted in Parliament made their murmurs encrease For though some part of his Dominions as the Poictorians the Xantoigns and the Limosins seemed to consent to it yet the Counts of Armigniac and Cominges the Vicount of Carmain and divers others so much distasted it that they complained thereof to the King of France as unto their Supreme Lord Pretending that the Prince was to answer before King Charles as before his Superior Lord of whom they said he held by homage and fealty whereas King Edward and his Heirs by the Treaty at Bretagny were absolutely freed from all manner of Service for any of their Dominions in France King Charles openly entertained this Complaint and hoping to regain by surprize and policy what the English had won by dint of Sword and true Manhood he summoned the Prince of Wales to Paris to answer such Complaints as his subjects made against him Our valiant Prince returned answer That if he must needs appear he would bring threescore thousand men in Arms to appear with him And now began the Peace between England and France to be unsetled and wavering For while King
other half being in the possession of Edward Baliol but at length he was ransomed for ten thousand Marks and restored to his Kingdom IV. The forth Prince of Wales of the English Royal Line was Richard of Bourdeaux so called from the place of his Birth The Black Prince his renowned Father whose Wisdom doubtless was no way short of his Courage knowing how apt they who stand near the Throne are to step into it was so intent to prevent any disorder of that kind that might be feared from the well known ambition of his aspiring Brothers the Eldest of whom Henry Duke of Lancaster afterward King Henry IV. having the Title of King of Castile in the Right of his Wife but without any Kingdom might reasonably be suspected to affect one so much the more his own Right and to take advantage of his Nephew Richard's weakness He therefore made it his dying request to his declining Father to inaugurate his Son whilst he was yet alive that by being committed to the Parliaments care he might have publick security against all private supplantations and without further dispute enjoy all those Prerogatives which either his own Right or his Father's Merit intituled him to Whereupon he was set upon the Throne at Eleven years of Age and in the life time of his Grandfather Edward III. began to Reign by the name of Richard II. with this happiness that at the same time he took upon him to Govern them the Parliament entred into Consultation about the Persons fittest to Govern him And because the safety of the King as well as of the Kingdom consisted in the multitude of Counsellors they designed to add to his Uncle the Duke of Lancaster who was ambitious of being Protector the two other Brothers Edmund Earl of Cambridge and Thomas of Woodstock Duke of Glocester with whom they conjoined several Spiritual and Temporal Lords of known Wisdom and Integrity This so offended the Duke as seeming a reflection on his Ambition not to be trusted solely that he refused the charge and retiring into the Country so play'd the King at his own House that a poor well meaning Fryar thought himself obliged in point of Allegiance to accuse him of an Intention to Usurp the Crown and consequently to destroy the King Neither wanted he matter enough 't is thought to make out that charge but his Innocence being overmatcht by Power and having none to second his accusation the Crime wâ—â— cast upon the Accuser who being friendless wa◠〈◊〉 into Prison and inhumanely murdered by his Keepers who tying one end of a Cord about his Neck and the other to his Privy Members hung him up on a Pin and with the weight of a Stone laid upon his Belly burst his back and so all further proof deceased with him This being known among the People and no punishment inflicted upon the Murtherers derogated very much from the young King's Justice and Honour among his Subjects who not being able to distinguish betwixt the want of Skill and want of Power to punish began thenceforth to Worship the Duke of Lancaster as the Indians do the Devil for fear And as the King's Father Prince Edward never recovered the health which he lost in the last expedition into Spain so his Son never recovered this and other disadvantages put upon him by his ambitious Uncle and particularly that the very first day he took his Grandfather's Seat in Parliament as Heir Apparent to the Crown he taught him to demand a Subsidy purposely to alienate the Peoples Affections from him who were before sufficiently disgusted with the heavy Taxes they had already paid And likewise his ommitting no occasion of propagating Tumults and Factions whereby he at length deprived his Nephew first of his Crown and then of his Life Richard II. was the comeliest Person of all the Kings since the Conquest being Tall well Limb'd and Strong and of so amiable a Countenance that he might well be the Son of such a beautiful Mother As to his Temper of Mind it proceeded more from his Education than his natural Humour for he seemed to have many good Inclinations which might have grown into Habits had they not been perverted by corrupted Flatterers in his Youth He was of a credulous disposition apt to believe and therefore easie to be abused and it was his great weakness that he could not distinguish between a Parasite and and a Friend He seemed to partake both of a French and English Nature being violent at the first apprehension of a thing and calm upon deliberation He never shewed himself so worthy of the Government as when he was Deposed as unworthy to Govern For it appeared that the Royal Dignity was not so pleasing to him as a quiet retired Life which if he might have enjoyed he would never have complained that Fortune had done him wrong He lived thirty three years and reigned twenty and two months and was Murdered at Pomfreh Castle in the place of his Birth V. Henry of Monmouth the Son and Successor of King Henry IV. was the Fifth Prince of Wales of the Royal Blood of England He was bred a Student in Queens College in Oxford and from thence being called to Court the Lord Piercy Earl of Worcester was made his Governour But coming afterward to be at his own disposing whether being by nature valorous and yet not well staid by time and experience or whether incited by ill Companions and imboldened by the opinion of his own Greatness he ran into many Courses so unworthy of a Prince that it was much doubted what he might prove if he should come to be King For it is recorded that he with some other young Lords and Gentlemen lay in wait in disguise for the Receivers of his Father's Revenue whom they robbed of their Money to maintain their riotous Living though sometimes they missed their Prize and were soundly beaten in prosecuting such attempts and when upon his return to Court he had heard the Receivers complain of their great losses he would give them Money to make them part of amends but rewarded those best that had made the stoutest defence and from whom he had received the most blows It happened that one of his Companions was arraigned at the King's Bench Bar in Westminster Hall for Felony of which the Prince being informed he by the advice of the rest came in a great rage to the Bar and attempted to take away the Prisoner by force commanding that his Fetters should be taken off and he set at Liberty All present were much amazed but Sir William Gascoign then Lord Chief Justice mildly desired him to forbear and suffer the Felon to be Tryed by the Laws of the Land and that he might afterward get his Pardon of his Father if there were occasion The Prince grew more inflamed at these words and endeavoured to take him away himself But the Judge charging him upon his Allegiance to withdraw out of the Court the Prince furiously stept up
eight and lived fifty nine years and was murthered in the Tower of London in 1472. VII Edward the only Son of King Henry VI. by Queen Margaret Daughter to the King of Sicily was the seventh Prince of Wales of the Royal Blood of England He Married Anne the Daughter of Richard Nevil called the Great Earl of Warwick After his Father's Army was defeated by King Edward IV. at Tauton Field in Yorkshire he with his Mother were sent into France to pray aid from that King This Battel was the bloodiest that ever England saw King Henry's Army consisting in threescore thousand and King Edward's in about forty thousand men of which there fell that day thirty seven thousand seven hundred seventy six Persons no Prisoners being taken but the Earl of Devonshire Afterward the Queen returns from France with some Forces but before her coming King Edward had defeated the Earl of Warwick who with some other Lords had raised a Party for her assistance at Barnet wherein near ten thousand were slain So that when it was too late she landed at Weymouth and from thence went to Bewly Abbey in Hampshire where the Duke of Somerset the Earl of Devonshire and divers other Lords came to her resolving once more to try their Fortune in the Field The Queen was very desirous that her Son Edward Prince of Wales should have returned to France there to have been secure till the success of the next Battel had been tried but the Lords especially the Duke of Somerset would not consent to it so that she was obliged to comply with them though she quickly repented it From Bewly she with the Prince and the Duke of Somerset goes to Bristol designing to mise what men they could in Glocestershire and to march into Wales and join Jasper Earl of Pembroke who was there assembling more Forces K. Edward having intelligence of their Proceedings resolves to prevent their conjunction and follows Queen Margaret so diligently with a great Army that near Tewksbury in Glocestershire he overtakes her Forces who resolutely turn to ingage him The Duke of Somerset led the Van and performed the part of a Valiant Commander but finding his Soldiers through weariness begin to faint and that the Lord Wenlock who commanded the main Battel moved not he rode up to him and upbraiding his treachery with his Pole-ax instantly knockt out his Brains but before he could bring this Party to relieve the Van they were wholly defeated the Earl of Devonshire with above three thousand of the Queens Men being slain the Queen her self John Beufort the Duke of Somerset's Brother the Prior of St. John's Sir Jervas Clifton and divers others were taken Prisoners All whom except the Queen were the next day Beheaded At which time Sir Rich. Crofts presented to King Edward King Henry's Son Edward Prince of Wales To whom King Edward at first seemed indifferent kind but demanding of him how he durst so presumptuously enter into his Realm with Arms The Prince replied though truly yet unseasonably To recover my Father's Kingdom and my Inheritance Thereupon King Edward with his hand thrust him from him or as some say struck him on the Face with his Gauntlet and then presently George Duke of Clarence Thomas Grey Marquess Dorset and the Lord Hastings standing by fell upon him in the place and murthered him Others write that Crook-back'd Richard ran him into the Heart with his Dagger His Body was Buried with other ordinary Corps that were slain in the Church of the Monastery of the Black Friars in Tewksberry VIII Edward eldest Son of King Edward IV. was the eighth Prince of Wales of the English Royal Blood Of whose short Reign and miserable Death there is an account in a Book called England's Monarchs IX Richard only Son of King Richard III. was the ninth Prince of Wales His Mother was Ann the second Daughter of Richard Nevil the Great Earl of Warwick and Widow of Prince Edward Son of King Henry VI. aforementioned who was Married to King Richard though she could not but be sensible that he had been the Author both of her Husband's and Father's Death but womens Affections are Diametrically opposite to common apprehensions and generally governed by Passion and Inconstancy This Prince was born of her at Midleham near Richmond in the County of York At four years old he was created Earl of Salisbury by his Uncle King Edward IV. At ten years old he was created Prince of Wales by his Father King Richard III. but died soon after X. Arthur eldest Son to King Henry VII was the tenth Prince of Wales of the Royal English Families He was born at Winchester in the second year of his Father's Reign When he was about fifteen years old his Father proposed a Marriage for him with the Princess Katherine Daughter to Ferdinando King of Spain which being concluded the Lady was sent by her Father with a gallant Fleet of Ships to England and arrived at Plymouth Soon after the Princess was openly espoused to Prince Arthur they were both clad in white he being fifteen and she eighteen years of age At night they were put together in one Bed where they lay as Man and Wife all that Night When morning appeared the Prince as his Servants about him reported called for Drink which was not usual with him Whereof one of his Bed-Chamber asking him the cause he merrily replied I have been this Night in the midst of Spain which is a hot Country and that makes me so dry Though some write that a grave Matron was laid in Bed between them to hinder actual Consummation The Ladie 's Dowry was two hundred thousand Duckets and her Jointure the third part of the Principality of Wales Cornwal and Chester At this Marriage was great Solemnity and Roval Justings Prince Arthur after his Marriage was sent into Wales to keep his Country in good Order having several prudent and able Counsellors to advise with but within five Months after he died at his Castle at Ludlow and with great solemnity was Buried in the Cathedral of Worcester He was a very ingenious and learned Prince for though he lived not to be sixteen years old yet he was said to have read over all or most of the Latin Fathers besides many others Some attribute the shortness of his Life to his Nativity being born in the eighth month after Conception XI Henry the second Son to King Henry VII was the eleventh Prince of Wales of the Royal English Line He was born at Greenwich in Kent After the Death of his eldest Brother Prince Arthur the Title of Prince of Wales was by his Father's Order not given to him but his own only of Duke of York till the Women could certainly discover whether the Lady Katherine were with Child or not But after six months when nothing appeared he had his Title bestowed upon him and King Henry being loth to part with her great Portion prevailed with his Son Henry though not without some
very great plenty The antient Inhabitants were the Ordovices as the Romans named them who being armed with want and cold were made bold against the force of their Enemies and continued longest free both from the Roman and English Dominion This Shire is 31 Miles long and 17 broad and in circuit 114. The Mountains abound with Oxen Sheep and Goats The middle of it hath a Valley 17 miles long and five broad lying open to the Sea incompassed on all other sides by Hills among which the hiâ—hest is Moilleally Hill on the top whereof is a Fort â—â—d Warlike Trench and a spring of clear Water From these Mountains the River Cluyd riseth runs into the Valley in the Parish of Llan-sanan in the side of a stony Hill there are 24 seats cut out of the main Rock some bigger than others where youth come to tend their Cattel make their sports which to this day is called Arthur's round Table After the beheading of David brother to Luellin the last P. of Wales for High Treason K. Ed. I. bestowed the Town of Denbigh upon Hugh Lacy E. of Lincoln who fortified it with a strong Wall a fair Castle and several high Towers but had not fully finished the Work before his only Son was drowned in a Well therein which caused the sorrowful Father to leave it off and proceed no farther This Town is reckoned the most beautiful in all North-Wales and this is remarkable that in 1575. a great Earthquake which much terrified the People and damaged the Cities of York Worcester Glocester Bristol Hereford and the parts adjacent and caused the Bell in the Shire Hall of Denbigh to Toll twice with shaking of the Earth yet no farther mischief happened This Town is Governed by two Aldermen two Bayliffs 25 Burgesses a Recorder a Town-Clerk and two Sergeants at Mace Wrexham in this County is much admired for the Church which is a fair and spacious structure having a stately Tower or Steeple without and a fine Organ within it being built according to the most exact Rules of Architecture Holt Castle in this County was formerly in the possession of William Lord Stanley whose ready Money and Plate therein besides Jewels and Rich Housholdstuff amounted to four thousand Marks got by the plunder of Bosworth Field where King Richard III. was slain but this Lord upon discontent afterward conspiring against King Henry VII was beheaded for High Treason and it was all confiscated to the King's Exchequer Leoline ap Lleuellin was born in this Shire and made Bishop of St. Asaph by King Edward I. At his death he left a great Estate besides Plate rich Vests and Books to the Canons of that Church and his Chaplains dying in 1313. Godfrey Goodman was born of wealthy Parents in this County and afterward Bishop of Glocester yet was no friend to the Reformation constantly complaining of the first Reformers amongst whom he noted Bishop Ridley as a very odd man One present My Lord says he Ridley was a very odd manindeed for all the Popish Party in England could not match him with his equal in Learning and Religion He died a Roman Catholick and left most of his Estate to pious uses His Uncle Gabriel Goodman was Dean of Westminster for 40 years and the Bible was translated into Welsh at his cost He founded a School and an Almshouse for 12 poor People at Ruthen with a competent Salary He purchased a fair house at Cheswick in Middlesex wherewith his own hands he planted a fair row of Elmes for a retiring place to the Masters and Scholars of Westminster School He imployed Mr. Camden to make an actual Survey of all England at his expence He died 1601. and was buried in Westminster Abbey Sir Hugh Middleton was born at Denbigh and bred in London This is that worthy Knight who fetcht into London the New River Water at his own cost more than 24 Miles encountring all the way with an Army of oppositions grapling with Hills strugling with Rocks and fighting with Forests till in defiance of difficulties he had brought his Project to perfection Robert Earl of Leicester in the reign of Q. Elizabeth by his bounty advanced the building of a new Church in Denbigh Denbigh In 1660. a very great Well in Chick-Town was dried up Richard Clough born at Denbigh was a Chorister at Chester whence he removed to London where he was Apprentice to and after Partner with Sir Tho. Gresham Having lived some time at Antwerp he travelled to Jerusalem where he was made Knight of the Holy Sepulchre Some affirm that he disbursed several thousands of pounds in building the Royal Exchange and that it was agreed betwixt them the Survivor should be Heir to the other on which account they say Sir Tho. Gresham carried away the main of the Estate He gave 100 pound a year to the Free-School in Denbigh besides his Benefaction to the New Church there This County is divided into twelve Hundreds had formerly 5 Castles hath 3 Market-Towns Denbigh Ruthen and Wrexham and 57 Parish-Churches It gives the Title of Earl to L. Feilding FLINTSHIRE hath Cheshire on the East the Sea on the North Shropshire on the South and Denbighshire on the West It is the least Country of Wales not so mountainous as other parts but lies pleasantly along by the River Dee The Air is healthful and the Soil plentiful of Corn and Cattel the Rivers abound with Fish There are not many Woods or Trees in this as well as other parts of Wales the frequent Rebellions of the Inhabitants having occafioned the English to make great devastations of them to prevent their being the retreats of these unquiet people Fruits are not very common but of Milk Butter Cheese and Honey there is plenty Of the last of which they make great quantities of a Drink like Muscadine called Metheglin There were formerly several strong Castles in this Shire as Flint Hawarden or Harden Treer Rudland Mold Yowley and Hope the first was the most famous being founded by K. Henry 2. and finished by K. Edward the first Afterward K. Richard 2. going over to Ireland to suppress the Rebels there his Uncle Henry Duke of Lancaster returning from his Banishment into England at the same time and being joyned by several of the Barons who were much displeased at K. Richard's Arbitrary and Tyrannical Government raised an Army of 60000 Men against him The King returned in hope to suppress this Insurrection and coming to Flint-Castle the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury and the Earl of Northumberland were sent to him from the D. of Lancaster to whom K. Richard made a Proposition That if himself and eight more whom he would name might have an honourable allowance with the assurance of enjoying peaceably a quiet life he would resign his Crown This the Earl of Northumberland assured him should be performed whereupon the King surrendred himself into the Duke's hands When K. Richard came first to this Castle they let loose one of his
Edward called the Confessor succeeded next in 1042. who was an absolute Englishman and the youngest Son of Etheldred and Queen Emma being invited from Normandy by all the English Nobility who disdained the Danish Subjection and was entertained with great Joy He first remitted that heavy Danish Tax of Forty thousand pound a year called Dane gilt imposed by his Father and paid forty years by all but the Clergy who are exempted Because the Kings reposed more confidence in the Prayers of the Holy Church than in the Power of Armies It is reported Edward forgave that Tax upon this occasion A great Sum of that Treasure being brought into his Chamber and laid in a heap he being called to see it was at first sight much affrighted protesting he saw the Devil dancing with great Joy upon the same and therefore commanded it should be again restored to his Subjects and released them from it for ever after He married Editha Earl Godwin's Daughter but never had any Conjugal Society with her though she was a Lady accomplished with all excellent Endowments both of Mind and Body so that this old Veâ—â—â—â—â— written on her Sicut Spina Rosam Genuit Goduinus Editham From prickled Stalk as sweetest Rose So Editha fair from Godwin grows Edward himself confessed upon his Death-bed That openly she was his Wife but in secret Embracings as his own Sister But whether it were Infirmity or Chastity it seems he was willing to have her accused of Incontinency whereof if she were guilty he could not be innocent it being a great injury to put his Wives vertue to so Tyrannical a trial After this some differences arose between him and Earl Godwin and Forces were raised on both sides but by the Intercession of the Nobility an Agreement was made Yet Godwin escaped not Divine Vengeance for being charged by the King for the Munder of Alfred he wished if he were guilty he might never swallow down a bit of Bread again which happened accordingly for the first bit of Bread he put into his Mouth choaked him as he sate with the King at Table A dreadful Instance of God's Severity against Perjury This King is blamed for his Cruelty to his Mother in forcing her to pass over nine burning Plow shares bare-foot and blind-fold for a Trial of her Continency which yet she performed without the least damage He is said to be the first King that cured the Disease called the King's-Evil It is related that this King lying on his Bed one Afternoon with the Curtains drawn a pilfering Courtier coming into his Chamber and finding the King's Casket open which Hugoline his Chamberlain had forgot to shut he took out as 〈◊〉 Money as he could well carry and went away But finding success he came a second and a third time still carrying off more At which the King who had observed all called to him to be gone with all speed since he had enough if he could be contented For said he if Hugoline should come and catch thee thou wilt go nigh to lose all thou hast got and may'st get a Halter into the Bargain The Fellow was no sooner gone but Hugoline came in and finding the Casket open and a great deal of Money taken out he was much incensed But the King bid him not be moved For said he he that hath it hath more need of it than we When this King Edward was hastning out of Normandy with a great Army to recover England from the Danes being ready to give Battel his Captains assured him of Victory and that they would not leave one Dane alive God forbid said Edward that the Kingdom should be recovered for me who am but one Man by the death of so many thousands better it is that I should live a private and unbloody Life than to be a King by such a Slaughter and Butchery This King having no lisue of his own sent for Edward the Son of Edmund Ironside out of Hungary who for his long absence was called the Outlaw but he dying soon after he declared Edgar the Outlaw's Son to be Heir and sirnamed him Atheling or Adeling a Term appropriated to the presumptive Heirs of the Crown He had also a Daughter named Matilda who was married to the King of Scots and was Mother to David King of Scotland and Maud Queen of England When King Edward was on his Death-bed he observed all present weeping and lamenting for him to whom he said If you loved me you would forbear weeping and rejoyce because I go to my Father with whom I shall receive the Joys promised to the Faithful not through my Merits but by the free mercy of my Saviour who sheweth mercy on who he pleaseth After the Death of Earl Godwin Harold his Son grew into great Favour with King Edward and was by him made Lieutenant of his Army against the Welch who with his Brother Tosto or Toston utterly subdued that Rebellion After which Harold still increasing more in favour with the King there grew such hatred between the two Brethren that Tosto coming to Hereford slew all his Brother's Servants and cutting them in pieces salted them and put them into powdering-tubs It hapned afterward that Harold going beyond Sea was by Tempest â—â—â—ven into Normandy and being seised and carrâ—â—d before Duke Wiliam he made him promise That after the death of King Edward he would secure the Kingdom for him according to King Edward's Will Which Oath having taken Harold came back and told King Edward what he had done who seemed well content therewith saith the Historian which if it were true he had surely forgot his former Declaration concerning Edgar Atheling However after the death of King Edward Harold neither regarding his Oath to Duke William nor Edgar's Right whom he dispised for his tender Age caused himself to be Proclaimed King without any great Ceremony or Celebration none much approving or disapproving thereof and to ingratiate himself with the People he eased them of several severe Taxes laid upon them by his Predecessor and was affable and kind to all But this was a short calm before a great storm for soon after Duke William sent his Ambassadors to him to mind him of his Oath but he returned answer That it was extorted from him in his Imprisonment and therefore was no way obliging At this Answerthe Duke was much inraged and prepared Forces for gaining the Kingdom by force Neither was Harold idle but made provision to withstand him At which time a dreadful Comet appeared in the Heavens which was then judged and after proved to be a fatal Omen During these Preparations Tosto Brother to Harold and Harfager King of Denmark with three hundred Ships invaded the Country landing in Yorkshire Harfager claiming the Crown as Son of Canutus but the Nobility of those parts opposing them were routed which Harold hearing march'd against them and at Stamford-Bridge he encountred them where his whole Army was withstood by one single Dane who slew forty of
taken in the Fight should continue Prisoner during Prince David's Pleasure Lastly That David should pay the King only three thousand Marks toward the charges of the War About a year after Prince David made another Insurrection in revenge of those Welshmens Heads whom Hubert de Burg had caused to be struck off in cold Blood and presented to the King for which David burnt several Churches and many Ladies in them whereupon he was solemnly Cursed and Excommunicated at Oxford in the presence of all the Nobility and Clergy and the King raising a great Army went to repress the Welsh but returned without effecting it So that they continued their ravages more than ever Complaints whereof coming daily to the King the Lords of his Council told him how pernicious it would be to him to suffer it who replied That he was not able to suppress them for want of money They being envious at his kindness to Hubert de Burg boldly replied He might well be poor who gave away his Estate to make others Rich and Great and thereupon they drew up many Articles against de Burg one whereof was That he had stoln out of the King's Jewel Office a precious Stone of wonderful value which had virtue to make him that wore it Invincible in Battel and that he had given this Stone to David Prince of Wales the King's Enemy Another was That he by his Letters had caused Prince David to hang the gallant William Bruce But he defeated all their designs against him and recovered the King's favour Afterward Prince David joined with the Earl Marshall in a Rebellion against the King and defeated his Forces But the King at length recovering his power there and giving himself up to Works of Charity and Hospitality caused Prince David to use this notable expression I more fear saith he the Almsdeeds which the King doth than all the men of War that he hath and the whole Clergy put together After this having taken Homage of all his Nobility Prince David voluntarily offered to hold his whole Principality of the Kings of England though with the dislike of his People that he might thereby strengthen himself against the attempts of his Son Griffith who used great endeavours to deprive him of his Royalty Griffith succeeded him and being taken Prisoner by King Henry was committed to the Tower of London from whence endeavouring to make his escape over the Walls by tying the Sheets and Blankets of his Bed together the weight of his heavy Body loosed them and falling down upon his Head he broke his Neck Afterward his Son David being provoked by the many injuries received from the Earl of Hereford made an Inroad into the English Marshes and designed to have freed himself from all Homage to the Kings of England exhibiting his complaint to the Pope and alledging That he was by force and violence unjustly compelled to hold his Principality and Estate of them But the King's Credit and Power prevailed against the weak Allegations of this poor Prince who thereupon continued his depredations Against whom King Henry sent three hundred men at Arms under the Command of Sir Hubert Fitz Matthew but through his own rashness and the valour of the Welsh he and his Party were totally defeated At which the King being much troubled resolved to go against them in Person and after he had fortified the Castle of Grennock in North-Wales and wasted the Isle of Anglesey he was forced by the rigour of the Weather to return home endeavouring to starve the Welsh by prohibiting the Irish and Cheshire men under severe penalties to furnish them with any provisions and if any of them ventured out of their Fastnesses on Snowdon Hills to satisfie their hunger the Garrison of Grennock were ready to surprize them Yea the two Welsh Lords Powys and Bromfield joined with the King against them insomuch that they were in miserable distress about which time Prince David died In 1255. The Welsh being opprest by Geffery Langley Governor of the Marshes fled to Arms whereupon Prince Edward afterward King Edward I. to whom his Father had given that Principality raises an Army to subdue them and wanting Money borrowed large sums of his Uncle Richard and then Marches against Prince Leoline whose Forces consisted in about Ten Thousand Country Horsemen and many more Foot who took a Solemn Oath That they would stand together for the recovery and defence of their Antient Laws Liberties and Countrey counting it better to lose their Lives with Honour than to live in Ignominy and Slavery And indeed they had already performed very notable enterprises under the conduct of their valiant Prince having recovered all the Inland Country of North-Wales and in one Battel kill'd above a thousand English putting the rest to flight and making Irruptions to the very Walls of Chester Neither had Prince Edward any better success for Leoline fell upon his Army with such Courage as obliged them to retire and not attempt any thing farther against him who complaining to his Father of the disgrace he had received What 's that to me says K. Henry I have given the Country to thee and thou must use thy courage to defend it and thereby gain such honour in thy Youth that afterward thine Enemies may stand in fear of thee As for me I have somewhat else to do In the absence of Prince Edward Leoline and his Welsh Forces continued their ravages on the Marshes He likewise Confederated with the English Barons then in Arms against King Henry whom they had defeated and taken Prisoner in a bloody Battel at Lewes in Sussex and carried into Wales with them destroying the Lands of the English in the Counties of Monmouth and Glamorgan under the command of Prince Leoline and Simon Montfort Earl of Leicester Prince Edward perceiving that he must use his utmost power for the recovery of his Father's Liberty and the Kingdom resolved with the assistance of the People of Cheshire Herefordshire Worcester and Shropshire who had been great sufferers in these publick calamities to give the Rebels Battel which he did accordingly in a large Plain near the Town of Eversham in Worcestershire where the Army of the Barons was utterly discomfited with a very great slaughter especially of the Welsh Simon Montfort called the Great Earl of Leicester was also slain at which very minute there was such terrible Thunder Lightning and Darkness as caused much amazement After the Death of Montfort Prince Leoline who had given him great assistance thought fit to make a reconciliation with King Henry and by paying thirty thousand pound Sterling four Welsh Counties taken from him in the Wars were restored to him In 1275. King Edward I. sent for Prince Leoline to attend at his Coronation and do him Homage which he excused or modestly refused He was afterward summoned to appear at the Parliament at Westminster which he likewise declined standing upon terms of safe Conduct doubting to be used as he pretended like his
Grandfather Griffith whom he intimated was murdered in the Tower of London and not kill'd by accident yet he sent a message to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York That if the King pleased to appoint Commissioners to receive his Oath and Homage he was very ready to give it or if he would name some indifferent place and give Prince Edward the Earl of Glocester and the Lord Chancellor as Hostages for his safe return he would wait upon him in Person The King dissembled his anger at these arrogant demands but a while after coming to the Castle of Chester on the Border of Wales he again sent for him and Leoline again denied to come At which the King resolved for preventing all future disturbances on that side to make an absolute Conquest of the Countrey And on the contrary the Welsh having always a custom at every change of Princes in England to try conclusions expecting one time or other to change their Yoke of Bondage into Liberty were in great hopes of doing it at this time having now a valiant Prince to command them But an accident happened which somewhat took off their edge for the Lady Eleanor Daughter of Simon Earl of Montfort whom Prince Leoline extreamly loved Sailing out of France into Wales was by the way taken by some English Ships and brought to King Edward and for the Love of her Prince Leoline was willing to submit to any conditions so that besides his Promise of submission to the Government he agreed to pay down Fifty thousand pounds Sterling and a thousand pound a year during life Upon these Terms he Married his beloved Lady and the Wedding was solemniz'd in England the King and Queen being present thereat Three years Leoline continued faithful and obedient in which time David one of his Brothers staying in England and being found by the King to be of a stirring Spirit was much honoured by him Knighted and Match to a Rich Widow Daughter of the Earl of Derby to which the King added the gift of the Castle of Denbigh with a thousand pound a year though it was at length discovered that he lived here only as a Spy For Prince Leoline's Lady dying soon after and he contrary to his engagements taking up Arms his Brother David notwithstanding these favours from the King went and joined with him and they together enter into England seizing the Castles of Flint and Ruthland with the Person of the Lord Chief Justice Clifford who was sent thither as a Judge and in a great Battel the Welsh overthrew the Earls of Northumberland and Surrey with the Slaughter of many English King Edward was at the Vizes in Wiltshire when news coming of this revolt and overthrow he raises an Army to revenge it In his way he goes to visit his Mother Queen Eleanor who lay at the Nunnery of Almesbury with whom while he was discoursing a Person was brought into the Chamber who pretended that being formerly blind he had received his Sight at the Tomb of King Henry III. When the King saw him he knew him and that he was a most notorious lying Villain and intreated his Mother not to give the least credit to him but the Queen who was glad to hear of this Miracle for the glory of her Husband finding her Son unwilling that his Father should be a Saint fell suddenly into such a rage that she commanded him out of her sight which the King obeys and going forth meets with a Clergyman to whom he tells the story of this Impostor adding merrily That he knew the Justice of his Father to be such that he would rather pluck out the Eyes being whole of such a wicked wretch than restore him to his sight In the mean time the Archbishop of Canterbury went of himself to Prince Leoline and his Brother David endeavouring to persuade them to submission but in vain for Leoline was so animated with an old British Prophecy of Merlin's That he should shortly be Crowned with the Diadem of Brute that he had no Ear for Peace and shortly after no head for the Earl of Pembroke first took Bere Castle which was his usual residence from him he then gave him Battel and his Party being defeated his Head was cut off by a Common Souldier and sent to King Edward who caused it to be Crowned with Ivy thereby in some part unluckily fulfilling his Welsh Prediction And this was the end of Leoline the last of the Welsh Princes betrayed as some write by the men of Buelth Soon after his Brother David flying into Wales and being destitute of help or relief he was at length taken with two of his Sons and seven Daughters as some Authors write all which were brought before the King David was committed to Chester Castle and afterward in a Parliament at Shrewsbury was convicted of Treason and sentenced to an ignominious death namely to be first drawn at a Horse Tail about the City of Shrewsbury then to be beheaded and quartered his Heart and Bowels burnt His Head to accompany his Brothers was put upon the Tower of London and his four Quarters were set up in four Cities Bristol Northampton York and Winchester A manifold Execution and the first shewed in this kind in this Kingdom in the Person of the Son of a Prince or any other Nobleman that we read of in our History Some have observed that upon King Edward's thus totally subjecting Wales he lost his Eldest Son Alphonsus a Prince of great hopes about twelve years of Age and had only left to succeed him his Son Edward lately born at Carnarvan and the first of the English Royal Families that was Intituled Prince of Wales but no Prince worthy either of Wales or England After this the rest of the Welshmen as well Nobles as others submitted themselves to King Edward and all the Countrey and Castles therein were surrendred to him who then annexed that Country to the Crown of England and built two strong Castles at Aberconway and Carnarvan to secure their obedience He also gave several Lands and Castels to Englishmen as the Lordship of Denhigh to Henry Lacy Earl of Lincoln Of Ruthen to Reginald Lord Grey and divided Wales into Counties and Hundreds establishing the Government thereof agreeable to the Laws of England This happened in the twelfth year of his Reign 1284. Remarks upon the Lives of the Princes of Wales of the Royal Families of England PART II. THough King Edward I. had subjected the Principality of Wales and afterward annexed it to the Crown of England yet he could never induce that People freely to own him as their King but upon condition that he would come and reside among them or at least appoint them a Prince of their own Nation to Govern them for the Welchmen having experienced the rigorous and severe Treatment of the English Governours and being sensible that the King would rule them by an English Deputy they could not with patience bear the thoughts of it so that
oftentimes when the King charged them with affronting his Lord Lieutenants they unanimously answered That they were very willing to be subject to any Prince he should nominate provided he were a Welshman born The King perceiving their inflexible temper resolved to gratifie them by a Politick Stratagem He thereupon sends secretly to the Queen who was then big with Child that she should come to him with all speed to Carnarvan and when she was nigh her time of Delivery He ordered all the Welsh Nobility and Gentry to appear before him at Ruthland Castle to consult about the Publick welfare of their Country When they were come he detained them till he had notice that the Queen was delivered of a Son at Carnarvan and then calling them together he told them That they having often Petitioned him to have a Prince to rule them he being now going out of their Countrey would nominate one to them provided they would promise to accept and obey him The Welshmen answered they would be willingly obedient to him provided he were their own Countryman Ay says the King I will assure you that he was born in Wales That he can speak never a word of English and that he never did any wrong to man Woman or Child The Welshmen were very joyful of their good fortune promising true subjection to him Whereupon he named his own new born Son Edward firnamed Carnarvan from the place of his Birth and from that time the Eldest Sons of the Kings of England have been Intituled Princes of Wales This Prince succeeded his Father by the name of King Edward II. He was a comely Person and of great strength but much given to Drink which made him often disclose his Secrets For his other conditions his greatest fault was his inordinate love to Garestone and the Spencers who being Persons of lewd Lives endeavoured to debauch him with Wine and Women and occasioned many mischiefs and grievances in the Kingdom of which the Nobility and People were so sensible that when they found him irreclaimable they resolved to depose him and set his young Son Edward on the Throne his Queen likewise joining with the Lords therein who going over to France she there Contracted a Marriage between her Son Edward and Philippa Daughter to the Earl of Heynault by whom being aided with Forces she landed at Orwell near Harwich in Suffolk The Lords immediately resorted to her and the Londoners inclining to take her part the King found his evil Counsellors the Spencers and others could do him little service Therefore Shiping themselves for the Isle of Lundy they were by Tempest cast upon the Coast of Wales and the King secured himself in a Monastery in Glamorganshire But soon after both he and his Favourites were taken from thence They were Hanged and Quartered and he himself was deposed by Parliament having been first persuaded to make a formal resignation of the Crown And at length he was committed a Prisoner to Berkley Castle near Bristol where he was miserably murdered by having a red hot Iron or Spit thrust up into his Body II. Edward of Windsor so called from the place of his Birth the Son of this unfortunate King was the second Prince of Wales of the English Royal Blood Upon the Deposing of his Father by the Parliament it was resolved that he should be advanced to the Throne which this young Prince refused unless his Father resigned the Government which he was obliged to do and so his Son was Proclaimed King by the name of Edward III. who afterward proved a Glorious and Renowned Prince His Minority being but four years old when he was Crowned though it may Palliate cannot so take off the scandal of not preventing his Death who gave him Life but that there remains a great blemish upon his memory For being a Master of so much reason as to pause upon it as he did upon the first motion of putting his Father to Death it may be thought he had power enough to have prevented the execution it being a violation of the Law of Nature and likewise of ill example since the People might use him in the same manner if he outlived their affections or his own discretion But his revenge upon Mortimer seems to declare him really innocent or that he abhor'd the World should think otherwise Whereby he so far reconciled himself to the opinion of the Vulgar that he seldom wanted Friends during his long Reign as he never wanted an occasion to make use of them He was a Prince of that admirable composure of Body and Mind that Fortune seemed to have fallen in love with him elevating him so far above the reach of Envy or Treachery that all the Neighbour Princes dazled with the splendor of his Glory gave place to him who from the very first Ascent to the Throne had a prospect of two Crowns more than he was born to The one placed within his reach which was Scotland The other that of France which was more remote To the attaining the first there was a fair opportunity offered by the irreconcileable contest of two Rival Kings David Bruce and Edward Baliol whose Right and Interest were so evenly poized that King Edward's power could easily turn the Scale To the recovery of France there was yet a fairer opportunity given him by the revolt of Philip of Artois a Prince of the Blood Royal and Brother in Law to Philip of Valois the present French King who upon discontent came over and discovered all the Secrets of the French Counsels to King Edward assuring him of the Affections of several of the French Nobility And now the two Kings set up their Titles to the Kingdom of France Edward was nearest by Blood but drew his Pedigree from a Female Philip was farther off but descended of all Males and because the Law Salique which excludes Women from Reigning in France was conceived as well to exclude all Descendants from Females therefore was Philip's Title accepted the French obstinately declaring That they would never tye the Succession of that Crown to a Distaff To which King Edward replied That he would then tye it to his Sword With the English took part the Emperor and the chief Princes of Germany With the French the King of Bohemia the two Dukes of Austria the Earl of Flanders the Duke of Savoy and divers Princes of Italy together with his inraged Neighbour David Bruce King of Scots a weak but restless Enemy against whom King Edward had set up Edward Baliol as Competitor and to whose assistance he sends an Army toward Scotland and at Hallydown Hill near Berwick the Scots are utterly defeated about Thirty Two Thousand Souldiers being slain with a great number of Nobility and Gentry After this King Edward gained a Glorious Victory over the French at the Battel of Cressy and another at Poictiers wherein John King of France was taken Prisoner And David King of Scots with an Army of Threescore Thousand men a second time
Invading England his Army is routed and himself taken Prisoner King Edward III. was of Stature indifferent tall with sparkling Eyes and of a comely and manly countenance no man was more mild when there was submission nor none more fierce if opposed He had a command over his Passions as well as People being never so loving as to be fond nor so angry as to be irreconcileable But this must be understood of him when he was a man for in his old age he became a Child again and was Master of neither He was Fortunate and Valiant both which were heightened in the estimation of the World as reigning between two unfortunate Princes his Father to whom he was Successor and his Grandson Richard II. to whom he was Predecessor His disposition was so martial that his very Recreations were Warllke for he delighted in none more than in Justs and Turnaments and among the rest in the fourth year of his Reign a solemn Turnament was held in Cheapside between the great Cross and the great Conduit which lasted three days where his Queen Philippa with many Ladies fell from a Stage erected for them to behold the Justing and though they were not hurt at all yet the King threatned to punish the Carpenters for their negligence till the Queen intreated pardon for them upon her Knees as she was always ready to do all good Offices of mercy to all People To discover his Devotion one example may be sufficient for when neither Cardinals nor Counsellors could move him to make Peace with France a Tempest from Heaven did it To which may be added That he never won a great Battel but he presently gave the Glory of it to God by publick Thanksgiving He outlived the best Wife and the best Son that ever King had and to say the truth he out-lived the best of himself leaving all Action and bidding adieu to the World Ten Years before he went out of it declining so fast from the Fortieth year of his Government that it may rather be said his Son the Prince Reigned than he and happy 't was for him that when his own Understanding failed him he had so good a supporter And the grief for the loss of him besides the Fatigues of War was thought to hasten his Death together with the trouble for the loss of the benefit of his Conquests in France of all which he had at last little left but the Town of Callice Being oppressed thus in Body and Mind he was drawing his last breath when his Concubine Alice Pierce who was so confident sometime before as to sit in Courts of Justice and overawe the Judges packing away what she could catch even to the Rings of his Fingers left him and by her example others of his Attendants seize on what they could meet with and march away yea all his Counsellors and Courtiers forsook him when he had most occasion for them leaving his Bed-Chamber quite empty Which a poor Priest in his Palace observing approached to his Bed-side and finding him yet Breathing called upon him to remember his Saviour and to beg Mercy for his Offences which none about him before would do But now moved by the Voice of this Priest he shews all signs of Contrition and at his last Breath he pronounceth the Name of Jesus Thus died this Victorious King at his Manour of Sheen now Richmond June 21. 1377. in the 64 year of his Age having reigned above 50 years His Body was conveyed from Sheene by his four Sons having had seven in all and five Daughters and the Nobility and solemnly interred in Westminster Abbey where his Monument is to be seen and likewise his Sword which it is said he used in Battel being eight pound in weight and seven foot in length III. The Third Prince of Wales of the Blood Royal of England was Edward commonly called the Black Prince but why so named is uncertain for to think it was because of his dreadful actions as Speed saith has little probability neither do the Historians of that Age ever give him that name nor mention that he was so called He was eldest Son to King Edward III. by the fair Philippa Daughter to William Earl of Henault and Holland and born at Woodstock July 15. 1329. in the third year of his Father's Reign He was afterwards created Prince of Wales Duke of Aquitain and Cornwall and Earl of Chester He was likewise Earl of Kent in the right of his Wife Joan Daughter of the Earl of that Name and Brother by the Father's side to King Edward II. the most admired beauty of that Age. King Edward was very careful of his Education providing him the most able Tutors to educate him both in Arts and Arms. When he was but fifteen years old his Father passing over into France with a gallant Army took his Son along with him making him a Souldier before he was a Man being willing to try his Metal and loth to omit any thing that might give reputation to that Battel wherein two Kingdoms were laid at Stake In 1345. King Edward with a Fleet of about a Thousand Sail landed an Army of Two Thousand Five Hundred Horse and Thirty Thousand Foot most of them Archers in Normandy making devastation of all before him even to the very Walls of Paris In the mean time Philip the French King was not idle having raised as brave an Army as France had ever seen consisting in near an Hundred and Twenty Thousand Fighting Men K. Edward's Army being loaden with the rich Spoils of the ruined Countrey he was unwilling to retreat neither indeed was he able being got into the Heart of the Enemies Countrey between the two fine Rivers of Scin and Soan so that he began to inquire how he might find a passage out of these straits which the French having notice of looked upon as an intended flight and King Edward was willing they should nourish that opinton The River Soan between Abbeville and the Sea was fordable when the Tyde was out of which the French were aware and therefore guarded the passage with a Thousand Horse and Six Thousand Foot commanded by Gundamar de Foy a Valiant Norman Lord. King Edward coming to this place plunges into the River crying out He that loves me will follow me as resolving either to pass or dye This so animated his Souldiers that the Passage was won and Du Foy defeated by the undaunted courage of the English almost before he was fought with carrying back to King Philip. Two Thousand less than he brought beside the terror of the English Arms the Souldiers resolving to live and dye with such a gallant Soveraign King Edward was now near Crescy in the Province of Pontheiu between the Rivers Soam and Anthy a place unquestionably belonging to him in right of his Mother where he provided all necessaries for a Battel King Philip inraged at the late defeat and by his numerous Forces growing confident of success marches furiously to fall upon
St. Bartholomew's Hospital for poor maimed diseased People and Cripples c. 3. Bridewell for imploying and correcting Vagrants Harlots and Idle Persons He was a Comely Person and of a sweet Countenance especially in his Eyes which seemed to have a starry liveliness in them In the sixth year of his Reign which was the year before he died he fell sick of the Measels and being fully recovered he rode a Progress with greater magnificence than ever he had done before having in his Train no fewer than four thousand Horse The January following whether procured by sinister Practice or growing upon him by natural infirmity he fell into an indisposition which centred in a Cough of the Lungs Whereupon it was reported that a Poisoned Nosegay had been presented him for a New years Gift which brought him into this slow but mortal Consumption Others said it was done by a vene nous Clyster However it was he grew so ill that his Physicians dispaired of his Life After which a Gentlewoman though to be provided on purpose pretended to cure him but did him much hurt for with her applications his Legs swelled his Pulse failed his skin changed colour and many other symptonis of approaching death appeared An hour before he was overheard to pray thus by himself O Lord God deliver me out of this miserable and wretched Life O Lord thou knowest how happy it were for me to be with thee yet for thy Chosens sake if it be thy will send me life and health that I may truly serve thee O Lord God save thy chosen People of England and defend this Realm from Papistry and maintain thy true Religion that I and my People may praise thy name for thy Son Jesus Christ's sake Then turning his Face and seeing some by him he said I thought you had not been so nigh Yes said Dr. Owen we heard you speak to your self Then said the King I was Praying to God O I am faint Lord have mercy upon me and receive my Spirit and in so saying he gave up the Ghost July 6. 1553. in the sixteenth year of his age when he had reigned six years-five months and nine days and was solemnly buried at Westminster Abbey XIII Prince Henry eldest Son to King James I. was the thirteenth Prince of Wales of the Royal Family of England He was born at Sterling Castle in Scotland and in his Childhood gave promising signs of an Heroick and Noble Spirit no Musick being so pleasant to his Ears as the Trumpet and Drum and the roaring of Cannon and no sights so acceptable as that of Musquets Pistols and any kind of Armour and at nine years of age he learned to ride shoot at Archery leap and manage the Pike all which manly exercises he performed to admiration in such young years He was tall of stature about five foot eight inches high of an amiable yet Majestick countenance a piercing Eye a gracious smile and a terrible frown yet courteous and affable to all He was naturally modest and patient and when most offended he would by over-coming himself say nothing very merciful very just and very true to his promises very secret and reserved from his youth He was most zealous in his love to Religion and Piety and his Heart was bent if he had lived to have endeavoured to compound those differences that were among Religious men He shewed his love to good men and hatred of evil in incouraging good Preachers and slighting the vain-glorious in whom above all things he abhorr'd flattery loving and countenancing the good and never speaking of the slothful Preachers without anger and disdain He was very Consciencious of an Oath so that he was never heard to take God's name in vain or any other Oaths that may seem light much less such horrible Oaths as are now too common He never failed to sacrifice daily the first of his actions to God by Prayers and Devotions He was so resolved to continue immutable in the Protestant Religion that long before his death he solemnly protested That he would never join in Marriage with a Wife of a contrary Faith for he hated Popery with all the Adjuncts and Adherents thereof yet he would now and then use particular Papists kindly thereby shewing that he hated not their Persons but Opinions He was obedient to his Parents careful in the affairs of his Family and Revenue loving and kind to Strangers and in a word he had a certain extraordinary excellency that cannot be exprest in words In the nineteenth year of his age he was visited with a continual Head-ach and had two small Fits of an Ague which were afterward followed with very had symptoms which daily increasing Dr. Abbot then Archbishop of Canterbury went to visit him and finding the extream danger he was in discourst to him of the vanity of the World the certainty of Death and the Joys of Heaven asking his Highness whether he were well pleased to die now if it were the Will of God he replied Yes with all my Heart farther declaring That he hoped for the pardon of his sins only from the merits of Christ In his best moments he continued in a Christian frame of Spirit and Novemb. 6. 1612. quietly yielded up his Spirit to his blessed Saviour and Redeemer being attended with as many Prayers Tears and strong Cries as ever any Soul was XIV After his death Charles his Younger Brother succeeded being the fourteenth Prince of Wales and afterward King of England by the Title of King Charles I. XV. Charles the eldest Son of Charles I. was the fifteenth and last Prince of Wales of the Royal Family of England and after King of England by the Title of King Charles II. I have been very brief in relating the Actions of several of the Princes of Wales having already given an account of them in some other Books which I have formerly published As for instance In a Book called Admirable Curiosities Rarities and Wonders in every County in England in the Remarks upon the County of Glocester you may find all the particulars of the Murther of King Edward the second In another called Historical Remarks upon the Cities of London and Westminster there is a full Relation of the deposition and miserable death of King Richard II. In another intituled The young Man's Calling or the whole Duty of Youth the Lives of King Edward VI. and Prince Henry Son to King James I. are related at large In another called England's Monarchs is an account of the Lives and Actions of all the Kings of England from William the Conqueror to this time and among them of those Princes of Wales who were after Kings of England and are mentioned in the preceeding Remarks In another called The Wars of England c. There is a full account of the Life of King Charles I. with his Trial and Death In another called The History the two late Kings is a Relation of the Life and Death of King Charles II. To
As to his birth Humfry Lloyd a Welsh Writer affirms that his Mother before Marriage was a Noble Virgin and that his Father for his great knowledge in the Mathematicks and other abstruse Learning was in those ignorant times reputed by the Common People to be a Conjurer and his Son Merlin to be begotten by an Evil Spirit or Male Devil who in the likeness of Men are said to have the Carnal use of Women Many wonderful things are attributed to Merlin as that by his assistance Aurelius Ambrosius erected that stupendous Monument near Salisbury called Stonehenge those vast Stones being brought by Magick Art from Africk into Ireland and from thence to this Plain through the Air. That Vter Pendragon the Brother and Successor of Ambrosius falling in love with the Duke of Cornwall's Wife Merlin by his Necromantick skill made Vter appear to her in the exact form and shape of her Husband Duke Gorlois by which means he enjoyed this fair Lady on whom he begot the renowned King Arthur At the birth of this Vter it is reported a Comet appeared somewhat like the Head of a Dragon whereupon Merlin declared that it presignified the Birth of Vter then new born and from thence he was called Vter Pendragon Others to his honour relate that many of his Predictions were fulfilled as that which runs thus Since Virgin gifts to Maids he gave ' Mongst blessed Saints God will him save This is interpreted to be meant of King John who built several Monasteries for Nuns in divers parts of the Kingdom Another says The sixth shall overthrow the Walls of Ireland and reduce their Countrys into a Kingdom This was thought to be accomplished under King James VI. of Scotland and I. of England who dismantled their Fortresses and Castles which were the Irish Walls and Courts of Justice were set up through all the Land Though the Welsh Proverb contradicts this foreknowledge which says Namyn Dduw nid oes Dewin that is Besides God there is no Diviner Robert Ferrar Bishop of St. David's was made a Martyr in this County He was prefer'd by the Duke of Somerset Lord Protector in the Reign of King Edward VI. a man not unlearned but somewhat indiscreet or rather uncomplying so that he may be said with St. Lawrence to be broyled on both sides being persecuted both by Protestants and Papists Some conceived that his Patron 's fall was his greatest guilt and incouraged his Enemies against him In the Reign of Q. Mary he was sent for and examined about his Faith by Gardiner Bishop of Winchester who told him that the Queen and Parliament had altered Religion and therefore required him to imbrace the same To which he answered That he had taken an Oath never to consent or agree that the Bishop of Rome should have any Jurisdiction in this Realm At which the Bishop of Winchester called him Knave and Forward Fellow and so returned him to Prison again He was afterward examined before Henry Morgan pretended Bishop of St. David's who requiring him to subscribe to several Articles he absolutely refused it or to recent any thing whereupon the sentence of degradation was read against him and he was delivered to the Secular Power by whom he was carried to Carmarthen to be burnt A while before his Execution there came one to visit him who much lamented the painfulness of his death to whom Bishop Ferrar answered If you see me once stir or move in the pains of my burning then never give any credit to the truth of the doctrine which I have formerly taught And he was as good as his word standing so patiently in the midst of the Flames that he never moved holding up the stumps of his Arms till one with a Halbert dasht him on the head whereby he fell down and quietly resigned up his Spirit to God Sir Rice ap Thomas little less than a Prince and called the Flower of the Britains was born in this Shire When the Earl of Richmond afterward King Henry VII landed at Milford Haven with contemptible Forces this Sir Rice with a considerable accession of choice Souldiers joined and marched with him to Bosworth Field where he behaved himself with much Courage and in reward of his good service was made Knight of the Garter He rebuilt Emeline in this County and called it New-castle being one of his Principal Seats and one of the latest Castles in Wales In the fourth of King Henry VIII he conducted 500 Horse to the Siege of Theroene in France Walter Devereux created Earl of Essex by Q. Elizabeth was born in the Town of Carmarthen Being a Martial Man he Articled with the Q. to maintain such a number of Souldiers at his own cost in Ireland and to have the fair Territory of Clandebuy in the Province of Vlster for the Conquering thereof To maintain this Army he sold his fine Inheritance in Essex Over he goes into Ireland with a noble Company of Kindred Friends and Supernumerary Volunteers above the proportion of Souldiers agreed on Sir William Fitz William's Lord Deputy of Ireland doubting he should be Eclipsed by this great Earl solicites the Q. to maintain him in the full power of his Place Hereupon it was ordered that the Earl should have his Commission from this Lord Deputy which with much importunity and long attendance he hardly obtained and that with no higher Title than Governour of Vlster After many attempts not very successfully made in Vlster he was ordered to march to the South of Ireland where he spent much time to little purpose From Munster he was sent back to Vlster where he was forbidden to make use of the Victory he had gotten and soon after his Commission was Vacated and he reduced to be Governour of 300 men He received all these affronts with undaunted constancy Pay days in Ireland came very quick Money out of England very slow his noble Associates began to withdraw common men to mutiny and himself was soon after recalled home He was afterward sent back with the Title of Earl Marshal of Ireland where he fell into a strange Flux not without suspicion of Poyson and died 1576. of his Age 36. His Estate much impaired descended to his Son Robert his body was brought over and buried in Carmarthen His Father and Grandfather died about the same age to which his Son Robert never attained being beheaded by Q. Elizabeth on the Tower Green on Ashwednesday Feb. 25. 1600. Carmarthen-shire hath 28 Rivers and Rivulets is divided into six Hundreds hath six Market Towns 87 Parish Churches and had formerly nine Castles and gives the Title of Marquess to the Lord Osborn eldest Son to the D. of Leeds CARNARVAN-SHIRE hath Merioneth on the South Anglesey divided by the River Menai on the North Denbigh-shire on the East and the Irish Sea on the West from North to South 40 from East to West 20 and in compass 110 miles The Air is sharp and piercing by reason of the high Mountains which may be properly
Kings c. Health This Earl died at Dublin 1177. Henry Plantaginet Duke of Lancaster was born in Monmouth Castle the chief Seat of his Barony He is commonly Sirnamed The Wryneck and by others more rightfully The good Duke of Lancaster He founded Corpus Christi College in Cambridg and was buried at Leicester 1361. Henry V. the victorious Conqueror of France was likewise born in this Castle of whom I have already given an account Sir Roger VVilliams born of an antient Family at Penress was first a Souldier of Fortune in the Netherlands ander the Duke of Alvâ—â— and afterward served Queen Elizabeth He was a man extreamly forward to fight VVhen a Spanish Captain challenged Sir John Norris to fight a single combate which he could not accept as being below him who was a General this Sir Roger undertook the â—on And after they had fought for some time in the view of both Armies without any hurt they pledged each other a deep draught of VVine and so friendly departed Another time at midnight he assaulted the Camp of the Prince of Parma nigh Venloe slew some of the Enemies Souldiers and pierced to the very Tent of the General Byron Marshal of France once saying That he did not like the March of the English Drum because it was so slow Sir Reger hearing him sharply replied As slow as it is yet it hath gone through all France He bravely defended the Town and Fort of Sluce in Flanders whilst there was any hope of relief but as length being forced to surrender it he returned to the Court whom some of Queen Elizabeth's Ladies of Honour reproached and pointed at crying That 's the Valiant man that delivered up Sluce Ay Ladies said he and if you had been so hard put to it as I was you would have delivered up your Sluces too William Herbert Earl of Pembroke with Sir Richard his Brother were both vassant men and as fast friends to King Edward IV. as professed Foes to Richard Nevil the Great Earl of Warwick Leading the Army of the Welsh in the Battel of Banbury these two Brothers with their Pole-axes twice made way through the Battel of the Northern men which sided with King Henry VI. without any mortal wound There passeth a Tradition in the Noble Family of the Herbert's of Cherbury that this Sir Richard their Ancestor slew that day 140 men with his own hands in passing and repassing through the Army Guns not being then in fashion the Poll axe was the next mortal Weapon especially in such a dead doing hard as this Knight had He is likewise reported to be of a Giant 's Stature the Peg or Pin being yet to be seen in Montgomery Castle whereon he used to hang his Hat at Dinner which no man of an ordinary height can reach with his hand at this day It is recorded that by the courage of these two Brothers the Battel of Banbury had certainly been won had not John Clapham Esquire and Servant to the Earl of Warwick 〈◊〉 played his Lord's Colours and from an high Hill cryed out a Warwick a Warwick whereat the Welshmen were so terrified supposing VVarwick with the whole Army to be there that they turned their backs and fled knowing how unable they were to withstand VVarwick's Forces since upon a quarrel the Night before between the Earl of Pembroke and the Lord Stafford the last had withdrawn his Party from them so that the General and his Brother were left alone in the Field who valiantly fighting were incompassed and taken with the Neath of 5000 of their Men. The Earl with his Brother Sir Richard Herbert were brought to Banbury where with ten other Gentlemen they lost their Heads the Earl was buried at Tinterne and Sir Richard at Abergavenny in this County VVilliam Jones born at Monmouth was forced to fly his Country for not being able to pay ten Groats Coming to London he became first a Porter and then a Factor and going over to Hamburg had such a vent for VVelsh Cottons that he gained a very considerable Estate in a short time He founded a fair School in Monmouth allowing 50 pound yearly to the Master and 100 pound Salary to a Lecturer besides a stately Alms house for 20 poor People each of them having two Rooms and a Garden and half a Crown a week All which he left to the oversight of the Company of Haberdashers in London who discharge their trust therein to this day VVilliam Evan's of this Shire was two yards and an half in height being Porter to King Charles I. He was somewhat lame knocking his knees together and going out squalling with his seet yet he made a shift to Dance in an Antimask at Court where he drew little Jeffery the Dwarf out of his Pocket The Moor or Marish near Chepstow suffered great loss in 1606. by the River Severn overflowing its banks drowning many Cattel some People and overthrowing divers Houses Monmouthshire may be called an English VVelsh County For whereas formerly all VVelsh Counties sent but one Knight to Parliament this has the privilege of two and is not subject to the VVelsh Jurisdiction but to the governance of the Itenerant Judges who ride Oxford Circuit It was subdued by King Henry II. who passed the Nant Pen-carne a small Brook and of no danger yet held fatal by the VVelsh who were over credulous of a Prophecy of Merlin's that predicted That when a stout King with a freckled face should pass over a Ford called Ryd-pencarn in a River called Nant pen-carn the VVelsh should be conquered and therefore when King Henry who was freckle faced passed over it the Welshmen remembring this Prophecy submitted themselves and became an easie Conquest to the English and it may be the King being sensible of their credulity thinking their Hearts might fail them chose to go over this Ford to facilitate his Conquests Monmouth was made a Shire in the reign of King Henry VIII It hath six Market Towns 127 Parish Churches is divided into six Hundreds and had formerly 14 Castle It gives the Title of Earl to Charles Lord Mordant MONTGOMERY-SHIRE hath Denbigh-shire on the North Radnor and Cardigan on the South Merioneth on the West and Shrop-shire on the East In this County are many high Hills and divers Vales Springs and Rivers of which the Soverne is the Chief being the second River in the Kingdom whose head rising from the vast high Mountain Plymlimon and being joined with other smaller streams runs through the East part of this Shire It is said to have taken its name from Abren the beautiful natural Daughter of King Loerinus begotten out of VVedlock upon Estrildis the Daughter of Humber the Seythian King who invaded this Land both of them being drowned by Gwendolena the surviving VVidow of Locrinus the Daughter in this River and the Father in the other bearing his name Of this Jeffery of Monmouth writes Fair Abren headlong thrown into this stream As a Memorial left to them
her name From whence at length the name of Severn came The antient Inhabitants were the Ordovices who also peopled the Counties of Merioneth Carnarvan Denhigh and Flint whose Hearts and Hills kept them free a long time both from the Roman and English Yoke opposing themselves against the first till the reign of Domitian and the other till their total Conquest by King Edward I. They are a generous and affable People comely and fair of body courteous to strangers and very Loyal to the English Crown Montgomery is the chief Town and is one of the new Shires taken out of the Marches of Wales and made a County of King Henry VIII so called from Roger de Montgomery a Noble Nâ—rman Earl of Shrewsbury who gaining much Land hereabout from the Welsh first built it to secure his Conquests as likewise a very fine Castle standing not far from the banks of the River Severn upon the rising of a Rock from whence it hath a very pleasant prospect into a curious Plain that lyeth beneath it There is a Proveb in this County Y Tair Chiwiorydd in English The three Sisters whereby was meant the three Rivers of Wye Severn and Rhiddial arising all three in this County The Tradition is That these three Sisters were to run a Race which should be first Married to the Ocean Severn and Wye having a great Journey to go chose their way through soft Meadows and kept on a Travellers pace whilst Rhiddial presuming on her short journey staid before she went out and then to recover her lost time runs furiously in a distracted manner with her mad stream over all opposition It is applicaple to Chidren of the same Parents but of different dispositions and courses of life so that their Cradles were not so near but their Coffins are as far asunder There is another Proverb Pywys Paradwys Cymri that is Powis is the Paradice of Wales This Proverb referreth to Teliesten the Author thereof that Powis contained all that pleasant Land lying betwixt Wye and Severn A third Proverb is Gwan di Brwlin Hafren Plafren fydd hifel cynt that is Fix thy Pale in Severn with intent to fence out his Water Severn will be as before that is run its course applied to those who undertake projects above their power to perform Hawis Gadarn a Lady of remark sole Daughter and Heir to Owen ap Griffith Prince of Powis-land was justly Sirnamed Gadarn that is The Hardy Her four Uncles Leoline Griffith Vaughan and David detained her inheritance from her Give said they A Girl a little Gold and Marry her God and Nature made Land for men to manage Hereupon Hawis complained to King Edward II. who commiseraring her condition consigned his Servant John Charlton born at Apple in Shrepshire a vigorous Knight to Marry her creating him in her right Baron of Powis Being assisted with the King's Forces he took three of her Uncles Prisoners and brought the fourth to composition And finally recovered all his Wives Estate procuring also the Lands of her Uncles in default of their Issue Male to be setled on her George Herbert born at Montgomery-Castle was bred Fellow of Trinity-College in Cambridge and Orator of the University where he made a Speech of the return of Prince Charles out of Spain Waving Wotldly Preferment he served at God's Altar Of so Pious a Life that as he was a Copy of Primitive Christianity so he might be a Pattern of Sanctity to Posterity He never mentioned the name of Jesus but with this addition My Master Next God the Word he loved the Word of God being heard often to protest That he would not part with one leaf thereof for the whole World By his good example he gained much to the Church He was Preacher at Bemmerton nigh Salisbury where he built a fair House for his Successor and Prebendary at Leighton in the Diocess of Lincoln where he built a fair Church with the assistance of some Friends free Offerings When a tfriend of his went about to comfort him with the remembrance hereof as a good work he returned It is a good work if sprinkled with the Blood of Christ Edward Herbert his Brother was Knighted by King James I. who sent him over Ambassador to France King Charles I. created him Baron of Castle-Island in Ireland and after Baron of Cherbury in this County He was a most excellent Artist and a rare Linguist Studied both in Books and Men. He wrote a Treatise of the Truth in French extant with great honour in the Vatican Library at Rome He Married the Daughter of Sir William Herbert of St. Julian's in Monmouthshire with whom he had a large Inheritance both in England and Ireland He died in 1648. and was buried in St. Giles's in the Fields London A fair Monument of his own Invention was begun and almost sinisht in the Church of Montgomery In the Year 1661. Dec. 20. about Sunsetting the Inhabitants of Weston in Montgomeryshire discovered a great number of Horsemen about 400 paces from them marching two a breast in Military order upon the Common and were half an hour before the Reer came up seeming to be about 500 in all the spectators were amazed thinking them to be an Army of Roundheads going to release the Prisoners at Montgomery there being at that time several Ministers and Gentlemen in Prison and therefere several of them went to the top of the next Hill where they had another full view of them and could distinguish their Horses to be of several Colours as white grey black c. and that they marched in three Companies and betwixt every Division they had two Horse colours flying but as they drew toward them they still marched from them so that they could not come nearer than 100 Yards they asked a man who was thatching a House all that day which they judged the Horsemen went by whether he saw all those Souldiers which marched by who said that he saw none neither was there any Tract of the Horses to be seen that night nor the next morning so that they concluded it to be a wonderful Apparition and deposed the Truth of these particulars before the Lord Herbert and several other Justices of the Peace of this County at the same time a Women coming from Bishops Castle over the same Common fell off her Horse being much terrified with the sight of a blazing Star which she and six men with her saw sometimes white and sometimes red with a Tail like an Arrow which seemed to hang just over their heads from Bishops Mount to this Common being three Miles and the People of the house where the VVoman fell when they came out saw the Star also This County is very plentiful of Cattle especially Horses which for their shape and swiftness are much valued It is divided into seven Hundreds wherein are six Market Towns and forty seven Parish Churches and gives the Title of Earl to Thomas Lord Herbert who is likewise Earl of Pombroke Cherbury
are these that follow 1. Idwallo in the year of Christ 688. called Iror the Son of Alan 2. Roderick 3. Conan 4. Mervyn 5. Roderick Sirnamed the Great who left Wales between his three Sons allotting unto each his part the Country being divided into North-Wales South-Wales and Powys-Land which had their several Lords and Princes North-Wales fell to the share of Amarawd the eldest Son of Roderick Mawr or the Great the last King thereof with a superiority of Power over both the rest who were but Homagers to this It containeth the County of Merioneth part of Denbigh Flint Carnarvan and the Isle of Anglesey which being the more Mountainous Parts and of difficult access consequently preserved their Liberty longest and do still keep their Language from the Incursions of the English Aberfraw in the Isle of Anglesey was the Princes Palace who were thence sometimer called Kings of Aberfraw South-Wales in the division of the Country fell to Cadel the second Son comprehending the Counties of Glamorgan Pembroke Carmarthen Cardigan and part of Brecknock which though the richâ—â— and most fruitful part of Wales yet Pembrokâ— and Brecknock having their several Kings there remained only Cardigan and Carmarthen under the immediate subjection of the Princes of South-Wales whose principal Seat was at Dynefar or Dynevor Castle not far from Carmarthen who thence were called by their Subjects the Kings of Dynevor Powys-land was bestowed by Roderick upon his youngest Son Mervyn containing the Counties of Montgomery and Radnor with part of Denbigh Brecknock Merioneth and Shropshire His chief Palace was Matraval in Montgomeryshire from whence the Princes thereof were so called This Countrey continued in the Line of Mervyn a long time together but much afflicted and dismembred by the Princes of North-Wales who cast a greedy eye upon it The last that held it entire was Meredith who left it to his two Sons Madoc and Griffith of which Madock died at Winchester in 1160. and Griffith was by King Henry I. created Lord Powys the residue of Powys-land which pertained to Madock depending still upon the fortune of North-Wales In these several Divisions were different Kings and Princes who long strugled with the Saxons for their Liberties But because we find very little mention of their Actions in our Chronicles I shall proceed with the History of the Saxons and Danes and afterward give an account of the actions of some of the Welsh Kings and Princes till that Principality was wholly subdued to the Crown of England The Saxons according to the common fate of Conquerours after they had subdued their Enemies disagreed among themselves and several of their Princes incroached upon the Territories of each other and so became petty Monarchs of some part of Britain These were reckoned to be â—ourteen in number till at last Egbert the eighteenth King of the West Saxons got command over all the seven Kingdoms of the Saxons and so became sole Monarch of England which none of his Predecessors before ever obtained He had War fourteen years with the Cornish and Welch and took West-chester their chief hold from them making a strict Law against any Welcoman that should pass over Offa's Dike or set one Foot within his English Dominions He slew Bernulf King of Mercis in Battel and drove the King of Kent out of his Kingdom The East Angles and East Saxons submitted to him and likewise the South Saxons whereupon he caused himself to be crowned absolute Monarch at Winchester And this Monarchy continued in the Saxons till the Danes first got and then lost it again and the Saxons Issue failing upon their next entrance it then fell to the Normans as by the Sequel will appear In the fourteenth year of Egbert the Danes with thirty three Ships landed in England to whom he gave Battle but had the worst of the day losing two of his chief Captains and two Bishops but the Danes returning two years after into Wales and joyning with the Welch Egbert overcame both Danes and Welch together Ethelwolph his Son succeeded after whom reign'd Ethelbald Ethelbert Ethelred and then Alfred in whose time the Danes under Roll a Nobleman came over with a great Army but by the Valour of Alfred were beaten This virtuous Prince divided the twenty four hours of the Day and Night into three equal parts which he observed by the burning of a Taper set in his Chapel Clocks and Watches being not then in use Eight hours he spent in Contemplation Reading and Prayer other eight for his Repose and the Necessaries of Life and the other eight in Affairs of State He divided the Kingdom into Shires Hundreds and Tythings for the better Administration of Justice and suppressing of Robbers and Felons which had so good effect that the People might Travel with all manner of security yea saith my Author if Bracelets of Gold had been hung in the High-ways none durst have presumed to have taken them away He commanded all his Subjects who possessed two Hides of Land to bring up their Sons in Learning till they were at least fifteen years old asserting That he accounted a man Free born and yet Illiterate to be no better than a Beast a Sot and a Brainless Creature Neither would he admit any into Office that were not so He translated the Holy Gospel into the Saxon Tongue was devout in the Service of God and a great Protector of Widows and Orphans Edward his eldest Son succeeded him against whom his Nephew Ethelwald rebelled His Sister Elfleda had very hard Travel of her first Child whereupon she ever after forbore the Nuptial Embraces alledging it to be an over-foolish Pleasure which occasioned such bitter Pains and listing her self a Souldier under her Brother she performed many valiant exploits against the Danes against whom Edward obtained a great Victory near Wolverhampton wherein two of their Kings were slain with many of the Nobility and a multitude of Common Souldiers which procured him both Fear and Love from the People After his death Ethelstane reigned who is said to be the first Anointed King of this Island He enlarged his Dominions farther than he received them He overthrew Godfrey the Danish King of Northumberland Howell King of Wales and Constantine King of Scotland forcing them to submit to his pleasure after which he again restored them to their Dignities glorying That it was more Honour to make a King than to be a King These actions procured him much renown from his Neighbour Princes who courted his Friendship and sent him curious Presents Othy the Emperor who married his Sister sent him a curiosity richly set with Precious Stones very artificially contrived wherein were Land-skips with Vines Corn and men seeming so naturally to move as if they had been real The King of Norway sent him a sumptuous Ship richly guilt with Purple Sails The King of France sent him a Sword which was said to have been Constantine's the Great the Hilt whereof was all of Gold and therein as they
his men and made good the Bridge till a Soldier in a Boat rowing under the Bridge thrust his Spear through a crevice and so slew this valiant Champion After which the King fell upon the Danes and got an intire Victory over them killing King Harfager and Tosto his own Brother Olave the Son of Harfager and Paul Earl of Orkney were taken Prisoners with abundance more who begging their Lives the King ordered 20 of their 300 Ships to carry them to Denmark with the sad news of the loss of their King and his whole Army No sooner was this Storm over but a worse began for Duke William having prepared a great Army and Navy resolved for England having the free consent of his Nobility for his Voyage many of them assisting him therein But first he sent to Pope Alexander to confirm his Title to the Crown who did it readily and withal sent him a Consecrated banner an Agnus Dei and a Hair of St. Peter with a curse to all opposers to carry in the Ship wherein he himself failed Being thorowly furnished he and his Men embarqued at St. Vallery where they staid a long time for a Wind at length setting Sail Sep. 28. 1066. he arrived with his Fleet at Pevensey in Sussex where as soon as he landed it hapned one of his Feet stuck so fast in the Sand that he fell to the ground whereupon one of his Attendants catching him by the Arm and helping him up said Stand up my Lord and be of good Courage for now you have taken fast footing in England and observing that he had taken up Sand and Earth in his Hand he added You have now taken Livery and Seisin of the Country it being the custom that when Possession is taken of Land a piece of Earth is given to the Possessor A Wizard or Necromancer had told Duke William That he should safely arrive in England with his whole Army without any hindrance from Harold which after it came to pass King William sent for this Conjurer to confer further with him but it was told him That he was drowned in that Ship which alone of the whole Navy miscarried whereupon the Conqueror said He would never put confidence in that Science which was of more benefit to the Ignorant than the Skilful therein for it seems he could foresee my good fortune but not his own misfortune After his Landing the Duke set all his Ships a fire to assure his men that they must either conquer or die He then marched towards Hastings declaring the cause of his coming to be to inherit the Kingdom which was given him by King Edward and strictly charging his Soldiers not to wrong any of the People in the least since they were so soon to become his Natural Subjects He then sent Messengers to Harold either to deliver him up the Country and be subject to him or to fight it out in the sight of both Armies in single combat or lastly to stand to the Pope's Determination But he returned answer That unless he did suddenly depart he would give him cause to repent this his rash Invasion and that the next day it should he tryed by more Swords than One. Accordingly Harold marcheth couragiously against Duke Widiam who put himself into a posture to receive him It happned that the Morning before the Battel William's Armourer by mistake put on his Back-piece before and his Breast-plate behind which being observed by some of his Attendants was judged an ill Omen and therefore they advised him not to fight that day To whom the Duke replied I value not such Fooleries but if I have any skill in Soothsaying as in truth I have none I am of the opinion if doth foretel that I shall change my Condition and of a D. shall this day become a K. The Armies being Marshalled Harold placing the Kentish-men with their heavy Axes or Halberts in the Van the Battel began both Parties fighting bravely one for the Liberty of their Country and the other for a Kingdom The Normans perceiving they could not break the united strength of the English pretended to fly which the English believing pursued them in disorder whereupon the Normans taking the advantage rallied and charging them furiously in that disjoynted Posture made a very great slaughter among the English and among the rest King Harold his Brother and most of the English Nobility fell that day and of the Common Souldiers Sixty seven thousand nine hundred seventy four Others report an hundred thousand were slain Duke William had three Horses killed under him yet received not the least wound his Loss being only as is said Six thousand Men. Thus died King Harold after only nine Months Reign and was buried at Waltham Abby in Essex And it is very remarkable That whereas Harold with his Father Godwin had cruelly murdered Alfred the true Heir to the Crown and his Normans he was now by a Norman Wounded in the left Eye with an Arrow whereof he immediately died This great Battel was fought at Hastings in Sussex on Saturday October 14. 1066. The English after this vast loss had designed to make Edgar Atheling King but it was prevented by their private Animosities And thus ended the Saxon Monarchy in England which from Hengist in 475 to this Year had continued save only some short interruptions by the Danes Five hundred ninety one years During these stupendious Revolutions in the State and Government of England we do not read of much action between the Welsh and the Saxons Danes and Normans It is recorded they had still a Succession of Kings and Princes and among them Leoline ap Sytsill who lived about the year 900 in the Reign of Edward Sirnamed the Elder a Valiant Saxon King and yet free from Pride or Ambition saith the Historian as appears by the intercourse betwixt him and this Leoline who after several Skirmishes thought fit to Treat of Peace The King lay at a place called Austeline and the Prince at Bethesly not far distant Leoline thought it below him to cross the Severn to wait upon Edward whereupon the King went into a Boat to come over to him Leoline observing it and surprized at this great condiscention upon the King's approach to the opposite shoar threw off this rich Robe he had on prepared on purpose for that Royal Assembly and entred the Water Breast high where imbracing the Boat he submissively said Most Prudent and Worthy King your Humility hath overcome my Insolence and your Wisdom hath Triumphed over my Folly Come tread upon my Neck which I have foolishly lifted up against you and enter into my Country this Day with all freedom since your generosity hath made it all your own Having said this he took the King upon his Shoulders and carrying him ashoar caused him to sit down upon his Royal Robe and so putting his hands jointly into his acknowledged Homage and Allegiance to him Ethelstane his Successor had Wars with the Welsh whose Princes and
Rulers he brought to be his Tributaries who at Hereford entred into Covenants to pay him yearly twenty pound weight in Gold three hundred weight of Silver and two thousand five hundred Head of Cattel with a certain number of Hawks and Hounds Toward the payment of which by the Statutes of Howel Dha the King of Aberfraw was charged at sixty six pounds the Prince of Dynever and the Prince of Powys the like Sums This Ethelstane confined the Britains who hitherto had enjoyed the City of Exeter with the same right as the Saxons into the furthest Promontory of Cornwall enlarging his Dominions beyond any Saxon King before him In the time of King Edward the Confessor 1053 the Irish with 36 Ships entred the River Severne and with the assistance of Griffith King or Prince of North-Wales burnt and destroyed all they met with Against whom Alfred Bishop of Worcester marching with considerable force was defeated many of his Souldiers being slain and the rest put to flight which much elevated the Welsh so that Rice the Brother of Griffith made many Incursions into the English Territories and carried away great Booties till at length he was routed and slain at Bulenden and his Head presented to King Edward at Glocester Two years after the King having banished Algar the Son of Leofrike Earl of Chester without cause he with the assistance of the Welsh and Irish under Grissith who had Married his Daughter much indamaged the English defeating Rodulf Earl of Hereford with the slaughter of five hundred men defacing that City and burning the Minster with many other mischiefs Against whom Harold Son to Earl Godwin afterward King and slain by William the Conqueror was sent who prosecuted the War with much courage and conduct pursuing his flying Enemies and passing through North-Wales Incamped upon Snowdon Hills but the Earl and Griffith not daring to come to an Engagement fled from thence to South-Wales and again took possession of Hereford of which Harold having notice marched thither with all diligence and soon recovering the City fortified it with a deep Trench and an high Rampire and for preventing of Bloodshed and ingratitude to Algar who had freely resigned his Earldom to Harold upon his return from Exile a peace was concluded and at Harold's request King Edward pardoned both him and Griffith But Algar raising fresh disturbances and again assisted by his old friend Griffith recovered his Earldom of Chester by Arms at which the King was highly offended especially with Griffith who was always ready to appear against him and Harold was a second time made General and with a great Army entred North-Wales without sight of an Enemy whereupon he burnt down the stately Palace of Prince Griffith and so returned to the King But the Welsh were not long quiet and Griffith inflamed with revenge with the greatest strength he could raise made Inroads into ihe English Borders Upon which Harold is sent a third time against them who burst into Wales with such mighty Forces that Prince Griffith doubting the Success withdrew secretly from his Camp leaving his Souldiers to fight for themselves if they pleased who finding their Prince had deserted them the whole Army yielded themselves to Harold's mercy and having seized upon Gaiffith they cut off his Head and sent it to Harold giving him Hostages for their future obedience and for payment of the ancient Tribute which for some time had been denied After which King Edward kept a severe Eye over the Welsh making a Law that if any of that Nation should pass armed over Offa's Ditch his Right Hand should be cut off In the Reign of William the Conqueror Roger Earl of Hereford raising a Rebellion against him in that Country was assisted by the Welsh but it being soon supprest and the Earl taken and banisht into Normandy the King used great severity against the Welsh putting out the Eyes of some Hanging others upon Gibbets and they that escaped best were forever banisht their Country and afterwards entring Wales with a great Army he obliged the Princes thereof who were unable to resist to do him Homage at St. Davids and taking Hostages for their peaceable demeanour he returned as a Victorious Conqueror In 1095. William Rufus finding the Welsh often attempting mischief against the English resolved to make a full Conquest of them and redoubling his usual Forces drew into the Marshes of Wales and their Incamped calling a Council of War to consult how to prosecute his design against them who finding their own weakness to oppose they according to their usual manner secured themselves in their Woods and Mountains and other inaccessible places Upon which the King sent Hugh Montgomery Earl of Shrewsbury and Hugh Lupus Earl of Chester into the Isle of Anglesey who there executed great cruelty on the People cutting off the Hands Noses and Arms of the Resisters sparing neither Age Sex nor place Sacred or Prophane from Destruction At which very time Mâ—gous King of Norway landed there in hope to Conquer the Island whom the English Earls opposed with all their might armed at all points yet Montgomery through the sight of his Beaver was shot with an Arrow into the right Eye whereof he died In 1107. those Flemings which his Brother Rufus had setled in Cumberland whose Lands the Seas had overwhelmed some years before were by King Henry I. removed into Ross in Wales both to free the Inland Country from such a burden and to keep the Welsh in obedience which project answered his expectation For saith Giraldus they were a Colony of stout men enured to the Wars and likewise Clothiers and Husbandmen as time and place required and most loyally devoted to the Crown of England whereby they kept the Country in subjection for some time Yet 1114. Griffith ap Conan Prince of North-Wales and Owen ap Cadogan Prince of South-Wales made Inroads upon the Lands of Gilbert Strangbow Hugh Earl of Chester and other English Gentlemen and so incensed the King by these Outrages that in a rage he vowed he would not leave one alive in North or South Wales and going thither in Person divided his Army into three parts to catch if possible these nimble Combatants who at his approach were got again to their old Recesses however with much difficulty he pursued and kill'd many of them in their Hills and Woods and the rest yielded to King Henry who returned home with much satisfaction In 1121. King Henry was again disquieted by the Welsh under Meredith ap Beldin Prince of Powis-Land and the three Sons of Cadogan who broke into the Marshes of Cheshire and burnt two Castles against whom the King marched with strong Forces sending the main of his Army and Carriages the Common Road but himself with a select company took a nearer way through the Streights and Mountains which the Welshmen having notice of they laid an Ambush who couragiously set upon them and rained down Showers of Arrows on them from the higher grounds
whereby many of the English were slain and one Arrow aimed at the King shot him on the Breast but by his Armour was hindred from doing farther mischief whereat he was little concerned only swore By our Lord's Death his usual Oath that he was sure that Arrow was shot by own of his Followers and not by a Welshman At length finding he should gain little and might lose much of the honour he had gained in this barren Country he concluded a Peace with the Welsh Princes giving them a thousand head of Cattel and so returned to London In 1138. Owen and Cadwallader the Sons of Griffith ap Conan Prince of Wales made an Irruption into the Pale and did much damage carrying away much spoil of Goods Horses Arms and other Habiliments of War which King Stephen was not able to revenge being sufficiently incumbered in defending his Crown which Maud the Empress upon pretence of a better Title endeavoured to deprive him of under the Conduct of her Brother in Law Robert Earl of Glocester King Stephen Besieged Ramilph Earl of Chester and Earl Robert in Lincoln who issued out of the City resolving to give the King Battel being assisted with a great number of Welsh as well as Englishmen Before the fight the Earl of Chester animated his Souldiers by telling them That he gave them unfeigned thanks for hazarding their lives in so just a cause against a faithless King and that he himself would lead them amidst the strongest Troups of the Enemy and seemed already in his own thoughts to be breaking through them and trampling on the necks of their Chief Captains yea piercing with his Sword the very Heart of King Stephen himself not doubting but they would follow their Leader and by his example quickly put their persidious adversaries to flight On the other side Baldwin King Stephen's General told his men That the Justice of their Cause obliged them to defend their valiant King to whom they had sworn Allegiance and whose Presence Courage and Conduct ought more to encourage them than thousands of men What is Robert the Bastard their General says he but a boasting Coward who can speak big but perform little hath a Lion's Voice but the Heart of an Hare and what is Chester's Earl but an hair-brain'd audacious man without Judgment or Courage and what are the Welshmen which he has with him are they not fitter for our contempt than fear who being naked unarmed and without any military Discipline run headlong like wild Beasts upon the Javelins and Spears of the Hunter and the rest are only straglers and runagates who will never endure the force of your puissant Arms. After this a bloody Battel was fought but at length King Stephen's Horse giving way and the Foot being thereby exposed they allfled together leaving the King almost alone in the Field A strange sight it was saith the Historian to see King Stephen left almost alone and yet none durst approach him who grinding his Teeth and foaming like a furious wild Boar with his Battel Ax drove whole Troops before him cutting down great numbers of them to the eternal Renown of his Courage so that if but an hundred like himself had stood by him a whole Army had not been able to surprize his Person yet he still defended himself till first his Battle-ax and then his Sword flew in peices by his irresistible blows so that being left Weaponless he was struck down with a great Stone and taken Prisoner Yet he afterward regained his Liberty and his Crown and Died a King after having Reigned near 19 years In 1170. The Welsh surprized the Town of Cardigan under Rice ap Griffith Prince of South-Wales and took therein the Governour Robert Fitz Stephens a valiant Norman who could not procure his Liberty upon any other terms than by forever renouncing all Right and Title to his Estate and Possessions in the Principality of Wales which hard condition he was obliged to accept and joining with Dermot one of the five Kings of Ireland who at that time came over to crave aid from King Henry II. was instrumental in conquering that Kingdom and annexing it to the Crown of England In 1199. King Richard I. resolving to make a Voyage for the recovery of the Holy Land or Jerusalem he resolved to leave all quiet at home and Rice ap Griffith Prince of South-Wales being then in amity came as far as Oxford to wait upon him but because the King who was there went not out of the City in Person to meet him as his Father Henry had done though Earl John the King's Brother had conducted him from the Marshes with all the marks of honour and esteem this haughty Welsh Prince took it in such great scorn and indignation that he presently returned back into his Countrey without once seeing or saluting King Richard who by this disrespect lost Rice's love and favour As upon the like omission and superorlousness the stately Monk Austin formerly lost the affections of the Monks of Bangor Rice's own Countrymen in another part of Wales In 1211. Leolin ap Jorwith Prince of Wales though he had a while before made his submission to King John plundred several English Towns in the Marshes which caused the King to raise a great Army to reduce him to obedience whereupon Leoline ordered all his People to convey their Cattel and Goods of Value to the almost inaccessible places upon Snowdon Hills however the English pursued them with so much speed vigor and revenge for their continual losses that their Prince and Chief Lords were compelled to accept of what terms the King would allow them whereby they were obliged both by Oath Homage and Hostages and likewise by granting all their Lands to the King to be held of him forever to buy their peace and save themselves from being utterly extirpated out of their Country In 1230. King Henry III. having given the Castle of Montgomery to his great Favorite Aubert de Burgh the English Garrison issued out with intent to root up all the Trees near a Wood about five Mile long where Travellers used to â—erobbed and murdered which the Welsh would by no means permit falling upon the Souldiers and driving them into the Castle Upon which the King Marches thither and not only suppresseth these Mutineers but sets the whole Forrest in a Flame From hence he pierceth farther into Wales and burns a place called Cridia and then begins to raise a new Fort for bridling the Natives which whilst he was doing David Prince of Wales marched toward him with his Forces being encouraged by many great men in King Henry's Army who were confederates with him and a great Battel was fought where many were slain on both sides and afterward by the treachery of these English Barons Provisions grew so very scare that the King was compelled to yield to a dishonourable Peace namely To raze to the ground the new Fort now almost finisht That William Bruce a valiant Commander
them without any stop till they came within view of the English Colours King Edward having implored the aid of the Almighty full of hopes of obtaining Victory without the least disturbance of mind divided his Army into three Bodies The Front was commanded by the young Lion of Wales our brave Prince Edward assisted with several of the most experienced Generals consisting of Eight Hundred Men at Arms Two Thousand Archers and a Thousand Welshmen The second Battalian was commanded by the Earls of Northampton and Arundel with other Lords being Eight Hundred Men at Arms and One Thousand Two Hundred Archers The third and last being about Seven Hundred men at Arms and Three Thousand Archers with the rest of the Nobility the King led himself and being mounted upon a white Hobby he Rid through the several Ranks reviving and incouraging his Souldiers with cheerful words to fight like Men for his Right and their Honour He then ordered the Rear of the Army to be Barricado'd with Trees and Carriages and likewise commanded the Troopers to dismount and leave their Horses behind them so that all means of flight being taken away they must now resolve either to Conquer or Die. In King Philip's Army were the King of Bohemia the King of Majorca the Duke of Lorrain the Duke of Savoy the Earls of Flanders Nevers Sancerre with many other Dukes Earls Barons and Gentlemen Volunteers both French Dutch and Germans and just the Night before the Battel Ann of Savoy joined him with a Thousand Men at Arms So that all things seemed to conspire to elate the French Pride and assure them of Victory They divided their Army likewise into three Battalia's The Van was led by the Duke of Alonson the King's Brother and the King of Bohemia The Reer by the Duke of Savoy And the main Battel the King Commanded himself He was so impatient of delays that He would scarce stay to call a Council of War to consider how to manage the Fight He likewise caused the Banner of Auriflamb to be erected which was of red Silk and Hallowed by the Pope of which the French had as high an opinion as if it had fallen from Heaven The King of Bohemia hearing of the posture of the English Army contrary to the proud conceit of the French said Here will the English end their Days or Conquer A little before the Fight happened a very terrible Tempest of Thunder and Rain and a bright Rain-bow appeared in the Heavens And soon after the Sun broke forth shining full in the Faces of the French and on the Back of the English and at the same time great numbers of Ravens and other Birds of Prey flew over the French Army All which accidents were judged ominous and presaging mischief to the Enemy The signal of Battel being given by King Philip it was entertained by a shout from his Army the Drums beat the Trumpets sounded Banners flew in the Air Glittering Swords were seen threatning Death and Destruction and all the horrors of War appeared in their most dismal Colours The ruine of the French began at the Genoeses who being all Cross-Bow Men were ordered to open a way for the French Horse but it happened that their Bow-strings being Wet by the late great Shower and their Bodies weary with a long March after the English had received the first Volley of their Arrows with their Targets their Ranks were opened in many places by the fall of their slain Fellows who were kill'd by the English Bowmen and at length most outragiously scattered and trampled under foot by the Duke of Alanson by Command of the King himself who bringing up the Horse in a full Career cried out On on let us make our way upon the Bellies of these Genoeses who do but hinder us And instantly Rides through the midst of them followed by the Dukes of Lorrain and Savoy never staying till they came to that Body of the English commanded by the Gallant Prince of Wales These French Gallants half out of breath with their Post haste and terribly disordered by the perpetual Storms of our Whistling Arrows came now to handy strokes with the Princes Squadron with Battle Axes Swords and Lances The Fight was very bloody while each earnestly contended for Victory The old King of Bohemia resolving to dye honourably thrust himself into the first Ranks of his own Horsemen and furiously charging the English he was slain with Sword in hand the Troop of his faithful Followers with their slaughtered Bodies covering him even in Death and his fate was soon perceived by the fall of the Bohemian Standard King Philip in Person with a strong Party hastened to the relief of his Brother and Friends who were also much distrest by the English Valour and great numbers slain though the Prince of Wales was in danger in the encounter had not his Souldiers rusht in couragiously among their Enemies for the preservation of their worthy Prince King Edward stood all this while upon Windmill-Hill with his Helmet on which he never pull'd off till the Fight was ended judiciously surveying the whole Field of Battel to observe the success being ready to bring down his Party which lay hovering like a Black Cloud where necessity should require In the mean time the brave Prince of Wales was contending with the whole power of France whereupon some of his Generals seeing the great inequality and doubting the worst they sent to the King requesting his assistance The King asked the Messenger whether his Son were slain or hurt who replied No he was safe but like to be over powered by the multitude of his Enemies Well then said the King go back to them that sent you and tell them that so long as my Son is alive they send no more to me whatever happen for I design that the honour of this day shall be his if God permit him to survive and am resolved that he shall either win the Spurs or lose his life This resolution of the King 's though it brought no assistance yet seemed to inspire new Life and Spirits into the English so that they fought like Lions On the otherside King Philip whose Kingdom lay at Stake performed the Duty of a good General and a gallant Souldier fighting so long in his own Person till his Horse was killed under him himself twice dismounted and wounded both in the Neck and Thigh and in danger of being trodden to death had not the Earl of Beaumont rescued and remounted him and the French out of their Loyalty to save him almost against his Will conveyed him out of the Field who seemed rather desirous to end his days in such noble Company His departure was quickly known to both Armies and as suddenly put an end to this bloody Carnage wherein hitherto none had quarter but were all put to the Sword The French King himself with a small Company fled to Bray in the Night and approaching the Walls the Guard demanded who was there
He replied The Fortune of France By his Voice he was Known and thereupon received into the Town with the Tears and lamentations of his People The rest of his Army strove to save themselves by flight whom the English did not pursue but stood still upon their Guard according to the true Rules of Martial Discipline being unwilling to hazard so glorious a Victory by following them in the Night knowing there were so many of the Enemy escaped as might yet overwhelm their tired Army with multitude King Edward seeing the Field clear of the French came down from the Hill with his Troops entire toward his Victorious Son whom most affectionately imbracing and kissing he said Fair Son God send you good perseverance to such prosperous beginnings you have acquitted your self right Nobly and are well worthy to have a Kingdom intrusted to your Government for your Valour To which the most Noble and Magnanimous Prince replied with silence humbly falling on his Knees at the Feet of his Triumphant Father After this Victory King Edward marched with his Army through France and Besieged Calice In 1355. King Edward was informed that Philip of France being dead King John his Son and Successor had given the Dutchy of Aquitain to Charles the Dauphin his Eldest Son whereupon the King being much incensed conferr'd the same upon his own Son the Prince of Wales commanding him to defend his Right therein with his Sword against his Adversaries He was likewise appointed by Parliament to go into Gascoin with a thousand men at Arms Two Thousand Archers and a great number of Welshmen who accompanied their Prince and soon after with Three Hundred Sail of Ships attended by many of the English Nobility he landed in France and with his Victorious Arms Marched into Aquitain recovering a great number of Cities and Towns and releasing a multitude of Prisoners He then entred Guienne passing over Languedock to Tholouse Narbone and Bruges without opposition and loaden with Plunder return'd to Bourdeux Afterward he made a second Course through Perigort and Limosin into the Bowels of France even to the very Gates of Bruges in Berry the terror of his name preparing his way and then wheeled about designing to return by Remorantine in Blasois which Town he took and so through the Countrey of Tourain Poictou and Xantoign to his Chief City of Bourdeux But King John having raised a very Potent Army followed him in the Rear and about the City of Poictiers he overtook our Invincible Prince where the Armies approached each other the French exceeding the English six to one Two Cardinals sent from Pope Clement as before the former Battel mediated to take up the Quarrel but the French King supposing he had his Enemy now at his mercy would hear of no conditions but that the Prince should deliver him four Hostages and as Vanquished render up himself and his Army to his discretion The Prince was content to restore to him all the places he had taken but without prejudice to his Honour wherein he said he stood accountable to his Father and his Country But King John would not abate any thing of his first demands as judging himself secure of Victory and thereupon was ready to attack the Prince who in this exigency politickly got the advantage of the ground by obtaining the benefit of certain Vines Shrubs and Bushes upon that part where he was like to be assaulted whereby to imbarass and disturb the French Horse whom he saw ready to fall furiously upon him The success answered his expectation for the Enemies Cavalry in their full Career were so intangled and incumbered among their Vines that the Prince's Archers galled and annoyed them at pleasure For the French King to give the Honour of the day to his Horse made use of them only without the aid of his Infantry And they being thus disordered the whole Army was thereby utterly defeated Here if ever the Prince of Wales and his Englishmen gave full proof of their undaunted Courage and Valour never giving over till they had wholly routed all the three French Battalions the least of which exceeded the number of the Prince's Forces King John himself Fighting valiantly and Philip his youngest Son who by his undaunted Prowess so defended his distressed Father that he gained the Sirname of Hardy were both taken Prisoners The most remarkable of the Prince's Commanders for Courage and Conduct were the Earls of Warwick Suffolk Salisbury Oxford and Stafford The Lords Chandois Cobham Spencer Berkley Basset c. and particularly James Lord Audley signaliz'd himself receiving many wounds and was rewarded by the Noble Prince of Wales with the gift of Five Hundred Marks Land a year in England which he instantly divided among his four Esquires who had stood by him in all the fury and brunt of this bloody Battel Whereupon the Prince asked him if he did not accept of his gift He answered That these men had deserved it as well as himself and needed it more With which reply the Prince was so well pleased that he gave him Five Hundred Marks a Year more A rare example where desert in the Subject and reward in the Prince strove to exceed each other He vowed to be foremost in the Fight and made good his word It was the misfortune or rather glory of the French Nobility in these disastrous times that the loss commonly fell very heavy upon them for in this fatal overthrow the French confess that Fifty Two Lords and about One Thousand Seven Hundred Knights Esquires and Gentlemen were slain The chief were the Duke of Athens the High Constable Great Marshal and High Chamberlain of France the Bishop of Chalons thâ— Lords of Landas Pons and Chambly Sir Reginald Charney who that day carried the Consecrated Standard Auriflamb was slain also and of the Common Souldiers about Six Thousand So wonderfully did the great God of Battels fight for the English in those days There escaped from this bloody fight Three of the French King's Sons for he brought them all into the Field Charles the Dauphin Lewis Duke of Anjou and John Duke of Barry The French Prisoners taken were John King of France and Philip his Son the Archbishop of Sens the Earls of Ponthieu Eu Longuevil Vendosme Tankervile Salbruch Nassaw Dampmartin La Roch Vaudemont Estampes c. With many other Lords and Two Thousand Knights Esquires and Gentlemen that bore Coats of Arms. After the Battel a Contention arose who was the Man that took King John Prisoner At length the King himself decided the Controversie by declaring that one Sir Dennis Morbeck of St. Omers had made him Prisoner For which service the Prince of Wales rewarded him with a Thousand Marks This great Battel was fought Sept. 19. 1357. and is thus described by Mr. Thomas May in his Poem on the Life of King Edward III. The first hot charge The valiant Lord renowned Audley gave Who to perform a noble Vow in Deeds Almost the Prowess of a Man
exceeds And like the strokes of Jove's resistless Thunder Shoots forth and breaks the strongest Ranks Here in the thickest throng of Enemies Like Thracian Mars himself Black Edward plies asunder Death's fatal task Here Noble Warwick gives A furious onset There brave Suffolk strives T' out 〈◊〉 the formost Emulations fire Is kindled now and blazes high Desire Of Honour drowns all other Passions there Not in the Chiefs alone Each Soldier In that small Army feels bright Honours flame And labours to maintain his proper Fame Ne're was a Battel through all parts so fought Nor such high wonders by an handful wrought White Victory that soar'd above beheld How every English hand throughout the Field Was stain'd with Blood Amaz'd to see the Day And that so few should carry her away The Fields no more their verdure can retain Enforced now to take their Purple stain And be obscur'd with slaughter while the wounds Of France manure her own unhappy Grounds Where mixed with Plebeian Funerals Her greatest Princes die There Bourbon falls And Marshal Clermont welters in his gore There Noble Charney's beaten down that bore The Standard Royal that sad Day Here dies Athens Great Duke There Valiant Eustace lyes Who as a badg of highest Honour wore A Chaplet of bright Pearls that had before Won by King Edward in a skirmish near To Calice he was taken Prisoner As testimony of his Prowess show'd Been by that Royal Enemy bestow'd Great are the French Battalia's and in room Of those that fall so oft fresh Souldiers come So oft the bloody Fight 's renewed that now The English weary with subduing grow And 'gin to faint oppress'd with odds so great When lo to make the Victory compleat Six hundred Bowmen whom to that intent Before the Battel the brave Prince had sent Abroad well mounted now come thundring o're The Field and charge the French behind so sore As with confusion did distract them quite And now an Execution not a Fight Ensues All routed that great Army flies A Prey to their pursuing Enemies With his disheartned battel Orleans Forsakes the Field with him the Heir of France Young Charles of Normandy and thousands moe Not overthrown but frighted by the foe Nor are the English tho' enow to gain The day enow in number to maintain So great a chase And not so well suffice To follow as subdue their enemies Nor yet which more declar'd the Conquest sent From Heaven alone to strike astonishment in over-weening Mortals and to show Without that help how little Man can do Are all the English Conquerors in the Field Enow to take so many French as yield Nor to receive the Prisoners that come Tho' some in fields are Ransom'd and sent home Yet more from thence are Captive born away Then are the Hands that won so great Day c. And now though King John had the misfortune to fall into the Hands of an Enemy yet he had the happiness to be made Captive to a Noble Enemy For Prince Edward having conquered his Person by the Fortune of War endeavoured now to overcome his Mind by his Courteous demeanor addressing him with such an humble Grace yet generous deportment as a Person of so gallant a Soul as this noble Prince was capable of which so alleviated the King's affliction that he could not find much difference between his Captivity and Liberty which the same Poet thus expresses THE chase together with the day was done And all return'd In his Pavilion Brave Edward feasts his Royal Prisoner At which as Noble did the Prince appear As erst in battel and by sweetness won As great a Conquest as his Sword had done No fair respect or Honour that might cheer That King 's afflicted breast was wanting there No Reverence nor humble courtesie That might preserve his state and dignity But Edward shew'd at full And at the Feast In Person waited on his captive Guest But what content what Object fit could Fate Present to comfort such a changed State For him Whose State the Morning Sun had seen so high This night beholds in sad captivity His restless passions rowling to and fro No calm admit when thus his noble Fo Prince Edward spake Great King for such you are In my thoughts still whate're the Chance of War Hath lately wrought against you here forgive Your humble Kinsman's service if I strive To ease your sorrow and presume to do What is too much for me to counsel you Do not deject your Princely thoughts or think The Martial Fame that you have gain'd can sink In one succesless Field Or too much fear your Nation 's Honour should be tainted here Mens Strength and Honour we most truly try Where Fields are fought with most equality But God was pleas'd to make this days success The more miraculous that we the less Might challenge to our selves and humbly know That in so great and strange an overthrow Some secret Judgment of our God was wrought And that the Sword of Heaven not England fought c. And for your self Great King all History That shall hereafter to the World make known Th' event of Poictiers Battel shall renown Your Personal Prowess which appear'd so high As justly seem'd to challenge Victory Had not Gods secret Providence oppos'd But though his Will Great Sir hath thus dispos'd Your State remains your Person and your Fame Shall in my humble thoughts be still the same And till my Father see your Face to show How he respects your Worth and State to you As to himself were he in Person here In all observance Edward shall appear The Noble King a while amaz'd to see Victorious Youth so full of Courtesie At last replies Brave Cousin you have shown Your self a Man built up for true Renown And as in Action of the Wars to be This Ages Phoenix in Humanity Why do you wrong me thus as to enthral Me doubly Not insulting o're my Fall You rob me Cousin of that sole Renown Which I though vanquish'd might have made mine own To bear Adversity I might have shew'd Had you been proud a Passive Fortitude And let the world though I am fallen see What sp'rit I had in scorning misery But you have robb'd me of that Honour now And I am bound in Honour to allow That Noble Theft content since such are you To be your Captive and your Debtor too And since my Stars ordain'd a King of France Arm'd with such odds so great a Puissance Must in a fatal Field be lost to raise So great a Trophie to anothers Praise I am best pleas'd it should advance thy Story And John's dishonour be Prince Edward's Glory After the Battel Prince Edward led King John and the Captive Nobles Prisoners to Bourdeaux the Archiepiscopal See and chief City of his Dominions in France where he retained them till the Spring following But sent present News of this Victory to his Father who thereupon ordered a Thanksgiving to be celebrated all over England for eight days
to him and struck him over the Face Whereat the Judge not at all disturbed rose up and told him That the affront he had offered was not done to him but to the King his Father whom he did there represent And therefore I charge you saith he to desist from proceeding any further in your Lawless designs and I commit you to the King's Bench there to remain during your Father's pleasure for the abuse you have committed and the ill example you have given to those that may hereafter be your own Subjects It was wonderful to see how calm the Prince was in his own cause who had been so violent in that of his Companion for laying aside his Dagger which he had in his hand and with which the People feared he would have killed the Judg he quietly submitted to his Order and went to the King's Bench. At which his Attendants being in a great fury ran instantly with mighty complaints to the King giving him an account of the whole matter King Henry appeared at first a little surprized but recollecting himself he seemed ravished with joy and holding up his hands to Heaven cry'd out O merciful God how much am I bound to thy Infinite goodness that thou hast given me a Judge who is of such Courage as not to be afraid to administer Justice and a Son of such humility that he will submit thereunto However for these and some other Pranks he removed him from being President of the Council and put his younger Brother Lord John in his place This made the Prince so sensible of his Father's anger which some of his Enemies endeavoured to heighten that he thought it necessary to use all means to recover his good opinion which he endeavoured to do by a way as strange as that by which he lost it Of which I shall give an account in the words of the Larl of Ormond who was an Eye and Ear witness of the same During the sickness of the King faith he some ill disposed people endeavoured to raise dissention between him and his Son reproaching the Prince both with the Frolicks of his Youth and for the great concourse of People that continually attended his Court far exceeding those of his Father whereby they insinuated that he designed to usurp the Crown during his Life which raised much jealousie in the King's Mind and greatly alienated his affections from him The Prince had notice thereof by some of his Friends in Court Whereupon he attired himself in a Garment of blew Sattin wrought all with Oylet holes of black Silk at every hole a Needle hanging by which it was sowed and about his Arm he wore a Hound's Collar studded with S S. of Gold Thus strangely apparrell'd with a large Retinue of Young Noblemen he came to his Father at Westminster and his Attendants staying in the Hall by his Order to prevent suspicion he himself with the King's Officers went to wait upon his Father Being admitted into the Presence after due obeysance the Prince desired that he might have Audience of his Majesty in the Privy Chamber Upon which the King caused himself to be carried thither in a Chair where in the Presence of only three or four of his Privy-Council he demanded of the Prince the Cause of his unwonted Habit and Coming The Prince kneeling replied Most honoured Lord and Father I am come to throw my self at your Majestie 's Feet as your most Loyal Subject and Obedient Son to whom nothing is more afflicting than that your Majesty should entertain the least jealousie of my designing any thing against your Royal Dignity or to imagine me so horridly undutiful and ingrateful to a Father who hath always shewed such tender love and affection to me as your Highness hath always done so that I should deserve a thousand deaths if I durst imagine the least harm or damage against your Sacred Person And if it be my bounden duty to hazard my life in your defence against any even the greatest Traytor whatsoever then much more ought I to Sacrifice my self to free your Grace from the fear of any peril or danger from me and upon that account I have this day by confessing my Sins and receiving the Sacrament prepared my self for another World Therefore most Honoured Father I beseech you for God's sake to put an end to my life now lying at your Feet with this Dagger delivering his Dagger to the K. for I had rather be out of the World than continue a day longer in it to give any disturbance to your mind And dear Father in the doing hereof I freely forgive you as I shall do the same before God at the Day of Judgment The King was so moved at these words thaâ— throwing the Dagger away he fell upon his Neck and imbracing him said My dear and truly be loved Son I must confess I had entertained some suspicions but I now find they were altogether causless on your part and since I am now sensible of your fidelity and obedience I do assure you upon my honour I will never hereafter harbour any ill opinion of you whatsoever may be suggested against you And hereupon he was fully restored to the King 's former Grace and Favour The King's weakness of Body increasing daily he oft-times took occasion to give some useful instructions to his Son for the future Governing of his Kingdom to this effect Dear Son I am much concerned for fear that after my decease some difference may arise betwixt you and your Brother Thomas Duke of Clarence whereby great mischiefs may happen to the Kingdom you being both of great Spirits and he of an Usurping Temper which I am sure you will never endure And as often as I think of it I heartily repent me that ever I charged my self with the troubles of a Crown The Prince replied Gracious Soveraign and Father I pray God continue long your Life and Reign to Govern us both but if it please the Almighty that I shall succeed you in the Kingdom I shall honour and love my Brethren above all others so long as they be true and faithful to me their Soveraign Lord. But if any of them shall conspire or rebel against me I do assure you I shall as soon execute justice on them as upon the meanest and most inconsiderable Person in the Nation The King was extreamly pleased with this answer and then proceeded My well beloved Son Thou hast much eased my troubled Mind and I charge thee to do as thou hast said To administer Justice impartially but to be always ready and speedy in relieving the Oppressed And let not Flatterers whose hands are full of Bribes withdraw thy Mind therefrom Delay not to do Justice to day if thou be able lest God should execute Justice upon thee and deprive thee of thine authority Remember that the happiness of thy Soul thy Body and thy Kingdom depends thereupon Yet in some Cases let Justice be tempered with Mercy lest thou be accounted
a Tyrant but be sure that thou take great care to redress the Grievances of thy Subjects and severely punish those that wrong them Hereby shalt thou gain the Englishmen's Hearts and reign prosperously for so long as they freely enjoy their Liberties and Estates thou may'st be sure of their Loyalty and Obedience but if thou strive to slave or impoverish them they will certainly rebel against thee for such is their nature that they will rather chuse to dye Freemen than to live Slaves and Beggars Therefore if thou Govern thein with a mixture of love and fear thou wilt be King over the most Pleasant and Fruitful Countrey and the most Loving Faithful and Valiant People in the World whereby thou wilt be a terror to all thine Enemies My Son when it shall please God to take me out of the World which is the Common Lot of all men I must leave my Crown and Kingdom to thee and I would earnestly advise thee that of all things thou wilt avoid Pride neither be thou bewitcht with worldly honour so as to be exalted in thine own imagination but always remember that the higher thy Dignity is so much greater is the burden that lyes upon thee for the security of thy Kingdom and of every particular Subject therein as being like the Head and Heart in the Body from whence all the Members receive Life and Nourishment Whereby thy People finding they receive so many benefits from thee will be always ready to assist and defend thee for their own preservation as the Members do the Head and Heart But above all things be careful to serve God sincerely and ascribe to him the Glory of all thy Successes against thine Enemies as coming from his goodness and not any merit of thine These and many other good Instructions the King gave to his Son And soon after being at his Prayers at St. Edward's Shrine in Westminster-Abbey he was suddenly taken with an Apoplexy and thereupon removed to the Abbot of Westminster's House where recovering himself and finding he was in a strange place he asked where he was and being told in the Abbot's House in a Chamber called Jerusalem where an Astrologer had formerly told him he should dye He said Nay then I am sure I shall dye though he before thought it would have been in Palestine and was therefore preparing to make a Voyage thither And here he died indeed March 20. 1413. It is observable that during his sickness he always required to have his Crown set upon his Bolster by him and one of his Fits being so strong upon him that all thought him absolutely dead the Prince coming in took away the Crown when suddenly the King recovering his senses and missing it was told the Prince had taken it who being called came back with the Crown and kneeling down said Sir to all our Judgments and to all our griefs you seemed directly dead and therefore I took the Crown as my Right but seeing to all our comforts you live I here deliver it more joyfully than I took it and pray God you may long live to wear it your self Well said the King sighing what Right I had to it God knows But says the Prince If you dye King my Sword shall maintain it to be my Right against all Opposers Well replied the King I leave all to God and then turning about said God bless thee and have mercy upon me And with these words he gave up the Ghost After his Father's Death the Prince was Proclaimed King by the name of Henry V. and proved a better Man of a King than a Subject for till then he was not in his right Orb and therefore no marvel he was exorbitant Those that have taken the height of him parallell'd him with Alexander for Magnanimity and Caesar for his being Invincible and Affectation of Glory but he had something of Caesar that Alexander the Great had not That he would not be Drunk nor Intemperate and something of Alexander that Caesar had not That he would not be flattered and both were short of him in this that Conquering others they could not Conquer themselves but even when they were Lords of the World became Slaves to their own Passions He advanced the former Title of the Right of the Kings of England to the Kingdom of France and sent Ambassadors to King Charles VI. to demand a peaceable surrender of that Crown to him offering to accept his fair Daughter Katherine with the Kingdom and to expect no other Pledge for his Possession till after Charles's Death But the French King being sick his Son the Dauphin who managed the Government instead of another answer scornfully sent the King a Present of Tennis Balls as an intimation that his Youth was better acquainted with the use of them than of Bullets The King whose Wit was as Keen as his Sword returned him this answer That in requital of his fine Present of Tennis Balls it should not be long e're he would toss such Iron Balls amongst them that the best Arm in France should not be able to hold a Racket against them Neither was he worse than his word though his Army seemed very disproportionate for so great a work being only as some Write nine thousand Horse and Foot with which small number he met with the French Army at a place called Agencourt where though the Enemy were above five to one he fought them with such resolution that he took more Prisoners than his own Forces consisted of and kill'd ten thousand of them the Dauphin himself dying soon after of grief with the loss only of six hundred English nay one Author says of not above twenty six in all which made the Victory almost miraculous And which the Religious young King was so sensible of that he caused the Clergy in his Army to sing that Psalm of David When Israel went out of Egypt c and the Souldiers in their Arms responded at every Verse Not unto us O Lord not unto us but unto thy Name be all the Glory And upon his return to England with his Prisoners he commanded that no Ballad or Song should be sung but those of Thank sgiving to God for his happy Victory and Safe return without any reflections upon the French or extolling the English Valour Soon after he returned back to France where many great Cities and Towns were Surrendred to him and the French being unable to make any resistance at length a Treaty of Peace is concluded and he married his beloved Lady Katherine Daughter to the French King Charles being Proclaimed Regent of France during that King's Life and Heir Apparent to that Crown after King Charles his Death He was tall of Stature lean of Body and his Bones small but strongly made somewhat long Neckt black Hair'd and of a very comely Countenance So swift in running that he with two of his Lords would run down a Wild Buck or Doe in a Park He delighted in Songs and Musical Instruments
and used some English Psalms turn'd into verse in his private Chappel And indeed it may be said of him that he had scarce his equal both for Virtue and Valour For he seldom fought a Battel where he got not the Victory and never got Victory whereof he gave not the Glory to God with Publick Thanksgiving He was indeed a great Affector of Glory yet not of the Glory of the blast of Mens Mouths but of that which fills the Sails of Time He died of full years though not full of years If he had lived longer he might have gone over the same again but could not have gone further He fell sick in France and having given necessary instructions to the Nobility about him how to manage affairs he then returned thanks to the Almighty for his many favours and blessings and in the midst of saying a Psalm of David he gave up the Ghost who might have justly prayed God with David Lord take me not away in the midst of my days for he died about the age of thirty six which in David's account is but half the life of Man Being dead his body was imbalmed closed in Lead and laid in a Chariot Royal richly apparelled in Cloth of Gold and then conveyed from Boys de Vincennes where he died to Paris Roan Callice Dover and so through London to Westminster Abbey Upon whose Tomb Queen Katherine caused a Royal Picture to be laid covered all over with Silver Plate gilt but the Head all of Massy Silver which was afterward all stoln away He died Aug. 31. 1422. having reigned about nine and lived about thirty eight years VI. Henry of Windsor his Son and Successor was the sixth Prince of Wales of the English Royal Line but so unlike his Father that had not the virtues of his Mother been so well known as they were the Virtues of his Father would have rendred this Prince justly suspected not to have been his Son and that his Mother begat him all of her self by imagination His Father seemed to have some Prophetick Revelation of the future unhappiness of his Reign and it was thought the knowledg thereof was not the least cause of shortning his days For 't is credibly reported that at the news of the Birth of this Son born at Windsor he in a Prophetick rapture cried out Good Lord Henry of Monmouth shall small time Reign and get much and Henry of Windsor shall long time Reign and lose all But God's Will be done And yet no doubt Henry VI. was a Prince of excellent parts though not of kindly parts for a Prince being such as were neither fit for the Warlike Age he was born in nor agreeable to the Glory he was born to but such rather as better became a Priest than a Prince so that the Title which was sometimes given to his Father with relation to his Piety might better have been applied to the Son That he was Prince of Priests Herein only was the difference betwixt them that the Religion of the one made him bold as a Lion that of the other made him meek as a Lamb. Whereas if he had less of the Dove-like Innocence and more of the Serpentine subtilty 't is probable he had not only been happier whilst he lived but more respected after he was dead whereas now notwithstanding all his Indulgence to the Church and Churchmen there was none of them so grateful after he was Murthered by the Bloody Duke of Glocester to give him Christian Burial but being brought from the Tower to St. Paul's in an open Coffin bare-faced where he bled thence to Black-Friars where he also bled he was carried from thence by Boat to Chertsey Abbey without Priest or Clark Torch or Taper Mass or Mourner Indeed his Burial was so without regard to his Person or Dignity that if his Funerals were any whit better than that which the Holy Writ calls the Burial of an Ass vet they were such that his Competitor and Successor King Edward IV. who denied him the Rights of Majesty living thought him too much wronged being dead and to make him some kind of satisfaction he removed his Corps to Windsor Chapel and there erected a fine Monument over him In this King we may see the fulfilling of that Text Wo to that Nation whose King is a Child for he was not above eight months old when he succeeded his Father in the Kingdom though this Text may be meant as well of a Child in understanding as years The first defect may be supplied by good Governors or Protectors but the last is hardly to be repaired of which in this Prince we have a pregnant instance For so long as he continued a Child in years his Kingdoms were kept flourishing by the Providence of his careful Uncles but so soon as he left being a Child in years and yet continued a Child in Ability of Ruling having not the judgment to conceal his own weakness then presently Faction and Ambition broke in upon the Government so that all things went to wrack both in France and England and we were forced to surrender tamely all our Foreign Acquisitions which we had obtained with so much Reputation and Glory This King being Crowned King of France at Paris in 1431. He was tall of Stature spare and slender of Body of a comely Countenance and in all parts well proportioned For endowments of his mind he had Virtues enough to make a Saint but not a King He was sensible of that which the World calls Honour accounting the greatest honour to consist in humility He was not so stupid not to know Prosperity from Adversity but he was so devout as to think nothing adversity which was not an hindrance to Devotion He had one privilege peculiar to himself that no man could ever be revenged on him seeing he never offered any man injury He was so modest that when at Christmas a show of Women was presented to him with their naked Breasts he presently departed saying Fie Fie for shame forsooth you are to blame So pitiful that when he saw the Quarters of a Traytor over Cripplegate he caused them to be taken down saying I will not have any Christian so cruelly handled for my sake So free from swearing that he never used any other Oath but forsooth and verily So patient that to one who struck him when he was taken Prisoner he only said Forsooth you wrong your self more than me to strike the Lord 's anointed So Devout that on principal Holy-days he used to wear Sackcloth next his Skin In fine let his Confessor be heard who in ten years Confession never found that he had said or done any thing worthy of a Reprimand For all which Christian Virtues King Henry VII would have procured him to be Canonized for a Saint but that he was prevented by Death or perhaps because the charge would have been too great the Canonization of a King being much dearer than that of a private Person He reigned thirty
reluctancy in one so young as himself for he was scarce twelve years of age to be contracted to the Princess his Brother's Widow for which Marriage a Dispensation by advice of the most Learned men at that time in Christendom was by Pope Julius II. granted and so the Marriage was Solemnized soon after at the Bishop of Salisbury's House in Fleetstreet After the Death of his Father he succeeded to the Crown by the name of King Henry VIII His reign was long and full of action but the greatest was his renouncing the Pope's Supremacy and suppressing of many unnecessary Abbeys and Monasteries and thereby laying a Foundation for the happy Reformation that followed He was exceeding tall of Stature very Strong and fair of Complexion A Prince of so many good Parts that it may be wondred he had any ill reither indeed had he many till flattery and ill Counsel in his latter time prevailed upon him His cruelty to his Wives some endeavour to excuse by saying that if they were Incontinent he did but Justice If they were not so yet he thought it sufficient to satisfie his Conscience that he had cause to believe them so and if Marriage be honourable in all in Princes it is sacred In suppressing of Abbeys he shewed no little Piety but great Providence for though they were excellent things being rightly used the most pernicious being abused and then may the use be justly suppressed when the abuse can scarce possibly be restrained To think he supprest them from Covetousness is to make him extreamly deceived in his reckoning for by comparing the profit with the charge he must needs be a great loser by the bargain He was so far from Pride that he was rather too humble At least he conversed with his Subjects in a more familiar manner than is usual with Princes So Valiant that his whole Life almost was exercises of Valour and though performed among his Friends in Jest yet they prepared him against his Enemies in earnest and they that durst be his Enemies found it so It may be said the complexion of his Government for the first twenty years was Sanguine and Jovial for the rest cholerick and bloody so that it is a question whether in the former he were more prodigal of his own Treasure or in the latter part of his Subjects Blood For as he spent more in Masks Shews and Fictions than any other King did in reality so in any Distempes of his People he used no other Physick but to open a Vein But it will be injurious to his Memory to charge all the Blood spilt in his Reign to his account They were the Popish Bishops that made those Bloody Laws and the bloody Bishops that put them in execution the King oftentimes scarce knowing what was done Certain it is when Bishop Gardiner put a Gentlewoman I suppose Mrs. Ann Askew a second time on the Rack the King hearing of it extreamly condemned him for such Barbarous cruelty As for Religion though he brought it not to a full Reformation yet he gave a good beginning thereunto They that charge him with the Vice of Lust let them shew such another example of Continence as was seen in him to lye six months by a young Lady and not to touch her for so he did by the Lady Ann of Cleve It is recorded of him that in his latter time he grew so fat and slothful that Engines were made to lift and remove him up and down but however in the fifty sixth year of his age either by a Dropsie or an Ulcer in his Leg he fell into a languishing Feaver which brought him into such extremity that his Physicians utterly despaired of his Life and yet none durst acquaint him with it till Mr. Denny of his Privy Chamber ventured to tell him of his danger and put him in mind of preparing for Death To which he answered that he confessed his Sins to be exceeding great yet he had such confidence in the Mercy of God through Christ Jesus that he doubted not of forgiveness though they had been much greater And being asked whether he would have a Divine he answered he would willingly have Archbishop Cranmer but not till he had taken a little rest The Archbishop being then at Croyden was sent for but before he came the King was grown speechless only seemed somewhat sensible putting out his hand And the Archbishop desiring him to shew some sign of his Faith in Christ he then wrung him hard by the hand and immediately gave up the Ghost Jan. 28. 1547. in the fifty sixth year-of his age and of his reign the thirty eighth His body with great solemnity was Buried at Windsor under a very stately Tomb begun in Copper and Gilt but never finished XII Edward the only Son and Successor of King Henry VIII was the twelfth Prince of Wales of the English Race He was an excellent Prince in his tender years being committed to the Tuition of Dr. Cox he profited in Learning to admiration attaining in a short time to speak freely several Languages namely Greek Latin French Italian Spanish and Dutch and likewise had great knowledge in many other Sciences so that he seemed rather to be born than to be brought up to them for he was not ignorant of Logick natural Philosophy nor Musick and in the midst of his youthful Recreations be would be always sure to observe his hours for study So that the famous Cardanus coming into England and having often conference with him gives this Character of him That he had an extraordinary insight into the Politicks was well read in Philosophy and Divinity and in a word a Miracle of Art and Nature He would answer Ambassadors on the sudden either in French or Latin He knew the state of Foreign Princes perfectly and his own more He could call all the Gentlemen of Quality in his Kingdom by their Names and all when he had scarce yet attained to the age of fifteen years He was extraordinary zealous in the True Religion banishing Popery and perfecting that Reformation which was but just began in his Father's Reign He was very merciful and averse from taking away the Lives of his Subjects for proof whereof there is this instance One Joan Butcher being condemned to be burnt for notorious Blasphemy and Heresie his whole Council could not persuade him to sign the Warrant for her execution but were fain to get Archbishop Cranmer to prevail with him who using many arguments to persuade him What said he would you have me send her quick to the Devil in her Error But when the Bishop shewed him the necessity of it he signed it weeping and saying Well my Lord I will lay all the blame upon you at the Day of Judgment He was very Charitable and upon a Sermon preached by Bishop Ridley of the excellency of Charity he gave and endowed three Hospitals for the Poor in the City of London 1. Christ's Hospital for poor Children and Orphans 2.
Romans began to Mine here as appears by their Coins found in the Trenches wherein they work'd about twenty four fathom deep and found plenty of Lead The Danes and Saxons wrought an hundred farhom deep and gained mhch Lead till the Waters drowned their Works Sir Tho. Smith discovered Silver in Cosmelock in the latter end of Queen Elizabeth's Reign Which design was prosecuted after his Death by Sir Hugh Middleton Coyning the Silver to his great charge at the Tower of London as his Predecessor had done Next Sir F. Godolphin of Cornwall and Tho. Bushel Esquire undertook it having power from King Charles I. to Coyn it at Aberruski in that County Sir Francis dying and Cosmelock being deserted Mr. Bushel adventured on the other five Mountains and at last these Mines yielded an hundred pound a week and half so much more in Lead The Silver was Coyned into Pence Groats Shillings and Half Crowns and had the Ostrich Feathers being the Arms of the Princes of Wales stampt on them for distinction They had an ingenious invention to supply the Miners with fresh Air which was done by two mens blowing Wind with a pair of Bellows on the outside of the entrance into a Pipe of Lead which was daily lengthened as the Mine grew longer whereby the Candle in the Mine was daily kept burning and the Diggers were constantly supplied with a sufficiency of Breath But the Civil Wars in 1642. discomposed all the Work Lead is found in many places in Wales but the best in Carnarvanshire There are plenty of Goats in Montgomeryshire As for Manufactures the British generally valuing themselves more upon their Gentile Birth and Extraction are better pleased in imploying their Valour than Labour and therefore they had but few Commodities as Cottons and Frieze of which King Henry V. when Prince of Wales having a suit and being checkt by a bold Courtier for wearing the same many weeks together I wish said he that the Cloth of my Country would last forever Then they have Cheese very tender and palatable the Pedigree whereof was by one thus merrily derived Adam's nawn Cusson was by her Birth ap Curds ap Milk ap Cow ap Grass ap Earth They have likewise Metheglin first invented by Matthew Glin their own Countreyman it is compounded of Milk and Honey and very wholesome Pollio Romulus being an hundred years of age told Julius Caesar That he had preserved the vigor of his Mind and Body by taking Metheglin inwardly and using Oyl outwardly It is like Mead but much stronger Queen Elizabeth who by the Tuders was of Welsh Descent much loved this her Native Liquor The Buildings of Wales are generally like those of the old Britains neither large nor beautiful the Italian humour of Building not having affected not to say infected the British Nation About the year 800 Hoell-Dha Prince of Wales built a Palace for his own Residence of white Hurdles or Wattles and therefore called White-House or White-Hall if you please However there are brave buildings in Wales though not Welsh buildings which the English erected therein as Bridles to keep the People of that Countrey in obedience some Authors derive the name of Wales from Idwallo the Son of Cadwalladar who with the small remainder of his British Subjects defended the dangerous places of this Country against his Enemies and first was called King of Wales Neither was the Conquest of them to be attributed to their want of Valour since King Henry II. in a Letter to Emanuel Emperor of Constantinople gives this Testimony of them The Welsh Nation is so adventurous that they dare encounter naked with armed men ready to spend their Blood for their Country and pawn their Life for Praise Thus far of Wales in general I shall now give an account of the most memorable Persons Places Accidents Rarities and Wonders in every County thereof particularly in Alphabetical Order as I have formerly done in the Counties of England the names whereof are Anglesey Brecknock Cardigan Carmarthen Carnarvan Denbigh Flint Glamorgan Merioneth Monmouth Montgomery Pembroke and Radnor of all which I have made some few Remarks in the Tract aforementioned but shall now be more large and copious not omitting any thing that I can meet with remarkable And first of ANGLESEY called by the Britains Tir Mon or the Land of Mon in Latin Mona and by the English Anglesey or the English Island being separate from the Continent and surrounded on all sides by the Irish Sea save on the South where it is joined by a small and narrow streight of the River Menai and almost square containing twenty Miles from Beumaris to Holy-Head East and West and from Llanbaderick North to the Point of Menai South seventeen in the whole Circuit about seventy Miles The Air is generally healthy and the Soil seemingly barren but really fruitful affording Corn and Cattel sufficient both for the Natives and their Neighbours and therefore the Welsh Proverb is Mon Mam Cymbry Anglesey is the Mother of Wales because when other Countries fail this plentifully feeds their Markets and is said to afford Cormenough to supply all Wales This County produceth likewise the best Mill-stones to Grind it Also Allum and Coperas and in divers places in the low Fields and Champain Grounds there are several Trees digged up black within like Ebony and are used by Carvers for inlaying Cupboards yea Haslenuts are found under ground with found Kernels in them It is hard to resolve how they came hither some imagine the Romans cut them down as being Coverts for their Enemies Others think they fell of themselves and with their own weight were buried in those Marshy places and that the clammy Bituminous substance which is found about them keeps them from putrefaction The Antient Inhabitants of this Country were the Ordovices and this very Island that antient and renowned seat of the British Druids the Conquest whereof was first attempted by Paulinus Suetonius in the reign of the Tyrant Nero who making preparation to Invade the same the Inhabitants that were strong and numerous by the assistance of many Fugitives raised all the Forces they were able and stood ready upon the Shoar to resist and hinder his Landing their Women running about with their Hair about their Ears and Fire-brands in their hands in mourning Garments like Furies of Hell and their Druids or Priests with Hands and Eyes lifted up to Heaven uttered many direful Curses and Imprecations and cried for Vengeauce against their Enemies The strangeness of the sight so amazed the Roman Souldiers that they seemed to offer themselves as a prey to the Swords of the Britains had not their Captain suddenly rowzed them out of their surprize by reminding them of their antient Valour which seemed now to be lost only at the sight of a fearful Flock of weak Women and a crew of rude undisciplined frantick men This brisk reprimand awakened their courage so that displaying their Eusigns and Marching toward them the Britains
were instantly defeated slain and put to flight and the Romans became Masters both of the Field of Battel and the whole Island also yet were they not wholly subdued till the Reign of Julius Agricola When the Roman Empire in Britain began to decline several Irish came secretly over and setled here and certain sinall Hills and Mounts are yet to be seen intrenched about which are called the Irish-men's Cottages and another place named of the Irish-men Hiercy Gwidil because it is said they here put the Britains to flight under the conduct of Sivigus Afterward the Normans ost infested this Isle but in the year 1000 King Etheldred set out a Fleet which scoured the Seas round about it and wasted the Countrey in a more hostile manner than either the Irish or Norwegians Then Hugh Earl of Chester and Hugh Earl of Shrewsbury both Normans did grievously afflict Anglesey at which very time Magnus the Norwegian arriving here shot Hugh Earl of Shrewsbury through with an Arrow and after he had plundred the Island departed Next the English continually vext the Inhabitants making several descents upon them even to the time of King Edward I. when they were totally subjected to that Crown The chief Town Beumaris formerly called Bonover built by this King Edward I. together with a strong Castle is governed by a Mayor two Bailiffs two Sergeants at Mace and a Town Clerk At Llanvais not far from hence was formerly a Monastery of Friars Minors richly endowed by the Kings of England where a Daughter of King John and the Son of a Danish King with several other persons of Dignity were Buried that were slain in the Wars between the English and Welsh Guido de Mona or of Anglesey was Bishop of St. David's and Lord Treasurer of England to King Henry IV. though the Parliament moved that no Welshman should be a State Officer in England He died 1407. Arthur Bulkley Bishop of Bangor though bred Doctor of the Laws either never read or else he had forgot the Chapter against Sacrilege for he spoiled the Bishoprick and sold the five Bells of the Cathedral being so over officious that he would go down to the Sea to see them shipt away He was suddenly deprived of his sight and died 1555. William Glyn D. D. bred in and Master of Queen's College was made Bishop of Bangor in the second year of Queen Mary an excellent Schollar being constant to his own and not cruel to the Professors of the Protestant Religion there being no Persecution in his Diocess He died the first year of Queen Elizabeth whose Brother Jeffery Dr. of Laws Built and Endowed a Free School at Bangor Madoc Son to Owen Gwineth Brother to David Prince of North-Wales was born probably at Aberfrow in this County then the principal Palace of their Royal Residence who upon the Civil Dissentions in his own Countrey in 1170 adventured to Sea and leaving Ireland on the North came to a Land unknown where he saw many wonderful things this by Dr. Howel and Mr. Humfry Lloyd is judged to be the main Continent of America being confirmed therein as well by the saying of Montezuma Emperor of Mexico who declared his Progenitors were strangers as well as the rest of the Mexicans as by the use of divers Welsh words among them as Cape de Breton Norwinberg Penguin a name they give to a bird with a White Head The story adds that Madock left several of his People there and coming home returned back with ten Sail full of Welshmen who continued there and Peopled the Country Which relation if true redounds much to the Glory of Madoc who discovered this vast Region near three hundred years before the renowned Columbus first Sailed thither This Isle had antiently three hundred sixty three Villages therein and is still well Peopled having two Market Towns seventy four Parish Churches and is divided into six Hundreds It gives the Title of Earl to James L. Annesly BRECKNOCK-SHIRE so called say the Welsh from Brechanius the Father of an Holy off-spring whose twenty four Daughters were Saints It hath Radnorshire on the North Caermarthen West Glamorgan South and Hereford and Monmouthshire East in breadth twenty eight and in length twenty Miles It is full of Hills and difficult in Travelling The Mountains of Talgar and Ewias on the East seem to defend it from the excessive heat of the Sun which makes an wholesome and temperate Air from whence likewise rise many curious Springs that render the Valleys fruitful both in Corn and Grass and thereby make amends for their own barrenness The Silures were the antient Inhabitants of this County who valiantly opposed the Roman servitude and were first subdued by Julius Frontinus who found it more difficult to encounter with the Hills Streights and Mountains than with the People whereof one Mountain in the South is of such an height and occult quality that faith Mr. Speed I should blush to relate it had I not the Aldermen and Bayliffs of the Town of Brecknock for my Vouchers who assured me that from this Hill called Mounch-denny they had oft-times cast down their Hats Cloaks and Staves which yet would never fall to the bottom but were with the Air and Wind still returned back and blown up again neither will any thing but a stone or hard Mettal fall from thence and the Clouds are oft seen lower than the top of it There is likewise Cadier Arthur or Arthur's Chair a Hill so called on the South side of this Country the top thereof somewhat resembling the form of a Chair proportionate to the dimensions which the Welsh imagine that great and mighty Person to be of Upon the top thereof riseth a Spring as deep as a Well four square having no streams issuing from it and yet there are plenty of Trouts to be found therein They also told him that when the Meer Lynsavathan two Miles from Brecknock hath its frozen Ice first broken it yieldeth a dreadful Noise like Thunder And it is reported that where this Meer now spreadeth its Waters there formerly stood a fair City which was swallowed up by an Earthquake and it seems probable both because all the Highways of this County lead thither And likewise the Learned Camden judgeth it might be the City Loventrium which Ptolomy placeth in these parts and Mr. Camden could not discover and therefore likely to be Drowned in this Pool which the River Levenny running hard by farther confirms the Waters whereof run through this Meer without mixing with them as appears by the colour and breadth of the Stream which is the same through the whole length of the Pool This Shire had formerly two Towns called Hay and Bealt pleasantly scituated both which in the Rebellion of Owen Glendour were unwalled depopulated and burnt under whose ruins many Roman Coins are found and therefore thought to be two of their Garrisons Bealt was formerly possest by Aurelius Ambrosius and Vortigern and afterward Leoline the last Prince of the
Britains was therein betrayed and slain Brecknock still retains some beauty in its Building it had formerly three Gates for entrance and ten Towers for defence with a very since Castle The Town is seated on two Rivers and is governed by two Bayliffs fifteen Aldermen two Chamberlains two Constables a Town Clerk and two Sergeants This County boasts of Canock and Cadock Sons and Keyne Daughter to King Brechanius aforementioned who were all three Saints though he had twenty four Daughters and all Saints also who all died young so that Keyne only survived who flourished about 492. of whom St. Cadock is said to be a Martyr and his name highly venerated by the People of South-Wales St. Cliâ—tank was King of Brecknock it happened that a Noble Virgin declared That she would never Marry any Man but him who was a zealous Christian whereupon a Pagan Souldier resolving to disappoint her killed this King who left behind him the reputation of a Saint Giles de Bruse Bishop of Hereford was born in this County and in the Barons Wars sided with the Nobility against King John upon which he was banished but after restored to the King's Favour He was also Lord of Brecknock which honour with his paternal Inheritance he left to his Brother Reginald who Married the Daughter of Leoline Prince of Wases His Effigies on his Tomb in Hereford Church holdeth a Steeple in his hand whence it is judged that he built the Belfree of that Cathedral He died 1215. Nesta Daughter to Griffin Prince of Wales and Wife to Bernard of New-march a Noble Norman and Lord by Conquest of this County was debauched by a young Gentleman Mahel her Son having got this Gallant into his hands used him very severely at which Nesta being inraged came into open Court and on her Oath before King Henry II. publickly deposed that Mahel was none of the Lord New-marches Son but begotten on her in Adultery This if true declared her dishonesty if false her perjury but whether true or false her matchless impudence Hereby she disinherited Mahel and setled a vast Estate on Sybyl her only Daughter Married afterward to Milo Earl of Hereford The Welsh are reproached by the English with the By-word of Croggen Croggen the original whereof was in the Reign of King Henry II. the Welsh then obtaining a memorable advantage at Croggen-Castle under the Conduct of their Valiant Prince Owen in defence of North-Wales and their Countreys Liberty with extream danger to King Henry's own Person his Standard Royal being Cowardly abandonded and the King reported to be slain The Standard Bearer Henry de Essex for this ignominious action was afterward challenged by Robert Monford his near Kinsman to a combate and In single Battle within Lists at Reading was vanquished by him whereupon Essex was shorn a Monk and put into a Monastery according to the custom of those times where he ended his days The English afterward used this word Groggen as a Provocative to revenge when they had the Welsh at an advantage and it is still without cause uttered in disgrace of the Welsh though originally it was expressive of their honour The County of Brecknock was formerly fortified with nine Castles It is divided into six Hundreds hath three Market Towns Brecknock Bealt and Hay and fifty two Parish Churches And gives the Title of Earl to James Lord Butler who is also Duke of Ormond in Ireland CARDIGAN-SHIRE is parted on the North from Merioneth-shire by the River Dovi from Brecknock-shire by the River Tory on the South from Carmarthen and Pembroke-shire by the River Tiry from Montgomery-shire East by the Plinillimon Hills and on the West is wholly washt by the Irish Sea The antient Inhabitats were the Dinietae who likewise possest Carmarthen and Pembroke-shire and in their struglings much depended on the Valour of their Warlike Prince Cataractus beforementioned from whose name some will have this County called Cardigan but was after subdued and the Prince being taken and carried to Rome after he had throughly viewed the magnificence of that City I cannot but wonder said he that you Romans having such stately buildings of your own should covet our poor Cottages After the Norman Invasion William Rufus assailed this Country as well to gain so fair a Possession as to secure those Seas from any Invasion against him and therefore though it was the most remote from England yet being nearer to the Sea which afforded the English a more convenient passage who were potent in Shipping it was soonest reduced to the English Dominion Henry I. bestowed the whole County entirely upon William de Clareâ— The Air is open and sharp for besides the great and high Mountain of Plinillimon it hath a continued range of lesser Hills The Vallies are rich in Pasture and Corn and well Watered with Pools and Springs In the River Tivy Beavers were formerly found a Creature living both by Land and Water having the two fore feet like a Dog wherewith he runs on the Land and the two hinder like a Goose with which he Swims his broad Tail ferving for a Rudder but now none are found the Salmon seeming to succeed who coming out of the Sea into fresh Waters and meeting with some downright Water-falls in this River he bends himself backward and putting his Tail in his Mouth gives a Spring up those alcents which are called the Salmons leap many of which are caught in this River Cardigan is the Shire Town and was Fortified by Gilbert de Clare with a Wall and a strong Castle the ruins of which remain to this day Land Badern the Great was formerly an Episcopal Seat till the Citizens cruelly flew their Bishop after which both City and Bishoprick dwindled to nothing from whence rose that Welsh Proverb Ni difanco y Beriglaver that is Vilifie not thy Parish Priest Llandevibrevi was also famous being built by David Bishop of Mereria where in a Synod holden by him he resuted the Pelagian Heresie then sprung up in Britain both by the Holy Scriptures and by Miracle for it is reported that while he was Preaching the Earth suddenly rose up a great height under his Feet that the People might the more conveniently hear his Doctrine The Welsh use a word Talaeth Talaeth that is Fine Fine which was thus occasioned when Roderick divided Wales betwixt his three Sons he ordered that each of them should wear upon his Bonnet or Helmet a Coronet of Gold set with Jewels called in British Talaeth and they from thence were named Ytritrwysoc Talaelteioc The three Crowned Princes It is now applied to the uppermost part of the head attire in Children Yea the English call the top of she Cap or Hat the Crown They have a Proverb Bu Arthur ond tra fu that is Arthur was not but whilst he was It is honourable for old men if they can say we have been brave Fellows They have another Proverb Ne Thorres Arthur Nawd gwraig that is King Arthur did never violate the
termed the British Alpes for steepness and cragginess not much unlike those that divide France from Italy all tow ring into the Air and some far higher than the rest called Snowdon Hills or Snowy Mountains being all the year round crusted over with Snow though liable to the Sun and Wind. This made them a secure refuge to the Britains against their Enemies no Army though never so potent nor any Traveller never so lightly clothed being able to find a passage among so many rough and hard Rocks so many Pools Vales and Sloughs as are to be encountred with in the middle of this County Yet it is sufficiently fruitful for the Mountains are so rank with Grass that it is become a Proverb among them Craig Eriry or Snowdon will yield sufficient Pasture for all the Cattel of Wales put together And it is certain that there are Ponds and Standing Waters upon the tops of them though generally covered with Snow and if a man sets his foot any where upon the top of them he shall perceive the Earth to move at a considerable distance from him Penmen-maur or the great stony head is an exceeding high and steep Rock or Hill in this County which hanging over the Sea when it is Flood affordeth a very narrow Way for Passengers huge Stones hanging over head as if ready to fall upon them and the Tempestuous Ocean lying under of a very great depth But after the passing this and Penmen-bidam the less stony head there is a great open Plain reaching as far as Aber-Conway in which River are found a sort of shell fish conceived as they say by the Heavenly Dew which are thought to bring forth Pearl formerly much valued The antient Inhabitants of this County were the Ordovices who had a City which the Emperor Antovinus calls Segontium the ruins whereof are still visible hard by a River called to this day Sevont and near a little Church Consecrated to the Memory of St. Publicius Some Authors name it Caer Custenith or the City of Constantine saying that in 1283. the body of Constantius was found here which K. Edw. I. caused to be sumptuously buried in the Church of the new City that he raised out of the ruins of the old and called Carnarvan which now gives a name to the whole Shire This Town hath a fine Prospect toward the Sea and was incompassed with the Walls of the Castle The Government was formerly administred by the Covernour of the Castle who was always Mayor by Patent assisted by one Alderman two Bayliffs two Sergeants at Mace and a Town-Clerk The Townsmen much glory that K. Edw. II. was born in a Tower of their Castle called Eagle Tower and Sirnamed Carnarvan being the first Prince of Wales of the English Race The Welsh report that the Corps of 20000 Saints are interred in a small Island called Berdsey lying within a Mile of the South Promontory of this County It is I confess more easie to find Graves there for so many Saints than Saints for so many Graves Bangor is a Bishops See of antient standing but by whom founded is not yet known the Cathedral is dedicated to the Memory of St. Daniel who was Bishop here about the year 516. It is now but a small Town yet was formerly so large that the Welsh called it Banchor Vaur or great Bangor which Hugh Earl of Chester fortified with a Castle long since so throughly demolished that the very ruins are now invisible upon the severest search This Diocess containeth in it the whole County of Carnarvan and Anglesey and part of Denbigh Merioneth and Montgomery-shires and in them 107 Parish Churches and three Arch-Deaconries The antient Cathedral was defaced and set on fire by Owen Glendour and his Associates who had a design to have destroyed all the Churches in Wales whose People submitted to the King of England but was afterward repaired by one Henry Dean Bishop thereof in the Reign of King Henry VII yet hath scarce recovered the resemblance of its pristine dignity There was formerly a Town called by the Roman's Canonium near the River Conway from whence it took its name which is now utterly extinct only there is a poor remembrance of it in the new name of a mean Village standing in the rubbish thereof called Caer-hean that is The antient City Out of the ruins thereof King Edward I. built a new Town at the River's Mouth called Aber-Conwey that is the Mouth of Conwey it was formerly fortified by Hugh E. of Chester with strong Walls and a Castle and seems rather a City than a Town were it but more populous Newin a small Market Town is famous for a great Triumph made there by the Nobility of England in 1284. in memory of the renowned K. Arthur after the subduing of Wales by K. Edward I. Over against Conwey where it runs into the Sea sometimes stood an antient City named Diganway which many years since was consumed and utterly destroyed by Lightning It is reported there is a Fish in the Pool Linperis called Torcoch with a red Belly no where else to be found And that on the High Mountains there are two Mears or Ponds in one of which are store of Fish that have only one Eye and in the other a floating Island which when trod on moveth a great way off whereby the Welsh are said to have often escaped their Enemies John William's was born at Aber-Conwey bred Fellow of St. John's College in Cambridge was prefer'd to be Dean of Worcester Bishop of Lincoln Lord Keeper of the Great Seal and at last Archbishop of York He died March 25. 1649. Richard Vaughan was born at Nuffrin bred at St. John's College in Oxford became successively Bishop of Bangor Chester and London a very corpulent man but spiritually minded an excellent Preacher and Pious Liver a pleasant man in Discourse especially at his Table using frequently this expression At Meals be glad fâ—â— sin be sad And indeed he was a very mortified man and zealous in Religion He died March 30. 1607. Henry Rowlands bred in Oxford was Consecrated Bishop of Bangor Nov. 12. 1598. he bought four new Bells for the Tower of St. Asaph whereof the biggest cost an 100 pound He also gave to Jesus College in Oxford a revenue for maintenance of two Fellows He died 1615. The County of Carnarvan hath five Market Towns Aber-conwey Bangor Carnarvan Newin and Pullhely and 68 Parish Churches It gives the Title of Earl to Charles Lord Dormer DENBIGH-SHIRE bath Carnarvan and Merioneth-shire on the West part of Flint-shire and the Sea on the North Cheshire and Shropshire on the East and Montgomery-shire on the South It is generally Mountainous Cold and Barren Yet not without some fruitful Valleys by the industry of the Husbandmen who may be said to fetch their Bread out of the Fire by cutting up Turfs which being burnt in great heaps the ashes spread on these hungry grounds cause them to bring forth a kind of Rye in
Grey-hounds as was usual when-ever the King got on Horseback which Grey-hound used to leap upon the King's shoulder and fawn very much upon him but at this time he leaped upon the Duke of Lancaster and fawned upon him as on his Master the Duke asked the King what the Dog meant or intended It is an ill and unhappy Omen to me said the King but a fortunate one to you for he acknowledges you to be King and that you shall Reign in my stead This he said with a presaging mind upon a slight occasion which yet in short time came to pass for K. Richard was deposed and after murdered at Pomfret Castle and the D. of Lancaster advanvanced to the Throne by the name of Henry the 4th This County hath not any River of note within it but near Rudland-Castle is a famous Spring called Holy Well or St. Winifreds Well of which Antiquity gives this Account That St. Winifred a virtuoun Christian Virgin having by her exceeding Beauty inflamed the mind of Carodocus a lustful Prince of this Countrey he attempted to allure her to his pleasure both by large promises and rich gifts but finding he could by no means prevail upon her Chastity at length he resolved to obtain his desires by force and having surprized her in a place of advantage he ravished her weak body notwithstanding the utmost resistance she could make and afterward to prevent her complaints and exclamations he kill'd her and then cut off her head And in that very place saith my Author there suddenly arose a pleasant Spring which continueth to this day running with so strong a Current that the like is not to be found in Christendom Over the head of the Spring there is built a Chapel of Free-stone supported with curious wrought Pillars on the Chancel and Glass-window whereof is painted the Picture of this Virgin and the Story of her suffering and death To this Well Romish Pilgrims resort to this day and others Bathe therein supposing that there is much Virtue in the Water In the bottom of it are many Red Stones which the superstitious People believe are spots of this Lady's blood which all the Water in the Spring can never wash away and that the green Moss which grows on the sides of the Well is her Hair which though every Stranger almost carries away a part of yet they say it never wasts and the truth is the Moss smells exceeding sweet which confirms these weak Believers in their fond Opinion St. Beno the Instructor of St. Winifred in the Christian Faith is of special account is this Countrey who it seems was a Surgeon to a Miracle for after Winifred was beheaded by the lustful Carodocus he set her head on again she living 15 years after In the South part of this County divided from the rest is a place formerly called Bovium now Banchor or Bangor first a City and afterward a famous Monastery antiently very renowned for the pious Monks that resided there they being called by some Authors The College of Divine Philosophers and Bangor the Mother or first of all the Monasteries in the World the Foundation thereof being ascribed to King Luctus it was situated in the fruitful Valley now called The English Mailor upon the Bank of the River Dee being incompassed with a great Wall containing a Mile and a half of ground two of whose Gates Port Hogen to the North and Port Clais South are yet discernable the River Dee which hath since changed its course now running through the midst betwixt both Gates which stand 500 paces asunder This Monastery in memory of the 7 Churches of Asia was divided into 7 Classes or Wards every one consisting of about 300 Souls and all maintaining themselves by the labour of their hands They are said to have received their Christianity from the Eastern Church dissenting in their Rites and Doctrines from that in the West neither would they acknowledg that the Bishop of Rome had any authority over them in matters of Religion or the service of God They continued 438 years before Austin the Monk came to pervert them by introducing Roman Ceremonies Superstition and Servitude Many of these Monks assembled at Caer Legion now West-Chester to pray for the good success of their Friends the Britains against the Heathen Saxons and continuing three days in Fasting and Prayer Ethilfrid the Saxon King seeing them so fervent in their Devotions askt what kind of People they were and being told that they prayed against him and his Army Then said he though they carry no weapons yet they fight against us and with their Prayers and Preaching prosecute us and presently fell upon Brockmall a man at arms that was their Guard who to save his own life left their's to the Sword and the Souldiers assaulting the unarmed Monks murthered 2000 of them and likewise defeated the Army of the Britains only 50 escaping But God left not their deaths long unrevenged for this cruel King was soon after kill'd in the Field by the Christian King Edwyn who succeeded him in the Kingdom of Northumberland Many of these Monks were buried in their own Monastery whose bodies saith Leyland the Historian have been found in the memory of man among the rotten Weeds wherein they were slain This famous place hath been long since utterly ruinated so that scarce the remains of a City or Monastery are now to be discerned Another Monastery called Llan Elwy formerly stood in the Vale below Varis a little City built by the Romans between this and Denbigh-shire upon the Banks of Elwy and Cluyd The English named it Asaph of the Founder a Person of honourable birth who was educated by Kentigern Bishop of Glasco This Bishop in the year 560. flying from the Persecution in Scotland to this place erected it into a Bishop's See and built a Monastery near it wherein he placed 663 Monks whereof 300 that were more unlearned than the rest were imploy'd in Husbandry and other business about the Convent the rest devoted themselves to Prayer and Divine Meditation Among the rest who attended Divine Service Asaph was conspicuous for Piety and Learning insomuch that Kentigern being recalled to his own Country resigned both his Convent and Cathedral to him Here he demeaned himself with so much sanctity that Llan Elwy was after his death called from him St. Asaph He was an assiduous Preacher having oft this saying That such as are against the Preaching of God's Word envy man's Salvation He is thought to have died about 569. After which his See was vacant above 500 years until Jeffery of Monmouth was placed therein It is still a Bishoprick and contains in it no one whole County but part of Denbigh Flint Montgomery Merioneth and some Towns in Shropshire wherein are 121 Parishes It was not at first very rich but made much poorer in the Reign of King Edward VI. for whereas the Bishop had before five Episcopal Houses he hath now but one the rest with the
Lands belonging to them being alienated from the Church for ever Another Monastery of great account was at Basing-wark in this County near the famous Ditch made by Offa K. of the Mercians which begun in this place running through North-Wales nigh the mouth of the River Dee and from thence along the Mountains in the South and ended near Bristow at the fall of the Wye The Tract whereof is yet to be seen and called to this Day Clawd Offa or Offa's Ditch Congellus or Comgallus is challenged by the Welsh for their Countryman as being first Abbot of Banchor though Archbishop Vsher makes him the first Abbot of Bangor in the North of Ireland He was of a pious life wrote Learned Epistles and Died in 600. Elizabeth the seventh Daughter of King Edward I. and Queen Eleanor was born at Ruthland Castle where antiently a Parliament was kept This Princess at 14 years of age was Married to John Earl of Holland Zealand c. and after his death to Humfrey Bohun Earl of Hereford and Essex High Constable of England by whom he had a numerous Issue she died 1316. and was buried in the Abbey Church of Saffron Walden in Essex Owen Glendour Esquire was born in his antient Patrimony of Glendour Wye in this County was bred in London a Student of the Common Law till he became a Courtier and Servant to King Richard II. after whose death being on the wrong side of preferment he retired into Wales where there arose a difference between him and the Lord Grey of Ruthen about a Common upon which many spur'd on his posting ambition by telling him he was the true Heir of all North-Wales and he was likewise incouraged therein by those who pretended to interpret some Propheâ—s of the famous Merlin in his favour persuading him the time was come wherein he should recover the Welsh Principality All these allurements meeting with an aspiring mind and the English being at variance among themselves He in 1402. and the third year of K. Henry IV. endeavoured to draw the Welshmen to a general defection assuring them they had now a fair opportunity to shake off the English Yoke and to resume their own antient Laws and Customs To whose persuasions the Welshmen hearkning they constituted him their Prince and Captain General Having got some Forces together he falls first upon his old Adversary Reynold Lord Grey and takes him Prisoner yet with promise of releasment if this Lord would Marry his Daughter which offer though the Lord Grey at first not only refused but scorned yet was at last obliged to accept thereof though his treacherous Father in Law delayed his inlargement till he died The Welsh much animated with this first success break furiously into the Borders of Herefordshire plundring and destroying all before them being opposed only by the Lord Edmund Mortimer who had formerly withdrawn himself to the Castle of Wigmore He having assembled what Forces he was able gave them Battel and was taken Prisoner and then fettered cast into a deep and filthy Dungeon It was thought that if Glendour had as well known how to use his Victory as to get it he might at this time have much endangered the English Dominion over the Welsh But having killed 1000 English he thought he had done enough for that time and so giving over the pursuit retired The inhumanity of the Welsh Women was here memorable who stript the dead Carcasses of the English and then cut off their Privy Parts and Noses whereof the one they thrust into their Mouths the other they pressed between their Buttocks King Henry was compell'd to suffer these affronts at this time from the Welsh being ingaged in a dangerous War with Scotland that K. having Invaded England with a great Army but with very ill success his Forces being first defeated by the Earl of Northumberland And afterward by Henry Piercy his Kinsman called Hot-spur and George Earl of March who at a place called Hamilton kill'd 10000 Scots and took 500 Prisoners In the mean time Glendour had solicited the French King for aid who sent him 1200 men of quality but the Winds were so contrary that they lost 12 of their Ships and the rest returned home The English deriding this ill success of the French so exasperated the French K. that presently after he sent 12000 more who landed safely and joined with the Welsh but when they heard of the approach of the English Army whether mistrusting their own strength or suspecting the Welshmens faithfulness they ran to their Ships disgracefully went home Although King Henry IV. was advanced to the Crown by the Parliament of England who Deposed King Richard II. for his misgovernment yet many of those who were instrumental therein grew in a short time discontented upon one account or another as is usual in such cases insomuch that several Conspiracies were made against him Among others the Peircies Earls of Northumberland and Worcester with Henry Hot-spur began about this time to fall off from him one reason whereof was because the King at their request as well as of several other Noblemen refused to redeem their Kinsman Mortimer from Glendour's slavery for Henry was deaf of that Ear and could rather have wished both him and his two Sisters in Heaven for then he should be free from concealed Competitors And another cause was his denying them the benefit of such Prisoners as they had taken of the Scots whereupon they went of themselves and procured Mortimer's Delivery and then entred into a League Offensive and Defensive with Glendour and by their Proxies in the House of the Arch-Deacon of Bangor they agreed upon a Tripartite Indenture under their Hands and Seals to divide the Kingdom into three parts whereby all England from Severn and Trent South and Eastward was to be given to Edmund Mortimer Earl of March All Wales and the Land beyond the Severn West were assigned to Owen Glendour and all the remaining Land from Trent to the North to be the Partition of the Lord Piercy Wherein Glendour persuaded them they should accomplish an old Welsh Prophecy against the Mole or Mouldwarp of England That K. Henry was this Mouldwarp cursed of God's own Mouth and they were the Lion the Dragon and the Wolf which should divide the Land among them At this time King Henry utterly unacquainted with this Conspiracy published a Proclamation intimating that the Earl of March had voluntarily caused himself to be taken Prisoner to the end that the Welsh Rebels having him in their custody might have some pretence for their Insurrection and therefore he had little reason to be concerned for his Redemption Upon this the Piercy's assisted with some Scots and drawing to their Party the E. of Stafford Rich. Scroop Archbishop of York and many others they drew up certain Articles against King Henry and sent them to him in writing namely That he had falsified his Oath given at his landing That he came but only to recover his
with Ghosts and Apparitions but what his end was my Author does not mention However the former surprizing Accidents have sufficient confirmation from Mr. Jones and Mr. Bedwell two worthy Ministers in that Country from Mrs. Bâ—wen her self a Woman much praised for her true Piety and Courage From Colonel Wroth Rogers then Governour of Hereford from Mr. Samuel Foley Colonel John Bridges and many other Persons of honesty and reputation Sir Edward Carne descended from a good Family flourishing at Wenny in this County He was bred in Oxford Dr. of the Civil Law and Knighted by Charles V. Emperor of Germany He was dispatcht to Rome by K. Henry VIII to remonstrate to the Pope That if he cited his Master to appear at Rome as he had intelligence was intended that his Highness was not bound by Law to appear This he effectually performed pleading that the Emperor was so powerful at Rome that he could expect no Justice there in the matter of the Divorce Q. Katherine being of the House of Austria Declaring that if the Pope persisted in this arbitrary way the King must appeal from thence to some able men in some indifferent Universities and if this were refused he protested against all Proceedings in that Court as null and void A behaviour that discovered this Gentleman to have as much courage as ability Queen Mary highly prized him and no whit the less for his Cordial appearing for K. Henry in the matter of her Mothers divorce imputing it to the discharge of his Imployment in him who was otherwise a through paced Romanist and whom she afterward sent Ambassador to the Pope After her death he still resided at Rome and by command of Q. Elizabeth had audience of Paul IV. to acquaint him that his Mistriss was advanced to the Crown of England To whom the Pope returned answer That England was a Fee of the Church of Rome and that she could not succeed as being Illegitimate This Pope would allow no Prince to be his Equal but that all should be subject under his Foot Besides he commanded Sir Edward to lay down his Character of Ambassador and under pain of the greater Excommunication and Confiscation of his Goods not to go out of the City of Rome but take upon him the Government of the English Hospital there So that Queen Elizabeth cannot justly be taxed by the Papists for a Schistmatick being thrust from the Church of Rome by the Pope himself so unreasonably treating her Ambassador before she had made any alteration in Religion Though some think the crafty old Knight was well contented with his restraint wherein he died 1561. The County of Glamorgan is the furthest bounds of South-Wales and lying exposed to Foreign Invasions was antiently fortified with 25 strong Castles which Time and Storms have so intirely ruined that the very names of them are almost obliterated It had likewise three Monasteries besides Landass called Neath Margan and Cardiss which fell in the general Whirlwind upon Abbys in the Reign of King Henry VIII This Shire is divided into ten Hundreds wherein are six Market Towns and 118 Parish Churches It gives the Title of Earl to Henry Somerset Duke of Beufort MERIONETH-SHIRE hath Denhigh and Carnarvanshires on the North Montgomery on the East Cardig an shire on the South and the Irish Sea on the West whose raging Waves it is thought have swallowed up great quantities of Land in former Ages The form of the County is like a Welsh Harp though it yields but dull musick to the Inhabitants being the roughest and most barren Shire of all Wales as Giraldus the Welsh Historian acknowledges the Air giving little pleasure unless to those that admire the furious and blusting Winds that roar from the adjacent Hills and Mountains which are so high and yet so near together that it is reported men may discourse from the tops thereof one to another and yet hardly meet in a day's time so that if the Shepherds should fall out in the morning and challenge one another to fight before they can come together the day will be spent and the Heat of their fury abated after they have slept till Morning These Mountains did formerly abound with Wolves which much annoyed the People to prevent which King Edgar Sirnamed the Peaceable imposed a yearly Tribute of 300 Wolves heads upon Ludwall Prince of Wales where by in three years time they were utterly destroyed and now the Hills are covered with Flocks of Sheep which are the only Riches of this County for by reason of the unevenness and rockiness of the Soil the Plow cannot go nor the Corn thrive here though some have causlesly imputed the sacarcity of Grain to the sloth of the People The Inhabitants were formerly the Ordovices already mentioned who by the advantage of these Mountains long defended their Liberties against the Romans and were never wholly subdued till the time of King Edward I. There are only three Market Towns in this Shire Bala near which is a Pool called Pimble Mear or Lin Tegid in Welsh covering near an hundred and Sixty Acres of ground of which it is reported that the Land Floods though never so great do never cause it to rise or swell whilst a blast of Wind will quickly make it mount above its bounds and banks Into the South part of it runs the River Dee with a swift stream and glides through the same without any mixture of its Waters as the People imagine because the Salmon usually taken in Dee is never found in that Pool and on the contrary thâ— Fish called Guiniad bred in that Mear is never seen in the River Dee Delgethe is another Market Town in this Shire of which I know not whether it be worth relating what is known for a Truth 1. That the Walls thereof are three Miles high that is the Mountains which surround it 2. That men come into it over the Water but go out of it under the Water Because they go in over a fair Bridge but the Water falling from a Rock is couveyed in a wooden Trough under which Travellers make shift to pass 3. The Steeple thereof doth grow therein since the Bells if they have more than one hang in a Yew-Tree 4. There are more Ale-houses than Houses for Tenements are divided into two or three Tipling Houses and Barns without Chimneys are used to that purpose Harlech is the last Market Town standing on the Sea-shore cold and barren enough but only of Fowl and Fish having few houses and meanly built Here is a little decayed Chapel and out of use wherein Sir Richard Thimbleby an English Knight lyes buried who for the delight he took in Fishing and Fowling removed his dwelling from a far better Soil Here likewise was erected a strong and beautiful Castle upon an Hill with a double Bulwark walled about commanding the Sea to impede the entrance of all Invaders Near this are two great Inlets into the Sea which People pass over at low VVater
and upon the Shoar as upon all the Sea coasts in this Country abundance of Herrings are caught and are therefore much frequented at the season of the year by People of several Nations St. Thelian educated by Dubritius Bishop of Landaff aforementioned was born in this Shire He was much envied for his Holy Life by one of the Pictish Princes who harassed this Country This Captain sent two lewd Strumpets to him supposing that by their Tempting Tricks this Devout man might have been inticed to folly These VVomen counterfeited madness that they might take the more liberty to themselves of filthy discourse but returned Distracted indeed not having sense nor understanding enough to relate the cause of their sad misfortune which had such effect on this Commander that he received the Christian Faith saith my Author and was Baptized retaining ever after a great veneration for this our Saint who asterward accompanied St. David Bishop of Menerin to Jerusalem and returning into his own Countrey by his fervent Prayers freed Scotland from the Plague wherewith it was then much infested He died about 563. Mr. Camden takes special notice of the beauty and comelinesâ— of the Inhabitants of this Shire During the differences betwixâ— the Houses of York and Lancaster David ap Jenkig ap Enion stout Gentleman on the Lancastrian side resolutely defended the Castle of Harlech against King Edward IV. until Sir William Herbert afterward Earl of Pembroke so furiously stormed it that he was obliged to surrender This County is divided into six Hundreds wherein are 37 Parish Churches MONMOVTH-SHIRE hath Hereford-shire on the North Glamorgan on the VVest Glocester-shire on the East and the Sovern Sea on the South It is 24 Miles in length 19 in bredth and 77 in compass The Air is temperate clear and healthful the Soil hilly woody and fruitful of Cattel Corn and all other accommodations of Life It was antiently inhabited by the Silures whose chief City is called by the Emperor Antoninus Venta Silurum by the Welsh Caerwent and now Caerleon and was by Tathai the British Saint made an Academy and a place of Divine VVorship where the second Roman Legion called Augusta resided as appears by their Coins Altars Tables and Inscriptions sound there daily in digging up old Foundations Giraldus saith That King Arthur kept his Court in this City whither the Roman Ambassadors resorted to him and that there was a School or Academy of 200 Philosophers skilful in Astronomy and other Sciences erected therein St. Aaron a wealthy Citizen of Caerleon was Martyred under Dioclesian the Roman Tyrant in 3031 Note that the three first British Martyrs namely Alban Amphibalus and Aaron have the first a Latin the second a Greek and the third an Hebrew name St. Julius of Caerleon suffered with Aaron aforesaid St. Amphilalus the Instructor of St. Alban in the Christian Faith was also a Citizen of Caerleon This Town though now but small was once a great City reaching a Mile in length and comprehending St. Julian's a house of late Sir William Herbert's now a Mile distant from the Town But as all humane Glory hath its period so this City formerly renowned for beauty circuit and magnificence is now deplorably decayed Monmouth is a Market Town in this County and had antiently a very strong Castle with many lofty Towers as the ruins do still demonstrate The Town is pleasantly situated between the Rivers Monnow and Wye and hath an handsome Church with three Isles And at the East end of the Town is another decayed one called the Monks Church Monmouth is in good repair and well frequented governed by a Mayor two Bayliffs 19 Common-Council men a Town-Clerk and two Sergeants Several Monasteries were erected and suppressed in this County the most memorable being at Caerleon Chepstow God-cliff Monmouth and Llantony which last stood so solitary among the high Hill that the Sun did shine upon it not above two or three hours in a day As for Manufactures the best Caps were formerly made at Monmouth where the Cappers Chapel doth still remain In Q. Blizabeth's Reign an Act of Parliament was made enacting that all Persons should wear Monmouth Caps but about twenty five years after it was repealed Geffery of Monmouth the Welsh Historian was born in this County and in the Monks Church aforenamed is said to have written his History of Britain having translated compiled and collected the various British Authors into one Volume He had many things from the British Bards or Poets which though improhable may not be untrue His Book was prohibited by the Pope whilst the lying Legend of Romish Saints is permitted to be read without controll If Geffery be guilty of mistakes they are such as make not for the Pope's advantage and therefore it seems a great mistake in those who avouch that the Pope made him a Cardinal He flourished 1160 under King Henry II. Walter Cantilupe Son to William Lord Cantilupe whose chief Residence was at Abergavenie in this County was made Bishop of Worcester by King Henry III. He would not yield to the Pope's Legate who complained of many Clergymen keeping their Livings against the Canons intending to make room for the Pope's Favourites or force such irregular Incumbents to a composition He was of a keen temper whose two edged Spirit did cut on both sides against the King and Pope Against the former he fided with the Barons to whom he promised Heaven for the reward of their Rebellion against their Prince though it cost him an Excommunication from the Pope who was the more forward in denouncing that fatal sentence against him because the Bishop had told Rusland his Legate That he would prefer him to be hanged on the Gallows rather than ever consent to such expilation of the Church as aforesaid He died in 1267. Thomas of Monmouth wrote an History of St. VVilliam the Child that was Crucified by the Jews at Norwich in hatred of our Saviour He flourished 1160 in the Reign of King Henry II. Richard de Clare alias Strongbow born probably at Stringule Castle was Earl of Stringule and Pembroke It happened that Maâ— Murrugh in 1167. being expelled his Territories for several Tyrannies by the Lords of Meath and Connaught repaired to King Henry II. and invited him into Ireland That politick King sent over this Rich. Strongbow with 1200 men who soon possest himself of the Ports of Leinster and Munster with large Lands thereunto belonging insomuch that the King growing jealous of his greatness recalled him home commanding him to surrender his Acquisitions into his hands which done he received them back by a Grant from the King who only reserved the City of Dublin for himself He was commonly called Domitor Hibernia The Tamer of Ireland Yet some of the Great Lords there did still retain the Power and Title of King Witness the Preface to the Commission whereby King Henry II. made William Fitz. Adelme his Lieutenant of Ireland which was directed To al Archbishops Bishops
the Title of Baron to Henry Lord Herbert PEMBROKE-SHIRE is bounded by Carnarthen on the East and Cardigan shire on the North-East On all sides else it is surrounded by the Sea In length 26. in breadth 20. and in circumference 93 Miles It was antiently Peopled by the Dimetree as well as Cardigan and Carmarthen-shires part of this County was after inhabited by the Flemmings sent thither by King Henry I. who lost their Country by the breaking in of the Sea whereby a great part of Flanders was drowned and whose Posterity continue there to this day and speak so good English that their Division is called Little England beyond Wales The Commodities of this shire are Corn Cattel Sea-fish and Fowl and in the days of Giraldus Cambrensis they had Wines for sale the Havens being so commodious for Traffick particularly Tenby and Milford the last of which is so large a Port that sixteen Creeks five Bays and thirteen Roads distinguisht by particular names are all contained within it Pembroke is the Shire Town which appears more antient than it is it was formerly Walled and had three Gates with a large Castle and a Causey leading over to the decayed Priory of Monton The Town consists principally of one long street on a long narrow Point of a Rock and hath within the Walls thereof two Churches St. David's is a Barren old City having neither Trees to defend it nor is it pleasant with Fields or Meadows but lyes exposed to Winds and Storms It is now the seat of a Bishop but was once an Archbishoprick in the British Church At the first planting of the Gospel in the reign of King Lucius there were three Archbishops Seats appointed London York and Caerleon The last in the Reign of Arthur King of the Britains was translated from thence to St David's as being farther off from the Saxon's fury Twenty seven of them retained the Title of Archbishops the last whereof was Samson who removed the Archi-episcopal Dignity to Dâ—le in Bretaign a Province in France Yet his Suceessors though they lost the name retained the power of the Archbishop the Welsh Bishops being consecrated by him till the Reign of King Henry I. when Bernard the 47th Bishop of this See was forced to submit himself to the Church of Canterbury The Cathedral here hath been often ruined by the Danes Norwegians and other Pirates as standing near the Sea in an extream Corner of this County that which we now see was built by Bishop Peter and by him dedicated to St. David In the middle of whose Quire Edmund Earl of Richmond Father to King Henry VII lies buried whose Monument secured the Church from being defaced in the Reign of King Henry VIII The roof of this Church is higher than any in England Calphurnius a British Priest who Married Concha Sister to St Martin and had St. Patrick the Apostle of Ireland to their Son was born at St. David's Likewise Justinian a Noble Britain with his own Inheritance built a Monastery in the Island of of Ramsey in this County where many Monks dwelt happily under his Jurisdiction until three of them Murdered him out of envy and emulation for his Plous Life His Body was brought to 〈◊〉 or St. David's and there interred and his Tomb afterward much famed for many supposed Miracles Giraldus Cambrensis whose Sirname was Barry some write Fitz Girald the Welsh Historian was born at Tenby in this County being Son to William Barry an Englishman by his Wife Angareth daughter of Nesta Daughter of Rhese or Rice Prince of South-Wales He was Nephew to David the second Bishop of St David's by whom he was made Arch-Deacon of Brecknock He was wont to complain That the English did not love him because his Mother was a Welshwoman and the Welsh hated him because his Father was an Englishman Though by his excellent Writings he deserved of England well of Wales better and of Ireland best of all making an exact description of all three and acting in the last as Secrety to King John with great industry and expence Having Travelled to Jerusalem he writ a Book of the Wonders of the Holy Land He had no great success at Court and therefore attained to no considerable Dignity till at length he was offered a very mean Bishoprick in Ireland and his highest Preferment was to this of St. David's of which he gives the true reason That he was looked upon with a Jealous Eye because being a Welshman by the Mother the furer side he was thought to have a natural antipathy against the English since it was believed no good Subject could come out of Walee Being now Bishop of St. David's he went to Rome and there was very importunate for an exemption of that Diocess from the Authority of Canterbury whereby he highly offended Hubert the Archbishop thereof Whereupon being rather overborn with bribes than overcome in his Cause he returned without effecting it and dying was buried in his own Cathedral about 1215. When King Henry II. was at St. David's in this County and from thence in a clear day discovered the Coast of Ireland in an huffing bravado he said I with my Ships am able to make a Bridge thither if it be no farther Which Speach of his being related to Murchard King of Lemster in Ireland he asked whether he did not say He would do it with the help of God and being told no he chearfully answered Then I fear him the less since he trusted more to himself than to the help of God The same King Henry coming back from Ireland arrived at St. David's where being told that there is an old Prophecy of Merlin's That the Conqueror of Ireland returning that way should dye upon a stone called Lechlaver near the Church-yard He thereupon before a multitude of People passed over it unhurt and reproving the Welshmen said Now who will hereafter credit that Lyar Merlin The County of Pembroke hath been fortified with sixteen Castles besides two Block-houses or Forts Commanding the Mouth of Milford Haven and hath five Market Towns is divided into seven Hundreds wherein are forty five Parish 〈◊〉 It gives the Title of Earl to Thomas Lord Herbert who is also Earl of Montgomery RADNOR-SHIRE hath Monmouth on the North Hereford and Shropshire on the East Brecknock on the South and Cardiganshire on the West In length twenty four in breadth twenty two and in circuit ninety miles The Air is sharp and cold as generally it is through all Wales whereby the Snow lies long unmelted under those vast Mountains Hills and Rocks that overshadow the Valleys yet the East and South parts are somewhat fruitful indifferently stored with Woods and watered with Rivers and Mears The riches of the North and West consist chiefly in the Cattel which they produce The antient Inhabitants were the Silures who by their own courage and the assistance of their inaccessible Mountains preserved their freedom very long against all the attempts of the Romans These Rocks
are so dreadful saith Mr. Speed that I feared to look down from them into those deep and dark Vallies through which I passed which seemed to be the entrance into the Kingdom of Darkness Among these dismal Vales Historians say that unhappy Prince Vertigern who invited in the Saxons to the ruin of his Country was with his incestuous Wife consumed with Fire from Heaven in his Castle called Guartiger Maur. Though others write it was near Beshkelleth in North Wales Fatal was this place also to Leoline the last Prince of the British Race who being betrayed by the men of Buelth fled into these vast Mountains of Radnor where by Adam Franston he was slain and his Head Crowned with Ivy set upon the Tower of London Radnor is the Chief Town in this County from whence it receives its name called antiently Magi where the Pacensian Legion of the Romans lay and thought to be Magnes mentioned by me Emperor Marcus Antoninus It had formerly a VVall with a large and strong Castle Prestayn is the best Town in this Shire for handsome Buildings and good Trading Knighton is also a Market Town under which is to be seen the Tract of Offa's Ditch along the Edge of the Mountain The fourth place remarkable is Raihader Gewy from which word Raihader the English It is thought named the County Radnor It is also called Meliueth from the yellowish Mountains thereof which stretch from Offa's Dyke to the River Wye which River cutteth overthwart the West corner of this Shire where meeting with some Rocks that impede its passage for want of ground to glide on it hath a violent downfall with a continual noise and is called The Fall of Wye At this Town the Market day was formerly kept on a Sunday but is since altered This Shire is divided into six Hundreds wherein are three Forests four Market Towns and fifty two Parish Churches and formerly six Castles It gives the Title of Earl to Charies Lord Roberts There are several other Proverbs in Wales besides those already mentioned as 1. Her Wash Blood is up and 't is no wonder that a very antient Gentleman being deprived of his Country should digest his losses with great difficulty 2. As long as a Welsh Pedigree and as high too seeing commonly a Welsh Gentleman can clime up to a Princely Extraction 3. Give your Horse a Welsh Bait. That is stop on the top of the Mountains where the poor Palfrey is forced to make shift with Cameleons Commons the clear Air. 4. Calen y Sais wrah Gimro That is the Heart of an Englishman toward a Welshman This was invented while England and Wales were at deadly feud and applied to such as are possessed with prejudice and only carry an outward compliance without cordial affection 5. Ni Cheâ—w Cymbro oni Golle That is The Welshman keeps nothing until he hath lost it When the Brittish recovered their loft Castles from the English they doubled their Diligence and Valour keeping them more tenaciously than before 6. A fo Pen bid Bout That is He that will be a Head let him be a Bridge This is of a ficticious Original for Benigridan a Welsh General is said to have carried his Army one by one we must imagine upon his Back over a River in Ireland where there was neither Bridge nor Ferry and therefore deservedly was made their Prince 7. There was an antient Play in Wales wherein the stronger put the weaker into a Sack from whence came the Proverb He is able to put him up in a bag The Princes of Wales are very ancient and numerous yet they never had any Coin of their own as Mr. Camden observes In the reign of King William the Conqueror upon the Sea shore in Wales was found the body of Gawen Sisters Son to Arthur the Great K. of Britain reported to be fourteen foot in Length In 1662. July 2. were seen above an hondred Porpusses together near Newport which seemed very strange and prodigious to the Inhabitants Walter Brute was born in Wales A Siuner Layman Husbandman and a Christian They are his own words in a certain Protestation which he made He was bred in Oxford and being accused to the Bishop of Hereford he by a solemn subscription submitted himself principally to the Evangely or Gospel of Jesus Christ to the determination of the General Councils of Holy Kirk to Austin Ambrose Jerem and Gregory And lastly to his Bishop as a Subject ought to his Bishop It seems this Walter was the first that was vext about the Doctrines of Wickliff To conclude the Principallity of Wales was modelled into Shires in the reigh of King Henry VIII In the thirteen Counties whereof aforementioned are reckoned one Chase thirteen Forests thirty three Parks two hundred thirty Rivers an hundred Bridges four Cities fifty five Market Townt forty one Castles of old erection four Bishopricks and a thousand and sixteen Parish Churches and elects thirty Parliamont Men. 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