appoint The Officers of State are eight in number viz. the Lord High-Chancellor Lord High-Treasurer Lord-President of the Council Lord Secretary of State Lord Treasurer-Deputy Lord Register Lord-Advocate and Lord Justice Clerk The Administration of Justice in Civil Affairs is lodg'd in the Lords of the Session who are Fifteen in number whereof One is President and to those are join'd some Noblemen under the Name of extraordinary Lords of the Session This Court is esteemed one of the most August and Learned Judicatories in Europe From it there lies no Appeal but to the Parliament which is now made up of the Peers the Commissioners of Counties and those of Free Burroughs The King's Person is always represented in Parliament by some Nobleman who bears the Title of Lord High-Commissioner The Distribution of Justice in Criminal Matters is commited to the Court of Justice which is compos'd of the Lord Justice General the Lord Justice Clerk and five or six other Lords of the Session who in this Bench are call'd Commissioners of Justiciary Over and above these two Supreme Courts of Justice there are a great many Subordinate Judicatories both for Civil and Criminal Affairs through the Kingdom as Sheriff Courts Courts of Regality and the like The Royal Arms of this Kingdom together with those of England and Ireland as they compose the Ensigns Armorial of the Monarch of Great Britain shall be particularly express'd when we come to England The Inhabitants of this Country excepting a few who still adhere to the Church of Rome and an inconsiderable number of Quakers are all of the Reform'd Religion yet with considerable Variation among themselves in some private Opinions and various Points of Church Discipline However the numerous Professors thereof are very sincere in their Principles and do generally practise conformable to their Professions No Christian Society in the World doth excel them for their exact Observation of the Sabbath day and few can equal them for their singular Strictness and Impartiality in punishing Scandals But lamentable are their Distractions of late in Matters relating to Ecclesiastical Polity and how fatal such Heats and Divisions both in this and the Neighbouring Kingdom may prove at last is alas but too well known to all thinking Persons among us The smallest Privateer belonging either to Brest or S. Malo's may easily Attack Board and Sink the Royal Britannia her self if she chance only to Spring a Leak under Water when her whole Crew are at Blows between Decks The Christian Faith according to the best Accounts was planted in this Country during the Reign of Dioclesian for by reason of that violent Persecution he rais'd in the Church many Christians are said to have fled from the Continent into the Isle of Great Britain and particularly as an Ancient Author expresly testifieth into that Part thereof In quam Romana Arma nunquam penetrârunt which without all doubt is Scotland especially the Northern Parts of that Country they being still possess'd by the Scots and never subject to the Roman Power St Rule or Regulus is said to have brought over with him the Arm or as some affirm the Lig of St. Andrew the Apostle and to have buried it in that place where now the City of St. Andrews stands These first Propagators of Christianity seem to have been a kind of Monks who afterwards by the beneficence of the first Christian Kings of Scotland came into the Seats and Possessions of the Pagan Druides a sort of Religious Votaries to the Heathen Gods and had their principal Residence or rather Monasteries in the Islands of Man and Jona and passed under the Name of Culdees ENGLAND bu Rob t. Morden ENGLAND  d. m. Situated between 12 00 of Long. its greatest Length from N. to S. is about 320 Miles 20 00 between 50 00 of Latit Breadth from E. to W. is about 290 Miles 55 50 Being divided into Six Circuits viz. Western Circuit Chief Town Salisbury Oxford Circuit Oxford Home Circuit Canterbury Northfolk Circuit Norwich Midland Circuit Lincoln North Circuit York Western-Circuit contains Cornwall Chief Town Launceston W. to E. Devonshire Exeter Dorsetshire Dorchester Hampshire Winchester Sommâ—rsetshire Bristol N. of Dorsetshire Wiltshire Salisbury Oxford Circuit contains Barkshire Redding N. of Hampshire Oxfordshire Oxford E. to W. Glocestershire Glocester Monmouthshire Monmouth Herefordshire Hereford S. to N. E. Worcestershire Worcester Staffordshire Stafford Shropshire Shrewsbury W. of Staffordshire Home-Circuit contains Essex Colchester E. to W. Hartfordshire Hartford Kent Canterbury E. to W. Surry Southwark Sussex Chichester South of Surry 〈◊〉 Norfolk-Circuit contains Norfolk Norwich E. to S. W. Suffolk Ipswich Cambridgeshire Cambridge Huntingtonshire Huntington Bedfordshire Bedford Buckinghamshire Buckingham Midland Circuit contains Lincolnshire Chief Town Lincoln E. to W. Nottinghamshire Nottingham Derbyshire Derby Rutlandshire Okeham E. to W. Leicestershire Leicester Warwickshire Warwick Northamptonshire Northampton S. of Leicestershire Warwickshire North. Circuit contains Yorkshire York S. to N. Durham Idem Northumberland Newcastle Lancashire Lancaster S. to N. Westmorland Appleby Cumberland Carlisle To England we here subjoin the Principality of Wales divided into Four Circuits each Circuit comprehending Three Counties vix 1. Those of Denbighshire Chief Town Denbigh N. to S. Flintshire St. Asaph Montgomeryshire Montgomery 2. Those of Anglesey Beaumaris N. to S. E. Carnarvenshire Carnarven Mâ—rionethshire Harlech 3. Those of Cardiganshire Cardigan N. to S. Carmarthènshire Carmarthen Pembrokeshire Pembrook 4. Those of Radnorshire Radnor N. to S. W. Brecknokshire Brecknock Glamorganshire Cardiff Besides the Six Circuits of England containing Thirty eight Counties and these Four of Wales comprehending Twelve there remain as yet two Counties unmentioned and which are not ordinarily reduc'd to any of these Circuits viz. Middlesex and Cheshire the first because of its Vicinity to London and the other as being a County-Palatine having its own Judges and Counsellors peculiar to it self These Two Counties with the Thirty eight abovemention'd in England and Twelve in Wales make Fifty two in all But since England and Wales are Two distinct Sovereignties one being a Kingdom and the other a Principality we shall seperately Treat of them both Therefore ENGLAND THIS Country the Ancient Anglia which with the rest of the Island made up the Renown'd Britannia or Albion is term'd by the Italians Inghilterra by the Spaniards Inglatierra by the French Angleterre by the Germans Engel-land and by the Natives England which Name is deriv'd from the Angles a People of Lower Saxony who Conquer'd the greatest Part of this Country and divided the same into Seven different Kingdoms But Egbert descended from the Angles having united this divided Nation and being the first Monarch of England after the Saxon Heptarchy ordered by special Edict above 800 Years after the Incarnation that the whole Kingdom should be term'd Engle-lond which Title in process of time hath turn'd into the present Name of England The Air of this Country is far more Mild Sweet and Temperate than
Orleanois and that at Clermont in Auvergne whose Waters are of a Petrifying Nature and likewise another nigh to the City of Mans which maketh Silver look exactly like Gold 2 Observable Mountains particularly those nigh to Rhodes in Guienne call'd the Mountains of Cansac which burn whenever it Rains 3. Some hideous Subterranean Holes or Passages as that in the Forrest of S. Aubin du Cormier in Bretaign through which flows a mighty Torrent of Water and another near Nions in Dauphine from which proceedeth a violent Wind. These are the chief Rarities in France both Natural and Artificial especially the latter As for Artificial ones of a modern date this Country affordeth several particularly that famous Canal of Languedoc and splendid Palace of Versailles with divers magnificent Buildings especially Churches but these are either too well known to need or too numerous to admit of any particular Relation here The Archbishopricks of France are these following viz. Lions whose Archbishop is Count and Primate of France Sens Primate of France and Germany Paris Duke and Peer of the Realm Reims Duke and Peer and Legat of the Holy See Rouen Primate of Normandy As also those Yours Bourdeaux Narbonne Vienne Burges Auch Arles Bezancon Alby Tholouse Aix Embrun The respective Suffragans of these Archbishops are as followeth Lions Autun Langres Wacon Chasion Sens. Trois Auxerre Nevers Paris Chartres Orleans Meaux Reims Soissont Laon Chaalons Noijon Beauvais Amiens Senlis Boulogn Alby Castres Mende Rodez Cahors Vahors Narbonne Carcassâ—nr Aleâ— Beziers Agde Lodove Montpellier Nismes Usetz S. Pons Perpignan Rouen Bayeux Euâ—eux Auranchet Seez Lisâ—ux Coutances Bourdeauz Poictiers Saintes Angoulesm Perigueux Agen Condom Sarlat Rochelle Lucon Arles Marseilles Orange S. Paul de 3. Chateaux Toulon Tours Mans Anger 's Rennes Nantes Cournouaille Vannes S. Malo S. Brieu Treguier S. Pol de Leon Dole Auch Acquis Aire Bazas Bayonne Comminges Conserans Lectoure Mescar Oleron Tarbes Aix Apt Riez Frejus Gap Sisteron Vienne Valence Die Grenoble Viviers Maurienne Bourges Clermont Limoges S. Flour le Puy Tulle Tholouse Pamiers Mirepoix Montauban Lavour S. Papaul Lombez Rieux Bezanc Belley Basil in Switz Lausanne in Switz Embrun Digne Glandeve Vence Senez Grace Nice in Savoy Universities belonging to this Kingdom are establisht at these Cities following Paris Anger 's Reims Perpignan Bourdeaux Caen Valence Douay Poictiers Montpellier Aix Dole Orleans Cahors Avignon Friburge Bourges Nantes Pont a'mauson Orange The French are generally a Civil Quick and Active sort of People but extreamly given to Talking especially those of the Female Sex who nevertheless are not only very pleasing in discourse but also of a graceful and winning deportment This People is thus characteriz'd by some That they are Aiery Amorous full of Action and above all things Contentious being so universally given to Law-fuits and that even among nearest Relations that Lawyers Judges and other Officers of Justice are observ'd to be the richest Body of the Kingdom excepting the Churchmen Many of this Country in matters of Learning are bless'd with a clear Conception and ready Expression and of late they have advanc'd the Republick of Letters to a very considerable height this Age having produc'd several of that Nation and even some of the Female Sex who are now famous through all the Learned World for their singular Parts The French Language compos'd chiefly of the Latin together with several German and Gothick words intermixt being lately much refin'd by the Royal Academy at Paris is so admir'd for its elegancy and sweetness that it hath wonderfully spread it self abroad in the world and is now become the chief Tongue that 's commonly us'd in most Princes Courts of Europe Pater-Noster in the same runs thus Nôtre pére qui es aux Cieux Ton Nom soit sanctifié Ton Regne vienne Ta Volonté soit faite en Ia Terre comme aâ— Ciel Donne nous aujourdhuy nôtre pain quotidien Pardonne nous nos offences comme nous pardonnons a' ceux qui nous ont offencez Et ne nous induit point en tentation mais delivre nous du mal Amen This Kingdom being formerly a part of the Roman Empire was in process of time over-run by Franks Goths and Burgundians especially the first by whom was rais'd a Monarchy which continuing in the Succession of Kings of three several Races viz. the Morovignian Carlovinian and Capetine is now as great as any in Christendom and at present subject to one Sovereign entitl'd the Most Christian King and eldest Son of the Church whose Government is Monarchical and Crown hereditary in his Heirs Male all Females being excluded by the Salique Law The whole Kingdom being divided into 12 Governments over each of them is set a Governor styl'd the King's Licutenant-General or Super-Intendant having the like Power as the Lords Lieutenants of England formerly had in their several Counties For the better management of the publick Affairs and Administration of Justice in all parts of this Kingdom here are establisht a great many Courts of Judicatory particularly these following viz. Parliaments Chambers of Accounts Courts of Aides Presidial Courts Generalities Elections c. I. Parliaments the highest and supream Courts of the Nation were Fifteen in number reckoning the late Conquests and held at the Cities of Paris Tholouse Rouen Grenoble Bourdeaux Dijon Aix Vannes Pau Mets Besancon Tourney Perpignan Arras and Brisac These Parliaments according to their respective business are divided into several Chambers especially that of Paris which hath no less than Ten. viz. 1. The Grand Chamber where the Peers of the Realm being accus'd of any Crime are usually Try'd 2. The Tournelle Civile where they take cognizance of such Civil Causes as exceed a thousand Livres in value 3. The Tournelle Criminelle where Appeals from Inferior Courts in Criminal Matters are heard and discuss'd Besides these three there are five Chambers of Inquest where Depositions of Witnesses are set down and Causes thereupon determin'd being almost the same with our Bill and Answer in Chancery and Exchequer And lastly There are two Chambers of Request where Causes of Priviledg'd Persons are heard and discuss'd II. Chambers of Accounts where Accounts of the Treasury are examin'd and Homage and Vassalage due from the Royal Feifs are receiv'd Treaties of Peace and Grants made by the King and such like are recorded These Chambers are 12 in number and held at the Cities of Paris Rouen Dijon Nantes Montpelier Grenoble Aix Pau Blois Liste Aire and Dole III. Courts of Aides where all Causes relating to the King's Revenue particularly Aides Tailles Gabells are determin'd and that without any appeal to a higher Judicatory These Courts are in number Eight and held at these 8 Cities of Paris Montpelier Rouen Clermont Montferrand Bourdeaux Aix Grenoble and Dijon IV. Presidial Courts compos'd of several Judges where Civil Causes in matters of smaller importance as also Appeals made from Subaltern Justices in Villages are
is to take charge of all the King's Revenue kept in the Exchequer as also to check all Officers imploi'd in collecting the same and such like This Office is frequently executed by several Persons conjunctly in Commission term'd Lords of the Treasury as at present 4. The Lord President of the Council whose Office is to attend upon the King and Summons the Council to propose business at Council-Table and Report the several Transactions of the Board 5. The Lord Privy-Seal whose Office is to pass all Charters and Grants of the King and Pardons sign'd by the King before they come to the Great Seal of England as also divers other Matters of smaller moment which do not pass the Great Seal But this Seal is never to be affixt to any Grant without good warrant under the King's Privy-Signet nor even with such Warrant if the thing granted be against Law or Custom until the King be first acquinted therewith 6. The Lord Great Chamberlain of England whose Office is to bring the King's Shirt Coif and Wearing Cloaths on the Coronation-day to put on the King's Apparel that Morning to carry at the Coronation the Coif Gloves and Linnen which are to be us'd by the King on that Occasion likeways the Sword and Scabard as also the Gold to be offer'd by the King together with the Robe Royal and Crown to Undress and Attire the King with his Royal Robes to serve the King that Day with Water for to wash his Hands before and after Dinner 7. The Lord High Constable of England an Officer whose Power is so great that 't was thought inconvenient to lodge the same in any Subject since the Year 1521. and is now conferr'd on some of the chiefest Peers pro re nata as upon occasion of Coronations or Solemn Tryals by Combat 8. The Earl Marshal of England whose Office is to take cognizance of all Matters of War and Arms to determine Contracts concerning Deeds of Arms out of the Realm upon Land and Matters touching Wars within the Realm which the Common Law cannot determine 9. The Lord High admiral of England whose Trust and Honour is so great that this Office hath been usually given either to some of the King 's younger Sons near Kinsmen or one of the chiefest Peers of the Realm To him is committed the Management of all Maritime Affairs the Government of the King's Navy a decisive Power in all Causes Maritime as well Civil as Criminal He also Commissionates Vice-Admirals Reer-Admirals Sea-Captains c. and enjoys a number of Priviledges too many here to be mention'd This Office is commonly executed by several Persons conjunctly in Commission term'd Lords of the Admiralty as at present After the Officers of the Crown we might here subjoin the various Courts of Judicatory establisht in this Kingdom especially the High Court of Parliament which is Supreme to all others and to whom all last Appeals are made I might here likeways mention all the Subordinate Courts of this Realm particularly that of the King's-Bâ—nch the Court of Common Pleas the High Court of Chancery the Exchequer and the Court of the Dutchy of Lancaster c. as also the Ecclesiastical Courts in Subordination to the Archbishop of Canterbury as the Court of Arches the Court of Audience the Prerogative Court the Court of Faculties and that of Peculiars But to declare the Nature and Constitution the ample Privileges and manner of Procedure in each of them would far exceed the narrow Bounds of an Abstract I shall not therefore descend to particulars only adding to this Paragraph that besides these various Courts above-mention'd the King consulting the ease and welfare of the Subject Administers Justice by his Itinerate Judges and that in their yearly Circuits through the Kingdom and for the better governing of and keeping the King's Peace in particular Counties Hundreds Cities Burroughs and Villiages of this Realm Counties have their respective Lord Lieutenants Sheriffs and Justices of the Peace Hundreds their Bailiffs High-Constables and Petty-Constables Cities their Mayor Aldermen Sheriffs c. Burroughs and Towns incorporate have either a Mayor or two Bailiffs or a Portrive who in Power are the same with Mayor and Sheriffs and during their Offices are Justices of the Peace within their own Liberties And lastly Villiages are in Subjection to the Lord of the Mannor under whom is the Constable or Headborough to keep the Peace apprehend Offenders and bring them before the Justice Of such an admirable Constitution is the English Government that no Nation whatsoever can justly pretend to such a Model and no People in the World may live more happy if they please so that it may be justly affirm'd of them what the Poet saith in another Case only with change of Persons O fortunatos nimium sua si bona norint Anglicanos The Ensigns Imperial of the Monarch of Great Britain are in the first place Azure Three Flower-de-Luces Or the Royal Arms of France quartered with the Imperial Ensings of England which are Gules Three Lyons passant Gardant in Pale Or. In the second place within a double tressure Counter flowr'd de lys Or a Lyon Rampant Gules for the Royal Arms of Scotland In the third place Azure and Irish Harp Or string'd Argent for the Royal Ensigns of Ireland In the fourth place as in the first These Ensigns Armoral are quartered after a new manner since the late Revolution the English Arms being put before the French and the whole charg'd with an Escutcheon of the House of Nassau which is Azure Semi-billets a Lyon Rampant Or Languid and Armed Gules all within the Garter the chief Ensign of that most Noble Order above the same an Helmet answerable to King William's Sovereign Jurisdiction upon the same a rich Mantle of Cloath of Gold doubled Ermin adorn'd with an Imperial Crown and surmounted for a Crest by a Lyon passant Gardent Or Crowned as the former and an Unicorn Argent Gorged with a Crown thereto a Chain affixt passing between his Forelegs and reflex'd over his Back Or both standing upon a Compartment plac'd underneath and in the Table of that Compartment is express'd the King of England's Motto which is Dieu mon Droit but of late Jâ— Maintiendray The Inhabitants of this Country are for the most part of the true Reform'd Religion publickly profess'd and carefully taught in its choicest Purity In Reforming of which they were not so hurri'd by popular Fury and Faction as in other Nations but proceeded in a more Prudent Regular and Christian Method resolving to separate no farther from the Church of Rome than she had separated from the Truth embracing that excellent Advice of the Prophet Jer. 6. 16. Stand ye in the ways and see and ask for the old paths where is the good way and walk therein So that the Reform'd Church of England is a true Mean or middle Way betwixt those two Extreams of Supperstition and Phanaticism both equally to be avoided The Doctrine of
Country especially Juitland formerly Cimbrica Chersonesus a part of Ancient Scandinavia is term'd by the Italians Dania by the Spaniards Dinmarca by the French Danemarc by the High Germans Dennemark and by the English Denmark so called from the Bounds and Marâ—es of its Inhabitants the Danes whose Country bordering on the Ancient Batavi and Saxons was thereupon call'd Dane-march which Name in process of time did turn into that of Denmark The Air of this Country is much the same with that in the Southern Part of Swedeland it being extreamly Cold but in most places very wholesome The opposite place of the Globe to Denmark is that part of the Pacifick Ocean lying between 210 and 220 Degrees of Longitude with 50 and 60 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country it lying in the 10th and 11th North Climates is very good for Grain and Pasturage Here is abundance of Fish especially Herrings as also many wild Fowls and most kinds of wild Beasts The longest Day in the Northmost part is 17 Hours ½ the shortest in the Southmost is 8 Hours ¼ and the Nights proportionably The Chief Commodities of this Country are Fish Tallow Furniture for Ships Armour Ox-hides Buck-skins Fir-wood and Wainscot c. Near to Sleswick Southward are yet to be seen the Remains of that famous Wall and Trench made above 880 Years ago by Gotricius then King of Denmark to hinder the Incursions of the Saxons resembling somewhat the Pict's Wall in Great Britain 2. Between Flensburg and Sleswick is a small Village which goes by the Name of Anglen remarkable in so far that from the said Village and Country adjacent came our Ancestors the Ancient Angles into Great Britain 3. In Gottorp is an admirable Globe of Copper 10 Foot ½ in Diameter so contriv'd by one of the Dukes of Holstein that by certain Wheels turn'd about by Water it represents exactly the Motions of the Coelestial Bodies As also another in the Arsenal at Copenhagen of 6 Foot Diameter fram'd by Tycho Brahe that famous Danish Astronomer 4. In the Island Ween are the Ruins of the Tower of Uraniburge renowned for the Observations made thereon by the aforesaid Tycho Braye As also the Dungeon call'd Stelliburg beset with Looking-Glasses where he was wont to sit and observe the Stars in all Seasons 5. The Island Ween is likewise remarkable in that it will harbour no Dormice none such being able to live when imported thither as also a Spring whose Waters never freez even in the extreamest Cold of Winter To these we may add as a singular Curiosity of this Country That magnificent Throne fram'd of prodigious long Horns of a certain Sea Animal which the Vulgar are willing to take for the Unicorn Vid. Dr. Brown 's Travels As for Archbishopricks in this Kingdom there 's only one viz. that of Copenhagen Bishopricks in this Kingdom are those of Sleswick Arhusen Alburg Ripen Wiburg Universities in this Kingdom are those at Copenhagen Kiel The Danes a very warlike People of old having constrain'd many of the Northern Nations to submit to the force of their Arms at some time or other are now almost of the same Temper with their Neighbours the Swedes and Germans but that they are generally esteem'd a People more given to Pride and Cunning than either of the former They are Industrious and Frugal enough as also considerable Lovers of Learning but generally greater Lovers of Excess whether in Drinking or Eating especially the former and that ever since the Juice of the Grape was recommended to them by the High Germans whom they now equal if not exceed in all manner of Carousing The Modern Language of Denmark is originally a Dialect of the Teutonit The Court Gentry and Chief Burgers commonly use the High German in ordinary Discourse and French when they talk with Strangers How the Danish Tongue differs from the High German and the Modern Language in Swedeland will best appear from their Pater-Noster which runs thus Fader vor du som est himmelen helligt vorde die naffu tilkomme dit rige vorde din vilie sâ—â— paâ— jorden som hander i himmelen Gift osz â— dagh vort daglige brod oc forlad osz vor skyld som wi forlade vare skyldener ock lead osz ickudi fristelse Men frele osz fra ont Amen This Kingdom was formerly Elective although they usually advanc'd the next Heir to the Crown until the Year 1659. that Frederick the Ill having bravely repuls'd the Swedes besieging the Capital City Copenhagen it was then rendred Hereditary to his Family The Nobility here had hitherto a considerable Stroke until these our own Days that this Kingdom is so strangely Frenchifi'd in Point of Government that the Danish and French Monarchy's are now almost of the same Mould The King assumes to himself the Power of disposing of all Heirs and Heiresses of any Note as 't is practis'd in France The Danish Law is highly to be priz'd in that it 's short and perspicuous surpassing the like of all other Nations in that respect It 's wholly founded upon Equity and Compris'd in one Quarto Volume in the Danish Tongue and that so plain that any Man may understand and plead his own Cause without the Aid of either Counsel or Attorney and no Suit is to hang in suspence beyond one Year and a Month. This is indeed a mighty Advantage and a singular Property of the Danish Law upon one hand but the same is attended with a vast Inconvenience on the other for the first and principal Article thereof runs thus That the King hath the Priviledge reserv'd to himself to explain nay to alter and change the same as he shall think good Chief Courts for Administration of Justice both in Civil and Criminal Affairs are four viz. Byfoght's Heredsfought's Lanstag and High-Right The first is peculiar for deciding Matters which happen in Cities and Towns The second for those of the Country The third is the High-Court of the Province to which Appeals are made from the two former And the fourth is the Supream of all the rest held commonly at Copenhagen and consisting of the Principal Nobility in which Court the King himself sometimes sits in Person Beside these there is the Court of Admiralty for Maritime Affairs as also a Rent Chamber resembling our Court of Exchequer for managing all Matters relating to the Publick Revenue The King of Denmark bears Party of three and Coupè of two which makes twelve Quarters In the first Or Semè of Hearts Gules three Lyons passant guardant Azure crown'd Langu'd and Arm'd of the first for Denmark 2 Gules a Lyon Rampant Or Crown'd and Arm'd of the first in his Paws a Battle-Ax Argent hilted of the second for Norway 3. Gules a Lion Passant-guardant Or on Nine Hearts of the same in Fesse for Gothland 4. Gules a Dragon crown'd Or for Schonen 5. Azure three Crowns Or for Sweden 6. Gules a
Persuasions in Point of Religion there being a Liberty of Conscience allow'd to all of the Colony But the poor Natives to our great shame are still groping in the Twilight of Paganism §. 8. Pensilvania THIS Country discovered at the same time with the rest of the adjacent Continent is term'd by the French Pensilvanie by the Germans Pensilvanien by the Italians Spaniards and English Pensilvania so call'd from William Pen Esquire whom King Charles II. made first Proprietor thereof by Letters Patent Anno 1680. The Air of this Country is generally granted to be clear and sweet the Heavens being seldom over cast with Clouds The length of the Days and Nights is much the same here as in New Jersey The Soil of this Country is tollerably good in many Parts but in some Places extreamly barren The opposite Place of the Globe to Pensilvania is that part of the East-India Ocean lying between 115 and 125 Degrees of Longitude with 40 and 45 Degrees of South Latitude There being no considerable Trade as yet settl'd between this and Foreign Countries the chief Commodities hither to exported are mostly Horses and Pipe-Staves commonly sent to the Island of Barbadoes In several Parts of Pensilvania are Springs of good Mineral Waters particularly those about two Miles from Philadelphia which for Operation are accounted much the same with our Purging Waters at Barnet Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universities None The Natives of this Country being Persons of tall Bodies and swarthy Complexions are generally reckon'd more mild and civilly enclin'd than most others of the Indian Nations The Europeans here residing being mostly English with a few Dutch and Swedes are much the same with those in Europe The Language of the Natives being a Dialect of the Indian Tongue is said to be very Lofty Sweet and Emphatick in respect of many others in these Parts of the World as also very easy to be acquired by Strangers The Europeans here residing retain the respective Languages of their own Countries This Country being granted as aforesaid to William Pen by his Majesty King Charles II. the Publick Affairs thereof are manag'd by several Courts of of Justice there establisht under him as Proprietor who or his Deputy Rules the same in Subordination to the King of Great Britain The English here residing are of different Sects and Persuasions but Enthusiasm chiefly prevails this Country being stockt with Quakers by their Governor William Pen. The Natives are said to have a pretty clear Notion of a Supreme Being the Immortality of the Soul and a Future State Their Worship chiefly consists in Sacrifices and Songs intermixt with Dancing §. 9. Mary-Land THIS Country discover'd by the English under the Conduct of the two Cabots Anno 1497. is term'd by the Italians Marylandia by the Spaniards Tierra de Maria by the French Terre du Marie by the Germans Marienland and by the English Maryland so call'd at last in Honour of Queen Mary Wife to King Charles I. who gave it by Letters-Patent under that Name to the Right Honourable Caecilius Colvert Lord Baltimore Anno 1632. The Air of this Country is much more healthful now and more agreeing to English Constitutions than formerly when the Woods were intire and the better it still grows the greater Progress they make in felling the Timber The opposite Place of the Globe to Maryland is that part of the East-Indian Ocean lying between 120 and 130 Degrees of Longitude with 37 and 40 Degrees of South Latitude The Soil of this Country is generally reckon'd very fertil and rich producing in great plenty the same things with New York The length of the Days and Nights in Maryland is much the same as in the Southern Provinces of Spain they both lying under the same Parallels of Latitude The chief Commodities of this Country are Tobacco Hemp Flax Wood Hops Rape-Seed Madder Furs Elk-Skins c. Of several rare Crustaceous Animals found in this Country That call'd the Signoe or Signenoc is most observable and that particularly for the admirable contrivance of his Eyes For they being plac'd under the Covert of a thick Shell Nature whose Operation is wonderful in every thing hath so order'd that those Parts above the Eyes are so transparent as to convey a competency of Light whereby the otherways benighted Animal can clearly see its way For several other remarkable Creatures with a Catalogue of rare Plants in Maryland Vid. Philos Trans N. 246. Archbishopricks Bishopricks Universitities None The Natives of this Country consider'd in the main are generally reckon'd the same with those of New York or the nearest to them in their Temper and Customs of any other of the American Nations whatsoever The English here residing are much the same with those in England The Language of the Natives in this Country is said to consist of divers Idioms very different from one another and none of 'em either so pleasant to the Ear or so easy to be acquir'd by Strangers as those in Pensilvania The English here residing use their own Language The Right Honourable Coectlius Colvert Lord Baltimore his Heirs and Assigns being by Letters-Patent Anno 1632 created Lords and Proprietors of Maryland excepting the Sovereign Dominion and Allegiance with a fifth part of the Gold and Silver Ore reserv'd to His Majesty The Government of the Colony by their Lordships Care and Prudence is so modell'd that we may reckon it a Diminutive of that of England For the Supreme Court call'd a General Assembly resembles in some measure our English Parliament being divided into an Upper and Lower House The Upper consists of the Governor himself with his Council and such Lords of Mannors and others as his Lordship or Lieutenant shall by Writ call thither The Lower is made up of Delegates elected and sent by each County of the whole Plantation This Assembly is conveen'd prorogu'd or dissolv'd at pleasure by his Lordship or Lieutenant and whatever is agreed upon and enacted by both Houses and assented unto by his Lordship hath the Sanction of a Law and can't be repeal'd but by the same Authority Next to this Legislative Assembly is the Provincial Court generally held at St. Maries to which Appeals are made from all Inferior Courts of the whole Province The English here residing are of various Persuasions in Point of Religion there being a Tolleration enjoin'd for all Sects of Christianity The Natives know nothing as yet of the true God save what they obscurely see by the glimsing Light of Nature §. 10. Virginia THIS Country discover'd first by Sebastian Cabot Anno 1497. but afterwards more perfectly by Sir Walter Rawleigh Anno 1584. when he took Possession thereof in Queen Elizabeth's Name is term'd by the French Virginie by the Germans Virginien by the Italians Spaniards and English Virginia so call'd in Honour of Queen Elizabeth that Masculine Virgin
in triming of Ships with good success and preferable to the ordinary Pitch in those hot Countries being able to resist the scorching Heat of the Sun-Beams Vid. Purchas his Pilgrims Part 4. Lib. 6. Here is one Spanish Archbishoprick viz. that of St. Fee de Bagota Bishopricks four viz. those of Popayan Carthagena Panama St. Martha None The Natives of this Country being Persons of a tawny Colour and for the most part of very robust and proper Bodies are a People that 's very healthful and generally live to great Ages notwithstanding the Air they breath in is none of the best They spend most of their time in Hunting and such like Diversions as the generality of other Americans do and commonly they walk naked above their Middles Here is a great Diversity of Languages among the Natives and each of these divided into several Dialects The Europeans here settl'd retain the several Languages peculiar to their respective Countries from whence they came This spacious Country is in a great part subject to the King of Spain and govern'd by the Vice-Roy of Mexico under whom are several Deputy-Governors in divers Parts for the better management of the whole and for an equal Distribution of Justice every where there are establisht many Courts of Judicatory in which all Causes whether Civil or Criminal are heard and determin'd Some of the Midland Provinces are as yet free from the Spanish Power being still maintain'd by the Natives who acknowledge Subjection unto and are govern'd by the Heads or Eldest of their Families The Natives of this Country especially in the Midland Provinces are gross Idolaters Nigh unto and upon the River Wiapoco is a certain Nation call'd Marashewaccas whose Object of Religious Worship is a monstrous Idol of Stone set up in a most frightful Posture For it is fashion'd like a very big Man sitting upon his Heels resting his Elbows upon his Knees and holding forwards the Palms of his Hands and looking upwards doth gape with his Mouth wide open The different Europeans here residing are of the same Religion with that establisht in the respective Countries from whence they came SECT VII Concerning Peru.  d. m. Situated between 290 30 of Long. Itsgreatest Length from N. to S. is about 1440 Miles 307 10 between 25 30 of S. Latit Breadth from W. to E. is about 480 Miles 01 00 of N. Lat. Peru comprehends the Province of Posto Chief Town Poston From N. to S. Los Quixos Baesa Pacamores Valladolid Quiâ—c Idem Peru Lima Los Careaâ— Potosi THIS Country discovered by the Spaniards Anno 1525. is term'd Peru by the Italians Spaniards French Germans and English so call'd according to the best of Criticks from a certain Rivulet which bore that Name among the Indians at the Spaniards first arrival The Air of this Country is of a very different Nature being in some places extremely hot and in others extraordinary sharp and piercing The Wind upon this Coast according to J. Acosta blows always from the South and South-West contrary to what 's usual between the Tropicks and is not violent tempestuous or unhealthful as elsewhere but very moderate and agreeable He further observes That all along the Coast call'd Lanos it never Rains Thunders Snows nor Hails yet very frequently a little out at Sea And that among the Andes it Rains in a manner continually The opposite Place of the Globe to Peru is that part of the Gulf of Bengale between 110 and 127 Degrees of Longitude with 1 and 25 Degrees of South Latitude This Country lying in the 1st 2d and 3d South Climate consisteth of many large and pleasant Vallies with divers high and lofty Mountains The Vallies in some places especially towards the Sea-Coasts are very Sandy and frequently subject to Earth Quakes in other places they are very rich and the Air extremely sultry The Mountains particularly the Andes are for the most part continually Cold in their Tops yet exceeding fertil and generally lin'd with most costly Mines beyond any Country in the World witness the famous lofty Hill of Potozi in the Province of Los Carcas It is universally esteem'd the richest of all the Foreign Plantations belonging to the Spaniard The longest Day in the Northmost Part of Peru is about 12 Hours ¼ the shortest in the Southmost is 10 Hours ½ and the Nights proportionably The chief Commodities of this Country are Gold and Silver in vast quantities costly Pearls and abundance of Cotton Tobacco Cocheneel Medicinal Drugs c. There 's a high Mountain in Peru call'd Periacaca to whose Top if any Person ascend he 's suddenly taken with a terrible sit of Vomiting And many Travellers endeavouring to pass over the Desert of Punas have been benumm'd on a sudden and faln down dead which makes that way wholly neglected of late 2. On the Tops of the highest Mountains in Peru as in other Parts of the World are frequently found some considerable Lakes several of which are very hot 3 In the Valley of Tarapaya near to Potozi is a very hot Lake of a Circular Form whose middle part for about twenty Foot square continually boils up and though the Water is so extreamly warm yet the Soil about the Lake is extraordinary cold 4 At the Baths of Ingua is a Stream of Water almost boiling hot and hard by it doth issue forth another Stream as cold as Ice 5. In the Province of Loc Carcas is another Spring of Water so very hot that one can't hold his Finger in it for the short space of one Ave-Maria And somewhere else in this County is a Fountain out of which there issueth a considerable Current of a Colour almost as red as Blood 6. Near to Cusco is a Spring whose Waters turn into pure white Salt wherewith the whole Country adjacent is supply'd 7 Among the Quick-Silver Mines in Guaniavilica is a Fountain of hot Water whose Current having run a considerable way turns at last into a soft kind of Rock which being easily cut and yet very lasting is usually imploi'd for building of Houses thereabouts 8 Nigh C. S. Helene and all along the Coast are many Fountains of Coppey a Substance resembling Pitch and frequently us'd as such or Gultran Rozen which flow in such abundance that Ships at Sea out of sight of Land can give a shrewd guess where they are by the very smell of such Fountains providing there be a gentle Breeze from the Shore 9. In divers Parts of Peru are still Extant the Ruins of many stately Indian Temples particularly that call'd the Pachamana about four Leagues from â—â—ma And another in the City of Dusco which might have been formerly accounted the American Pantheon for the Idols of all Nations conquer'd by the Inguas were always brought thither and there set up 10 Among the Curiosities of this Country we may also reckon the Cucujus Peruvianus or Lanthorn-Fly An Insect of a
commonly goes now by the Name of Watling-street And in Teviotdale are some Vestigia of Roman Encampments and another Military-way vulgarly term'd the Ruggid Cawsway 2. In the Stewarty of Strathern are visible Tracts of several Roman Camps especially that at Ardoch 3 In Sterlingshire are divers Marks of the famous Roman Wall now commonly call'd Graham's Dyke which was extended over the Isthmus between the Rivers of Forth and Clyde Its Form and Manner of Building will best appear by a Draught thereof for which Vid. Camden's Britainnia late Edition page 959. 4. In Sterlingshire were likeways found some Inscriptions upon Stones relating to the Roman Wall particularly Two one whereof is now at Calder and informs us that the Legio secunda Augusta built the said Wall upwards of three Miles and another in the E. Marshal's House at Dunnotyr which hints that a Party of the Legio vicesima victrix continued it for three Miles more As for the Inscriptions themselves Vid. Cambd. page 920 and 1101. 5. Hard by the Tract of the aforesaid Wall in Sterlingshire are yet to be seen two pretty Mounts term'd by the Ancients Duni pacis as also the Remains of an Ancient Building in form of a Pyramide now call'd by the Vulgar Arthur's Oven which many reckon to have been a Temple of the God Terminus 6. Near Pasley and Renfrew are the Vestigia of a large Roman Camp the Fosses and Dykes about the Praetorium being still visible Here is also to be seen a remarkable Spring which regularly Ebbs and Flows with the Sea 7. Nigh to the City of Edenburgh is a noted Spring commonly call'd the Oily-Well the Surface of its Waters being cover'd with a kind of Oyl or Bitumen which is frequently us'd with good Success in curing Scabs and Pains proceeding from Cold. 8. Near the same City is another Fountain which goes by the Name of the Routing-Well because it usually makes a Noise before a Storm 9. Near Brechin in Aagus where the Danes receiv'd a mighty overthrow is a high Stone erected over their General 's Grave call'd Camus-Cross with another about ten Miles distance both of 'em having antique Letters and Figures upon them 10. At Slains in Aberdeenshire is a remarkable petrifying Cave commonly call'd the Dropping Cave where Water ouzing through a spungy porous Rock on the Top doth quickly consolidate after it falls in drops to the bottom 11. Near Kilross in Murray is to be seen an Obelisk of one Stone set up as a Monument of a Fight between King Malcolm Son of Keneth and Sueno the Dane 12. On the Lord Lovet's Lands in Straherrich is a Lake which never freezeth all over before the Month of February but after that time one Nights Frost will do it There 's also another call'd Lough-Monar belonging to the late Sir George Mackenzy just of the same Nature with the former and a third at Glencanigh in Strathglash which never wants Ice upon the middle Part of it even in the hottest Day of Summer 13. Towards the Northwest Part of Murray is the famous Lough-Ness which never freezeth but retaineth its natural Heat even in the extreamest Cold of Winter 14. In Lennox is Lough Lomond which is every whit as famous among the Vulgar not only for its Floating-Island but also as having Fish without Fins and being frequenly Tempestuous in a Calm 15. In divers Parts of Scotland are some noted Mineral Springs particularly those at Kinghorn and Balgrigy in Fife as also Aberdeen and Peterhead in Aberdeenshire several of which come little short of the famous Spaw-Water in the Bishoprick of Liege Lastly In most Counties of this Kingdom are many Circular Stone Monuments being a company of prodigious long Stones set on end in the Ground and that commonly in form of a Circle which are probably conjectur'd to have been either Funeral Monuments or Places of Publick Worship in times of the Ancient Druides or both Archbishopricks in this Kingdom are Two viz. those of St. Andrews Glascow Bishopricks in this Kingdom are Twelve viz. those of Edenburgh Murray Ross Galloway Dunkeld Brichen Cathness Argile Aberdeen Dumblain Orkney The Isles Universities of this Kingdom are Four viz. those of St. Adrews Edenburgh Aberdeen Glascow The Scots for the most part are an Active Prudent and Religious sort of People Many abominable Vices too common in other Countries are not so much as speculatively known among them They generally abhor all kinds of Excess in Drinking and effeminate Delicacy in Diet chusing rather to improve the Mind than pamper the Body Many of them make as great Advances in all Parts of ingenious and solid Learning as any Nation in Europe And as for their singular Fidelity although slanderously spoken of by some 'tis abundantly well-known and experienced abroad for an undoubted Demonstration thereof is publickly given to the whole World in that a Neighbouring Prince and his Predecessors for almost three hundred Years have committed the immediate Care of their Royal Persons to them without ever having the least Cause to repent or real Ground to change The Language commonly spoken in the North and North-West of this Country is a Dialect of the Irish corruptedly call'd Erse a Specimen of which shall be given when we come to Ireland In all other Parts of the Kingdom they use the English Tongue but that with considerable difference of Pronounciation in different Counties and all disagreeing with that in England except the Town of Inverness whose Inhabitants are the only People who come nearest to the true English however the Gentry and Persons of good Education usually speak English though not with the same Accent as in England yet according to its true Propriety and their manner of Writing is much the same The vulgar Language commonly call'd Broad Scotch is indeed a very corrupt sort of English and hath a great Tincture of several Foreign Tongues particularly the High German Low Dutch and French especially the last a great many words still in use among the Commonality being Originally from that Language For a Specimen of which Tongue Pater-Noster in it runs thus Ure Fader whilk art in Heven hallued bee thy Neme thy Kingdoom cumm thy Wull be doon inn Erth az it s doon inn Heven Geé uss this day ure daily Breed an forgee uss ure Sinns az we forgee them that Sinn against uss and leed uss nae intoo temtacion batt delyver uss frae evil Ameen This Kingdom hath hitherto had the good fortune to enjoy an Hereditary limited Monarchy though many times the immediate Heir or next in Blood hath been set a side and another more remote hath mounted the Throne Since its Union with England both Kingdoms are under one King who is stil'd the Monarch of Great Britain The Government of this Kingdom is chiefly manag'd by a Council of State or Privy Council consisting of those call'd properly Officers of State and others of the Nobility and Gentry whom the King pleaseth to