or a long disease for nature requires a long time to expel that extreme cruditie And therefore if the Feaver be not very vehement and acute and the strength of the body not wasted the health of the person is many times recovered though it be a good while first But in a vehement disease and where the strength is decayed such urines are altogether pernicious But those urines do principally denote destruction which come after the beginning of the disease and continue long such as were those that appeared in a certain woman who on the eleventh day made thin and watry urines which continued so to the fourtieth day but if after the judgement of the disease be made those urines do still continue it is a certain signe of relapse In other diseases as intermitting Feavers or gentle and diuturnal a thin urine denotes great obstructions of the milt liver mesentery and other like parts through which the urine being streined becomes so thin and watry Those urines which are thick full of humors little in quantity not without a Feaver if they come thin from such persons in good quantity t is helpful But these chiefly are such which have a sediment at the beginning or presently after By thick urines are to be understood such urines as either are very crass or are alwaies troubled or muddy by grumous urines such as have many clods or lumps in them Such urines are made at the beginning of Feavers proceeding from flegme for thickness comes from the multitude of thick humors the lumps in urine are caused by certain bits of flegme dryed by the heat of the Feaver these urines are then made in little quantity because nature is then imployed to retain it but when the humor is concocted the urine appears thinner that perturbation ceasing and it comes forth in greater quantity because nature now endeavours an evacuation and by how much the more plentifully it is evacuated by so much the more it helps as in all critical evacuations Therefore in this place that is called thin urine not which is so indeed for that avails not but that whose muddy distemper is taken away by concoction These are chiefly made in seasers proceeding from flegm in which the urines are wont at the beginning to have a certain deceitful sediment which is not made by concoction but by the descending downward of raw humors That urine which comes from the body thick muddy and troubled but becomes afterwards of it self cleare and limpid is good For it portends the victory of nature separating things hererogeneous and expelling that which is injurious to her and that so much the more if after this separation the thicker part settle in the bottome white smooth and equal Urine which at first comes forth clear but after some time becomes muddy is good For it signifies that nature hath begun a concoction and made a notable entrance in it A thick muddy urine which so remains that being put to the fire will not clear up is evil For such urine as Galen teacheth in Aph. 70. Sect. 1. if the strength of the body be accordingly shews that the disease will be long if the strength be diminished it portends the death of the patient for it is caused by a multitude of thick and crude humors with which much winde being mixed the urine is thereby agitated and troubled so that if the strength be wasted there is great danger lest it be suffocated by the abundance of such humors but if there be strength remaining much time is required to discuss those humors There is an example of this urine in Hipp. 1. Epid. Sect. 1. Aegr 4. in the wife of Philinus who made much water the eleventh day with convulsions which seldome bring along with them white or thick urine as in those waters which settle when being set aside for a good while they persisted muddy without settling the colour and thickness of the urine being like that of cattel on the twentieth day she died Also Aegr 11. of the same Section in the wife of Dromeada the second day she made a thick white and troubled urine like to those which have a settlement when after they have been set aside for some time they become muddy yet her urine settled not on the sixth day she died so also in Hermocrates and in another that in a hot sit eat and drank largely the same troubled and unsettled urines were observed Urines that come forth muddy and remain so with an evil smell are very evil For they signifie a Gangrene in the bladder or the parts adjoyning Red urine or yellow and thin and so continuing long is evil For it shews an extraordinary heat and inflaming disposition in the liver or stomach or midriffe by which no concoction but rather an adustion or scorching of the humors is caused And therefore such a kind of urine persevering if the body be weak portends death but if the body be in strength it signifies a prolongation of the disease or a diversion of the humor into the lower parts Black urines appearing in an acute disease are pernicious For they signifie an extraordinary scorching up of the humors causing them to degenerate into melancholy which produces deadly affections as may be seen in Philiscus 1. Epid. Sect. 3. Aegr 1. whose urine coming forth on the third and fifth day was black he dyed the sixth Also in Erasinus Aegr 8. of the same sect who dyed the fifth day This man saith Hipp. had a Feaver through his whole body with sweating and elevation of the Hypochondrium a stretching with pain he made black water having a round enaeorema without any settlement Also in Pythian 3. Epid. Sect 3. Aegr 3. who the third and fourth day made black water and the tenth day dyed But if these black urines are also thin they are so much the worse because they signifie a greater crudity hence Hipp. in 1. Epid. Thin black urine and made in a little quantity which appeared at the beginning of burning Feavers was one of the signes by which they were wont to portend certain death but whether they come forth in a great or small quantity these black and thin urines are alwaies mortal as also those which appearing at first black turn afterwards into thin and watry Which is confirmed by the story of Silenus in 1. Epid. when his urine had continued black unto the fourth day in the fifth day it began to come forth thin and transparent And Hist 2. Sect. 3. Lib. 3. of a woman that lay sick at the cold water and dyed the eightieth day On the eleventh day she made much thin and black water and on the twentieth much watry urine Which Galen observed in his comm viz. that black urines turned into watry are mortal Lastly worst of all are the black urines with a black sediment of which Galen 1. de Cris Cap. 12. thus discourses worst of all is that urine which is totally black so that I have seen no
cholerick feavers are judged for the most part by sweat because the thinness and heat of the humor is more easily expelled by nature by that way of evacuation The material cause the body of patient Whoever in their sickness have a soft and loose skin have their diseases more easily judged by sweating Effects the animal actions Coldness Whether that loosness and softness of the skin proceed from the natural disposition of the body or the constitution of the aire they avail much to perfect the Crisis by sweating A coldness or shaking in continual Feavers shew that the Crisis will be performed by sweat For those humors being thin when they are carried by the veins to the habit with their sharpness they bite the membranous parts of the body and so cause a shaking Vital Pulse Asoft and fluctuating pulse in feavers foretels sweat to be near at hand For when the more thin parts of the urine endeavour a passage through the body they moisten and soften the arteries which causes a moist and fluctuating pulse which is the forerunner of sweat Natural Suppression of urine Suppression of urine in feavers shews the Crisis near at hand by sweat For when the matter of sweat and urine are the same viz. the serous humor while they are carried to the habit of the body it follows consequently that the urine must be suppressed or be much lessened in quantity The excrements If a hot vapour be perceived to arise from the body of the sick patient or a slight kind of dew it shews the approch of the Crisis by sweat If contrary to custome the external parts of the body of the sick person grow hot or the face grow red it shews the Crisis is approching by sweat These two last signes shew that nature endeavours a passage to the habit of the body by which she may expel the noxious and preternatural humors CHAP. VIII Of the signes of future Crisis by Urine THe signes of future Crisis by urine are very few yet they may be known partly by some particular and positive signes partly by the absence of others For if the signes do appear which do demonstrate in general the approch of the Crisis and that there be no symptomes of vomit flux bleeding or sweat then may you conjecture that it will come to pass by urine But those signes which do particularly demonstrate the coming thereof are set down in this order which are notwithstanding to be collected together that we may thence have some certainty to make a judgement They are these A cold constitution Old age Thickness of the skin Frequent pissing or a greater quantity of urine appearing upon the symptomatical day A heat or itching in the extreme parts of the privities A heaviness in the Hypochondrium The three first signes concern the impediments which are in the external parts of the body which hinder the serous humor from purging forth by sweat But when the same matter which flows out by sweat may also be easily purged out by urine there being a stoppage in the passages for sweat we may conjecture that the excretion will be by urine The three last signes shew that the humors do descend to the passages of the urine CHAP. IX Of the signes of future Crisis by bleeding THe following rules foreshew the approch of bleeding The Essence Inflammation of the hypocondriums are for the most part allayed by bleeding And in this manner of solution doth all the hope of safety consist which if it happen not death may be presaged The assisting causes Bleeding uses more frequently to happen until the twenty fifth year then after that time in a sanguine or cholerick constitution in the spring season and at the time of southern winds The Effects From the effects which are taken either from the impairing of the actions or the excrements or the change of qualities proceed these signes of future bleeding Dreams and images of red things A frequent pain of the head and neck Heaviness in the temples and a great pulse in their arteries Tingling or sounding in the ears Dimness of the eyes and a kind of lightning before them Redness of them and almost of all the face An aversion to the light Involuntary teares Itching of the nose A drop of bloud upon the symptomatical day Difficulty of breathing A stretching of the Hypochondriums without pain When the bloud begins to be carried up to the head it begets phantasms or appearances of red things both by dreams and in awaking As happened to a Roman youth of whom Galen makes mention For he labouring with an acute disease thought that he saw a red Serpent running about the roof of his chamber which caused him suddenly to leap out of his bed from whence Galen foretold bleeding and forbid the letting bloud which other Physicians had prescribed Pain in the head and neck proceeds from the same translation of the bloud to the upper parts which by griping and distending the membranes begets pain the arteries beat through the extraordinary motion of the temples being oppressed and streightned by the fulness of the veins Tingling of the ears is caused by the ascending of the vapours in great plenty to the head Dimness of the sight proceeds from certain thick and copious vapours which arising to the upper parts stop the passages whence it comes to pass that they shuting out the animal spirits the sight is dulled That kind of lightning which hovereth before the eyes is nothing else but certain little thin and ragged bodies of several colours contained between the chrystalline and carneous Tunicle produced from the vapours carried upward which though they are within yet deceive the sight as if they were without when as the eye used to external objects judges that to be without which is within A redness of the face and eyes is caused by the bloud gathered in more abundance to those parts The aversion from light proceeds from this that the eyes being already distended with plenty of humors are more distended by the light because light scatters the spirits which causes a dilatation of the eye and thence pain which that the sick person may avoid he shuns the light Involuntary tears are caused by a repletion of the eyes and parts adjacent which being distended beyond measure press the kernels containing the humors which causeth tears Itching of the nose is caused by the ascent of the vapours which tickle the nose A drop of bloud appearing on a symptomatical day as the fourth or seventh shews that the bleeding will be on the day of the Crisis that is on the seventh or fourteenth because nature begins to drive the humor to those parts upon those days Difficulty of breathing is caused by the bloud which when it is carried to the upper parts causes a compression of the diaphragma The tension of the hypochondriums is caused by reason that the bloud begins to stir in its fountain and in the roots of the veins but that distention continues
begin to rage judgement will be made on the twentieth or twenty one Here it is to be noted that those Crises do not seldome prevent the days of judgement or retard them according to the fluidness or obstinacy of the matter and are perfected on judicatory dayes which also are somewhat judicatory and thus may these be known when the vehemence of the disease either begins either a little too soon or too late as for example when the violence begins in the beginning of the second quaternary that is on the fifth day the Crisis will be lookt for on the fourteenth But if it begin on the sixth or seventh expect the Crisis upon the seventeenth day But there is required in this a very diligent exercise perfected by the use of art If signes of concoction appear in the first day of the disease the disease will be judged the fourth day if on the fourth then the Crisis will come upon the seventh If on the seventh judgement will be made on the eleventh If on the eleventh the day of Crisis will be the fourteenth and so of the other dayes computing the quaternaries or septenaries according to the nature of the disease The signes of concoctions are to be seen in another place of which the chief in feavers is the sediment of the urine Note here that in observing the signes of concoction you must take along with you the vehemency of the symptomes that you may thence make a certain prognostication But the approch of the Crisis is easily known from the perturbation that precedes it for when the combate between nature and the disease begins then the symptomes are chiefly exasperated Which Hipp. intimates Aph 13. Sect. 2. where the Crisis is made the night before the access of it is troublesome Lastly the hour of the Crisis may hence be artificially presaged suppose that every Crisis is made in the height and vigour of the disease when therefore we know when the disease is at the height we may easily perceive the hour of the Crisis Again if the disease use to have any fits or exasperations we first note the hour of their coming and the time of their stay and at what hour the vigour and height of that fit prevails most for it being certain that the Crisis comes in the heat and vigour of the disease and exasperation thereof those being diligently found out not onely the day but the very hour of the approching Crisis may be foretold CHAP. V. Of the place where the Crisis will appear and first of the signes of the Crisis approching by vomit EVery critical evacuation is made by vomit by flux of the belly by sweat by urine bleeding in moneths hemorrhoids or abscessions the signes of which being fetched from the mentioned heads shall be declared in the following theorems beginning with vomiting Actions and visions Dark apparitions presented to the eyes foretel an approching vomit For they shew that the matter causing the disease is heaped up in the stomach which sends up vapours in great plenty to the head that causes those dark visions A sharp and pricking pain in the head foretels vomiting For that pain being excited by the foresaid vapours they with their acrimony bite the filmes of the brain A griping at the mouth of the stomach foreshews vomiting Motion For it is caused by the foresaid vapours pricking those parts A stifness and coldness of the Hypochondriums fortels a speedy vomiting For it is caused by the said vapours gnawing those parts A trembling of the lower lip shews approching vomit For it is caused by a sympathy of the inner tunicle of the stomach with the mouth and palate Frequent spitting shews immediate vomiting Excrements For they proceed from the sympathy of the mentioned tunicle and the compression of the stomach which sets it self in that manner to its work A Corollary Note that most commonly after critical vomiting there follows a loosness which puts an end to the disease and scowres away the reliques thereof CHAP. VI. Of the signes of the Crisis by loosness THe Crisis which is made by loosness hath not very plain and manifest signes yet may it be known partly by the signes which shall be set down and partly also by the want of those signes which usually shew other Crises For the knowledg whereof observe these following theorems Those who are troubled with frequent belching followed by much wind coming from the belly with a great noise and a kind of swelling thereof must expect a sudden loosness For all these shew a translation of the matter that causes the disease into the guts Pain of the loyns with other signes joyned to it foretel a sudden loosness For when the noxious humor is carried through the mesaraical veins into the intestines it communicates a pain to the loyns by the continuity of the mesenterium that draws its original from the ligaments that knit together the joynts of the loyns Those whose Hypochondriums being lifted up have a murmuring sound with a pain in the loyns will have a loosness unless statulencies break forth with a great quantity of urine but this is onely in feavers Aph. 73. Sect. 4. When the region of the Hypochondriums swels and makes a noise it is a signe that the humour and wind doth abound in that place to which if a pain in the loyns succeed that humour and wind creepeth downward which causes a loosness or at least an cruption of wind from the seat unless that humour be voided by urine A Corollary Note that a better conjecture may be made if the belly were open all the time of the disease or appeared more loose on the indicative day then at any other time CHAP. VII Of the signes of an approching Crisis by sweat ACute diseases are more frequently judged by sweat then by any other evacuation And therefore we shall be more exact in searching out the signes of sweat of which the following table will afford an easie knowledge being noted with the letter M. The signes that shew the approching Crisis by sweat are taken either from the Essence Causes which are either Efficient External The air Internal Humors Material The body of the patient Effects which are either Actions Animal Coldness Vital Pulse Natural Suppression of urine Excrements Change of the qualities From the observation of the series of this table we shall propound these theorems following The essence Most acute diseases are judged most commonly by sweat For that proceeds from a cholerick humor hot and thin easily expelled through the habit of the body The efficient causes the aire In a hot and moist constitution of the aire diseases are terminated most commonly by sweat For by a hot and moist temper of the aire the pores and passages of the body are loosened and opened and the humors are renderd more fluid so that they are more easily purged forth by sweat The humors Whatever diseases are produced from a hot and thin humor are judged by sweat So
of the hard tendon which lurks under it which being condensed by continual attrition becomes callous but that which terminates the fingers as retaining usually its natural constitution But the Skin hath a positive sense of the inequality and excess of Temperaments but a privative of their quality and moderation All Sense comes by Passion and all Passion by Contrariety but the Excess of Tempers stands in contrariety to the Moderation of them by this means they do really and positively affect a temperate skin but a moderate temper being not heightned to an excess of qualities therefore not affecting the Touch falls onely under the understanding of Privation For those things which being neither hot nor cold do no way affect the Sense because of their congruity to it are esteemed temperate A COROLLARY Concerning the Judging of Temperaments THough the umpeerage in the determination of Temperaments is attributed to the Touch yet we cannot absolutely conclude it thus without an exception for Galen in his third Book of the Temperaments asserts Touch to be the absolute Arbitrator of Heat and Cold but of Moist and Dry not simply but by a rational application for Humidity cannot be known but by Softness nor Siccity but by Hardness but the Touch meets with many hard things void of Siccity and with many soft things of Humidity For a thing may be termed Hard three wayes as Galen in the fifth Book of the Faculties of simple Medicaments Chap. 4. affirms by dryness as is evident by the bones by concretion as in Ice and other things condensed by the force of cold and by repletion as in the bladder of men inflated with Hydropical tumors Hence it appears that many things are hard yet not dry So many things natural dry as Lead when liquefied seem to be soft Hence we may gather that these qualities will easily decoy the Touch by such impostures unless we take advice of Reason But some may spin from hence an Objection That the same assertion will hold good of Heat and Gold whereas of things Hot or Cold some are so actually some potentially some in themselves others by accident as Pepper is potentially very hot yet being exposed to the severity of a nipping Winter will represent it self cold and Water which in it sown constitution is cold by calefaction will be counted hot because it presents it self to the Touch. This may be a ground of no despicable doubts in passing judgement of them unless we call Reason to the Bar which may unriddle the mystery of their natural constitution To this I reply When we assert that the Touch onely is the great umpire of Cold and Heat we principally understand this of the Temperament of the whole body without any relation which properly belongs to Reason The like judgement may be passed of those things which are such in themselves not by accident actually not potentially For as to these it will hold true to say that the Touch is the true Judge of Heat and Cold as they affect it being present which is not contingent in things moist and dry being represented to the Touch not by themselves and immediately but by the intercession of other qualities viz. Softness and Hardness CHAP. V. Of the Tempers of the several Ages An Age is a space of life by which with the concurrent action of the natural heat operating upon the Native moisture is produced an evident mutation in the constitution of the Body WEE owe the conservation of our life to natural heat which useth the native moisture as food and by degrees preys upon it the action of which calls a repassion by which being debilitated by a kind of sympathy it moulders away together with the moisture so that our bodies in the cradles of our life are abounding in heat and moisture which in the maturation of Time become cold and dry and this gradation of Time which leads us forward to these mutations and measures out our lives is called Age. The principal differences of which are foure 1 Puerility 2 Youth 3 Setled Age 4 Old Age. This whole continuity of life is signalized with four grand mutations as it may be exemplified by all things every thing having a beginning growth stature and declination therefore the whole age of man is divided by Hippocrates into four parts correspondent to the number of the Elements the seasons of the yenr the humors of our bodies and their Temperaments which is of special use to Physicians For though Lawyers and Astrologers for the better accommodating them to the doctrines of their Sciences have made another division of the Ages this is little considerable though in our Authors we meet with some subdivisions of these Ages as we shall after shew Puerility from its first blossome shoots out to twenty five and is of constitution hot and moist This bears a relation of similitude to the spring and of the humors to the blood for both are judged to be hot and moist This again crumbles into four parts of which the first is termed Infancy sprouting to the fourth year or according to the opinion of some to the seventh the second Puerility in progresse to the fourteenth year the third Youth hasting to eighteen the fourth Adolescency terminated by twenty five In that interval whose extent is to twenty five the moisture is in a deep Consumption therefore mans life was minced into these subdivisions according to the proportion of that but there happens a more notable change in youth then in the other divisions for then a downy chin is fashionable from whence this Age took its appellation then maidens breasts are impregnate and their Moneths issue and the voice of males is more full and rough hence Hippocrates calls them Goatish because they are then addicted to Venery which is caused by the vigour of heat which then breaks out of prison from the humors and begins to exert it selfe Youth ranges to thirty five or forty and is hot and dry It is set in comparison with the summer and the bilious humor for then heat is in the highest point of its horizon which by its vehement action out of the ashes of moisture rouzeth up Siccity Here a Quere is made whether youth be hotter then Puerility I Answer that boyes are extensively hotter youths intensively or boyes are hotter in consideration of the quantity youths in respect of the quality For this heat falling under the consideration both of substance and quality as to the quantity or copiousness of the substance there is greater plenty of it in boyes then in youths for the lesse we are distant from the womb of our natural principles we are the more fertile in heat and moisture But as to the quality heat is without doubt more intense in youths because of their Siccity which is the accomplishment of heat hence the heat in boyes is gentle sweet and habituous as being allayed to a moderation by the natural moisture but the heat of youths is biting sharp and
conservation of it will be the conservation of life hence this faculty is significantly termed Vital or the preservative of life And so life is an action depending upon this faculty as an effect upon its cause The Vital faculty is attended by two servants Pulse and Respiration It is ignorantly asserted by some that the Pulse is the chief of Vital actions and immediately to depend upon the Vital faculty for life as we before affirmed immediately depends upon that but the pulse is only a subservient action to it caused by a pulsifick faculty whose vertue is only to cause systole and diastole in the heart by which means it performs its duty to the Vital faculty Pulse is a function of the heart and Arteries composed of Systole and Diastole with some interposition of rest caused by the pulsifick faculty of the heart to further the generation of the Vital spirits and effect the distribution of them thorough the whole body The Pulse of the heart and Arteries is composed of three parts viz. diastole systole and the intercession of a pause By Diastole the heart and Arteries are impregnate When the heart dilates it selfe it attracts the Aire from the Lungs by the help of the Arteria Venosa and the blood from the Vena Cava that from the commistion of them in the left closet of the heart the spirits may be generated but the Arteries being strtech'd to a dilatation attract the spirits from the heart and are tumid with them as also the external Aire entertained by those orifices which are terminated in the skin and in this manner is transpiration caused which by this intromission of external aire fixes the internal heat to a due temperament and cherishes it for all heat is preserved by a moderate compliance of cold according to Hippocrates By Systole or contraction the heart by the assistance of the Arteria venosa purges out at the Lungs all the fuliginous excrements left in the generation of spirits For the Arteries by an insensible transpiration drive out the fuliginous vapors contained in them and send the spirits more copiously to the parts Lastly there mediate between the systole and diastole and intercessive quiet because a transition from one contrary to another cannot be effected but by a medium A doubt may be moved whether the spirit and blood contained in the heart moves upon its coarctation I Answer that there are two doores in the heart one in the right corner another in the left which are dilated when the heart is contracted and are so filled viz. the right with blood contained in the right cavity but the left with spirits contained in the left Three things are requisite to cause pulsation Faculty Instrument and Use The first necessary is a pulsifick faculty which is the primary and principal agent Secondly instruments disposed to pulsation viz. the Heart and Arteries moved by that faculty Thirdly use and necessity forcing the faculty to action viz. the generation of spirits and conservation of native heat Respiration is an action partly Animal partly Natural by which the Aire is ushered in thorough the mouth to the Lungs by the distention of the breast and by the contraction of the same the smoaky vapors are excluded for the conservation of Native heat and the generation of Vital spirit The parts of Respiration and of Pulsation are three Inspiration expiration and immediate quiet By inspiration the breast is dilated by the muscles destin'd to this office and in compliance with the dilatation of the breast the lungs are also dilated lest there should happen a vacuity in that cavity and the lungs are filled with air as bellowes the inspiration of which aire tempers the violent heat of the heart and thence the vital spirits are generated as is before urged But by expiration the breast and lungs are contracted which by their contraction turn out of doores the hot aire and fuliginous vapors issuing from the heart The concurrence of three things is necessary for expiration Faculty Instrument Use First Animal faculty concurs moving the muscles of the breast as also the natural implanted faculty causing motion in the lungs that they might be helpful to the heart Secondly There is a concurrence of instruments as all the parts designed for Respiration And Lastly use or necessity of Respiration for the ventilation of the heat in the heart A COROLLARY It is much disputed whether Respiration be purely Animal or mixt viz. partly Natural partly Animal Which being ingeniously disputed by Laurentius question 20. book the ninth I referre the Reader to him CHAP. VII Of the Animal faculty and function and first of the Principal faculties The Animal faculty is that vertue of the soul which moveth a man to the exercise of sense Auction and other principal functions of the mind The principal are three Imagination Ratiocination and Memory Imagination is that action of the Soul by which the species of every object offered to the external senses is made perceptible and distinctly discerned EVery sense enjoyeth its proper and peculiar object as shall after appear whose species it entertains in its proper organ without passing judgment of it for this is the prerogative of the Imagination only to which the spirits presents the species conveyed by the nerves from the brain to the instruments of the senses The brain therefore being the Court of the principal faculties while the objects of divers senses promiscuously resort to it they are first represented and distinguished in the imagination which the peculiar senses are not able to perform for instance the whiteness of milk is only represented to the sight but not the sweetness of it on the contrary the sweetness is represented to the taste not the whiteness But they are both together perceptible to imagination which rightly distinguisheth to what sense they be related Besides imagination apprehends not only things present as the senses but things absent also and represents them to the mind composing many things never existent yet in Analogy to those which are apparent to the senses The Philosophers divide those operations of the mind which we consenting to Galen include under the notion of imagination into two species viz. into the common sense and into fantasy or imagination commanding as it were the common sense to welcome only the species of present objects but the imagination to propose to it self things absent as if they were really present as also things not in being and impossibilities But seeing that they differ only in the method of their operation it is not necessary that they should depend upon faculties differing in species Ratiocination is that action of the soul by which a man discourses understands and reasons This is appropriate to man the others being enjoyed also by brutes But this receives the species of things from the imagination dividing and compounding them and unravelling their nature by the help of discourse distinguishing good from bad truth from falsity drawing out of them many things
Pain A pulsatory pain is a signe of inflammation in the part aggrieved A stupid pain shews a cold distemper A sharp and eroding pain discovers exulceration Vital Actions A great and frequent pulse shews an hot distemper a small and rare one a cold distemper Natural Actions Attraction A dejected appetency and great thirst shews a hot distemper A great appetency and small thirst argues a cold distemper Expulsion Nidorous belching shews a hot distemper but acid a cold Frequent vomiting and excretion of feculencies hindred shews an obstruction lurking in the intestines Generation The appetite to coition being lost signifies a cold distemper A vehement desire of coition with a perpetual and painful erection shews an inflammatory affection Excrements By the mouth Bloud copiously expelled by coughing through the mouth shews a ruption of the vessel but a small quantity permixt with purulent matter an exulceration Belly Fragments ejected through the belly shew exulceration in the intestines Bladder Urine having red and sandy sediments is a sign of the stone or of an hot distemper of the reines scorching the humours Heart Small sweats and frequent interludes of shaking signifie an Empyema 10 Coat 1. By the acrimony of the corruption the internal parts are vellicated which is the cause of trembling but the small sweats proceed from the debilitated faculty Substance Aliments excreted in the same manner as they are taken shew a Lienteria drink if it be expelled unchanged by urine signifies a Diabete Yellow Choler excreted in the beginning of a paroxysme signifies a Tertian Feaver Manner Blood copiously flowing through the nostrils in the beginning of a Feaver signifies a synochical one Bloud flowing abundantly from any part signifies a ruption or anastomosis of the veines but softly sweating out a diapedesis Quality changed Redness in a deep grain in any part speaks a phlegnumous inflammation so redness in the cheeks signifies a peripneumony A Yellow colour shews an Erisipelatous affection so in an exquisite pleurisie the eyes do often appear as it were delineated in yellow colours so the Jaundise doth not seldome succeed bilious Feavers A yellow colour of the whole body without a Feaver shews an obstruction in the bladder of the gall The skin of the whole body preternaturally drawn in a blackish colour signifies an obstruction in the milt CHAP. VIII Of the signes of a great and a small disease A Physician who undertakes the cures of diseases is not sufficiently furnished for it by the bare knowledge of their essential differences by their proper signes for the accidental differences also are to be diligently inquired after that we may pass a certain judgement of them We will therefore propose signes of the chiefest of them viz. of those which are of near necessity to the practise of the Art in respect of which every disease is called great or small gentle or malignant acute or slow and so forth That disease is termed great which is very intense and oppresseth our body with much violence The signes of which are taken from the three heads aforesaid for we judge that disease great which being great in its Essence was produced by great and intense causes and hath great and vehement symptomes all which for clearer instruction are in order to be handled as is described in the following Table noted with the Letter E. E. A Table of the signes shewing a disease to be great or small The signes of a great or small disease are taken either from The Essence The causes Efficient External Internal Helpfull and hurtful Material or subject Effects or symptomes which are either Actions Animal Vital Natural Excrements Qualities changed That we may therefore in proposing the signes of a great disease conform to this Table we shall institute the following theorems The Essence Great distempers or inflammations great tumors great obstructions great wounds or ulcers extended to the full dimensions long broad and deep shew great diseases The Causes External Whatsoever external Causes are very prevalent in affecting our body do usually produce and discover great diseases So long and violent exercise used in a very hot air doth excite a great Feaver Internal Those humours which are nested in our body and which are the ordinary causes of most diseases if they extremely erre in quantity or quality they cause and foreshew great diseases So the bloud copiously abounding or very hot either choler copious sharp or putrified are signes of a great disease Helpful and hurtful Those diseases to which there are none or few remedies profitably many noxiously applied are accounted great Those diseases which outrage the dignity of the principal or the publickly officious parts are in respect of them judged great if they be but accompanied with any other signe of magnitude So a wound though of it self inconsiderable if it be inflicted on the Heart Liver Lungs or other the like parts is counted great in respect of the part affected as also because it produceth great symptomes EFFECTS Animal Actions Whatsoever disease introduceth a deliration profound sleeping immoderate watching privation of sense or motion or a very vehement pain discovers a great disease Vital Actions Whenever we perceive in any sick person a great frequent and difficult respiration a great frequent or else very small pulse we may safely pronounce him troubled with a great disease Natural Actions A small appetite or thirst or on the contrary an insatiable appetite and ever quaffing thirst inconcoction or a long flux of the belly and suppression of urine or a tedious and copious profusion thereof signifie a great disease Excrements A superfluous quantity of excrements or a total suppression of them or a bad colour or a most fetid smell or substance very remote from their natural one are signes of a great disease Qualities changed A Colour of the body very red yellow or pale a tast bitter in the tongue the colour thereof black and much driness declare a great disease A Corollary By these signes before mentioned we may easily discern what diseases they are which deserve the name of small diseases viz. all those in which the mentioned signes are not found CHAP. IX Of the signes of a gentle and malignant disease WE term those malignant diseases which are attended by some malignant and venomous quality and their signes may be derived from the same heads All which shall be in the following Table mark't with the Letter F orderly proposed F. Of the signes of a gentle and malignant disease The signes shewing the benignity or the malignity of a disease are drawn from either The Essence The Causes which are either Material Out of which Aliments Medicaments In which The disposition of the parts Efficient External Necessary Aire Not-necessary Venery Fortuit Wounds Internal Bloud Flegme Divers species of choler Helpful and hurtful Effects which are either Actions Animal Vital Natural Excrements ejected by Vomit The belly Urine Habit. Qualities changed and proper accidents Therefore to follow the series of this Table
was troubled with a flux of cholerick little clear thin and sharp matter molesting her by frequent evacuation of which she died Notwithstanding sometimes difficult diseases are judged by a dysenteria as Hippocrates hath taught Aph. 48. Sect. 6. A Difficulty of the guts happening to the splenetick is good if the dysentery do not remain long for otherwise it is of ill consequence according to the 43. Apho. of the same Section Those splenetick persons who are taken with a difficulty in the guts if it remain long they are troubled with water between the skin and a smoothness of the guts and so dye Other diseases are also terminated by a dysenterical flux as you may see in 1. Epid. Sect. 1. Aegr 10. where Hippocrates thus writes of Clazomeniw about the one and thirtieth day happened a flux of many watry and dysenterical humors and the fourtieth day he recovered But these fluxes when they are signes of health are unaccompanied with any pernicious symptomes but for the most part eruption of bloud abundant sweating or some other good signe happens with them A liquid flux which imperceptibly flows from the body is very dangerous For either it signifies a depravation of the senses and madness or a dissolution of the natural heat which is presently followed by an abolishment of the senses A flux of the belly which may be easily endured and which gives any ease to the patient is good For it shewes that nature doth expell the noxious humors and that a dissolution of the disease is nigh at hand By the bladder That urine is the best which is of a moderate substance answering the quantity of drink taken of a colour inclining either to red or yellow with a white sediment smooth and equal Gal. 1. de Cris chap. 12. That all the vices of urine may be the more easily discerned it will be requisite in the first place to set forth all the conditions of a good and sound urine that this Theorem may be a rule whereto to reduce all those that follow Therefore a good urine ought to be of a middling substance that is neither too thick nor too thin of a colour inclining to red or yellow for some urines are more others less coloured and yet well concocted which uses to proceed from the several dispositions of bodies that is to say from the temper of the liver and other principal entrails as also from the age sex diet and manner of living of several persons For hotter bodies have urine more coloured and cold ones more pale Young men have urines thinnes and higher coloured then those of children children have thicker and old men thinner and less coloured The urines of women are thicker then those of men and less coloured with much sediment And those that indulge to their appetites make water with much raw sediment and those that suffer hunger watching and labour make water of a higher colour with less sediment On the other side those that live at ease have urines less coloured with much sediment But in well tempered bodies that urine will be best which a Galen teaches inclines a little to the colour of saffron and those other differences that come nearest to this are to be accounted best but in diseases it suffices to prognosticate a recovery if that the urine enjoy as near as may be those properties which it had when the patient was in health and therefore it would avail much to have observed the urine when the patient was in health that you may thereby know how much it is fallen from its natural condition Lastly the sediment ought to be white smooth and even which Hippocrates confirms 2. progn text 26. and he addes that this sediment ought to remain all the while till perfect judgement be made of the disease for if it do intermit and that sometimes the water be made without any sediment it portends that the disease will be longer and less safe But here it is to be noted that Hippocrates in the forecited place onely looks at the sediment by which the concoction may be judged of not at the substance or colour for that varies in every individual And for that also because a urine which hath an excellent sediment a excellent color must of necessity have a middling substance therefore that sediment which settles at the bottome of the chamberpot white smooth equal like well concocted purulency is a signe of perfect concoction That enaeorema which appears hanging in the middle of the urinal or chamberpot is less commendable and signifies a more imperfect concoction But the cloud that swims at the top of the urine deserves yet a less commendation Although as Galen teaches in 3. Epid. both that which appears in the middle as also the cloud so they be good are sometimes sufficient for the foretelling of health which Hippocrates doth expresly say Aph. 71. Sect. 4. Where the judgement of the disease is made the seventh day there appears in the urine of such persons a little red cloud on the fourth day But saith Galen in his commentaries not onely the appearing of a red cloud not seen before signifies judication but also of a white cloud much more but that which hangs in the middle being white equal and consistent is better then either of them The liquidness of urine and its qualities Thin urines of a good colour in acute diseases are wholesome Of these speaketh Galen Comment in 1. Epid. in these words certain therefore it is that thin urines if so be they are of a good colour by reason of the goodness of the colour do promise health but whereas they were thin they required onely time for concoction T is true these urines do portend health but not suddenly ensuing which Hippocrates observed in 1. Epid. Sect. 1. Aegr 6. in a patient named Cleonactides This man upon the sixtieth day made a thin water but of a good colour on the eightieth day a perfect judgement was made of the disease Also Aegr 10. of the same section Clazomenius from the beginning of his disease unto the sixteenth day made a thin water but of a good colour with much dispersed matter hanging in the middle thereof without any settlement and the fourtieth day he recovered So the 3. Epid. Sect. 9. Aegr 5. Chaerion made a thin water but of a good colour to the end having a kind of clammy enaeorema hanging in the middle and on the twentieth day perfect judgement was made Urines thin white and watry in a difficult disease are pernicious For either these urines do shew the cholerick matter to be carried up into the head whence arises phrensie and madness of which Hipp. Aph. 17. Sect. 4. Where the urine appears white and perspicuous it is dangerous especially if it come from such as are in a Phrensie But Galen saith in his comment That he never saw any phrenitick person saved who made such water Or they signifie very great crudities which portend either death
man escape that ever made such water yet it is less pernicious if the sediment be only black and still less dangerous if onely that which is in the middle be black and much less it is to be feared if the cloud appears onely of that colour Yet here it is to be noted that black urines are not alwaies evil For first in melancholy persons such urines may be critically made As Galen in comment in 3. Epid. Sect. 3. text 74. relates that he knew a certain woman who was much helped by the evacuation of such waters Secondly in splenetick persons black urines may be safely voided that is when the spleen empties it self through those parts as happened to Herophon in 1. Epid. Sect. 3. aegr 3. who being oppressed with an acute Feaver from the beginning to the fifth day made black and thin water the fifth day his milt swelled the eighth day the swelling ceased his urine was more coloured and had a little settlement the seventeenth the disease had a prosperous judgement Thirdly urines of this nature being joyned with an efflux of blood from the nose are less dangerous because the thinner and hotter parts of the blood wherein the danger lay is voided by bleeding as you may see in 1. Epid. Sect. 3. Aegr 7. where Meto being taken with a Feaver the fourth day there flowed out of his right nostril a little blood twice his urine was blackish having a blackish matter hanging in the middle dispersed without settlement the fifth day clear blood flowed more copiously out of the left nostril he sweat was judged After the Crisis he was walking and talked idle making thin and blackish water he slept and came to himself his fit returned not but he bled often and that after the Crisis Fourthly black urine appearing upon a suppression of the months when they flow copiously they cause a solution of the disease as for example in 3. Epid. Sect. 3. Aegr 11. where mention is made of a woman of whom judgment was made the third day of that made thin and black water but at the time of the Crisis her courses descended very plentifully The Quality Much urine and well concocted upon the decretory day are good For they shew that the matter causing the disease is overcome by nature and is conveniently expelled through the proper places Such urines Hipp. observed in Nicodemus of whom he saith that on the twenty fourth day he made much white water wherein was much sediment and was judged with sweating and of Pericles the same Hipp. speaks that the third day the Feaver was asswaged much concocted urine appearing in which was much sediment then also he saith that Chaerion was saved by making much bilious urine Much urine thin and watry without any contents in it profit nothing are evil For they proceed from a multitude of excrementitious and crude humors or from a hot distemper of the kidneys which is thought to cause a diabete or from a colliquation of the whole body whence proceeds a great dissolution of the natural heat So 3. Epid. Sect. 2. Aegr 12. a certain woman on the eighth day made much water without any profit or amendment and the fourteenth day died Little urine and thin not answering to the quantity of drink taken in any disease are evil For it shews a weakness of the separating and expulsive faculty or an intense heat parching up the moisture of the body as appeared in the wife of Dromeada and in the youth of Metibza and in the daughter of Euryanactes and in the woman that lay ill at the house of Pisamenus and in her that lay ill at the house of Pantimedes all which persons made thin and little water and soon afterwards died Stoppage of the urine in acute diseases is pernicious For the suppression of urine in acute diseases as Galen teaches in his comment in 3. Epid. is caused either by a fiery heat consuming the serous humors of the bloud or by an extinction of the natural functions as happened to Silenus whose urine stopped the fixth day the seventh day he made no water and the eleventh day he dyed Also in a woman that lay sick of a quinsie in the house of Ositon at Cizicum and a youth of Morlibia whose urine stopped a little before their death But that is the worst suppression of the urine that follows a coldness of the body as Hipp. teacheth 1. Coac Sect. 1. Aph. 5. after coldness pernicious is that suppression of the urine that precedes a coldness of the body because it signifies a critical evacuation which will be accomplished especially by sweating So on the other side it is worst of all when it follows that coldness because it shews that the action of the bladder is totally destroyed and that the heat thereof is extinguished by that perfrigeration The contents the urine Urines that have either sediment or matter hanging in the middle nor cloud are evil Those urines wanting content are evil if it be not caused by famine labour or watching or a nephritical disposition of the reins or that the bodies were not very cholerick For they signifie great crudity of humors or concoction of them or weakness of the bowels or inflammation of them or else vehement obstructions Urines that have little sediment are evil They indeed are less evil then those that have no contents because they proceed from the same though from lesser causes of these speaks Hipp. in 1. Epid. Thin urine and unconcocted discoloured and little or having thickness and few sediments are evil The sediments that appear like meal are evil those that appear like slates are worse but those that seem like bran are worst of all Hipp. 2. prog These kind of settlements according to Galen 1. of Crit. chap. 12. are caused by an immense heat melting and burning the fat and the very substance of the flesh But when this burning heat preys upon the solid parts first it assails the more soft and newly substantiated fat afterwards the more solid and when all the fat is melted and consumed then it falls upon the more tender and newly compacted flesh after that upon the more solid flesh and lastly upon the most solid parts themselves By the new fat thus melted by the heat of the Feaver are caused oyly urines But by the more solid fat being melted as also from the flesh raggedly dissolved and likewise from thick blood parched are caused those sediments resembling meal as Galen teacheth in comment of this Prognostick From the solid parts unequally dissolved proceed those sediments which are like slates as also those resembling bran when the heat is more intense whence it plainly appears that the slaty sediments are worse then the mealie ones and the brannie sediments worse then the slaty how pernicious those sediments are will appear by the judgement of Galen of that resembling meale which is not so bad as the rest in Com. in Aph. 31. Sect. 7. he thus writes such urines are
testifie that this signe is to be valued and that I have seen many in whom the feaver hath seemed slack yet have they dyed with this distemper That which is worst is when it brings a loathing so that they can take nothing down detesting the very drink it self though they be almost parched up in this distemper I have conceived that all the internal parts from the throat to the very stomach have been exulcerated Thus far Valesius But we have a thousand times seen those exulcerations and inflammations of the jaws in those pestilent feavers that were so popular some few years agoe and infected chiefly the kings camp They appeared for the most part at the beginning of the disease so that they were vulgarly accounted the pathognomical symptome of that disease Whence it is to be conjectured that they are generated by an evil and malignant humor In the Hypochondriums Those Hypochondriums are best that are without pain soft and equal both on the right and left side 1. prog By the Hypochondriums are meant all that region which is between the midrif and the navel in which the liver stomach and spleen are contained The handling of this part is not to be despised by the Physician in diseases for it makes much for prognostication And indeed the Physician should every day diligently feel the Hypochondriums in imitation of Hippocrates who was wont to use it much in 1. Epid. Sect. 1. Aegr 8. where he saith that Silenus the third day had a distension of the Hypochondriums by which he intimates that he had felt it the former dayes And therefore the Physicians ought to be very diligent daily to know the state of the Hypochondriums there being the seat of the natural faculty viz. of the natural bowels where all the power of life and death is seated and in which as in a Theatre all the duels of nature and the disease are fought which ought to be accurately observed by the Physician Therefore in acute diseases for the Hypochondriums to be in a good condition affords no contemptible hopes of a good event for it is impossible that any of those parts should be distempered and the Hypochondriums be soft and without pain Then ought there to be an equality both on the right and left side which equality ought to be in all the accidents as heat softness and bulk for such are the Hypochondriums that appear in healthy men A burning Hypochondrium or painful or extended or having the right parts unequally affected with the left is a signe of no gentle disease Hipp. 2. Coac and 1. prog A burning Hypochondrium and abounding with much heat is caused by the multitude of hot humors putrifying in that place Pain and distension are produced from the same causes filling the parts and producing an evil distemper in them or else driness is introduced by the overmuch heat which causes the distension They are said to be unequally affected on either side when they are here hotter there colder here harder there softer here smoother there rougher here more there less distended here painful there without pain all which things shew that some of those parts and inflamed and ill affected which happens often in acute feavers The Hypochondriums to be drawn upward there being no signes of an approching Crisis by bleeding is evil the critical bleeding being nigh It happens sometimes that the Hypocnoudriums are drawn upwards by the flowing up of the humors by the force of the liver contracting it self and shaking them off which happens notwithstanding without pain and endures but a small while there being other signes of a future bleeding But if this revulsion of the Hypochondriums stay long without any signes of future bleeding it is mortal for it is caused by an inflammation or exsiccation proceeding from the feaverish heat of the midrif or the membrane that covers the ribs which parts being contracted and shriveld up draw with it the peritoneum and the Hypochondria which are to knit to them The certain symptome of this accident is a shrill voice which before was big for the change proceeds from the contraction of the Diaphragma whence Hipp. in Coac They who have a shrill voice have their Hypochondriums drawn and shriveld upward A hard and painful swelling in the Hypochondrium is very bad if it be all over the Hypochondrium but if it be in one part it is less dangerous being in the left Hipp. 1. prog A hard and painful swelling proceeding from an inflammation portends very great danger if it possess the whole Hypochondrium if the right side onely less if the left least of all the reason of this is evident fort is most pernicious to have all the bowels inflamed at once in an acute disease Now the liver being placed in the right part in the left the spleen t is most certain that this vehement affection is less dangerous in the spleen then in the liver which is the more noble bowel Aswelling in the legs appearing about evening and dissipated in the morning with good signes is good with evil signes evil This swelling of the legs happens often in those that are recovering But if the signes of recovery appear not but other evil signes it threatens a dropsie or some other evil disposition of the liver for it hath sometimes appeared when there hath been an ulcer in the liver CHAP. III. Of the manner how a disease will end whether by Crisis or by a leasurable dissolution ALL diseases come to an end either by Crisis or by a leasurely dissolution Those are ended by Crisis that are reckoned among the chronical diseases or which have no magnitude The signes that distinguish a great and acute disease or a chronical and small one are the same and denote whether the disease will end by Crisis or by leasurely dissolution which were hand led in the discourse of symptomes and to be fetched thence CHAP. IV. Of the time when the disease will end wherein the day and hour of the Crisis is foretold THe time of the Crisis is known chiefly two wayes by the acuteness of the disease and the signes of concoction which shall be made plain in the following theorems The difference of acute diseases Diseases simply acute use to be judged upon the fourteenth day peracute ones upon the seventh day and those that are most peracute on the fourth day These differences of acute diseases we shall know by the vehemence and quickness of the symptomes for if presently on the first day the symptomes increase gaining strength and violence the disease will be most or extremely peracute and will be judged the fourth day But if they gain strength violence the first quaternary and not presently on the first day that will be a peracute disease and will be judged the seventh day But if the vehemence of the symptome appear upon the second quaternary and in the beginning of it the Crisis will be expected the fourteenth day If after the seventh day the violence
Of Medicaments altering black Choler BLack Choler is generated from adustion which makes it hot and dry and something thick so that the Medicaments which prepare it must be cold and moist and withall attenuating These are not much distinguished from those things that prepare yellow choler only that those are chosen which are more moist and therefore no sharp things are here used because they are thought to have a drying faculty Therefore those things which alter yellow choler may here be used yet properly and directly the following Medicaments are most convenient against black choler Simples Roots of Buglosse Borrage Liquorish Leaves of Borrage Buglosse Fumitory Hops Seeds the four great cold Seeds Fruits Fragrant Apples Flowers of Borrage Buglosse Violets Water-Lilly Compounds Waters of Borrage Buglosse Water-Lilly Syrups of Violets fragrant Apples Conserves of violets Borrage Buglosse Water-Lilly Lettice Chymicals Spirits of Sulphur Vitriol Sal prunellae Saturne Martis Tartar Cream of Tartar CHAP. VI. Of opening Medicines IN many passages of the body especially the veins of the Liver Mesentery and Womb obstructions are bred from thick and clammy humours which adhere to the tunicles of the vessels and hinder the passage of the other humours In cold natures sedentary people and such as use bad nourishment crude humours are generated which being carried to the narrow passages cannot by reason of their crassity passe through but are more and more thickned and become more clammy and glutinous sticking to the tunicles of the veins and begetting obstructions there which brings along with it infinite mischief But those obstructions are opened by aperative medicaments which according to Galen 5. de simpl med fac c. 11. are of a nitrous and bitter quality by the help of which quality they attenuate cut and cleanse and so are near a kin to those medicaments that prepare flegm Opening Medicaments are by Galen called purging and unstopping Medicaments with which faculty all those medicines are endued which are most necessary for the taking away of obstructions for by their attenuating quality they take away the thicknesse of the humour as they cut they take away the clamminesse which consists in the tenuity of the parts and as they cleanse they shake off the humour adhering to the parts Whatsoever therefore are truly and efficaciously opening must be of necessity hot yet cold opening things are given though of lesser vertue and lesse properly so called fit for slighter obstructions and hotter natures In putrid Feavers or otherwise hotter natures obstructions do often happen which unlesse they be very obstinate are to be taken away by cool openers or at least cool ones are to be mixed with the hotter which notwithstanding are not so absolutely cold as compared with others For of themselves they are either temperate or remisly cold for an open faculty cannot consist with an extreme coldnesse Those opening Medicaments are these Hot openers Simple Roots of Smallage Parsly Fennel Fern Cyperus Elecampane Gentian Eringos Cammock both Birthworts Asaraban Rinds of the roots of Cappers the middle rinde of Ash the middle rinde of Tamaris Leaves of Origan Calamint Penyroyal Germander ground Pine lesser Centaury Betony St. Johns Wort Wormwood Roman all the Maiden-hairs which are temperate Seeds of Smallage Parsly Fennel blessed Thistle Nettle Agnus castus Anise Carrots Siceli on Hartwort Ammi or Bishopsweed red Chiches Flowers of Stoechas Rosemary Broom Elder Tamaris Hysop Betony Gums Ammoniack Bdellium Aloes Turpentine Myrrhe Minerals Steel Compounds Waters of Fennel Betony Wormwood Hysop Carduus benedictus Cinnamon Syrups By Zantine of the five Roots of Wormwood simple Oxymel compound Oxymel Conserves of flowers of Broom Tamaris leaves of Wormwood Maidenhair roots of Elecampane Ginger Electuaries Aromaticum Rosatum Diarrhodon Abbatis Confections Alkermes Treacle Troches of Cappars Wormwood Eupatory Myrrhe Chymicals prepared Steel Salt of Wormwood Tamaris Ash-tree Tartar Cream of Tartar Oyl of Anise Fennel Cinnamon Spirit of Turpentine Cold openers Simple Roots of Succory Grasse Asparagus Sorrel Bruscus or Knee-holy sharp pointed Dock Leaves of Endive Succory Sowthistle Sorrel Liverwort Agrimony all the Maidenhairs Seeds the 4. greater cold ones Sorrel seeds Flowers of Succory Compounds Waters of Endive Succory Grasse Sorrel Agrimony Syrups of Vinacre simple of Limons of Succory simple of the juice of Sorrell of Maidenhair Electuaries Triasantalon Diarhodon Abbatis temperate Chymical Spirit of Sulphur Vitriol Sal Prunellae Cremor Tartari CHAP. VII Of purging Medicaments HItherto we have proposed those Medicaments which prepare noxious humours and make them fit for purgation now we treat of those medicines that purge them The humours are usually evacuated by such purging Medicines as having a familiarity with the substance of them draw the humours to them as the loadstone drawes iron Therefore there are so many sorts of purging medicines as there are sorts of humours in the body fit for purgation that is choler flegm melancholy and water The humours which are evacuated by the help of purging Medicaments are choler flegm melancholy and the serum or watry humour to every one of which there are peculiar remedies electively purging So those that purge choler are named Cholagogues flegm Phlegmagogues melancholy Melanagogues the serous humours Hydragogues These are again divided into milde moderate and vehement remedies All purging Medicaments work not with like force but some with lesse some with greater according to their various power of acting allowed them by nature and therefore that their vertues may be the easier drawn forth to use they are divided into three ranks milde moderate and vehement Milde Medicaments are commonly used in weak natures or where the first region is only to be evacuated Moderate in a moderate condition of the strength and to evacuate the second Region Lastly the most vehement in stronger bodies and when the humour is to be attracted from the remoter parts as the brain joints c. But commonly a wary Physician in the same medicament mingleth vehement with milde and moderate that they may work the more successefully together And for the better using of them the just dole of every one is to be propounded 'T is of very great moment rightly to understand the dose of every Medicament without which no man can make a medicine without the apparent endangering the life of the patient But because the dose of purging Medicines is to be changed according to the various disposition of the bodies which wholly depends upon the judgement of the Physician we will therefore propound a greater and lesse dose as they are used in a moderate age that from their latitude a convenient quantity may be discerned But those Doses are so to be taken according as the Medicaments are taken by themselves or as they say in their substance For in infusion there is used a double quantity of the vehement remedy in decoction a troble but those more milde and moderate are commonly trebled in the infusion and quadruple in the decoction The vertue of Medicaments is lost by infusion