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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A49578	The compleat gard'ner, or, Directions for cultivating and right ordering of fruit-gardens and kitchen-gardens with divers reflections on several parts of husbandry, in six books : to which is added, his treatise of orange-trees, with the raising of melons, omitted in the French editions / by the famous Monsr De La Quintinye ... ; made English by John Evelyn ... ; illustrated with copper plates.; Instruction pour les jardins fruitiers et potagers. English	La Quintinie, Jean de, 1626-1688.; Evelyn, John, 1620-1706.	1693 (1693)	Wing L431; ESTC R212118	799,915	521

which my Study and the Remarks I have made upon Vegetation have suggested to me And in this Particular I shall use the same Diligence I have done in the rest of the Book 'T is true I have upon Occasion consider'd several other Parts of the Works of Nature and observ'd how the Heads of some sorts of Birds are Adorned with Tufts and Combs whilst others are Distinguish'd either by the Feathers or the Make of their Bodies And I have also often Admired the Melodious and Charming Notes of the Nightingale and Canary-Bird while those of the Magpy the Jay and the Crow are so harsh and ungrateful And how wonderfully satisfied am I in my self when considering these and an infinite Number of other Particulars I Resolve all meerly into the Good Pleasure of the Great Author of Nature which Ordain'd all these pretty Marks of Distinction that make up that Wonderful Harmony and Agreement in this Great Machine the World without ever Troubling my self to consider how possibly by the help of this Doctrine of Pores all this might be well and convincingly Accounted for So that Referring all this Variety we see in Flowers and Fruits and Seeds immediately to the Providence of God I shall only add That so Wonderful has been the Contrivance of the Great Creator in every the smallest piece of his Work-manship as well as in those great ones the Heavens and the Earth as shews his Wisdom and his Power to be equally Infinite CHAP. VII Some further Considerations upon the Action of the Roots BUT to Return to the Roots of Plants and to see what Useful Instructions may be drawn thence for the Advancement of Husbandry let us something more closely consider whether the Roots have really any Attractive Faculty whereby they as the Mdsaraic Veins in the Body of an Animal do at their Extremities Draw to them and Suck in the Impregnated Moisture of the Earth or whether like the Cover of a Pot they only by means of their Pores receive the Vapours and Exhalations which are continually ascending out of the Bowels of the Earth Each of these Opinions has its Patrons and Friends and indeed both seem to be Supported by good and plausible Reasons But my present Business being only to offer my own Observations upon Husbandry I shall be as Reserv'd in giving my Judgment in this as I have been in that other Case of Pores and declare Ingenuously That I am not able positively to Determine in Favor either of the one or the other And yet how Difficult soever it may be to Explain or even to Conceive a clear Idea of what we call Power or Quality in Sublunary Bodies I cannot but own my Inclination to Approve rather of Living and Attractive Powers than an Inanimate and Lifeless Row and Order of Parts of Matter And indeed it seems to me very Reasonable to Assign Action to that alone which has need of it namely to Plants to the end they may Attract and Suck in such Nourishment as may be Necessary both to Preserve and Enlarge themselves and to Multiply their Species And thence I conclude that 't is they that Act. Without doubt the Earth would not grow Lank Meagre and Hungry as it does if the Plants did not Suck it just as Animals do their Dams and as they do not tarry till the Milk comes to find out them so neither do the Plants expect till the Vapours and Exhalations come and present themselves to the Pores This Moisturerises up continually out of the Bowels of all sorts of Earth though those Earths do not thereby cease to be still Fresh that is in a Condition to produce all sorts of Fruits And since it is utterly false that the Goodness of any Rich Soil Decays or is in the least Diminished by being not made use of in Feeding some set Plants it necessarily follows That when such an Earth fails of its usual Fruitfulness as it sometimes does even to perfect Barrenness this Decay must proceed from the Activity of the Roots which by their Attractive Motion have Exhausted all that Fruitful Salt which Nature had furnished it with And if we observe how the Roots of a Plant set in a Chest of Earth get out in great Numbers at such Holes or Crevices of the Chest as are nearest the Ground that they may there Grow and Multiply I know not whether we may not with very good Reason allow them a kind of Local Motion And indeed it is for Reasons that Incline me to Favour this Opinion of an Attractive Power in the Roots that I do leave but a very few Roots upon the Trees I Plant for if I imagined that the Sap which the Tree requires in great Abundance did without any Action in the Vegetable barely enter into the Roots through such Holes or Pores as it found open I shou'd certainly believe that the more old Roots I left on the more Pores or Holes to receive the Sap I shou'd also leave and that it wou'd ascend in greater quantities into the Bodies of such Trees than of those that had fewer Roots But my own Experience shews me that all this is false and that a good Tree of what sort soever being Planted in a good Earth with a few Roots and reasonably short Grows much better and quicker than another equally Good and Planted at the same time in as Rich an Earth with many long Roots And in this Case I think I may safely rely upon my own Experience since I herein advance nothing but upon above Thirty Years Tryal and Careful Observation And upon the whole I lay down this as a standing Rule That the more old Roots you leave upon the Tree you Plant the fewer and the worse the New ones will be which it sends forth whereas the fewer you leave provided they be good ones and indifferently short the more and the better the New ones will be And to this I chiefly Ascribe the different Success we usually observe in Planting CHAP. VIII Considerations upon the Vital Principle in Plants I Lay down this as another Maxim which I think never fails and which having already spoken something of it I come now more fully to Enlarge upon Namely That there is in every Tree and Plant a certain Principle of Life which being Assisted with all the necessary Circumstances of a good Earth due Moisture a favourable Sun c. makes every part of the Tree or Plant so to Act and Perform all its Offices that they all continue in their Natural Vigour so long as this Vital Principle is not injured and that as soon as it is destroyed the Plant immediately Dies But this Vital Principle is not in all Plants lodged in one and the same place for in some 't is lodged in that outward Eye of the Plant which is the first that appears above Ground and distinguishes it from other Plants as in Melons Turnips and all sorts of Annual Flowers and this being cut off all the rest of the

depicti floribus agri Sunt silvae ingentes sunt nemora alta recessusque Umbriferi insanae loca tuta tumultibus Aulae Versaliis visa hinc Pomona ferocior arvis Florigerum caput attollens calathique tumentes Ostentans natos è fundo divite fructus Regales inter par Nympha incedere Nymphas Santolius Victorinus IN TABELLAM QUA IMAGO EJUSDEM QUINTINII EXPRIMITUR HAnc decorate Deae quotquot regnatis in hortis Floribus è vestris supráque infráque Tabellam Hic dedit arboribus florere edulibus herbis Et se mirata est tanto Pomona colono Santolius Victorinus VERSES TO Mr. Quintenay Written Originally in LATIN BY Santolius Victorinus a French Man YE Hills ye purling Streams and christal Springs Ye stately Piles the Rural Seats of King Ye Sylvan Nymphs who by exalting fate The Country lost and here arise to state Ye Royal Gardens taught at last to bear No more ungratefull to the Tiller's care Whence rise your Flowers your Trees what Art doth yield Whence spring the Beauties that adorn your field Wreath Lawrels wreath a lasting Crown prepare For learn'd Quintinius and repay his care Tho' cold unlivening Suns and barren Earth Oppos'd his Art nor would assist the Birth He ventur'd on and his industrious toil Bestow'd new Beauties on the Horrid soil Repos'd in Ease and stretcht in softest Bowers Let Him enjoy his Fruits and pluck his Flowers Whilst L s conquers Lands unknown before And reaps fresh Lawrels on a foreign shore At gay Versailles the brightest Court below Where Pleasures dwell and Joy unmixt with woe Pomona mourn'd nor would her grief be tame Of Honors void and conscious of her shame She mourn'd to see when our Auspicious King Made all things flourish and restor'd the Spring And better days that she alone should find The Heaven adverse and prove the Earth unkind In vain she planted Earth refused the root And wither'd Trunks deny'd the promis'd Fruit. She mourn'd to see all Arts but Hers restor'd Make gratefull presents to their greatest Lord She mourn'd to see with what high Pride they strove To show their Duty and express their love Whilst he their labours generously surveys With wealth supports them and excites with praise This mighty Monarch partial foes confess None cheers the Arts so much or needs them less Thy glorious Actions foreign Aids refuse Lasting themselves and great without a Muse Contemn'd she liv'd despairing of Access In such an Habit and so vile a dress No flowers hung on her Breast her Head was bare And ruffling Winds disperst her scatter'd Hair Her Basket empty she that lookt so gay When deckt with all the various pride of May Had now her Honours and her Beauty lost As beat by Winters Snow or nipt by Frost Old Autumn mourn'd her Sister Nymphs around Conspir'd in Tears and curst the barren ground At last the glory of our mighty King Recall'd her often and unfledg'd her Wing Tir'd with Disgrace unable to support Her trouble she resolves to leave the Court To fly to happier Seats and strive to gain Her usual Honours on a better plain She fear'd now L s had resign'd his ease To Arms and Mars her Art too mean to please Tho' Earth and Sylvan Gods should aid to bring A Present equal to so great a King But Earth denyed her Aid the stubborn Land Prov'd more rebellious to the Tiller's hand All care refus'd and much averse to Grace Was pleas'd with native Horror on its Face That mighty Prince whom wildest Streams obey At whose command they take an Airy way O'er Mountains climb ascend the steepest Hill Forget their Nature but observe his will Shall Earth oppose Shall feeble Fruits and Trees Deny Obedience to his great Decrees What start of Nature Let her learn to yield To know her Duty and correct the Field But I return the stubborn Fields remain Intractable and all her care is vain Rude unmanur'd the Dales and Mountains lay An undigested heap of barren Clay A Desart frightfull to the sight the worst That Nature knew e'er since the Ground was curst To leave these Seats she imp'd her wings a new She all the Winds to her assistance drew She just took rise for flight and markt her way For the delicious plains of Signelay Quintinius stopt her beg'd a short return And said No more shall there be cause to mourn You shall enjoy so well his Art he knew The choicest Honours to Pomona due She turn'd the Nymphs a general shout began And o'er Versails the pleasing Rumor ran That now the time was come when Fields should bear No more ungreatfull to the Tiller's care When gay Pomona should her state regain And live the glory of the Royal train Yet still she doubted many vows before Deceiv'd her Hopes and she would trust no more Till learn'd Quintinius did his rules impart And prov'd the sure Foundations of his Art He show'd how others spent their fruitless toil Not marking well the Genius of the soil He taught as fill'd by some Diviner fire What site what Suns the different Fruits require What proper Gounds peculiar Trees preferr The King stood by and caus'd him not to Err For Kings are Gods and they divinely taught Their subjects influence and secure their thought All Soils affect not every sort of stock The Apple chooseth Earth the Pear the Rock The Peach flies Marshes some delight to share The hottest Sun and choose an open Air Some love the shade here Trees and Shrubs will spread Their Flowers from Seed adorn a noble Bed Some Soils will mend and care and pains produce What Nature wants and give a better juice But if untractable remove the old And fill thy Baskets with a fresher Mould Let richer Grounds the poorer Fields maintain And lend their Plenty to a barren plain These Laws Quintinius gave and every part Appear'd the product of the greatest Art He show'd the Seasons and Pomona saw The rules exact as she her self could draw But more he taught how Trees and Fruits improve By mutual Bonds and know th' effects of Love He taught how barren stocks unus'd to bear Themselves will thrive in an adopted Heir For Trees have seeds of Passions Love and Hate Rule them and make a difference in their state One seeks a Prop her amorous Branches rove In wanton Mazes and confess their Love Rais'd by her Mate she thrives but dies disjoyn'd The weaker Vessel of the woody kind Another single stands the losty Maid In her own fortune rich expects no aid Content with her own Fruit she keeps her state And flies the juices of a meaner Mate Yet this observ'd you may improve the kind And to poor stoks the richest Cion bind As 't is in Men just so in Trees 't is found Propose but Fortune they receive the Wound The stock cleaves freely and the Adulterous Root Forgets her Shame and glories in her Fruit. To shallow Ground forbear to trust the Fruit That Earth require and downward

always actually to find init all the advantages we are beholding to Gardens for We know indeed that it should bring forth a provision for the whole Year but we know very well too that it does not bring forth all days in the Year for example in the Winter Months we hardly see in it any of its Productions the most part of them being then carried out of it and laid up in Store-houses and Conservatories And besides among the Plants that are to be seen in it at other times how many is there which have not then attain'd to their perfection which yet ought to make a Figure in this Garden though they require perhaps two or three and sometimes five or six Months time to arrive to it Thus it is in the beginning of the Spring with all Legumes or Edible Plants and green things and thus it is too in the Summer with the principal Fruits of the other Seasons upon which Consideration I thought it not impertinent nor unuseful to shew yet a little more particularly wherein consists the excellency and accomplishment of a Kitchen-Garden judging of it acccording to the proportion of what we ought to find in it every time we go into it and to give you the more exact and perfect an Idea of it I will as near as I can draw you the picture of our Kings which is in its kind the greatest that ever was beheld as its Master is the greatest Prince that ever yet appeared not that I exhibit this Picture to engage any Person to copy it but only to direct them how by the Rules of a just Comparison and proportion of great things to little they may take such Measures as they shall think most accommodated to their own particular conveniences I will begin this Chapter with the Month of January as I have done the two next preceeding ones and shall tell you first That in the Month of January we ought to be very well satisfied with the Garden in Question if we find in it a reasonable quantity of Winter Lettuces planted in Borders by Walls and covered with long Straw or Straw Screens And Secondly if we find in it some Squares of Artichokes and Beet-Chards well covered with long Dung with the like provision of Cellery Endive Common Parsly and Macedonian Parsly or Alisanders c. and ordered after the same manner And in the third place some Winter Cabbages Ciboules Sorrel and Sallet Furnitures and if these two last be sheltred with some sort of Covering And if in the fourth place there be some squares of Asparagus without any other Artifice than what is used to warm and force them in their Cold Beds as I do and have begun to do in November and December All other Kitchen-plants must be housed and laid up as Roots Onions Cardons Artichokes Collyflowers c. In the fifth place we may be content if we find the Fig-Trees well covered all places where Trees should be well filled up with Trees or at least with holes digged and Trenches prepared ready for planting them or the Roots of those bared and laid open that begin to languish in order to their Cure Sixthly if we see Men busie in clearing the Fruit-Trees of Moss and other filth that Spoils them and if over and above that we find there any Hot Beds for the Novelties of the Spring time such as are Strawberries Radishes Little Sallets Peas Beans Cabbage Lettuces Parsly Cucumbers and Musk-melon Plantations c. If we likewise see some Fig-Trees and some other Trees forced and advanced by artificial Warmth what then ought we not to say in praise of the Gard'ner especially if we find the Walks and Alleys kept neat and clean and no Garden Tools or Utensils any where neglected Having told you what should compose the Beauty of a Kitchen-Garden in the Month of January I think it needless to add any Description of what makes it imperfect and disagreeable as well in that Month as in all the rest of which I shall afterwards treat because any Body may easily discern of himself that 't is just the contrary and reverse of what I have just now specified that is to say a want of any thing that should be in it Negligence Slovinglyness c. which we are to look upon as the Monsters of Kitchen Gardens In the Month of February we must certainly expect to see the beginning of a great Bustling and Activity in Garden works we should now find the most part of those things flourishing and grown pretty forward that we told you were to be raised on Hot Beds in the preceeding Month and if about the latter end of the Month the Weather appear pretty temperate and there happen so considerable a Thaw as to promise an end of the great cold our Gard'ners should then begin to dig and manure the Squares and the Counter Borders prepare the Cold Beds sow those sorts of Seeds that are long coming up as Parsly Onions Ciboules Leeks c. They must likewise now earnestly mind the pruning of Trees as well Dwarfs as Wall-Trees and palisade or nail up these last for the first time and particularly they must take care to make Hot Beds for the replanting of Musk-melons and Cucumbers and for little Sallets Radishes Cabbage-Lettuces c. In March when the Sun begins to pleasure us with both indifferent fair and pretty long days and nature begins visibly to grow warm and active our Gard'ners also should with new and fresh vigour and Application bestir themselves in all parts of their Garden and be seen indefatigably to pursue all the works I have mentioned in the particular Treatise I made on that subject and which therefore 't is not necessary to repeat here again so that if the extent of our Ground be great and the number of Labourers proportionable we should have the pleasure with one cast of an Eye to see them diging making up sowing planting howing weeding graffing pruning c. for in fine before the Month be out the most part of the Ground should be taken up either with Seeds or plants which are to serve for provision for the whole year All that was before covered with Dung ought to be discharged of its coverings which are now grown hidious assoon as they cease to be necessary and every thing ought to breath the free Air which begins now to cheer both Animals and Plants we should at this time have at least something to begin to gather either of Sallets or Radishes of the new Season if the Hot Beds of the foregoing Months have not as yet obliged us with that pleasure But neatness and politeness ought particularly to glitter every where and serve for a varnish to all the Alleys and the dressed Grounds that together with the first dawning of the rising Green that is now springing out of the Womb of the teeming Earth and the perfumed breath of those Plants which Heavens richer influences have made odoriferous and the