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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A13820	The historie of foure-footed beastes Describing the true and liuely figure of euery beast, with a discourse of their seuerall names, conditions, kindes, vertues (both naturall and medicinall) countries of their breed, their loue and hate to mankinde, and the wonderfull worke of God in their creation, preseruation, and destruction. Necessary for all diuines and students, because the story of euery beast is amplified with narrations out of Scriptures, fathers, phylosophers, physitians, and poets: wherein are declared diuers hyerogliphicks, emblems, epigrams, and other good histories, collected out of all the volumes of Conradus Gesner, and all other writers to this present day. By Edward Topsell.	Topsell, Edward, 1572-1625?	1607 (1607)	STC 24123; ESTC S122276	1,123,245	767

reasons For they say Callisto was a companion of Diana vsed to hunt with her being verie like vnto her and one day Iupiter came to her in the likenes of Diana and deflowred her and when she was with childe Diana asked her how that happened to whom Callisto answeared that it happened by her fact wherewith the Goddesse being angry turnd her into a beare in which shape she brought forth Arcas and they both wandring in the woodes were taken and brought for a presente vnto Lycaon her father And vpon a day the beare being ignorant of the law entered into the temple of Iupiter Lycaeus and her sonne followed her for which the Arcadians would haue slaine them both but Iupiter in pittie of them tooke them both into heauen and placed them among the starres Other say that Callisto was turned into a beare by Iuno whom afterward Diana slew and comming to knowledge that it was Callisto she placed her for a signe in heauen which is called Vrsa Maiore the great beare which before that time was called Hamaxa but the reason of these fables is rendred by Palaephatus because that Callistus going into a Beares den was by the beare deuoured and so her foolish companions seeing none come foorth but the Beare fondly imagined that the Virgin was turned into a beare There is another constellation next to the great Beare called Arctophylax Bootes or the little beare in whose girdle is a bright starre called Arcturus and from this constellation of beares commeth the denomination of the Artique and Antarctique pole Other affirme that the two Beares were Helice and Cynosura the two Nurses of Iupiter because sometime they are so named the cause whereof is apparant in the Greeke tongue for Helice is a starre hauing as it were a taile roled vp and cynosura a taile at length like a Dogge They are also nourished for sport for as their bodies doe in one sort resemble Apes so do also their dispositions being apt to sundrie gestures and pastimes lying vpon their backes and turning their hands and feete rocke themselues vpon them as a woman rocketh her childe in a cradle but principallie for fight for which occasion they were preserued of old time by the Romaines For when Messala was Consull Aenobarbus Domitius presented in one ring or circle an hundred Beares and so many hunters with them Rabido nec proditus ore Fumantem nasum viui tentaueris vrsi Sit placidus licet lambat digitosque manusque Si dolor et bilis si iust a coegerit ira Vrsus erit vacua dentes in pelle fatiges They will not willinglie fight with a man although men may do it without hurt for if they annoint or sprinkle the mouthes of Lyons or Beares with Vitrioll or copperas it will so bind their chappes togither that they shall not be able to bite which caused Martiall to write thus Praeceps sanguinea dum se rotat vrsus arena Splendida iam tecto cessent venabula ferro Deprendat vacuo venator in aere praedam Implicitam visco perdidit ille fugam Nec volet excussa lancea torta manu Si captare feras aucupis arte placet Alexander had a certaine Indian dog giuen vnto him to whom was put a bore and a beare to fight withall but he disdaining them woulde not once regard them but when a Lyon came Fight of Beares he rose vp and fought with him Beares they wil fight with Buls Dogges and horses when they fight with bulles they take them by their hornes and so with the weight of their bodie they wearie and presse the beast vntill they may easilie slaie him and this fight is for the most part on his backe A Rhinoceros set on by a bear in a publicke spectacle at Rome did easilie cast him off from the hold he had on his horne She doth not aduenture on a wilde bore except the bore be a sleepe or not seeing her There is also a mortall hatred betwixt a horse and a beare for they know one another at the first sight and prepare to combat which they rather act by policie then by strength The beare falling flat on his backe the horsse leaping ouer the beare which pulleth at his guts with her forefeet nailes and is by the heeles of the horsse wounded to death if he strike the beare vpon his head Also beares feare a sea-calfe and will not fight with them if they can be auoided for they knowe they shal be ouercome Great is the fiercenes of a beare as appeareth by holie scripture Osee 13. I will meet them as a beare robbed of her whelpes saith the Lorde and will teare in pieces their froward heart And Ch●sai telleth Absalon 2. Sam. 17. Thou knowest that thy father and the men that bee with him be most valiant and fierce like a shee beare robbed of her Whelpes for a shee beare is more couragious then a male There is a filthy nation of men called Taifah who are giuen vnto a sodomiticall buggery to commit vncleanenes man with man and especially with young boyes but if any of them take a wilde bore or kill a Beare he shall be exempted from this kind of beastly impudicitie Heliogabalus was woont to shut vp his drunken friends togither and suddenly in the night would put in among them Beares Wolues Lyons and Leopards muzled and disarmed so that when they did awake they should find such chamber fellowes as they could not behold if darkenesse did not blind them without singular terror whereby manie of them fell into swoundes sickenesse extasie and madnes Vitoldus King of Lituania kept certaine Beares of purpose to whom he cast all persons which spoke against his tirranie putting them first of all into a Beares skinne Aeneas Sil● whose crueltie was so great that if he had commaunded anie of them to hang themselues they would rather obey him then endure the terror of his indignation In like sort did Alexander Phaeraeus deale with his subiects as is reported by Textor Valentintanus the Emperor nourished two beares deuourers of men one of them called golden Mica the other Innocentia which he lodged neere his owne chamber at length after many slaughters of men he let Innocentia goe loose in the wooddes for her good deserts in bringing so many people to their funerals There are many naturall operations in Beares Pliny reporteth that if a woman bee in sore trauile of child-birth let a stone or arrow which hath killed a man a beare or a bore Secrets obserued of Beares be throwne ouer the house wherein the Woman is and she shall be eased of her paine There is a small worme called Voluox which eateth the vine branches when they are yong but if the vine-seckles be annointed with Beares blood that worme will neuer hurt them Collumella If the blood or greace of a Beare be set vnder a bed it will draw vnto it all the fleas and so kill them by cleauing thereunto But

wherewithall to purge and open his Horsses feet this is called by Rusius Rossneta and by others Scalprum There is a kind of Manicle for the pasternes of Horsses called Numella Moreouer a good rider must prouide him stirrops called Subsellares and Staphae which although it bee but a new deuise yet are they so necessary for euery Ryder as without them they cannot long continue They must not be made to straight for the foot because that then they doe not onley hinder motion in that part and so make it benummed and colde but also giue occasion of great hurt to the Ryder in case the Horsse fall except he can so temper himselfe to put but a very little part of his foote therein There are also Spurs requisit to a Rider called Calcaria because they are fastened to the heele of a man wherewithall he pricketh his dull Horsse when he would haue him hasten the iourney and the Greekes deriue it from Muops signifieng a pricking flye from imitation of which creature it may seeme they tooke this inuention but this must bee remembred that they are prepared for the dull and sluggish Horsse and not for the free and full of life for such a Horsse being pricked therwith runneth forth rather with rage disdaine then for loue of the iourney and many times the torment thereof maketh him by kicking out of his heeles to cast off his rider Lastly he must haue regard to his Saddle whereon hee must sit for the Barbarians did vse to ride vpon bare Horsses backes but since that time the wiser sort of horse-men haue inuented a seate for their owne security Martiall writeth heereof thus Stragula succincti venatur sume veredi Nam solet a nudo surgere ficus equo Of hunting Horsses HVnting Horsses because of their swiftnesse were wont to be called Veredi according to the saying Sunt et veredi cursu pernices Although they vse this kind also for posts and performance of speedy iournies The males are much better then the females and therfore they seldome vse Mares in hunting because they are not so well able to leape or endure the woodes for which cause Gratius writeth in this manner of them Restat equos finire notis quos arma Dianae Admittant non omne me as genus audet in artes Est vitium ex animo sunt quos imbellia fallant Corpora praeueniens quondam est incommoda virtus Oppianus in his discourse of hunting horsses as wee haue said already aduiseth to make choise of them by the colour vnto whom Gratius consenteth saying Venanti melius pugnant color optima nigri They that are of blewish colour hauing variable spotted Legs he saith are fittest to hunt Harts they that are of a bright gray to hunt Bears and Leopards they that are bay or of a readish colour to hunt the Boars they that are blacke hauing glazen eyes are good against Lyons and thus much for the hunting Horsses Of coursers or swift light running Horsses AFter the vse of Wagons and Chariots which men had inuented for their ease in trauel growing to bee weary therof by reason of many discommodities they came also to the vse of single Horsses which therefore they called coursers and now a daies a Horsse for Saddle whereupon men performe their iournies and the Poets say the inuenter heerof was Belerophon the Son of Neptune to whom his father gaue Pegasus the flying Horsse which therfore they describe with winges and place for a star in heauen like an Angell because of his incredible celerity others attribute it to the inuention of Sesostris otherwise called Sesonchosis a K. of Egypt some to Orus when he waged war against his brother Typhon For these horsses are no lesse profitable in war then in peace although none vse them in these daies but common Souldiers yet in auncient time the greatest nobles rode vpon them The Emperor Probus had one of these Horsses which was nothing comely nor very highe yet would he endure ordinary iournies to run a hundred mile a day whereupon his maister was wont to say merily that hee was better for a flying then a fighting Souldier The Horsses of Spaine are of this kinde which they call Iennets of Genibus theyr knees because when the rider is on their backs he must hold his knees close to the Saddle and sides for his better ease Like vnto these are the Barbary Horsses whom they geld to keepe them from the hardnesse of the Nerues which happeneth vnto them in their heate and trauell There are a kinde of Horsses called Lycospacles and the reason of this name is as some say because when they were Foales they escaped the teeth of Wolues being set on by them and therefore they run the more speedily to their dying day for the wounds of Wolues makes a Horsse light-footed but this is not likely for feare cannot put that into them which is not bred of nature euen as we say that Vlisses by auoyding Circes cup or Cyclops was therfore made wise but rather on the contrary because he was wise therefore hee did auoide Circes cup so likewise wee say that these Horsses are not lighter of foot nor fuller of courage because they were set vpon by Wolues and deliuered by feare but because nature hath framed them nimble valiant and couragious therefore they did auoide the Wolfe Aelianus also saith that these Horsses had a wonderfull knowledge and sagacity to discerne betwixt Graecians and other nations for when a Graecian came vnto them they loued them stood stil and tooke meat at their hands but if a Barbarian or stranger came vnto them they discerned them by their nose as a dog doth the foot-steps of a beast lifting vp their voice they ranne as fast away from them as they would from any rauening beast These loued not onely their familiars but aboue all other things to be neate fine and cleauely in Chariots For if at any time they came through water drawing of a Chariot they tooke a pride in clensing themselues from all durte and filthinesse cleauing to their legs or face And that which is more strange they were vnwilling in race to be staied or taken out therof as appeared by this story related by Festus There is saith he in Rom a great gate called Ratumena which tooke his name from the death of a young man an Hetrurian whoe perished there in a race of chariots being conqueror because his horses would not stay vntill they came into the Capitoll and saw the framed earthen Chariots which were placed in the porch of Iupiters Temple by the Romans and were appointed to fashioned in earth by the hand of a cunning potter the which being wrought in earth and put into the furnace they grew so great that they could not bee taken out whole at the sight of these the Horsses of Ratumena stood stil but first of al their maister was slain in the course by falling off The horsses of Tartaria are so incredibly swift that

skin lesse sound to the sence of hearing in the presence of another made of stronger and harder beastes skin and to conclude as a twine thread will not hold stretching in the presence I meane in comparison of a silke thread although it be of the same quantity euen so will not a Lute string made of a Sheepes gut in comparison of another made of out of a Wolfe But all the question is how it commeth to passe that one of the skinnes hanged vp in the presence of the other should bee consumed before the other that is a Sheeps skinne in the presence of the Wolfes as a Gooses skinne will loose the feathers before the Eagles The answe●●s easie for the dryer that the body is the lesse excremen●tall humor it conteineth and so wil last the longer and all wilde siluestriall beastes are dryer then the tame moder● and domesticall as for example the Wolfe then the Sheepe the Lyon then the Dogge the Pheasant then the Cocke the Eagle then the Goose and for these causes the skinne● of the one doe wast before the other not for feare or secret opposition but for want of better enduring substance Coelius The Poets do ascribe vnto their Gods Laneos pedes feet made of Wooll for that they come softly and suddainely without noyse to take vengeaunce vppon male-factors and therefore when they discribe Saturne tyed vp a whole yeare with bandes of Wooll their meaning is to shew how with patience he forbare his wrath and indignation Bees are enimies to Sheepe and there are no cattell that doe so much inrich men as Sheepe and Bees There is a story in Suidas and Hesychius of one Crysamis who was very rich in Sheepe in the Island of Cous and there came euery yeare an Eele and stole away his best Sheepe among all the flocke at last he met with it and slew it afterward the ghost of the Eele appeared to him in the night warning him for feare of other harme to see him buryed Chrysamis neglected it and therefore he and all his family perished By which story I cannot ghesse any other meaning but that some man stole away his Sheepe and for that hee tooke vpon him a priuate reuenge most inhumanly suffering him to lye vnburyed and setting more by a beast then the life of a man as a iust punishment of God he perished and thus I conclude this naturall and morall discourse of the Sheepe with that fiction of Esop who writeth that on a time as the Sheapheardes were making merry in a cottage and eating a Sheepe the Wolfe came and looked in saying vnto them Atqui ego sitantum facerem quantum cieretis tumultum If I should eate a Sheepe as you doe you would all rise in an vprore which is fitted against them that make good lawes and obserue none themselues OF THE RAM HAuing thus made a general description of the sheepe wherein we haue spent no more time then was fit and conuenient The seueral names of Rams we are nowe forced to the seuerall species and kinds and first of al order and nature teacheth vs to discourse of the male which in our English language is called a Tup or Ramme deriued I do not doubt from the French Ran although also they call him Belier the Germaines Hoden wider and Hammell the Italians Montone and Ariete the Spaniardes Carnero the Heluetians Ramchen the Graecians in auncient time Krios Ariacha Ceraste and now in these daies Kriare the Haebrewes Ail or Eel the Chaldees plurally Dikerin the Arabians Kabsa and the Persians Nerameisch Now concerning the Greeke and Latine names there is some difference among the learned about their notation Etymology or deriuation for although they all agree that Aries est dux maritus pecorum yet they cannot consent from what root stem or fountaine to fetch the same Isidorus bringeth Aries ab aris that is from the Altars because the sacrifising of this beast was among all other sheepe permitted and none but this except the Lambs Other deriue it of Aretes which signifieth vertue because that the strength and vigor of sheepe lyeth in this aboue all other for there is in his hornes incredible strength in his mind or inward partes incredible courage and magnanimity but the truest deriuation is from the Greeke word Arneios Some Latines call him also Nefrens and plurally Nefrendes for distinction from the weather or gelded sheepe for the stones were also called Nefrendes and Nebrundines and the Epithets of this beast are horne-bearer insolent violent fighting fearfull writhen swift wool-bearer leaping head-long warriour and in Greeke meeke gentle and familiar and is not known by the name Ctilos for that it leadeth the whole flock to the pastures and backe againe to the foldes And thus much may suffice for the name and demonstratiueappellation of this beast now we will proceed forward to the other partes of his story not reiterating those things which it hath in common with the sheepe alreadie described but onely touching his speciall and inseperable proper qualities There is no beast in the world that somuch participateth with the nature of the sunne as the Ram for from the autumnall Equinoctium vnto the Vernall Albertus The re●emblance betwixt the ●un and the Ram as the sunn keepeth the right hand of the Hemisphere so doth the Ram lie vpon his right side and in the summer season as the sunne keepeth the other hand of the Hemisphere so doth the Ram lie vppon his other side And for this cause the Lybians which worshipped Ammon Macrobius that is the sun did picture him with a great pair of Rams-horns Also although in the heauenly or celestiall sphere or Zodiacke there be nothing first or last yet the Egyptians haue placed the Ram in the first place for theyr Astronomers affirme that they haue found out by diligent calculation that the same day which was the beginning of the worldes light on the face of the earth then was the signe Aries in the midst of heauen and because the middle of heauen is at it were the crowne or vpper-most part of the world therefore the Ramme hath the first and vppermost place because it is an Equinoctiall signe Coelius The signe of the Ram in the Zodiack making the daies and nightes of equall length for twice in the yeare doeth the sunne passe thorough that signe the Ramme sitting as it were iudge and arbiter twice euery yeare betwixt the daye and night Ther be poetical fictions how the ram came into the Zodiake for some say that when Bacchus led his army through the deserts of Lybia wherein they were all ready to perish for water there appeared to him a goodly ram who shewed him a most beautifull and plentifull fountain which releeued and preserued them al Poetical fictions ridles afterward Bacchus in remembrance of that good turn erected a Temple to Iupiter Ammonius also in that place for so quenching their thirst placed there his Image

Achilles but the famous and notorious among all was Lycaon the king of Arcadia the son of Titan and the earth whose Daughter Calisto was deflowered by Iupiter and by Iuno turned into a beare whom afterwards Iupiter pittying placed for a sign in heauen and of whom Virgil made this verse Pleiadas Hyadas claramque Lycaonis arcton Ther was another Lycaon the son of Pelasgus which built the Citty Lycosura in the Mountaine Lycaeus this man called Iupiter Lycaeus On a time he sacrificed an infant vpon his altar after which sacrifice he was presently turned into a wolfe Ther was another Lycaon after him who did likewise sacrifice another child and it was said that he remained ten years a wolfe afterwards becam a man again wherof the reason was giuen that during the time he remained a beast he neuer tasted of mans flesh but if he had tasted therof he shold haue remained a beast for euer I might adde hereunto Lychophron Lycastus Lycimnius Lysinus Lychomedes Lycurgus Lycus and of womens names Lyca Lyce Lycaste Lycoris Lycias and many such others besides the names of people as Irpini of Mountaines places as Lycabetus Lyceus Lycerna Lycaonia Lycaspus Lyceum Aristotles schoole Of flouds and Riuers as Lycus Lycormas Of plants as wolfe bane Lupum salictarium lupinus Lycantheum Lycophrix Lycophone Lycopsis Lycoscytalion and many such others whereof I haue onely desired to giue the Reader a tast following the same Method that we haue obserued in other beasts And thus much shall suffice to haue spoken of the names of this beast Contries breeding wolues The countries breeding wolues are for the most part these that follow The inhabitants of Creet were wont to say that there was neither wolues Beares nor Vipers cold be bred in their Island because Iupiter was borne there yet there is in a city called Lycastus so named for the multitude of wolues that were abiding therein It is likewise affirmed of Sardinia and Olimpus a Mountaine of Macedonia that there come no Wolues in them The wolues of Egypt are lesser then the wolues of Greece for they exceede not the quantity of Foxes Affrica likewise breedeth small wolues they abound in Arabia in Sweuia Rhaetia Athesis and the earldome of Tirol in Muscouia especially that part that bordereth vppon Lithuania The wolues of Scanzia by reason of extremity of cold in those parts are blind loose their eies there are no wolues bred in Lumbardy beyond the Alpes if any chance to come into that countrey presently they ring their bels and arme themselues against them neuer giuing ouer till they haue killed him or droue him out of the countrey In Norway there are 3. kind of wolues and in Scandinauia the wolues fight with Elkes It is reported that ther are wolues in Italy who when they looke vpon a man cause him to be silent that hee cannot speake The French-men call those Wolues which haue eaten of the flesh of men Eucharnes Among the Crotoniatae in Meotis diuers other parts of the world wolues do abound there are some few in France but none at al in England except such as are kept in the Tower of London to be seene by the Prince and people brought out of other countries where there fell out a rare accident namely a mastiue dog was limed to ashe wolfe and she thereby conceiued and brought forth sixe or seuen young Whelpes which was in the yeare of our Lord 1605. or there abouts There are diuers kinds of wolues in the world The seuerall kinds of wolues whereof Oppianus in his admonition to sheapheards maketh mention of fiue the first is a swift wolfe and runneth fast called therefore Toxeuter that is Sagitarius a shooter The second kind are called Harpages and these are the greatest raueners to vvhom our sauiour Christ in the gospell compareth false prophets when he saith Take heed of false prophets which come vnto you in sheeps clothing but are inwardly Lycoy harpages rauening wolues and these excel in this kind The third kind is cald Lupus aureus a golden wolfe by reason of his colour then they make mention of two other kinds called Acmonae and one of them peculiarly Ictinus The first vvhich is svvift hath a greater head then other vvolues and likewise greater legs fitted to run white spots on the belly round members his colour betwixt red yellovv is very bold howleth fearefully hauing firy-flaming eies and continually wagging his head Oppi●●us The second kind hath a greater and larger body then this being swifter then all other betimes in the morning he being hungry goeth abroad to hunt his prey the sides and taile are of a siluer colour he inhabiteth the Mountaines except in the winter time wherein he defendeth to the gates of Citties or Townes and boldly without feare killeth both Goates and sheepe yet by stealth and secretly The third kind inhabiteth the white Rocks of Taurus and Sylicia or the tops of the hill Amanus and such other sharp and inaccessible places being worthily for beauty preferred before the others because of his Golden resplendant haires and therefore my Author saith Non lupus sed lupo praestantior fera That he is not a wolfe but some wilde Beast excelling a wolfe He is exceeding strong especially being able with his mouth and teeth to bite asunder not only stones but Brasse and Iron He feareth the Dog star and heate of summer reioycing more in cold then in warme weather therfore in the Dog daies he hideth himselfe in some pit or gaping of the earth vntill that sunny heat be abated The fourth and fift kinds are cald by one common name Acmone now Acmon signifieth an Egle or else an Instrument with a short neck it may be that these are so called in resemblance of the rauening Eagle or else because their bodies are like to that instrument for they haue short necks broad shoulders rough Legs and feet and small snouts and little eies herein they differ one kind from the other because that one of them hath a backe of a siluer colour and a white belly and the lower part of the feet blacke and this is Ictinus canus a gray Kite-wolfe the other is black hauing a lesser body his haire standing continually vpright and liueth by hunting of Hares Now generally al Authors do make some two some 3. some 4. and some fiue kinds of Wolues all which is needlesse for me to prosecute and therefore I will content my selfe with the only naming of such differences as are obserued in them and already expressed except the Thoes and the sea-wolfe of whom there shal be somthing said particularly in the end of this History Olaus Magnus writeth in his History of the Northerne regions that in the Mountaines cald Doffrini which doe deuide the kingdoms of Swetia and Norway there are great flockes or heardes of wolues of white colour whereof some wander in the Mountaines and some in the vallies They feed vpon little small and