Selected quad for the lemma: heaven_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
heaven_n	body_n	earth_n	see_v	7,359	5	3.8059	3	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A80180	The lighting colomne or sea-mirrour containing the sea-coasts of the northern, eastern and western navigation: setting forth in divers necessarie sea-cards all the ports, rivers, bayes, roads, depths and sands ... With the discoveries of the chief countries, and on what cours and distance they lay one from another ... As also the situation of the northernly countries, as islands, the strate Davids, the isle of Ian-Mayen, Bear-Island, Old-Greenland, Spitsbergen and Nova Zembla ... Gathered out of the experience and practice of divers pilots and lovers of the famous art of navigation. By Jan van Loon. Whereunto is added a brief instruction of the art of navigation, together vvith nevv tables of the suns declination, also an almanack extending untill the yeare 1661.	Colom, Jacob Aertsz, 1599-1673.	1654 (1654)	Wing C5401A; ESTC R230954	549,120	428

THE Lighting Colomne OR SEA-MIRROUR Containing The Sea-Coasts of the Northern Eastern and Western Navigation setting forth in divers necessarie Sea-Cards all the Ports Rivers Bayes Roads Depths and Sands very curiously placed on its due Polus-heighth furnished with the discoveries of the chief Countries and on what cours and distance they lay one from another Never heretofore so clearly laid open and here and there very diligently bettered and augmented for the use of all Sea-men As also The Situation of the Northernly Countries as Island the Strate Davids the Isle of Ian-Mayen Bear-Island Old-Greenland Spitsbergen and Nova Zembla adorned with many Sea-cards and Discoveries Gathered out of the experience and practice of divers Pilots and Lovers of the famous Art of Navigation By JAN VAN LOON VVhereunto is added a brief Instruction of the Art of Navigation together vvith nevv Tables of the Suns Declination also an Almanack extending untill the yeare 1661. At AMSTERDAM Printed by JOHN JOHNSON Bookseller dwelling upon the Water in the Passe-card 1654. A SH RT Instruction in the Art of Navigation THe art of Navigation is a Science by which through certaine rules you may steere a Shipp over the Seas from one place to another and is not improperly devided into two parts to witt into ordinary and extraordinary Navigation The ordinary Navigation useth no other Instruments then the Compasse and sounding Plummet as principally consisting in experience and practice in knowledge of Lands and Corners how they are different in Points and distances and are knowne from the Sea in depths shoales qualityes of grounds the running and falling of Streames upon what point the Moone maketh high water in every severall place such like which in part are learned from the information of experienced Pilots but most out of our owne experience Extraordinary Navigation useth besides the foresayd ordinary practise divers other private Instruments and rules which must bee taken out of Astronomy and Cosmography It is therefore needfull that every Pilot who will use and practise th●s extraordinary Navigation must first of all bee well instructed in the principales of the same Arts that is that hee know and understand the proportions and devisions of the Spheare of the World the motions of the Heavens especially the eighth fourth and first together with the Fabrique of the Instruments without which knowledge its impossible to accomplish happily greate and never before sought out Voyages over the Vast Seas And seeing that such knowledge may bee attained out of good Instruction wee have here set downe in this Tractate for the benefit of young seamen who are desiruns to bee Pilots as cleare and plaine rules as the shortnesse hereof could suffer The first Point Of the Sphere and the divers motions thereof A Spheare properly is called a Ball wholly entire and round whose superficies and outside is ever● where alike distant from its center By that World Sphoera Mundi or Spheare of the World wee understand commonly the whole Ball of the Heavens with all that is therein contained and it is devided into two parts Elementary Coelestiall the Elementary part hath againe 4 parts the first is the earth which with the water as the second maketh a compleate Ball upon which wee dwell The third is the Aire encompassing the earth and the fourth is the fire which according to the opinion of Philosophers containeth the space which is betweene the Aire and the Spheare of the Moone From these Elements which are the beginning of all things which are alwayes subject to changes together with the Warmth of the Heavens arise and perish by a continuall change and alteration of the one into the other all things which wee see and find upon Earth The Celestiall part containing within in its Hollownesse the Elementaryes is pure shining Seperate and voyd of all changes is devided into 8 Speares or round Hollow Balles which are called Heavens whereof the greatest alwayes containeth one the other in manner of a Ball the seaven lowest have but every one one Starre or Plannet whereof the first next the Earth is the Heaven of the Moone the second of Mercury the third of Venus the fourth of the Sonne the fifth of Mars the sixth of Iupiter the seaventh of Saturne and the eigth of all the fixed starrs The number of these Heavens are knowne by their Courses which wee see in them round about the Poles of the Zodiaque The Moone runneth through her Heaven by her own naturall course from West to East in 27 dayes 8 howres Mercury Venus and the Sunne theirs in a yeare Mars his in two yeares Iupiter his in 12 and Saturne in 30 yeares The eighth heaven perfects its owne course according to the affirmation of Tycho Brahe in 25400 yeares These Heavens are turned about all alike in four and twenty houwres on the Poles about the Axes of the World by the ninth Heaven which is called the Primum Mobile that is the first mover by which Motion in our sight is caused Day and Night and the daily rising and falling of the heavenly lights The Second Point Of the Roundnesse of the Earth THat the Earth with the Water together maketh a round Globe appeareth not onely out of experience very clearely but also out part of the Shaddow of Earth in the Eclips of the Moone In whatsoever part of the Heaven the moon is Eclipsed or touched by the Shaddow of the earth that Shaddow seemeth alwayes round If the earth were foure square three corned or of any other forme then the Shaddow of the moone should bee also foure square three cornerd or some other forme For of what proportion any body is such also must bee the Shaddow thereof And seeing therefore that the Shaddow of the earth is alwayes and on al sides round the earth itselfe must alsoo bee necessarilly round That the Heaven is round wee marke from the eye but is most clearely perceived from the Circular motions of the heavenly lights as of the Sonne Moone and Starres The Third Point that the Earth is in the middle of the World THat the earth standeth in the middle of the World may clearely bee understood by what is hereafter spoken for if soo bee that the Globe of the earth stood not in the middle of the World but that the heaven was nearer it on one side it would come to passe that the stars in their daily courses should bee nearer on one side of the earth then on the other and by that meanes should appeare to our sight to bee greater on one side of the earth then on the other likewise if that part of the heaven next to the earth were a boveus we should then see lesse then halfe of the heaven according to instruction of the first Figure and on the contrary when that part of the heaven farthest from us were above us wee should then see more then halfe of the Heaven according to the Instruction of the second Figure But standing upon the flatt side

of the Globe wee see the Starres as well on the one side as on the other in whatsoever part of the Heaven that it is alwayes of one greatenesse and it is found by experience that wee alwayes see the one half of the Heaven and the other halfe is hidden from our eyes from thence it appeares plainly according to the expression in the third Figure That the earth stands in the middle of the World From thence is likewise to bee marked that the Globe of the earth is no more to bee likened by the Heavens then a point without thicknesse for if the earth had any thicknesse in respect of Heaven wee should standing upon the earth by that reason not see halfe of the Heaven according to Demonstration of the 4 Figure The fourth Point Of the greatnesse of the Earth ALthough the Globe of the Earth as is sayd in respect of the extraordinary widenesse of the Heaven is no more then a point neverthelesse in respect of its selfe it is a greate body having in its Compasse 5400 dutch Miles And that is knowne by this meanes If you devide the whole Circkle of the Compasse of the earth into 360 parts or degrees and wee find as well by Navigation as by measuring of Land that such a Degree or part containeth fifteene such Dutch Miles 360 such part beeing multiplyed by fifteene make out 5400 Duth miles The fifth Point Of the Axis and Poles or Axepoints of the World IN the Globe of the World is imagined to bee a Line going from one Point on the side of the Spheare as a Diameter through the Center to another Point right against it on the other side That Line is called the Axis and the outermost-ends thereof or the foresayd Points the Poles or Axepoints of the World the one towards the North and is called the Northerne Pole and the other towards the South called the Southerne Pole Upon whichs Poles it is imagined that the Spheare is upon its Axeltree daily turned The Demonstrastion THE Line A.G.B. in this Figure going from the Point A through the Center G as a Diameter to the Point B right against it sheweth the Axel of the World and the Points A and B the Poles A to the North the Northerne and B to the South the Southerne Poles The Sixth Point Of the Aequinoctiall Line IN the middest of the Heavens every where equally distant from both the Poles is imagined a greate Circle dividing the whole Spheare into two equall parts which is called the Aequinoctial because when the Sonne commeth to or under that Cirkle which commeth to passe the 21 of March and the 23 of September the day and night are in all places of the Earth of an equall length The knowledge of this Cirkle is proffitable above all things in Navigation to know thereby how farr wee goe either to the Northwards or Southwards upon Earth thereby also is reckoned the time and hower of the day the Declination of the Sonn and Starrs and more other proffitable things Demonstration IN the foregoing Figure A and B the Poles of the World C D E F is the Equinoctiall Line in the middest of the Heaven equally distant from both the Poles A and B dividing the whole Spheare A C B E into two equall parts as C A E the Northerne and C B E the Southerne part from hence is to bee noted Seeing that the whole Compasse of the Heavens is divided into 360 degrees that the Poles stand from one another 180 degrees and betweene the Poles and the Aequinoctiall remaineth every where on both sides 90 degrees This Line is marked in the Sea-cards with a red Line from east to west through the beginning of the degrees according as they are reckoned as well towards the North as to the South The Seventh Point Of the Ecliptique Line THE Ecliptique Line lyeth awry over the Equinoctiall deviding it in two points right over against one another in two equall parts and is also devided by it in two equall parts the one lyeth betweene the Equinoctiall and the North Pole the other betweene the Equinoctiall and the South Pole It s greatest Declination on both sides of the Equinoctaill towards both the Poles is 23 degree 31½ minutes and is devided into twelve equall parts and to each of them a severall signe applyed The Sonne goeth alongst this Circkle without ever going out of it and runneth through it with its owne naturall course every yeare once and even as the Poles of the World stand every where alike distant from the Equinoctiall even soo hath the Ecliptique alsoo its two Poles every were alike distant from the same Demonstration IN this Figure as before is sayd A B are the Poles of the World C D E F the Equinoctiall G D H F the Ecliptique Line cutting and dividing the Equinoctiall and its selfe alsoo into two equall parts in the points D and F which wee call the Equinoctiall the one at D the Spring Equinoctiall the other at F the Autumne Equinoctiall The one halfe D H F the northern part lyeth betweene the Equinoctiall D E F and A the North Pole at most declined towards F H 23 degrees and 31 2 minutes The other halfe F G D the Southern part lyeth betweene the Equinoctiall F C D and the South Pole B likewise at most declined as C G 23 degrees 31½ minutes The North part is devided into six signes which wee call the Northerly beginning at D with the Kimbug signes towards the North. Aries Taurus Gemini unto H. the point of the farthest declination From thence with the descending signes of the North Cancer Leo Virgo to the Equinoctiall Line in F. the Autumne Equinoctiall the southern part is also divided into six signes which wee call the Southerly beginning at F with the discending signes towards the South Libra Virgo Saggitarius untill G the Point of the sartkest Declination towards the South from thence further with klimbing signes towards the North Capricornus Aquarius Pisces as farr as till you come to the Equinoctiall line in the Spring Equinoctiall D. The Sunne runneth through the three first Northerly signes from the 21 of March new style to the 21 of June New styl the other from the 21 of Iune to the 23 of September The first 3 Southerly signes from the 23 of September to the 23 of December and the other from the 23 December till the 21 of March againe The Poles of the Ecliptique are M and N both of them standing every where alike distant from the Ecliptique G H and soo farre from the Poles of the World A and B as the Ecliptique is farthest declining from the Equinoctiall at H E and C G. The eighth Point Of the Coluri THe Coluri are two Circkles going Croswayes through both the Poles of the World dividing each other into two parts in the Poles and together with them the whole Globe Equinoctiall Zodiack or Ecliptique and all the Paralels in 4 equall parts the

houres 8 degrees which make 36 minutes it is then 13 houres 36 minutes from the noone tijde that is 1 houre 36 minut after midnight How to finde the ascension on any day in the yeere of the Sunne and the Stars we have here adjoyneth 2 tables the one of the Sunne showing from 5 dayes to 5 dayes the Sunnes ascension out of which you may easily finde the same in other dayes The other for thirtie of the primest fixed Starres both of them onely by degrees that being sufficient for this businesse The 18 Point A Table of the right ascensum of the Sunne The first number in the table shewed the day of the moneth the second of degrees of the ascension of the Sunne on that day Ianu. Febr. Mart. April May. Iuni. da. deg da. deg da. deg da. deg da. deg da. deg 5 287 5 319 5 346 5 14 5 42 5 73 10 292 10 324 10 351 10 19 10 47 10 78 15 297 15 329 15 355 15 24 15 52 15 83 20 303 20 334 20 360 20 28 20 57 20 88 25 308 25 339 25 4 25 33 15 62 25 94 31 314 28 342 31 10 30 38 31 68 31 99 Iulius Augu. Septe Octo. Nove. Dece da. deg da. deg da. deg da. deg da. deg da. eg 5 104 5 135 5 164 5 191 5 220 5 251 10 109 10 140 10 168 10 195 10 225 10 257 15 114 15 145 15 173 15 200 15 231 15 263 20 119 20 149 20 177 20 205 20 236 20 268 25 124 25 154 25 182 25 210 25 241 25 274 31 130 31 159 30 187 31 215 30 246 31 281 A Table of the right ascension of the primest Starres THe Girdle of Andromeda 12 degrees The clearest in the head of the Ram. 27 degrees Menkar the brtghtest in the mouth of the Whale 41 degr Aldebaran the south eye of the Bull. 64 degrees Capella in the left shoulder of Erichtonius 72 degrees Regel the left foot of Orion 74 degrees The Star in the left shoulder of Orion 84 degrees Syrius the great Dogge 97 degrees The North head of Gemini 180 degrees The South head of Gemini 111 degrees Procyon the little Dogge 110 degrees The brightest in the watersnake CorHydrae 137 degrees Regulns the Heart of the Lyon 147 degrees The tayle of the Lyon 172 degrees Vendemiatrix the right wing of Virgo 191 degrees Spica Virginis the eare of corne 196 degrees Arcturus the brightest in Bootes 210 degrees Arcturus the brightest in Bootes 218 degrees The South Waight 210 degrees The north Waight 224 degrees The brightest in the North Crowne 230 degrees Antares the Hart of the Scorpion 242 degrees The Head of Hercules 254 degrees The Head of Serpentarius 259 degrees The tayle of the Eagle 282 degrees Vultur the clearest in the Eagle 293 degrees The Star in the mouth of the horse Pegasus 521 degrees Formohant the brightest in the end of Aquarius 339 degr Marcab the sack or foot of Pegasus 342 degrees The uttermost in the wing of Pegasus 358 degrees The most Northerly in the Whales tayle 360 degrees The 19 Point Of the Horizon or the Circle that boundeth the sight WHere the heavens the earth or the waters seeme in our sight to meete together that is called the Horizon or the Circle bounding the sight because our sight endeth there can go no further by our Netherland Sea-farers it is also called the Kimmen This circle devideth the heavens just in two evē parts so that just the one halfe is seene by us here above and the other halfe can not be seene by us because it is hidden underneath us which happeneth in this manner The earth as in the first chapter is shewed standeth as a center in the middle of the heavens the which by reason of the unmeasurable quantitie or largenes thereof is so farre separated from the earth that the whole thicknesse of the Earth in respect of the heavens is no more then a poynt or prick or at least so little that it cannot be perceived by our sight and that which by our sight along upon the Earth or the Water we can comprehend which can not reach further then about three Dutch miles that is 10 English myles seemeth in our eyes by reason of the space so little to be no other then an halfe Globe falling perpendicular upon a plaine so that our sight falleth in the heaven as if we stood in the middle poynt of the world and saw-right compasse wise whereby it falleth out that just the halfe of the Heaven is seene by us and the other halfe is not seene by us in like manner as if a man should lay a line over the center of a Circle then the one halfe of the Circle is above and the other halfe is just under All the heavenly light as the Sunne Moone and Starres by the turning of the heavens comming above the Horizon are seene by us and going downe under it goe out of our sight The Zenith is the poynt of the heavens directly over our head and is on all sides equally distant from the Horizon it is also called the Pole of the Horizon An Explication The Horizon is too bee considered in The eye being eleva●ed above the water The visible Horizon is lower then ●he trues foote minutes 2 1 4 2 8 3 14 4 20 5 27 6 37 7 39 8 53 9 66 10 82 11 100 12 140 13 163 14 186 15 a two-fold manner according to the true and the visible the true goeth every way right waterpasse from our sight that is passeth through the Center of the Sphere as is sayd deviding it into equall parts is every way from the Zenith 90 degrees the just fourth parts of a Circle The Visible is the uttermost part of the Earth or Water that our eye can reach or see when our eye is just on the flatt or surface of the even Water then the true and Visible Horizon are one and the same but our eye lifted up above the surface of the Water the sight falleth over the Globe of the earth every where lower then water-passe and thence it followeth that the visible Horizon is lower than the true although this be not much materiall in the Art of Navigation for as much as it is recompenced by the refraction of the visible Horizon We have added this table for those that desire to be exact where men may see how much the visible differs from the true that being changed or altered by feet Example THe sight being elevated above the surface of the waters 14 feet in the 1 Columne in the 2 Columne over against it you find 4 min. which the visible Horizon is lower then the true The sight being lifted 140 feetabout the Horizon the visible wil be 13 mi. lower then the true The 20 Point Of the Meridian or Middle Circle THe Meridian is a Circle in the Heavens which we must conceive to passe through both the Poles of

themselves they are divers things yet they are allwayes one like unto the other Any Countrey being scituated under the breadth of 30 degrees lyeth also in the height 30 degrees which by Sea-faring men is taken without difference but what it is or what it hath in it or signifieth few men understand and yet it behooveth a seafaring man that seeketh for the height of any Countries to bee expert therein for that no man without it can wel understand how many instruments whether it be Astrolabium or Crosse staffe no nor the Sea-compasse it selfe should well be used for that these things are all built upon one foundation and like a chaine hang one upon the other But it may be that some man will object and say that there are many Pilots which doe not well understand such things and yet are able to goe directly unto divers places whether they desire to sayle which I confesse to be true but tell me how many times are they deceived How many times are they in great doubt feare and how seldome dare they trust unto the height which they have taken or reckoned when they are to seeke out any Countrey thereby how oftentimes hath it heretofore happened that for want of such knowledge shippes have sayled out of their way either behinde England or upon France which thought to passe through the chanell between England and France and that in so short and well knowne and common sayled water as to come out of Spaine or France what would such men doe if they should passe the Line and were to seeke or finde out certaine Ilands Or that after they had sayled up and downe the Seas certaine moneths together should then seeke out for Land but I am of this opinion which I know every man will grant that it is much better and more assured to goe away being guided by his owne eye-sight then like a blinde man to bee led by another and knoweth not whether that other seeth well or not but to come againe to our matter touching the height of Countries it is no other but the height of the Pole above the Horizon that is to say so many degrees as the Pole in any Land is lifted up above the Horizon so much is the height of such a Country this height agreeth allwayes with the breadth as aforesayd In the 10 Chapter it is shewed that wheresoever a man goeth or turneth alwayes the one halfe of the Heavens sheweth it selfe above the Horizon and the other halfe is hidden from us in the first chapter it is said that the two Poles stand right one against the other whereby it is evidently to be understood that whensoever a man being upon the earth is right under the Equinoctiall line that then both the Poles of the World lye right in the Horizon one in the south and the other in the north and as much as a man travaileth northward from the Equinoctiall line and winneth breadth northerly so much the north Pole riseth above the Horizon and the south Pole contrarywise goeth so much under and on the contrary as many degrees as a man goeth from the Equinoctiall line southward and winneth breadth southward so much the south Pole riseth above the Horizon and the north Pole goeth so much under which may easily be understood by the figure here after following In this figure the innermost roundel that turneth about signifieth the Heaven N the north Pole S the south Pole AE the Equinoctiall the uppermost edge of the halfe moveable roundell signifieth the Horizon the one halfe off the Heavens is above it and the other halfe just under it the round ball in the middle signifieth the earth where in you see a little man that may be turned upon the earth southward and northward Now perfectly to marke and perceive that which is before written that is to know what height is and that it alwayes agreeth with the breadth bring the little man upon the Earth Globe right under the Equinoctiall that is to say that it have no breadth neither northward nor southward then you shall see that both the Poles lye just with the Horizon and that neither of them both are elevated above it nor depressed under it and withall you shall see that they that dwell under the Equinoctiall have no height or elevation of the Pole nor yet any breadth But if you remove the man so much northward that hee goeth tenne degrees upon the earth that is that hee commeth tenne degrees upon the north breadth you shall see that the north Pole shall bee raysed or elevated tenne degrees above the Horizon in the north and the south Pole shall goe ten degrees under the Horizon and if you remove the man upon the earth more northerly as thirty forty or fifty degrees the north Pole will also be so much elevated and the south Pole to the contrary so much depressed under the Horizon so that if you turne the man upon the earth to ninety degrees then the north Pole also will bee elevated ninety degrees that is the Pole will stand right above his head and the Equinoctiall will joyne with the Horizon in one circle that which thus is ●●id of the elevating of the north Pole is also in the same manner to be understood of the south Pole for if you likewise move the man upon the earth in the figure toward the south the south Pole will be elevated above the Horizon as much as the man in breadth goeth southward and the north P●le will goe so much under the Horizon One thing is herein to be noted that as much as the Pole riseth above the Horizon just so much the Equinoctiall goeth under it and when the Pole goeth under the Equinoctiall riseth againe in equall proportion But above all you must marke that the number of the Poles elevation added to the height of the Equinoctiall alwayes make even ninety degrees so that when the Pole is elevated 30 degrees in the north the Equinoctiall is elevated sixty degrees in the south but if the south Pole bee elevated above your Horizon twenty degrees the Equinoctiall will bee elevated in the north seventy degrees which is clearly understood and shewed in this manner we alwayes see halfe the Heavens above the Horizon as aforesaid which is twice ninety degrees from the south to the Zenith or the point just over our heads and fro●●he Zenith to the Horizon in the north Now seeing 〈◊〉 betweene the Equinoctiall and the Pole there are alwayes ninety degrees as is shewed in the second chapter it followeth that which is beneath the Pole and the Equinoctiall maketh also ninety degrees therefore when we know the height of the Equinoctiall and take it out of ninety that which resteth over is alwayes the height of the pole this also may bee seene in the figure aforesaid The 29. Point Concerning the difference and agreement of the Declination in divers places of the earth THese Tables of the Suns declination are

followes the Whalefish it hath two notable Starres in the tayle of it the more Northerly comes before the great Dogge into the South 6 houres 28 minuts the declination of it is 10 degrees 47 minutes in the south-side of the Line 24 minutes after comes the Southermost into the South and it is in the Southside of the Line 19 degrees 58 minutes In the head of Aries there is a cleare Starre appeareing with that in the Horne in form as is here described and comes foure houres 43 minutes into the South before the great Dogge standeth in the Northside of the Line 21 degrees 44 minutes Directly North followes Perseus a bright Starre in forme thus and it comes before Syrius into the South three houres and a halfe hath the declination in the Northside of the Line 48 degrees 31 minutes The Coachman Ericthonius The right shoulder goeth 57 minutes before the great Dogge toward the South his declination is in the Northward 44 degrees 51 minut Also that called the North Horne of Taurus goes one houre 22 minut before the great Dogge into the South his declination is 28 degrees 15 minutes Northward The Gyant The first of the three in the Girdle which are called the three Kinges goe one houre 16 minutes before Syrius into the south the declination of it is 36 minutes in the Southside of the Line Foure minutes after commeth the second or middlemost into the South the declination is 1 degrees 27 min. Nine minutes after the first commeth the last or third of the three Kings into the South and hath his declination in the Southside of the Line 2 degr 10 minut These three Kinges stand alwayes and appeare a little above the great Dogge whereby they are easily knowne Here doe follow some Starres which show themselves in the North and therefore by some men may are caled Northstares The Southermost of the forewheeles comes into the North to his highest right over the Pole 5 houres 5 min. after the great Dogge is past the South his declination 55 degr 42. min. in the Northside of the Line and is distant from the Pole 34 degrees 18 minutes The most Northern in the fore wheele followeth 23 minut after and then commeth to his highest the declination of it is 59 degrees 1 minute and it standeth above the Pole 30 degrees 59 minutes The Horse the next to coach commeth to its highest in the North 6 houres 8 minutes after the great Dogge is gone through the South it declineth to the North 57 degrees 57 min. is distant from the Pole 32 degr 3 min. The middlemost Horse comes halfe an houre after it to the highest the declination of it is 56 degrees 50 minutes therefore it standeth distant from the Pole 33 degr 10 minutes The uttermost Horse of the coach cometh to the highest 7 houres 4 minut after Syrius is past through the South the declination of it is 51 degr 9 minut it is distant from the Pole 21 degr 51 minutes The middlemost and brightest of the waiters declineth to the north 75 degr 43 minut is distant from the Pole 14 degr 17 minutes NOTA. Touching the north Starre her declination and how it is to be used with the watchmen is decliniated in the difcourse following Half an houre after followeth the Brest named Schedir the declination is 54 degrees 36 minutes and thus it standeth from the pole 75 degrees 24 minutes Fifteen houres after that followeth the star that standeth in the Hipp in declined 58 degreet 48 minutes so that it standeth from the Pole 31 degr 12 minutes Yet 27 minutes later followeth that which is placed in the knee hath its declination 58 degrees 21 minut it is distant from the Pole 31 degrees 39 minut The 17 Point How to find the houre of the day or of the night To finde the houre of the day at any hight will bee done most readily and certainely with such a water compas as is described in the Chapter of the ebbing flowing of the Sea in the night one may finde it by the nightdiall as this Figure above describeth which hath two rondels the one moveable the other immoveable in the lowest which is immoveable are the 12 signes of heaven placed is also the moneths and dayes of the yeere On the moveable roundel are the houres this turnes with the gnomen whose right side answereth to the middle point where there must be a nayle with a hole through which a man may see The use of this night diall is this We set first the foot to the twelfth houre on the moveable roundel and to the day of the yeere on the undermost unmoveable roundel and set the Instruments hight with the lowest corner of the foot A B so that it stand water-pas in such sort that a man may see the North-star through the hole of the nayle turning the diall up and downe so long till the hinder wheeles of the great Wagon come into the diall which being so the gnomen shall shew the houre on the moveable roundel And if in place of the hinder wheels of the Wagon you take the brightest of the watchtmen it will be 4 hour 15 minut later as the diall will shew because the wheeles aforesayd of the great cart goe so much before the wayters Men may finde the houre by the ascension of the Sunne and the Starres in this manner when we see any Star in the South whose just ascension is knowne and that we know the true ascension that day then draw the ascension of the Sunne from the ascension of the Star the remainder we devide into houres by 15 for 15 degr make 1 houre and this wil be the right houre of the time but if the ascension of the Sunne be more then the Stars in that cause you shall add 360 degrees to the ascension of the Star and then to as aforesayd I. Example On the 10 of April in the evening in the south I se the heart of the Lyon whose right ascension is 147 degr the ascension of the Sunne on that day is 19 degr take those from the ascension of the Star there remaines 128 degrees and these devided by 15 I finde 8 houres 8 degrees over plus and for as much as 15 degrees make one houre every degree will make 4 minutes the 8 degrees over plus make 32 minutes of an houre it will be than at that time 8 houres 32 minutes from the noone tyde II Exempel ON the 5 of November in the night I finde in the south the Star Aldebaran the south eye of the Bull whose right ascension is 64 degrees the Sunnes right ascension on that day 220 degr which is more then that of Aldebaran therefore I add to the ascension of the Srar 360 degrees it makes 424 degrees the Sunnes right ascension being taken from this there remains 204 degr which is the difference betweene the ascension of the Sunne and the Star aforesaid which being devided by 15 you shall finde 13

the world right over our heads and crosse wise through the Equinoctiall and to cut right through the Horizon North and South The Sun touching this Circle is at the highest and then it is just noone or the middle time of the day and likewise the stars when they come upon this Circle they are like the Sun at the highest of the Horizon and right South and as soone as they have past it they begin to goe downeward againe The 21 Point Of the height of the Sunne or Starres and what it is THe height of the sunne or Starres is nothing else but the distance or space that is between the Horizon and the Sun or Starre it selfe which to understand perfectly you must make that we suppose a point or prick to be right above our heads in the Heavens that is equally distant from the Horizon in all places which point is called the Zenith or the head point now seeing that the whole circuit of the heavens containeth 360 degrees and that the just halfe thereof is seen above the Horizon it is certaine that this point called the Zenith in all places is above the Horizon 90 degr whether you turn cast west north or south or any other way now when the Sun riseth above the Horizon and ascendeth higher and higher from it and commeth toward this point or Zenith we say that as many degrees as it ascended from the Horizon towards the aforesaid point or Zenith that the same is the height thereof as by example when he is risen halfe up from the Horizon towards the Zenith then he is 45 degrees and if he be risen a third part from the Horizon then he is 30 degr high and so forth the like is also to be understood of the height of the Stars The 22 Point How to measure or find the height of the Sun or of the Starres TO find the height the Mathematicians have devised divers fit Instruments whereof there are two that are most used at sea which are the Astrolabium and the common Crosse-staffe the use of the Astrolabium is plaine and well known unto all men for holding the instrument by the ring let the Sun shine through the holes of the eares the uttermost part of the Diall counting from below upwards sheweth how many degrees the Sun is risen above the Horizon as the former figure plainly sheweth The Crosse-staffe is used thus you must place the end of the Staffe underneath the eye then you must remove the Crosse too and fro untill the upper end of the Crosse standeth even upon halfe the Sun or Star and the under end just with the Horizon and then the Crosse will shew you upon the staffe how many degrees they are in height so you account after those numbers whereof ninety stand that the end of the staffe that is next to your eye the computation going backward from the other end of the staffe for otherwise if you reckon by those numbers that proceed forward from the end next your eye then it will shew you how many degrees the Sun or Star standeth from the Zenith or Head point of the Horizon as you may see by the figure ensuing The 23 Point How you must make a perfect Crosse-staffe and how you shall marke it THe Crosse staves are oftentimes made the one after the other by imitation or patterns and that many times without judgement or knowledge whether the pattern bee good or not whereof notwithstanding a man ought to bee very certaine for it is a matter of great importance and therfore I have here set downe two severall wayes easie to be understood how to make the same exquisitely and perfectly upon good reason good ground Make an even smooth board and paste good paper upon it then draw a strait line upon one edge or side thereof as you see in this figure a ●ine marked C A D then marke another line as you see it marked B C that B C A bee a right and just halfe square then take a good paire of Compasses and set one foot thereof in the angle marked C and compas therewith as you see B E A so that A E B may bee a right quadrant or fourth part of a Circle then devide it into two parts to E and then devide the other halfe which is A E into 90 parts or degrees as thus first devide it into 3 parts and then devide each 3 parts again into 3 and then it wil be divided into 9 parts which done devide each of them into two parts and those divisions or parts divide into 5 parts and then it will bee divided into 90 parts then take a straight line and lay the one end thereof upon the Center C and so forth upon every severall point which you have divided in the Quadrant and then draw lines from the Center C through all the foresaid points as long as the board will containe them as you may see in this figure which done then your instrument is fully made and prepared to marke your staves there upon Which to doe with your compasses take just the half length of your Crosse and set the one foot thereof in the Center and put the other at F and doe the like from D right to G which two points or pricks draw with a straight line unto each other as you see in the line F and G and then mark where the line F G is cut through by the lines that come out of the Center through the degrees or points of the quadrant for those cuttings through shew upon the said line the right marking of your Crosse-staffe that is you must marke your Staffe just as you see that these lines in F G are marked by the lines that come out of the center and passe through it whether the Crosse bee long or short you must follow the same order that you are taught in the figure the line H I is drawne for a shorter Crosse then the former and K L for one that is shorter then that viz whos 's halfe is just so long as the Line C K. The second manner of Framing your Crosse-staffe much excelleth the ftrst in perfection and curiosity so you divide it perfectly with your Compasses which is done in this manner Upon an hard even board which is pasted with paper draw a straight line as long as your staffe is and with point compasse take the just halfe or the length of your Crosse whereunto you mean to mark your staffe and prick it many times along in the said line as you can divide each of the said lengths into 11000 equall parts then look upon the table here after insuing which shewed you how many of those points or parts you shall marke for each degree and that you must doe in manner following from the end of the staffe which you will make the eye-end pricke just the halfe length of the Crosse and there make a Crosse stroke from whence prick for every degree so many