those_o under_o the_o seven_o which_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o moon_n pass_v through_o germany_n the_o low_a country_n and_o england_n which_o say_v planet_n have_v their_o operation_n or_o influence_n on_o the_o inhabitant_n dwell_v under_o each_o of_o the_o say_a clime_n so_o that_o although_o the_o glorious_a and_o eternal_a luminary_n of_o heaven_n have_v a_o efficacious_a operation_n yet_o notwithstanding_o the_o disposition_n of_o the_o earth_n have_v a_o far_o great_a prevalency_n see_v that_o through_o the_o various_a situation_n of_o hill_n and_o valley_n we_o experimental_o find_v more_o great_a and_o different_a effect_n of_o the_o celestial_a ray_n which_o be_v also_o contemporate_v by_o the_o river_n and_o lake_n this_o can_v be_v deny_v by_o no_o man_n that_o nature_n be_v admirable_a in_o her_o work_n sometime_o as_o it_o be_v on_o set_v purpose_n delude_v the_o curiosity_n of_o humane_a wisdom_n by_o recede_v from_o the_o ordinary_a law_n of_o cause_n who_o can_v render_v a_o sufficient_a reason_n of_o that_o which_o be_v testify_v by_o mariner_n concern_v the_o region_n of_o maliapur_n in_o which_o be_v seat_v calicut_n a_o exceed_o high_a mountain_n top_v the_o cloud_n divide_v this_o province_n throughout_o and_o end_v in_o a_o promontory_n which_o be_v now_o call_v comorium_n which_o although_o it_o have_v the_o same_o altitude_n of_o the_o pole_n yet_o when_o the_o winter_n rage_v and_o the_o water_n swell_v on_o the_o one_o side_n on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o field_n and_o town_n be_v scorch_a with_o excessive_a heat_n and_o the_o sea_n calm_a wherefore_o this_o diversity_n which_o be_v discover_v in_o the_o climate_n the_o situation_n of_o province_n contemporation_n of_o the_o air_n and_o element_n do_v various_o discriminate_a the_o constitution_n of_o man_n and_o those_o constitution_n their_o nature_n for_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o mind_n follow_v the_o temperament_n and_o disposition_n of_o the_o body_n the_o septentrional_a or_o northern_a people_n be_v remote_a from_o the_o sun_n and_o by_o consequence_n inhabit_v in_o cold_a country_n be_v sanguine_a robu_v full_a of_o valour_n and_o animosity_n hence_o they_o have_v always_o be_v victorious_a and_o predominant_a over_o the_o meridional_a or_o southern_a nation_n as_o the_o assyrian_n over_o the_o chaldean_n the_o mede_n over_o the_o assyrian_n the_o parthian_n over_o the_o grecian_n the_o turk_n over_o the_o arabian_n the_o goths_z over_o the_o german_n the_o romans_z over_o the_o african_n and_o the_o english_a over_o the_o french_z they_o love_v freedom_n and_o liberty_n as_o those_o also_o do_v which_o be_v mountaineer_n as_o the_o helvetian_o grison_n and_o cantabrians_n the_o nation_n proximate_v to_o the_o sun_n have_v their_o blood_n whole_o exsiccate_v by_o immoderate_a heat_n hence_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o those_o place_n be_v melancholy_a and_o profound_a in_o the_o penetrate_a of_o the_o secret_n of_o nature_n for_o all_o the_o northern_a nation_n receive_v the_o mystery_n of_o the_o science_n from_o the_o egyptian_n and_o arabian_n the_o province_n which_o be_v immediate_o between_o both_o torrid_a zone_n enjoy_v a_o a_o benign_a heaven_n so_o that_o they_o flourish_n in_o religion_n justice_n and_o prudence_n the_o mutation_n of_o government_n the_o transmigration_n and_o emission_n of_o colony_n converse_n matrimony_n war_n and_o peace_n also_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o celestial_a sphere_n which_o drive_v from_o the_o pole_n and_o the_o zodiac_n of_o the_o primum_fw-la mobile_n the_o heavenly_a image_n on_o these_o inferior_a body_n do_v change_n and_o alter_v the_o habit_n manner_n and_o also_o nature_n itself_o if_o we_o have_v recourse_n unto_o history_n we_o shall_v find_v the_o german_n note_v of_o old_a for_o lofty_a mind_n and_o the_o italian_n on_o the_o contrary_a too_o abject_a and_o low_a which_o difference_n now_o can_v be_v discern_v nation_n have_v sway_v and_o be_v predominate_a by_o turn_n and_o as_o long_o as_o the_o monarchy_n have_v have_v duration_n among_o they_o virtue_n have_v flourish_v art_n and_o arm_n have_v go_v hand_n in_o hand_n which_o afterward_o with_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o empire_n have_v be_v smother_v in_o its_o ash_n and_o receive_v vivification_n in_o another_o place_n yet_o notwithstanding_o these_o obstacle_n every_o nation_n have_v certain_a propension_n and_o fix_a affection_n appropriate_v to_o every_o one_o which_o will_v adhere_v to_o foreigner_n if_o that_o they_o long_o remain_v among_o they_o the_o intelligent_a reader_n who_o desire_v a_o knowledge_n in_o these_o and_o other_o particular_n with_o a_o throughout_o prospect_n of_o the_o utility_n of_o cosmography_n and_o geography_n may_v consult_v the_o work_n itself_o richard_z blome_n the_o content_n of_o the_o section_n and_o chapter_n general_z geography_n which_o may_v be_v divide_v into_o iii_o part_n 1._o the_o absolute_a part_n divide_v into_o five_o section_n the_o first_o section_n of_o thing_n to_o be_v foreknow_v chap._n 1._o of_o the_o precognita_n pag._n 1_o ch._n 2._o thing_n necessary_a to_o geometry_n and_o trigonometry_n p._n 6_o the_o second_o section_n explain_v the_o affection_n of_o the_o whole_a earth_n chap._n 3._o of_o the_o figure_n of_o the_o earth_n p._n 11_o chap._n 4._o of_o the_o dimension_n and_o magnitude_n of_o the_o same_o 15_o chap._n 5._o of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o same_o p._n 23_o chap._n 6._o of_o its_o place_n in_o the_o system_fw-la of_o the_o world_n p._n 27_o chap._n 7._o of_o its_o substance_n and_o constitution_n p._n 30_o the_o three_o section_n in_o which_o the_o constitution_n and_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v explain_v chap._n 8._o of_o the_o division_n of_o the_o earth_n by_o water_n p._n 35_o chap._n 9_o of_o mountain_n in_o general_a p._n 40_o chap._n 10._o of_o the_o difference_n of_o mountain_n p._n 46_o chap._n 11._o of_o wood_n desert_n and_o mine_n p._n 54_o the_o four_o section_n of_o hydrography_n in_o which_o the_o water_n and_o their_o property_n be_v explain_v chap._n 12._o of_o the_o division_n of_o the_o ocean_n throughout_o the_o earth_n p._n 57_o chap._n 13._o of_o the_o ocean_n and_o its_o part_n p._n 65_o chap._n 14._o of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sea_n especial_o of_o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n p._n 83_o chap._n 15._o of_o lake_n pool_n and_o marsh_n p._n 102_o chap._n 16._o of_o river_n p._n 108_o chap._n 17._o of_o mineral_n water_n bath_n spaw_n etc._n etc._n p._n 130_o chap._n 18._o of_o the_o mutation_n of_o dry_a place_n into_o watery_a and_o the_o contrary_a p._n 142_o the_o five_o section_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n and_o wind_n chap._n 19_o of_o the_o atmosphere_n and_o air_n p._n 154_o chap._n 20._o of_o the_o wind_n in_o general_a p._n 179_o chap._n 21._o of_o the_o difference_n of_o wind_n and_o of_o they_o in_o particular_a p._n 187_o 2._o the_o respective_a part_n explain_v the_o celestial_a affection_n chap._n 22._o of_o the_o celestial_a affection_n in_o general_a p._n 2â—3_n ch._n 23._o of_o the_o latitude_n of_o a_o place_n and_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n p._n 207_o chap._n 24._o of_o the_o division_n of_o the_o earth_n into_o zone_n p._n 213_o chap._n 25._o of_o the_o longitude_n of_o the_o day_n and_o division_n of_o the_o earth_n into_o climate_n p._n 220_o chap._n 26._o of_o the_o light_n heatt_z cold_a rains_n with_o other_o property_n of_o the_o zone_n according_a to_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n p._n 231_o chap._n 27._o of_o shadow_n and_o the_o division_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o shadow_n p._n 259_o chap._n 28._o of_o the_o comparation_n of_o the_o celestial_a affection_n in_o divers_a place_n where_o be_v treat_v concern_v the_o antoeci_n perioeci_n and_o antipode_n p._n 269_o chap._n 29._o of_o the_o diversity_n of_o time_n in_o divers_a place_n p._n 275_o chap._n 30._o of_o the_o divers_a rise_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o moon_n and_o of_o the_o other_o appearance_n p._n 280_o 3._o the_o comparative_a part_n consider_v the_o affection_n which_o do_v arise_v from_o the_o compare_v of_o one_o place_n to_o another_o chap._n 31._o of_o the_o longitude_n of_o place_n p._n 291_o chap._n 32._o of_o the_o situation_n of_o place_n one_o to_o another_o p._n 309_o chap._n 33._o of_o the_o mutual_a distance_n of_o place_n p._n 335_o chap._n 34._o of_o the_o visible_a horizon_n p._n 342_o chap._n 35._o of_o the_o art_n of_o navigation_n in_o general_n and_o of_o the_o building_n of_o ship_n p._n 344_o chap._n 36._o of_o the_o lade_n or_o ballace_v of_o ship_n p._n 345_o chap._n 37._o of_o the_o directory_n of_o the_o nautick_a art_n in_o the_o first_o part_n the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o distance_n p._n 347_o chap._n 38._o thâ—â—â—â—ond_a part_n the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o quarter_n p._n 348_o chap._n 39_o the_o three_o part_n of_o histiodromia_n or_o the_o course_n of_o a_o ship_n p._n 353_o chap._n 40._o the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o
about_o the_o meridian_n because_o in_o this_o position_n they_o be_v near_o to_o the_o earth_n almost_o by_o one_o semidiameter_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o same_o argument_n be_v valid_a as_o touch_v the_o sun_n also_o for_o his_o diameter_n be_v not_o find_v great_a in_o the_o meridian_n than_o when_o he_o be_v yet_o on_o the_o horizon_n but_o the_o diameter_n of_o the_o moon_n be_v observe_v to_o be_v a_o little_o great_a in_o the_o meridian_n than_o when_o as_o yet_o she_o be_v on_o the_o horizon_n therefore_o in_o the_o meridian_n it_o be_v somewhat_o nigh_o to_o we_o to_o wit_n almost_o one_o semidiameter_n of_o the_o earth_n chap._n vii_o concern_v the_o substance_n and_o constitution_n of_o the_o earth_n we_o have_v in_o the_o forego_n chapter_n consider_v the_o quality_n or_o property_n of_o the_o earth_n no_o regard_n be_v take_v of_o its_o substance_n or_o be_v but_o now_o these_o be_v declare_v it_o be_v fit_v we_o consider_v this_o also_o that_o we_o may_v know_v what_o kind_n of_o body_n the_o earth_n be_v and_o how_o its_o part_n cohere_v together_o the_o which_o although_o it_o may_v rather_o rather_o seem_v natural_a yet_o because_o it_o be_v requisite_a for_o the_o perfect_a knowledge_n of_o the_o earth_n we_o will_v here_o handle_v brief_o leave_v the_o accurate_a consideration_n thereof_o to_o the_o natural_a philosopher_n proposition_n i._o to_o declare_v of_o what_o simple_a and_o similar_v body_n the_o earth_n may_v consist_v or_o be_v compound_v of_o earth_n of_o the_o four_o element_n of_o the_o earth_n there_o be_v divers_a opinion_n of_o philosopher_n concern_v this_o matter_n the_o peripatetic_n number_n four_o element_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o the_o whole_a sublunary_a world_n be_v now_o sufficient_o know_v to_o the_o very_a vulgar_a fire_n air_n water_n and_o earth_n many_o of_o the_o ancient_n as_o democritus_n and_o leucippus_n determine_v that_o the_o whole_a world_n consist_v of_o very_o little_a solid_a piece_n which_o differ_v only_o in_o their_o various_a figure_n shape_n and_o magnitude_n and_o they_o many_o of_o the_o late_a philosopher_n do_v follow_v and_o of_o late_a cartesius_n endeavour_v by_o such_o a_o hypothesis_n to_o declare_v all_o natural_a appearance_n chemist_n the_o three_o principle_n of_o the_o earth_n by_o chemist_n chemist_n make_v three_o principle_n sal_fw-la sulphur_n and_o mercury_n to_o who_o some_o do_v right_o add_v caput_fw-la mortuum_fw-la or_o the_o dead_a head_n when_o as_o they_o three_o be_v fruitful_a but_o to_o i_o doubtful_a term_n and_o word_n be_v lay_v aside_o and_o the_o thing_n themselves_o well_o consider_v there_o seem_v to_o be_v five_o simple_a body_n the_o first_o principle_n of_o all_o thing_n thing_n by_o other_o five_o simple_a body_n the_o first_o principle_n of_o all_o thing_n to_o wit_n water_n oil_n or_o sulphur_n salt_n earth_n and_o a_o certain_a spirit_n which_o the_o chemist_n call_v mercury_n for_o indeed_o all_o body_n and_o the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v resolve_v into_o those_o five_o elementary_a substance_n notwithstanding_o i_o deny_v not_o that_o those_o differ_v not_o so_o much_o in_o essence_n as_o in_o the_o singular_a variety_n of_o their_o shape_n and_o magnitude_n therefore_o the_o whole_a earth_n consist_v of_o these_o simple_a body_n which_o be_v divers_a way_n commix_v from_o whence_o arise_v so_o great_a variety_n of_o body_n which_o do_v appear_v different_a from_o one_o another_o and_o similar_v or_o body_n of_o like_a part_n but_o the_o more_o exquisite_a declaration_n of_o these_o point_n belong_v to_o natural_a philosophy_n which_o i_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o treat_v of_o more_o at_o large_a in_o the_o first_o volume_n of_o my_o book_n of_o the_o art_n and_o science_n now_o ready_a for_o the_o press_n proposition_n ii_o the_o earth_n be_v divide_v into_o dry_a and_o moist_a part_n or_o into_o earth_n and_o water_n to_o which_o some_o join_v the_o atmosphere_n this_o be_v the_o vulgar_a division_n of_o geographer_n and_o then_o the_o water_n be_v take_v in_o a_o large_a signification_n for_o all_o that_o be_v liquid_a or_o moist_a and_o fluid_a and_o run_a as_o the_o land_n be_v take_v for_o the_o whole_a dry_a and_o consistent_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n nature_n of_o the_o land_n and_o its_o various_a body_n of_o nature_n and_o thereby_o do_v embrace_v and_o comprehend_v such_o various_a body_n of_o nature_n to_o wit_n first_o sand_n loam_n day_n and_o mineral_n earth_n chalk_n cinnaber_n ochre_n terra_fw-la sigiâ—lata_fw-la or_o saracen_n earth_n earth_n of_o samos_n bolearmoniack_n with_o divers_a other_o kind_n of_o earth_n second_o stone_n of_o various_a sort_n the_o chief_a among_o which_o be_v diamond_n emerald_n ruby_n saphire_n etc._n etc._n three_o metal_n among_o which_o be_v gold_n silver_n copper_n tin_n lead_v mercury_n or_o quicksilver_n iron_n steel_n etc._n etc._n four_o brimstone_n salt_n niter_n alom_n bitumen_n vitriol_n antimony_n etc._n etc._n five_o herb_n plant_n etc._n etc._n part_n of_o the_o water_n and_o its_o part_n to_o the_o water_n be_v refer_v first_o the_o sea_n second_o river_n and_o sweet_a water_n three_o lake_n and_o fen_n or_o marsh_n fourthly_a mineral_n water_n as_o hot_a bath_n sour_a water_n etc._n etc._n earth_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n which_o encompass_n the_o earth_n the_o atmosphere_n be_v that_o thin_a and_o subtle_a body_n which_o girt_n and_o encompass_n the_o earth_n towards_o heaven_n and_o contain_v the_o air_n cloud_n shower_n of_o rain_n etc._n etc._n therefore_o into_o these_o three_o part_n the_o earth_n be_v fit_o divide_v proposition_n iii_o to_o expound_v how_o the_o earth_n and_o water_n cleave_v or_o hold_v together_o and_o make_v the_o land_n cavity_n the_o earth_n not_o bound_v with_o one_o superficies_n but_o have_v hollow_a cavity_n 1._o the_o land_n that_o be_v the_o dry_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v not_o bound_v with_o one_o and_o that_o even_a superficies_n or_o surface_n but_o she_o have_v many_o hollow_a cave_n many_o part_n lift_v up_o aloft_o in_o her_o cavity_n cave_n or_o hollow_n which_o be_v here_o and_o there_o find_v round_o about_o the_o whole_a earth_n the_o sea_n or_o ocean_n be_v contain_v and_o therefore_o part_v of_o the_o earthly_a superficies_n be_v cover_v with_o water_n those_o hollow_n or_o cavity_n be_v not_o make_v of_o a_o even_a hollowness_n but_o have_v here_o and_o there_o rock_n and_o elevate_a part_n and_o elsewhere_o they_o have_v gulf_n and_o swallow_n sink_v very_o deep_a so_o the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n appear_v out_o above_o the_o water_n have_v certain_a as_o it_o be_v navel_v in_o its_o middle_n and_o some_o part_n be_v more_o or_o less_o raise_v up_o or_o sink_v down_o than_o other_o so_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o water_n environ_v the_o whole_a earth_n be_v hinder_v that_o it_o overwhelm_v not_o the_o whole_a earth_n but_o the_o high_a part_n and_o such_o as_o appear_v above_o the_o water_n be_v island_n of_o which_o some_o be_v great_a and_o some_o small_a earth_n mouth_n hole_n pipe_n &_o other_o conveyance_n in_o the_o body_n of_o the_o earth_n 2._o beside_o that_o continual_a channel_n in_o the_o earth_n in_o the_o outward_a superficies_n within_o also_o in_o the_o solid_a body_n of_o the_o earth_n there_o be_v innumerable_a mouth_n hole_n swallow_n wind_n conveyance_n deep_n pipe_n and_o huge_a vast_a receiver_n in_o some_o of_o which_o there_o be_v the_o sea_n which_o by_o that_o secret_a conveyance_n be_v join_v to_o the_o channel_n of_o the_o common_a sea_n in_o some_o again_o there_o be_v sweet_a water_n rivers_n stream_n in_o some_o spirit_n or_o else_o a_o sulphury_a and_o smoke_a substance_n seneca_n say_v right_o he_o give_v too_o much_o way_n to_o his_o eyesight_n who_o believe_v not_o that_o there_o be_v in_o the_o hide_a and_o secret_a bosom_n of_o the_o earth_n bay_n of_o a_o vast_a sea_n neither_o do_v i_o perceive_v what_o may_v hinder_v that_o there_o may_v not_o be_v some_o seashore_n and_o the_o sea_n receive_v by_o hide_a passage_n there_o be_v therefore_o no_o cause_n of_o doubt_v of_o there_o be_v many_o hollow_n in_o the_o very_a solid_a earth_n for_o very_o we_o conjecture_v at_o it_o by_o these_o mean_n first_o by_o the_o river_n which_o be_v find_v in_o many_o place_n where_o earth_n be_v dig_v even_o to_o a_o notable_a depth_n which_o be_v frequent_a in_o mine_n second_o in_o some_o place_n the_o profundity_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v beyond_o all_o sound_a or_o measure_n three_o there_o be_v some_o cave_n in_o the_o earth_n in_o the_o western_a part_n of_o hispaniola_n be_v a_o mountain_n of_o a_o great_a height_n be_v hollow_a within_o with_o many_o cave_n in_o which_o river_n of_o water_n be_v throw_v down_o headlong_o with_o so_o great_a sound_n and_o rush_a noise_n of_o stream_n that_o the_o very_a fall_n of_o those_o water_n may_v be_v hear_v
or_o heaven_n which_o the_o meridian_n line_n be_v find_v be_v easy_a to_o do_v by_o the_o mariner_n compass_n or_o the_o magnetic_a needle_n the_o globe_n be_v thus_o place_v at_o every_o moment_n of_o the_o day_n when_o the_o sun_n shine_v on_o the_o globe_n may_v be_v see_v the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n illuminate_v and_o the_o part_n not_o illuminate_v those_o place_n which_o lie_v in_o the_o middle_a semicircle_n of_o the_o part_n illuminate_v be_v those_o which_o will_v have_v the_o meridies_n at_o that_o moment_n of_o time_n to_o those_o which_o be_v seat_v in_o the_o oriental_a semicircle_n divide_v the_o illuminate_v part_n from_o the_o part_n not_o illuminate_v the_o sun_n set_v but_o to_o those_o which_o be_v in_o the_o occidental_a semicircle_n separate_v the_o illuminate_v part_n from_o the_o part_n not_o illuminate_v the_o sun_n rise_v to_o find_v out_o the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o ecliptic_a let_v the_o needle_n or_o spherical_a gromon_n be_v move_v 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show_v the_o degree_n in_o the_o aequator_fw-la from_o whence_o if_o that_o the_o degree_n be_v number_v to_o the_o brazen_a meridian_n and_o these_o degree_n be_v change_v into_o hour_n or_o part_n of_o hour_n hour_n fifteen_o degree_n make_v a_o hour_n you_o shall_v have_v the_o hour_n of_o the_o place_n if_o so_o be_v that_o the_o sun_n be_v between_o the_o occident_n and_o the_o brazen_a meridian_n that_o be_v of_o our_o place_n but_o if_o that_o it_o be_v between_o the_o east_n and_o our_o meridian_n the_o hour_n find_v out_o must_v be_v subtract_v from_o 12_o and_o the_o remain_a number_n will_v show_v the_o hour_n from_o midnight_n if_o that_o such_o a_o brazen_a arch_n be_v adjoin_v to_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o globe_n as_o i_o have_v describe_v 113_o ½_n degree_n it_o may_v be_v bore_v through_o from_o the_o end_n even_o to_o 47_o degree_n that_o be_v from_o the_o departure_n of_o the_o sun_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la and_o a_o turn_a plate_n be_v insert_v in_o it_o which_o 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a_o b_o c_o d_o the_o distance_n from_o the_o verticle_n b_o g_o be_v observe_v by_o a_o quadrant_n let_v at_o alexandria_n in_o the_o day_n of_o the_o solstice_n 21_o of_o june_n g_o f_o or_o g_o f_o be_v observe_v 1_o 50_o of_o the_o periphery_a or_o 7_o degree_n 12_o minute_n but_o in_o syene_n let_v there_o be_v no_o distance_n the_o sun_n hang_v perpendicular_o over_o their_o head_n therefore_o b_o g_z shall_v be_v the_o arch_n intercept_v between_o those_o two_o place_n and_o because_o the_o distance_n put_v be_v 5000_o stadiums_n therefore_o according_a to_o the_o golden_a rule_n it_o shall_v be_v as_o 7_o degree_n 12_o part_n to_o one_o degree_n or_o as_o 1_o 50_o to_o 1_o 360_o or_o as_o 5_o to_o 36_o so_o 5000_o to_o 694_o 4_o 9_o stadiums_n which_o be_v requisite_a for_o one_o degree_n or_o as_o 1_o 50_o be_v to_o 50_o or_o as_o 1_o to_o 50_o so_o 5000_o to_o 250000_o stadiums_n of_o the_o whole_a periphery_n a_o b_o c_o d_o according_a to_o this_o measure_n yet_o see_v there_o be_v divers_a way_n to_o take_v the_o meridian_n altitude_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o distance_n from_o the_o vertical_a point_n g_o b_o eratosthenes_n wrought_v it_o by_o a_o hollow_a spherical_a scioterick_n or_o sundial_n which_o they_o call_v scaphe_n where_o the_o style_n b_o x_o show_v the_o vertex_fw-la o_o x_o z_o but_o the_o radius_fw-la or_o beam_n of_o the_o sun_n terminaitng_a the_o shadow_n of_o the_o style_n or_o pin_n mark_v out_o b_o z_o how_o much_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o sun_n o_o b_o from_o the_o vertex_fw-la 7_o degree_n 12_o fir_v at_o alexandria_n but_o in_o the_o city_n syene_n the_o style_n g_o x_o make_v no_o shadow_n that_o day_n because_o o_o the_o sun_n hang_v perpendicular_o over_o it_o and_o therefore_o there_o be_v no_o distance_n of_o the_o sun_n then_o because_o therefore_o the_o angle_n b_o x_o z_o be_v equal_a to_o the_o angle_n b_o x_o o_o who_o measure_n be_v b_o o_o or_o b_o z_o there_o b_o o_fw-fr be_v equal_a to_o b_o z_o 7_o degree_n 12_o first_o minute_n or_o 1_o 50_o of_o the_o periphery_a the_o other_o thing_n be_v perform_v as_o it_o have_v be_v say_v the_o three_o manner_n of_o posidonius_n earth_n posidonius_n manner_n use_v about_o the_o magnitude_n etc._n etc._n of_o the_o earth_n let_v two_o place_n b_o g_z be_v under_o the_o same_o meridian_n posidonius_n take_v b_o rhodes_n and_o g_o the_o city_n alexandria_n in_o egypt_n let_v the_o altitude_n of_o some_o star_n in_o these_o two_o place_n when_o it_o come_v into_o the_o meridian_n above_o the_o horizon_n and_o that_o in_o the_o same_o day_n or_o in_o divers_a day_n which_o matter_n not_o at_o all_o posidonius_n take_v the_o shine_a star_n canobus_n which_o be_v of_o the_o first_o magnitude_n in_o argonavi_n scheme_n see_v scheme_n but_o this_o star_n do_v not_o rise_v above_o the_o horizon_n of_o rhodes_n h_o h_n s_n but_o do_v only_o touch_v the_o horizon_n in_o s_n yet_o it_o be_v elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n of_o alexandria_n f_o r_o t_o in_o the_o arch_n t_o s_o 1_o 48_o part_n of_o the_o whole_a periphery_n or_o 7_o degree_n 30_o minute_n therefore_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o arch_n t_o s_o that_o be_v b_o g_o shall_v be_v 7_o degree_n 30_o minute_n unto_o 1_o degree_n or_o as_o 1_o 48_o part_n unto_o 1_o 360_o that_o be_v as_o 1_o to_o 48_o so_o 5000_o to_o 240000_o stadiums_n of_o the_o whole_a perimeter_n of_o the_o earth_n according_a to_o these_o hypothesis_n of_o posidonius_n the_o four_o manner_n or_o way_n of_o snellius_n earth_n snellius_n way_n about_o the_o dimension_n and_o magnitude_n of_o the_o earth_n because_o in_o the_o former_a way_n we_o have_v take_v two_o place_n b_o g_z lying_z under_o the_o same_o meridian_n and_o yet_o the_o place_n fit_a for_o this_o business_n may_v lie_v under_o divers_a meridian_n therefore_o we_o think_v it_o requisite_a that_o a_o example_n and_o that_o of_o snellius_n shall_v be_v also_o concern_v this_o case_n here_o propose_v let_v therefore_o a_o b_o c_o d_o be_v the_o meridian_n of_o alcmaria_n b_o alcmaria_n itself_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n h_o a_o 52_o degree_n 40_o ½_n minute_n the_o distance_n from_o the_o pole_n b_o a_o 37_o degree_n 19_o minute_n 30_o second_n scheme_n see_v scheme_n let_v the_o other_o place_n be_v p_o bergenapsome_n the_o meridian_n a_o p_o v_o v_o the_o distance_n from_o the_o pole_n that_o be_v the_o compliment_n of_o the_o elevation_n 51_o degree_n 29_o minute_n a_o p_o be_v 38_o degree_n 31_o minute_n therefore_o p_o g_o a_o perpendicular_a line_n be_v draw_v to_o a_o b_o g_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o distance_n from_o the_o pole_n be_v b_o g_o 71_o minute_n 30_o second_n or_o 1_o degree_n 11_o minute_n 30_o second_n moreover_o snellius_n by_o a_o laborious_a geodesie_n or_o earth-meeting_n find_v the_o distance_n of_o alcmaria_n from_o bergen_n b_o p_o to_o be_v 34710_o rhindlandish_a perch_n and_o the_o angle_n of_o position_n p_o b_o g_o to_o be_v 11_o degree_n 26_o minute_n 2_o second_n therefore_o in_o the_o triangle_n straight_o angle_v p_o b_o g_o the_o hypotenuse_n b_o p_o and_o the_o angle_n b_o p_o g_o be_v give_v therefore_o by_o the_o problem_n of_o the_o second_o chapter_n b_o g_z be_v find_v 34018_o for_o which_o snellius_n take_v 33930_o for_o he_o detract_v 88_o perch_n from_o the_o station_n of_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n but_o the_o arch_n b_o g_o 71_o ½_n scruple_n be_v the_o difference_n of_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n therefore_o as_o 71_o ½_n minute_n be_v to_o 1_o degree_n or_o 60_o minute_n so_o be_v 33930_o or_o 34018_o to_o 28473_o perch_n for_o one_o degree_n or_o according_a to_o the_o round_a number_n 28500_o or_o 19_o holland_n mile_n they_o which_o understand_v spherical_a trigonometry_n from_o the_o give_v a_o b_o a_o p_o the_o angle_n a_o b_o p_o may_v find_v the_o arch_n b_o p_o to_n be_v 1_o degree_n 14_o minute_n which_o when_o they_o be_v equal_a with_o 34710_o perch_n 1_o degree_n shall_v be_v equal_a to_o the_o perch_n or_o of_o 18_o mile_n and_o ⅘_n but_o the_o cause_n that_o this_o number_n differ_v from_o that_o of_o snellius_n be_v first_o that_o snellius_n do_v not_o take_v the_o very_a point_n of_o the_o tower_n b_o p_o by_o which_o he_o obtain_v the_o angle_n g_o b_o p_o for_o the_o know_v the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n but_o he_o take_v the_o place_n a_o little_a distant_a from_o they_o 197._o see_v snellius_n in_o page_n 197._o notwithstanding_o no_o man_n can_v doubt_v but_o the_o same_o may_v be_v find_v to_o be_v the_o altitude_n of_o the_o pole_n the_o other_o cause_n be_v that_o he_o take_v the_o line_n b_o g_z b_o p_o p_o g_o as_o straight_o which_o nevertheless_o be_v not_o straight_o although_o this_o discord_n may_v seem_v to_o make_v little_a or_o no_o difference_n of_o any_o moment_n but_o let_v snellius_n his_o quantity_n of_o a_o degree_n of_o 28500_o perch_n be_v take_v mine_n of_o 28300_o perch_n his_o make_v 19_o 147_o 150_o mile_n mine_n 18_o ⅘_n mile_n the_o perimeter_n or_o circuit_n according_a to_o snellius_n shall_v be_v 10260000_o perch_n 123120000_o foot_n or_o 8640_o holland_n mile_n the_o five_o manner_n be_v the_o first_o terrestrial_a way_n of_o measure_v the_o earth_n earth_n the_o first_o terrestrial_a way_n for_o the_o find_v out_o the_o magnitude_n etc._n etc._n of_o the_o earth_n the_o three_o follow_a manner_n or_o way_n be_v terrestrial_a perform_v the_o work_n without_o the_o heaven_n or_o meridian_n line_n let_v b_o p_o be_v the_o altitude_n of_o the_o tower_n this_o be_v to_o be_v seek_v out_o in_o a_o land-measuring_a way_n then_o let_v p_o s_o be_v the_o distance_n of_o the_o most_o remote_a term_n from_o whence_o the_o tower_n may_v be_v see_v and_o although_o p_o be_v be_v not_o a_o strait_a line_n yet_o because_o it_o be_v the_o least_o part_n of_o the_o periphery_a of_o the_o whole_a earth_n therefore_o it_o be_v take_v for_o a_o strait_a line_n and_o the_o triangle_n straight_o angle_v b_o p_o s_o in_o which_o by_o the_o give_v b_o p_o p_o s_o the_o angle_n b_o s_o p_o be_v find_v to_o who_o b_o r_z s_z be_v equal_a who_o measure_n be_v the_o arch_n s_o p._n therefore_o as_o this_o arch_n be_v to_o one_o degree_n so_o p_o s_o the_o find_v distance_n scheme_n see_v scheme_n be_v to_o the_o quantity_n of_o one_o degree_n as_o for_o example_n let_v b_o p_o the_o altitude_n be_v 480_o pace_n and_o let_v the_o distance_n p_o s_z of_o the_o point_n s_o which_o end_v the_o sight_n be_v 40000_o pace_n or_o 10_o german_a mile_n therefore_o let_v it_o be_v wrought_v according_a to_o the_o problem_n of_o the_o second_o chapter_n as_o
either_o more_o thick_a or_o subtle_a than_o the_o former_a they_o be_v refract_v where_o they_o have_v enter_v at_o this_o other_o medium_fw-la or_o deflect_v from_o a_o strait_a direct_a course_n to_o the_o side_n the_o explication_n be_v easy_a from_o a_o vulgar_a experiment_n let_v any_o vessel_n be_v take_v and_o let_v a_o ball_n of_o gold_n or_o copper_n or_o gold_n money_n be_v affix_v to_o the_o bottom_n then_o depart_v back_o from_o the_o vessel_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o obstacle_n of_o the_o side_n of_o the_o vessel_n you_o can_v no_o long_o see_v the_o money_n at_o the_o bottom_n then_o pour_v water_n into_o the_o vessel_n which_o be_v do_v you_o shall_v see_v again_o in_o the_o former_a distance_n the_o money_n at_o the_o bottom_n from_o hence_o it_o follow_v that_o see_v no_o ray_n can_v direct_o come_v from_o the_o money_n to_o the_o eye_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o side_n of_o the_o vessel_n and_o yet_o afterward_o the_o water_n be_v infuse_v the_o ray_n arrive_v at_o the_o eye_n it_o follow_v i_o say_v from_o hence_o that_o the_o ray_n proceed_v from_o the_o money_n where_o they_o enter_v into_o the_o air_n from_o the_o water_n do_v deflect_v or_o be_v refract_v from_o the_o direct_a way_n and_o be_v so_o refract_v they_o arrive_v at_o the_o eye_n it_o be_v call_v refraction_n by_o reason_n that_o for_o this_o cause_n a_o oar_n be_v partly_o in_o the_o water_n do_v appear_v refract_v or_o break_v scheme_n see_v scheme_n so_o let_v the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v t_o l_o the_o eye_n in_o the_o superficies_n let_v d_o r_o f_o p_o be_v the_o superficies_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n or_o air._n therefore_o no_o ray_n can_v direct_o arrive_v at_o the_o eye_n l_o because_o it_o be_v beneath_o l_o f_o g_o for_o other_o inferior_a ray_n will_v fall_v in_o on_o the_o tumour_n of_o the_o earth_n l_o o._n wherefore_o no_o star_n can_v appear_v in_o a_o direct_a ray_n until_o it_o come_v to_o the_o horizontal_n line_n l_o f_o g_o and_o the_o star_n appear_v before_o viz._n whilst_o that_o they_o be_v yet_o beneath_o l_o g_o for_o example_n in_o s_n and_o yet_o from_o s_n to_o the_o eye_n l_o no_o ray_n can_v direct_o come_v because_o that_o it_o shall_v first_o fall_v on_o l_o o._n therefore_o of_o necessity_n the_o ray_n which_o come_v from_o the_o star_n s_o to_o the_o eye_n l_o be_v not_o a_o direct_a but_o a_o refracted_a ray_n viz._n l_o f_o which_o refracted_a ray_n be_v propogate_v from_o the_o incident_a ray_n s_o f_o to_o wit_n s_o f_o falling_z from_o the_o aether_n on_o the_o more_o thick_a medium_fw-la viz._n the_o atmosphere_n in_o f_o be_v refract_v and_o become_v f_o l_o when_o that_o it_o be_v direct_v in_o n_z and_o so_o the_o star_n appear_v before_o that_o it_o can_v true_o appear_v by_o a_o direct_a ray_n that_o be_v before_o that_o it_o arrive_v at_o the_o horizontal_n line_n l_o f_o g._n so_o a_o star_n be_v in_o s_n be_v not_o see_v by_o the_o direct_a ray_n s_o l_o but_o by_o the_o refract_v r_o l_o who_o incident_a ray_n be_v s_o r_o and_o direct_v r_o m_z and_o therefore_o the_o star_n s_o appeareth_z high_a by_o reason_n of_o refraction_n than_o it_o be_v and_o in_o another_o place_n it_o appear_v high_a in_o the_o arch_n x_o g_o or_o in_o the_o angle_n r_o l_o g_o as_o if_o it_o be_v in_o x_o when_o indeed_o it_o be_v in_o s_o for_o this_o be_v the_o nature_n of_o refraction_n that_o the_o ray_n fall_v from_o a_o more_o rarify_v medium_n on_o a_o more_o thick_a as_o from_o the_o aether_n upon_o the_o air_n they_o become_v refract_v or_o decline_v towards_o the_o perpendicular_a draw_v through_o the_o point_n of_o incidency_n or_o fall_v into_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o incidency_n or_o medium_n for_o example_n the_o ray_n s_o f_o fall_v in_a from_o the_o aether_n on_o the_o air_n f_o be_v the_o point_n of_o the_o incidency_n t_o f_o the_o perpendicular_a draw_v through_o f_o to_o the_o superficies_n d_o r_o f_o p_o therefore_o the_o ray_n s_o f_o n_z shall_v be_v refract_v f_o t_n that_o of_o f_o n_z may_v be_v make_v f_o l._n so_o of_o r_o m_o be_v make_v r_o l_o but_o the_o contrary_n be_v when_o that_o the_o ray_n proceed_v from_o the_o water_n to_o the_o air_n for_o than_o they_o more_o recede_v from_o the_o perpendicular_a line_n draw_v last_o this_o also_o be_v the_o nature_n of_o refraction_n that_o the_o ray_n fall_v in_o perpendicular_o on_o the_o superficies_n of_o another_o medium_n be_v not_o refract_v but_o only_o those_o that_o fall_v oblique_o and_o not_o perpendicular_o and_o by_o so_o much_o they_o be_v the_o more_o refract_v by_o how_o much_o they_o fall_v in_o the_o less_o perpendicular_o or_o by_o how_o much_o the_o more_o they_o depart_v from_o the_o perpendicular_a so_o the_o ray_n s_o t_n f_o t_o h_o d_o t_o be_v not_o refract_v because_o that_o they_o be_v perpendicular_a on_o the_o superficies_n d_o r_o f_o p_o but_o the_o ray_n s_o f_o s_o r_o be_v refract_v because_o that_o they_o fall_v oblique_o and_o indeed_o s_n f_z more_o than_o s_n r._n from_o whence_o it_o follow_v which_o experience_n also_o testify_v that_o by_o how_o much_o the_o star_n be_v more_o near_o the_o horizon_n by_o so_o much_o the_o more_o they_o refract_v their_o ray_n by_o how_o much_o the_o high_a by_o so_o much_o the_o less_o and_o astronomer_n have_v observe_v that_o the_o refraction_n be_v insensible_a where_o the_o star_n have_v attain_v the_o altitude_n of_o 20_o degree_n not_o that_o there_o be_v no_o refraction_n but_o that_o it_o be_v very_o small_a and_o for_o many_o example_n the_o skilful_a in_o the_o optic_n and_o late_a mathematician_n have_v derive_v the_o rule_n of_o refraction_n of_o all_o ray_n fall_v in_o oblique_o viz._n that_o in_o every_o medium_n there_o be_v one_o constant_a account_n between_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n fall_v in_o and_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n refract_v to_o wit_n the_o angle_n n_z f_o t_n be_v term_v the_o angle_n of_o incidency_n l_o f_o t_o the_o angle_n refract_v n_z f_o l_o the_o angle_n of_o refraction_n and_o so_o in_o the_o refraction_n of_o the_o ray_n s_o r_o m._n therefore_o as_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n t_o f_o n_z be_v to_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n t_o f_o l_o the_o same_o be_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n t_o r_o m_o to_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o angle_n t_o r_o l._n thence_o it_o follow_v that_o if_o from_o observation_n we_o have_v the_o quantity_n of_o refraction_n to_o the_o elevation_n of_o one_o ray_n we_o may_v thence_o know_v the_o quantity_n of_o the_o refraction_n of_o all_o other_o howsoever_o elevate_v proposition_n xxii_o the_o atmosphere_n or_o air_n cause_v the_o sun_n or_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o star_n to_o be_v see_v before_o that_o they_o arise_v in_o the_o horizon_n also_o to_o appear_v for_o some_o small_a space_n of_o time_n after_o that_o they_o have_v set_v also_o that_o they_o appear_v high_a than_o they_o be_v and_o in_o another_o place_n of_o the_o heaven_n as_o long_o as_o that_o they_o be_v no_o high_a than_o 20_o degree_n horizon_n the_o air_n cause_v the_o sun_n and_o star_n to_o be_v see_v before_o they_o arise_v in_o the_o horizon_n we_o have_v sufficient_o explain_v the_o cause_n in_o the_o precedent_a proposition_n only_o we_o shall_v add_v some_o experience_n or_o natural_a phaenomenon_n when_o that_o the_o dutch_a winter_v in_o nova_n zembla_n the_o sun_n appear_v to_o they_o soon_o by_o sixteen_o day_n than_o it_o be_v in_o the_o horizon_n that_o be_v when_o that_o it_o be_v as_o yet_o depress_v beneath_o the_o horizon_n about_o four_o degree_n and_o that_o in_o a_o serene_a air._n and_o famous_a astronomer_n have_v find_v it_o out_o with_o tycho_n brahe_n that_o in_o our_o place_n the_o morning-sky_n or_o air_n be_v serene_a we_o may_v behold_v the_o sun_n elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n 34_o minute_n when_o that_o as_o yet_o he_o be_v whole_o under_o the_o horizon_n yet_o so_o that_o his_o limbus_n or_o skirt_n do_v enlighten_v the_o horizon_n and_o the_o sun_n seem_v to_o arise_v when_o that_o as_o yet_o he_o be_v depress_v about_o 34_o minute_n beneath_o the_o horizon_n to_o wit_n the_o air_n of_o the_o place_n where_o we_o be_v be_v serene_a so_o the_o spica_fw-la virgin_n a_o bright_a star_n seem_v to_o rise_v to_o we_o when_o that_o yet_o he_o be_v depress_v 32_o minute_n beneath_o the_o horizon_n which_o be_v thence_o collect_v because_o be_v seem_v to_o arise_v when_o the_o cauda_fw-la leonis_fw-la be_v 34_o degree_n 30_o minute_n high_a and_o in_o the_o same_o quarter_n in_o which_o this_o star_n of_o the_o
sun_n theorem_fw-la the_o meridian_n of_o every_o place_n pass_v through_o both_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o meridian_n be_v draw_v through_o every_o ten_o degree_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la which_o be_v the_o meridian_n of_o all_o those_o place_n through_o which_o they_o pass_v but_o instead_o of_o the_o meridian_n of_o all_o other_o place_n that_o do_v supply_v the_o place_n which_o be_v make_v of_o brass_n and_o in_o which_o the_o globe_n do_v hang._n for_o instance_n if_o that_o any_o place_n in_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o globe_n be_v bring_v unto_o the_o brazen_a meridian_n that_o shall_v be_v the_o meridian_n of_o the_o place_n in_o map_n of_o straight_a line_n the_o meridian_n be_v straight_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o top_n or_o uppermost_a part_n unto_o the_o bottom_n in_o map_n of_o crooked_a line_n they_o be_v those_o crooked_a line_n which_o join_v in_o the_o pole_n norizou_n the_o norizou_n sight_o the_o horizon_n of_o any_o place_n in_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v the_o great_a imaginary_a circle_n in_o the_o heaven_n which_o terminate_v the_o visible_a part_n of_o the_o heaven_n in_o that_o place_n it_o be_v also_o term_v the_o rational_a horizon_n that_o it_o may_v be_v distinguish_v from_o the_o visible_a horizon_n which_o be_v improper_o so_o call_v it_o have_v no_o place_n in_o the_o artificial_a globe_n but_o a_o wooden_a circle_n in_o which_o the_o globe_n be_v sustain_v with_o its_o brazen_a meridian_n and_o serve_v instead_o of_o the_o horizon_n of_o any_o place_n as_o shall_v be_v show_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v term_v the_o wooden_a horizon_n and_o simple_o the_o horizon_n these_o be_v the_o definition_n who_o knowledge_n be_v necessary_a for_o the_o attain_v the_o follow_a doctrine_n beside_o which_o it_o behove_v we_o to_o borrow_v from_o astronomy_n the_o mode_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o star_n star_n the_o motion_n of_o the_o sun_n moon_n and_o star_n the_o first_o and_o common_a motion_n be_v that_o by_o which_o the_o sun_n moon_n and_o all_o the_o star_n seem_v to_o be_v carry_v round_o about_o the_o earth_n to_o arise_v to_o we_o to_o make_v the_o meridian_n and_o to_o set_v and_o that_o in_o the_o space_n of_o twenty_o four_o hour_n every_o one_o of_o the_o star_n and_o the_o sun_n every_o day_n by_o this_o their_o common_a motion_n seem_v to_o deseribe_v parallel_n circle_n unto_o the_o aequator_fw-la because_o that_o this_o motion_n be_v perform_v upon_o the_o axis_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o same_o and_o therefore_o the_o aequator_fw-la be_v the_o great_a circle_n of_o this_o motion_n and_o the_o rule_n and_o square_n by_o which_o we_o measure_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o other_o parallel_n in_o every_o hour_n they_o pass_v fifteen_o degree_n through_o the_o meridian_n both_o of_o the_o aequator_fw-la and_o every_o other_o parallel_n for_o 360_o degree_n divide_v by_o 24_o the_o hour_n give_v unto_o every_o hour_n fifteen_o and_o therefore_o one_o hour_n and_o fifteen_o degree_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la make_v a_o equal_a proportion_n the_o horary_a circle_n show_v the_o hour_n which_o circle_n be_v affix_v unto_o the_o artificial_a globe_n be_v see_v in_o the_o brazen_a meridian_n where_o the_o pin_n or_o hand_n adher_v to_o the_o extremity_n of_o the_o axis_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o it_o be_v turn_v about_o in_o the_o horary_a circle_n to_o show_v the_o hour_n sun_n the_o second_o motion_n of_o the_o sun_n second_o the_o proper_a and_o second_o motion_n of_o the_o sun_n which_o be_v also_o annual_a be_v that_o in_o which_o the_o sun_n or_o rather_o the_o earth_n be_v move_v from_o west_n to_o east_n or_o contrary_a to_o its_o first_o motion_n the_o time_n or_o number_n of_o the_o day_n in_o which_o the_o sun_n return_v unto_o the_o same_o point_n from_o whence_o it_o depart_v or_o in_o which_o it_o perform_v its_o whole_a period_n or_o circle_n be_v term_v a_o year_n now_o such_o a_o year_n be_v 361_o day_n and_o one_o four_o part_n of_o a_o day_n or_o thereabouts_o the_o way_n of_o this_o second_o solary_a motion_n be_v term_v the_o ecliptic_a as_o we_o have_v say_v before_o which_o be_v divide_v into_o twelve_o part_n which_o be_v call_v sign_n for_o astronomer_n have_v observe_v these_o constellation_n of_o the_o heaven_n through_o which_o this_o way_n of_o the_o sun_n do_v lie_v and_o from_o these_o constellation_n denominate_v the_o twelve_o part_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a and_o because_o that_o all_o constellation_n represent_v the_o form_n of_o animal_n therefore_o the_o ancient_n term_v that_o way_n or_o ecliptic_a weaven_n the_o zodiac_n zone_n or_o girdle_n in_o the_o weaven_n the_o zodiac_n yet_o those_o which_o speak_v more_o distinct_o call_v the_o zodiac_n a_o zone_n or_o girdle_n in_o the_o heaven_n who_o middle_a be_v the_o very_a ecliptic_a itself_o or_o path_n of_o the_o sun_n but_o the_o extreme_a part_n from_o both_o side_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a be_v distant_a from_o it_o eight_o degree_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o planet_n have_v a_o certain_a peculiar_a motion_n from_o east_n to_o west_n in_o which_o motion_n they_o do_v not_o describe_v the_o ecliptic_a itself_o but_o path_n decline_v somewhat_o from_o the_o ecliptic_a which_o declination_n by_o reason_n that_o it_o exceed_v not_o 8_o degree_n therefore_o they_o do_v attribute_v 16_o degree_n of_o latitude_n unto_o the_o zodiac_n viz._n eight_o from_o both_o part_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a so_o that_o the_o zodiac_n be_v that_o space_n of_o the_o heaven_n in_o which_o the_o planet_n be_v always_o move_v neither_o do_v they_o ever_o move_v out_o of_o it_o and_o the_o ecliptic_a be_v the_o middle_a line_n of_o the_o zodiac_n which_o the_o sun_n pass_v through_o by_o a_o annual_a motion_n in_o which_o it_o always_o keep_v its_o fix_a course_n moreover_o the_o sign_n or_o constellation_n of_o the_o heaven_n through_o which_o the_o ecliptic_a and_o the_o zodiac_n pass_v be_v these_o march_v 21._o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr zodiac_n the_o sign_n of_o the_o zodiac_n ♈_o ♉_o ♊_o aries_n taurus_n gemini_fw-la june_n 21._o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr ♋_o ♌_o â™_o cancer_n leo_n virgo_fw-la september_n 21._o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr ♎_o â™_o â™_o libra_n scorpius_n sagitarius_n december_n 21._o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr ♑_o â™’_o ♓_o capricorn_n aquarius_n pisces_fw-la moreover_o the_o ecliptic_a oblique_o cut_v the_o aequator_fw-la ecliptic_a ecliptic_a so_o that_o its_o great_a distance_n be_v twenty_o three_o degree_n and_o about_o thirty_o minute_n where_o therefore_o the_o ecliptic_a cut_v the_o aequator_fw-la which_o he_o do_v in_o two_o point_n in_o one_o of_o these_o be_v place_v the_o beginning_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a and_o also_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o account_v of_o the_o sigus_fw-la in_o those_o point_v the_o sun_n then_o be_v in_o cause_v the_o equality_n of_o the_o day_n and_o night_n in_o all_o place_n as_o also_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o 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minute_n and_o 8_o second_o which_o be_v something_o less_o than_o a_o degree_n sun_n the_o motion_n of_o the_o sun_n now_o as_o the_o sun_n in_o a_o year_n time_n or_o 12_o month_n run_v over_o the_o whole_a ecliptic_a or_o 12_o sign_n of_o the_o zodiac_n so_o also_o in_o every_o month_n he_o pass_v about_o one_o sign_n but_o his_o entrance_n into_o the_o sign_n be_v not_o at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o month_n but_o on_o the_o 21th_o day_n of_o every_o month_n and_o this_o be_v according_a to_o the_o gregorian_a calendar_n and_o on_o the_o 11_o day_n of_o every_o month_n according_a to_o the_o old_a julian_n account_n viz._n on_o the_o 21th_o of_o march_n he_o enter_v the_o sign_n of_o aries_n or_o the_o very_a section_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a with_o the_o aequator_fw-la then_o on_o the_o 21th_o of_o april_n he_o enter_v taurus_n and_o so_o on_o now_o
distance_n from_o the_o place_n assume_v the_o spring_n when_o he_o go_v from_o a_o point_n of_o moderate_a distance_n towards_o the_o very_a vertex_fw-la of_o the_o pole_n or_o to_o the_o point_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a which_o be_v vertical_a to_o the_o place_n or_o to_o the_o parallel_n of_o the_o place_n the_o summer_n where_o the_o sun_n go_v from_o this_o other_o point_n of_o middle_a distance_n to_o a_o point_n of_o great_a distance_n that_o be_v the_o first_o degree_n of_o capricorn_n or_o cancer_n 2._o in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la itself_o the_o sun_n no_o day_n of_o the_o year_n remain_v above_o the_o horizon_n more_o or_o less_o hour_n than_o twelve_o and_o so_o many_o beneath_o the_o horizon_n in_o other_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n one_o hour_n or_o a_o hour_n and_o a_o half_a at_o the_o most_o viz._n in_o the_o extreme_a place_n of_o this_o zone_n about_o the_o tropic_n of_o cancer_n and_o capricorn_n when_o the_o day_n be_v at_o the_o long_a the_o 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hour_n before_o the_o rise_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o after_o his_o set_n those_o place_n have_v the_o light_n and_o heat_n of_o the_o twilight_n 4_o the_o moon_n almost_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o the_o sun_n ascend_v direct_o from_o the_o horizon_n towards_o the_o meridian_n of_o those_o place_n yet_o a_o little_a more_o oblique_o because_o it_o depart_v from_o the_o ecliptic_a and_o therefore_o towards_o the_o torrid_a zone_n about_o five_o degree_n and_o it_o remain_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o the_o sun_n a_o little_a above_o twelve_o hour_n above_o the_o horizon_n and_o be_v depress_v beneath_o it_o almost_o so_o many_o hour_n and_o that_o profound_o as_o we_o have_v speak_v of_o the_o sun_n therefore_o with_o her_o direct_a ray_n or_o those_o near_a to_o the_o perpendicular_a she_o will_v augment_v the_o warmness_n of_o the_o night_n especial_o when_o she_o be_v vertical_a to_o any_o place_n and_o diminish_v it_o by_o her_o recess_n but_o by_o reason_n of_o her_o 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land_n of_o the_o negro_n in_o many_o place_n of_o arabia_n in_o peru_n and_o in_o the_o place_n between_o peru_n and_o brazilia_n whence_o in_o these_o place_n a_o very_a great_a heat_n be_v raise_v by_o the_o sun_n because_o the_o particle_n of_o the_o sand_n do_v very_o long_o retain_v the_o heat_n receive_v from_o the_o sun_n and_o soon_o communicate_v the_o same_o to_o the_o vicine_fw-la air._n in_o other_o place_n the_o river_n be_v many_o and_o in_o those_o sandy_a one_o few_o there_o be_v many_o in_o abyssine_n in_o guiney_n congo_n india_n and_o in_o brazilia_n hence_o humid_a vapour_n be_v raise_v which_o do_v very_o much_o blunt_v the_o force_n of_o the_o sun_n ray_n and_o render_v his_o heat_n more_o tolerable_a 7._o the_o most_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n have_v the_o sea_n adjacent_a as_o india_n and_o its_o isle_n the_o tongue_n of_o africa_n guiney_n brazilia_n peru_n mexico_n some_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v mediterranean_n as_o the_o more_o inward_a africa_n the_o region_n between_o peru_n and_o brazilia_n whence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o in_o those_o place_n the_o heat_n and_o drought_n be_v great_a and_o in_o some_o or_o most_o of_o they_o the_o air_n be_v more_o moist_a and_o less_o fervent_a than_o can_v be_v cause_v by_o the_o sun_n except_o other_o cause_n happen_v 8._o most_o of_o the_o region_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n see_v that_o they_o be_v almost_o encompass_v by_o the_o sea_n have_v in_o the_o middle_a place_n more_o or_o lesser_a ridge_n of_o exceed_v high_a mountain_n as_o india_n and_o its_o isle_n the_o tongue_n of_o africa_n and_o peru_n these_o row_n of_o mountain_n do_v very_o much_o vary_v the_o light_n heat_n and_o ray_n of_o those_o place_n somewhere_o they_o hinder_v the_o oriental_a ray_n of_o the_o sun_n otherwhere_o the_o occidental_a moreover_o the_o humid_a vapour_n condense_v in_o the_o air_n be_v move_v to_o the_o vertices_fw-la of_o these_o mountain_n as_o we_o have_v show_v in_o 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blow_v some_o be_v fix_v wind_n of_o which_o we_o have_v large_o treat_v in_o the_o one_o and_o twenty_o chapter_n now_o these_o wind_n do_v very_o much_o disturb_v the_o celestial_a cause_n of_o the_o season_n for_o they_o be_v almost_o as_o equal_o constant_a and_o observe_v order_n as_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o heaven_n itself_o they_o bring_v down_o the_o air_n compel_v the_o vapour_n towards_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n and_o by_o other_o mode_n alter_v the_o season_n ten_o anniversary_n rain_n be_v in_o many_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o take_v away_o the_o celestial_a cause_n see_v that_o they_o be_v as_o equal_o constant_a as_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sun_n itself_o for_o those_o err_v who_o suppose_v that_o this_o our_o sublunary_a orb_n observe_v all_o with_o inconstancy_n and_o without_o order_n and_o that_o the_o celestial_a only_o have_v a_o constant_a motion_n see_v that_o the_o cause_n hitherto_o speak_v of_o be_v so_o various_a to_o be_v able_a to_o cause_v the_o heat_n and_o the_o property_n of_o the_o season_n and_o in_o one_o place_n some_o be_v from_o other_o cause_n in_o another_o other_o be_v of_o force_n or_o concur_v in_o divers_a season_n of_o the_o year_n or_o mutual_o impede_fw-la one_o another_o hence_o we_o discover_v why_o the_o cause_n and_o condition_n of_o the_o season_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v so_o various_a proposition_n xi_o how_o the_o spring_n summer_n autumn_n and_o winter_n terrestrial_a do_v behave_v themselves_o and_o in_o what_o month_n of_o the_o year_n they_o commence_v in_o the_o divers_a place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n zone_n of_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o season_n in_o place_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n we_o have_v say_v before_o and_o especial_o in_o the_o second_o proposition_n that_o
the_o brazilian_o in_o the_o month_n of_o october_n and_o february_n and_o strike_v the_o earth_n with_o reflex_n ray_n at_o most_o acute_a angle_n which_o diversity_n of_o these_o region_n promise_v the_o inhabitant_n perpetual_a health_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o often_o calm_v and_o the_o air_n quell_v all_o noxious_a heat_n hence_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o dollect_v that_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n do_v not_o so_o much_o depend_v immediate_o on_o the_o sun_n and_o his_o motion_n as_o on_o the_o species_n of_o the_o wind_n the_o diversity_n of_o aspect_n of_o the_o star_n the_o quality_n and_o peculiar_a situation_n of_o the_o region_n moreover_o in_o these_o mediterranean_a region_n towards_o the_o west_n the_o night_n be_v more_o cold_a than_o in_o the_o maritime_a so_o much_o some_o time_n that_o the_o frost_n seize_v on_o the_o very_a hair_n of_o the_o people_n in_o the_o same_o month_n from_o the_o east_n about_o the_o ocean_n be_v summer_n and_o siccity_n brazilia_n no_o 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pleasant_a hill_n there_o be_v no_o mountain_n of_o any_o great_a height_n in_o the_o coast_n but_o yet_o some_o be_v discover_v afar_o off_o in_o the_o solitude_n among_o the_o barren_a hill_n yet_o not_o every_o where_n but_o with_o some_o interval_n of_o miles_n the_o valley_n be_v interpose_v every_o one_o irrigate_v with_o some_o small_a river_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n be_v not_o only_o fertile_a in_o the_o pluvial_a month_n but_o also_o in_o those_o of_o the_o summer_n the_o hill_n in_o the_o summer_n month_n be_v sterile_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n so_o that_o they_o wither_v and_o grass_n do_v not_o only_o die_v on_o they_o but_o sometime_o the_o tree_n also_o it_o very_o seldom_o rain_v throughout_o the_o whole_a day_n and_o night_n and_o for_o some_o continual_a day_n very_o seldom_o without_o intermission_n the_o pluvial_a month_n do_v a_o little_a differ_v in_o the_o year_n 1640._o as_o mariner_n have_v observe_v there_o be_v 7_o pluvial_a month_n 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the_o same_o climate_n have_v the_o summer_n and_o winter_n in_o divers_a time_n although_o they_o be_v very_o near_o to_o one_o another_o 7._o that_o those_o place_n which_o have_v siccity_n and_o humidity_n contrary_a to_o the_o access_n and_o recess_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v so_o situate_v that_o on_o the_o east_n they_o have_v ridge_n of_o mountain_n and_o that_o they_o regard_v the_o west_n peru_n except_v 8._o that_o the_o season_n observe_v no_o certain_a rule_n in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n 9_o that_o although_o most_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n divide_v the_o year_n into_o two_o season_n which_o be_v likewise_o observe_v by_o many_o writer_n to_o wit_n a_o pluvial_a and_o dry_a season_n yet_o it_o may_v apt_o be_v divide_v into_o four_o so_o that_o they_o may_v not_o only_o have_v a_o summer_n and_o a_o winter_n but_o also_o a_o spring_n and_o a_o autumn_n for_o as_o in_o our_o part_n the_o spring_n approach_v near_o the_o nature_n of_o summer_n and_o the_o autumn_n of_o winter_n so_o also_o the_o dry_a place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n may_v be_v divide_v 10._o and_o last_o in_o some_o place_n there_o be_v a_o continual_a harvest_n in_o some_o only_o in_o two_o part_n of_o the_o year_n and_o in_o other_o only_o in_o one_o part_n of_o the_o year_n proposition_n xii_o to_o show_v how_o the_o four_o season_n of_o the_o year_n be_v make_v etc._n etc._n in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o temperate_a zone_n zone_n of_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n in_o place_n lie_v in_o the_o temperate_a zone_n 1._o in_o these_o place_n that_o cause_n which_o we_o have_v place_v in_o the_o first_o place_n among_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o season_n in_o the_o first_o proposition_n of_o this_o chapter_n be_v so_o potent_a in_o respect_n of_o the_o other_o cause_n that_o that_o
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la_fw-fr valla_n imperial_a in_o the_o province_n of_o potosi_n they_o find_v so_o great_a a_o cold_a that_o for_o four_o mile_n circumference_n there_o grow_v nothing_o chili_n the_o season_n of_o chili_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o chili_n which_o extend_v itself_o from_o 30_o degree_n of_o south_n latitude_n to_o 50_o degree_n the_o spring_n begin_v in_o the_o month_n of_o august_n soon_o than_o the_o celestial_a account_n admit_v and_o end_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o november_n and_o from_o the_o middle_n of_o november_n summer_n begin_v even_o to_o the_o middle_n of_o february_n from_o whence_o autumn_n lead_v on_o to_o the_o middle_n of_o may_n which_o the_o winter_n succede_v which_o be_v very_o violent_a and_o dispoil_v the_o tree_n of_o their_o blossom_n and_o scatter_v a_o deep_a snow_n with_o a_o vehement_a frost_n which_o yet_o be_v discover_v by_o the_o sun_n except_o which_o be_v very_o seldom_o that_o the_o sun_n appear_v not_o but_o the_o snow_n rare_o fall_v in_o the_o 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maritime_a part_n be_v more_o temperate_a he_o that_o be_v studious_a may_v collect_v other_o difference_n of_o region_n under_o the_o same_o climate_n or_o in_o the_o vicine_fw-la climate_n from_o writer_n for_o example_n that_o in_o england_n the_o air_n be_v not_o so_o cold_a as_o in_o holland_n so_o that_o they_o pen_v not_o up_o their_o herd_n in_o the_o winter_n between_o siberia_n and_o tartary_n in_o a_o place_n seat_v not_o far_o from_o the_o frigid_a zone_n in_o the_o end_n of_o our_o temperate_a be_v say_v to_o be_v pleasant_a field_n and_o rich_a pasture_n almost_o no_o cold_a see_v that_o they_o scarce_o feel_v winter_n where_o by_o the_o command_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o moscovia_n the_o city_n tooru_n be_v build_v which_o be_v at_o this_o day_n so_o much_o increase_v that_o it_o be_v able_a to_o repel_v the_o assault_n of_o the_o tartar_n japan_n the_o island_n of_o japan_n in_o japan_n the_o winter_n be_v cold_a snowy_a ruiny_n when_o yet_o other_o region_n of_o europe_n and_o asia_n lie_v under_o the_o same_o climate_n have_v far_o lesser_a winter_n the_o cause_n be_v because_o that_o japan_n consist_v of_o many_o island_n disjoin_v by_o a_o small_a euripus_n and_o that_o it_o also_o lie_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o ocean_n summer_n america_n very_o hot_a in_o the_o summer_n in_o armenia_n and_o the_o adjoin_a place_n there_o be_v great_a heat_n in_o summer_n because_o it_o lie_v among_o mountain_n here_o and_o there_o mix_v with_o field_n hence_o the_o more_o rich_a in_o some_o place_n in_o summer_n remove_v to_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n and_o remain_v there_o for_o some_o month_n but_o the_o mean_a sort_n in_o the_o day_n time_n defend_v themselves_o in_o the_o mountain_n from_o the_o near_a and_o about_o eventide_n do_v descend_v to_o the_o low_a ground_n proposition_n xiii_o to_o declare_v how_o in_o place_n in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n the_o four_o season_n of_o the_o year_n have_v themselves_o with_o the_o light_n zone_n of_o the_o place_n in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n the_o cause_n of_o those_o season_n with_o the_o light_n propose_v in_o the_o entrance_n of_o this_o chapter_n thus_o stand_v in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n 1._o the_o centre_n of_o the_o sun_n for_o some_o day_n or_o month_n as_o the_o place_n be_v either_o near_o or_o remote_a from_o the_o pole_n do_v not_o arise_v above_o the_o horizon_n and_o for_o so_o many_o day_n set_v not_o 2._o in_o those_o day_n when_o he_o be_v above_o the_o horizon_n he_o only_o illustrate_v those_o place_n with_o his_o oblique_a ray_n because_o he_o be_v not_o much_o elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n but_o move_v round_o it_o because_o those_o place_n be_v over_o much_o remove_v from_o the_o way_n of_o the_o sun_n 3._o the_o sun_n be_v not_o deep_o depress_v beneath_o the_o horizon_n yea_o in_o place_n near_o the_o polary_a circle_n or_o arctic_a pole_n although_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o sun_n do_v not_o arise_v yet_o part_n of_o his_o skirt_n arise_v and_o be_v behold_v for_o some_o day_n above_o the_o horizon_n before_o the_o centre_n itself_o arise_v by_o reason_n that_o the_o half_a sun_n possess_v 15_o minute_n in_o the_o heaven_n for_o example_n let_v we_o take_v those_o place_n who_o distance_n be_v from_o the_o aequator_fw-la 67_o degree_n towards_o the_o pole_n arctic_a let_v the_o pole_n be_v elevate_v according_a to_o this_o latitude_n and_o in_o the_o meridian_n crena_n of_o the_o horizon_n you_o shall_v see_v that_o the_o degree_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a do_v not_o arise_v from_o the_o 19_o degree_n of_o sagittarius_fw-la to_o the_o 11_o of_o capricorn_n that_o be_v the_o centre_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v in_o that_o arch_n do_v not_o arise_v for_o 24_o day_n viz._n from_o the_o 10_o of_o december_n to_o the_o four_o of_o january_n and_o yet_o part_v of_o the_o skirt_n of_o the_o sun_n for_o that_o whole_a time_n shall_v be_v above_o the_o horizon_n to_o wit_n on_o the_o 21_o of_o december_n the_o limbus_n glitter_v the_o horizon_n but_o on_o the_o 10_o of_o december_n as_o also_o on_o the_o first_o of_o january_n half_o the_o sun_n shall_v be_v above_o the_o horizon_n and_o half_o beneath_o because_o the_o centre_n be_v then_o in_o the_o horizon_n but_o the_o whole_a sun_n shall_v be_v elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n when_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o sun_n shall_v hold_v the_o 14_o degree_n of_o capricorn_n that_o be_v about_o the_o 4_o day_n of_o january_n also_o the_o whole_a shall_v afterward_o appear_v when_o his_o centre_n shall_v possess_v the_o 16_o degree_n of_o sagittarius_fw-la that_o be_v about_o the_o 7_o of_o december_n but_o in_o place_n where_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n be_v 70_o or_o 75_o degree_n there_o this_o difference_n between_o the_o oriental_a limbus_n and_o the_o oriental_a centre_n be_v very_o little_a so_o that_o the_o limbus_n or_o skirt_n scarce_o anticipate_v the_o rise_n of_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o sun_n one_o day_n or_o half_o a_o day_n from_o this_o small_a of_o depression_n it_o follow_v also_o that_o they_o enjoy_v the_o light_n of_o the_o crepusculum_fw-la many_o hour_n before_o the_o rise_n and_o after_o the_o set_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o although_o the_o sun_n arise_v not_o yet_o in_o all_o or_o many_o of_o the_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n they_o have_v light_n in_o the_o air._n there_o be_v also_o another_o cause_n 19_o see_v chap._n 19_o which_o make_v the_o sun_n first_o to_o be_v see_v before_o that_o he_o be_v elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n for_o thence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o not_o only_o the_o sun_n be_v see_v before_o he_o be_v elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n and_o before_o the_o ray_n can_v direct_o come_v from_o he_o to_o the_o eye_n but_o also_o that_o the_o light_n of_o the_o twilight_n soon_o illustrate_v