he that is ready to read the Stories cannot content himselfe therewith but desireth also to know the Constellation or at leastwise some principal Star therein FINIS A Discourse OF THE Antiquity Progress AND Augmentation OF ASTRONOMIE FIRST it seems not to be doubted but that there was some kind of observation of Bodies Coelestial as soon as there were Men considering that the spectacle which the Heavens constantly present is both so glorious and so usefull that men could not have eyes to see and not fix them attentively and considerately thereupon For among other Apparences when they saw the Sun dayly to change the places of its rising and setting at certain times of the Year to approach neerer to the Earth in its Diurnal arch and at others again to mount up to a height much more sublime and remote from it and that his coming neerer to the Earth made Winter and his remove higher made Summer we say when they beheld these things doubtless they could not but seriously remark and consider this vicissitude according to which they might expect the Season would be more hard or mild to them in this lower Region of the World Again so admirably various did the Moon appear in her several shapes and dresses of light that she could not but invite mens eyes and engage them to frequent Speculations specially when she assumed those various faces or apparences at set and certain Times in respect whereof it came to pass that every Nation measured their times and Seasons by those her constant and periodical circuits and this because those periods succeded much more frequently than the Erections and Depressions of the Sun To these we may add that beautifull shew of the Nightly Stars undergoing likewise their Variations according the variety of Seasons and more particularly that bright star of Lucifer rising sometimes later sometimes earlier and sometimes not at all before the Sun and the like But what we shall principally note is only this that though Mankind was long before they came to make inquiries into the Causes of these Coelestial changes and variations restrained to set periods yet they observed them from the very first Age and not only admired but also accommodated what they observed to the uses of their Lives and their Successors Here it might not be fruitless to remember that PROMETHEUS who was imagined to have framed the first Man was also imagined to have given him an erected Figure and sublime Countenance to the end he might the more advantageously advance his eyes to the Heavens and contemplate the glory and motions of the Coelestial Lights But because this is too General and rude a way of observation and it is our business to look back into those times wherein men first made such Observations of Sydereral bodies as gave hem the hint and occasion of reducing them to Method and founding the principles of the Art or science of Astronomy thereupon we must have recourse to the monuments in Sacred Writ for the understanding of that obscure matter And indeed the light we expect from Sacred Leaves would soon be clear enough to discuss all the darkness wherein the Original of Astronomy seems involved could we but from them deduce the least evidence for that which the learned Antiquarie among the Jewes Josephus affirms of the Sons of Seth viz. that they invented the science of the Heavens before the Flood and engraved the same on two Pillars the one of Brick the other of Stone that so it might be preserved in the one in case the fury of the Deiuge to come should demolish and deface the other or if there remained to us any the most slender testimony of the Reason he there gives of the so great Longevity of men in those dayes namely that the duration of their lives was sufficiently long to perfect the knowledge of Astronomy which requires full 600 Years at the least to the observation of all the Varieties of Coelestial motions Whereupon He notes that the Great Year as they call it doth consist of six hundred common Years the vulgar opinion being that the Celestial Motions do continually vary Donec consumpto Magnus qui dicitur Anno Rursus in 〈◊〉 antiquum redeant vaga sidera cursum Qualia praeteriti steterant ab origine mundi Again the business might be deduced from not long after the Flood if in Scripture we could find but the least word from whence might be argued the truth of what the same Author writes namely that the Egyptians were taught Astronomy by Abraham Probable enough it is we confess that Berosus and others quoted aswell by Josephus as Eusebius had read some such thing in some Books of the old Rabbins but that the same should be fetched from Holy Writ is most improbable therein being no mention at all of any such thing Besides there are pious and learned Doctors and among them Salianus who will not allow it to be so much as probable that Abraham should instruct the Egyptians in Astronomy because of the very smal time of his stay among them in Egypt It is written indeed that Abraham came from Ur of the Chaldeans but not that he received Astronomy from the Chaldeans or that he delivered it from them to the Egyptians And therefore they conclude that what Josephus said of Abrahams reading Astronomy in Egypt may with more probability be imputed to his Great-grand child Joseph Concerning Him therefore we read in truth that he was singularly favourable to the Priests in Egypt at such time as all the rest of the people mortgaged their lands to the King for bread during that wofull and long Famine For He excepted the Lands belonging to the Priesthood and as the Text saith assigned them certain portions out of the publick Granaries so that from hence may be proved what Aristotel tells us from other Authority that amongst the Egyptians the most ancient Nation the Priests were exempted from labour and left to the easy imploiment of their minds and that this gave them occasion to invent and constitute the Mathematiques and yet for all this it is not written either that Joseph taught those Egyptian Priests the Mathematiques or that they taught them to him And perhaps that Favour He shewed the Priests was an argument not only of the Respect and Veneration born them by the King and all his people but also of his particular Gratitude toward them in that He who had been bred up only to Sheppardry and Country imployments and was wholy ignorant of all Arts and Sciences at his first comming among them being afterwards advanced to the height of a Courtier and lustre of a Favorite had bin instructed by them in something more noble and sublime And truely the Divine Moses not long after admitted into the same Court is not delivered so much to have erudited any others as to have been himself learned in all the Wisdom of the Egyptians Nevertheless considering
the Moon is alwaies a part of a Circle therefore the Earth and Water which is the Body shadowing must also be a Circular or round Body for if it were three square four square or any other form then would the shadow which it makes in the Moon be of the same fashion Besides Of all figures the Sphear or Globe is most perfect most Capacious and most intire of it self without either joynts or Angles which form we may also perceive the Sun Moon and Stars to have and all other things that are bounded by themselves as Drops of Water and other liquid things But there is another frequent Argument against the Globulus form of the Earth and that is That it seems impossible that the Earth should be round and yet also Inhabible in all Places For though we that inhabite on the top of the Earth go with our heads upwards yet those that inhabite underneath us must needs go with their Heads downwards like Flyes on a Wall or Ceeling and so be in danger of falling into the Air. For Answer hereunto first You must understand that in the Center of the Earth there is an Attractive and drawing power which draws all heavy substances to it by vertue of which Attractive power things though loosed from the Earth will again incline and cling to the Earth and so much the more forcibly by how much the heavier they are as a bullet of Lead let fall out of the Air inclines towards the Earth far more violently and swiftly then a bullet of the same bigness of Wood or Cork Secondly you must understand that in respect of the whole Vniverse there is no part either upper or under but all parts of the Earth are alike incompast with Heaven yet in respect of the Earth it is Heaven which we take for the upper part and therefore we are said to go with our heads upwards because our head of all the parts of our body is nearest to Heaven Now that this Attractive power lies in the Center of the Earth is proved by this Argument If the Attractive power were not in the Center a Plumb-line let fall would not make Right Angles with the Superficies of the Earth but would eb Attracted that way the Attractive vertue lies and so make unequal Angles with the Superficies But by so many Experiments as hath yet been made we find that a Plumb-line continued though never so deep yet it alters no Angles with the Superficies of the Earth and therefore undoubtedly the Attractive power lies in the very Center and no where else CHAP. I. I. What a Globe is A Globe according to the Mathematical Definition is a perfect and exact round Body contained under one surface Of this form as hath been proved consists the Heavens and the Earth and therefore the Ancients with much pains Study and Industry endeavouring to imitate as well the imaginary as the real appearances of them both have Invented two Globes the one to represent the Heavens with all the Constellations fixed Stars Circles and Lines proper thereunto which Globe is called the Celestial Globe and the other with all the Sea Coasts Havens Rivers Lakes Cities Towns Hills Capes Seas Sands c. as also the Rhumbs Meridians Parallels and other Lines that serve to facilitate the Demostration of all manner of Questions to be performed upon the same and this Globe is called the Terrestrial Globe II. Of the two Poles Every Globe hath two Poles the one North the other South The North Pole is in the North point of the Globe The South Pole in the South point III. Of the Axis From the Center of the Globe both waies proceeds a line through both the Poles and continues it self infinitely which is called the Axis of the World and is represented by the two wyers in the Poles of the Globe Upon these two wyers the Globe is turned round even as the Heavens is imagined to move upon the Axis of the World IIII. Of the Brasen Meridian Every Globe is hung by the Axis at both the Poles in a Brasen Meridian which is divided into 360 degrees or which is all one into 4 Nineties the first beginning at the North Pole is continued from the left hand towards the right till the termination of 90 degrees and is marked with 10 20 30 c. to 90. from whence the degrees are numbred with 80 70 60 c. to 0. which is in the South Pole from whence again the degrees are numbred with 80 70 60 c. to 0 and lastly from 0 the degrees are numbred with 10 20 30 to 90. which is again in the North Pole This Brasen Meridian is of great use for by help of it you may find the Latitude of all Places the Declination of all the Stars c and rectifie the Globe to any Latitude V. Of the Horizon The Horizon is a broad wooden Circle encompassing the Globe having two notches in it the one in the North the other in the South point The notches are made just fit to contain the Brasen Meridian that the Globe is hung in In the bottom or under Plane of the Horizon there stands up a rop or as it is called a Bed in which there is also a notch into which notch the Brasen Meridian is also let so lo as that both it and the Globe may be divided into two equal halfs by the upper Plane of the wooden Horizon These Notches are as gages to keep the Globe from inclining more to the one side of the wooden Horizon then the other Upon the upper Plane of the Horizon is several Circles delineated as first the inner Circle which is a Circle divided into twelve equal parts viz. into twelve Signes every Signe having its name prefixed to it as to the Signe of ♈ is the word Aries to ♉ the word Taurus c. every Signe is again divided into 30 equal parts which are called Degrees and every tenth degree is marked with 10 20 30. Next to the Circle of Signes is a Kalender or Almanack according to the Old stile used by us here in England each Moneth being noted with its proper Name as January February March c. and every day distinguished with Arithmetical figures as 1 2 3 4 c. to the end of the Moneth The other Calender is a Calender of the New stile which is in a manner all one with the Old only in this Calender the moneth begins ten daies sooner then they do in the other and to this Calender because it was instituted by the Church of Rome there is annexed the Festival daies Celebrated by the Romish Church The two other Circles are the Circles of the Winds the innermost having their Greek and Latine names which by them were but twelve and the outermost having the English Nanes which for more preciseness are two and thirty The use of the upper Plane of the Horizon is to distinguish the Day from the Night the Rising and Setting of the Sun
the heat of the Sun and there set on fire But his opinion is of all men confuted First touching the place it cannot be in the Air for whatsoever is in the Air is not seen of all men at all times to be under one and the same part of Heaven If we see it in the South they that are in the West shall see it under the East side of the Heaven and they that are in the East shall see it in the West part of the Heaven but this Circle is of all men seen alwaies under the same part of Heaven and to be joyned with the same Stars therefore it cannot be in the Air. Again for the matter it cannot be made of that which Aristotle nameth i. e. the vapours of the earth because of the long continuance of the thing and that without any alteration for it is impossible that any Meteor made of vapours drawn up from the water or exhalations from the earth should last so long as may be seen in blazing Stars which though they have continued long as namely 16. moneths some more some less yet at the length they have vanished away whereas this Circle hath continued from the beginning unto this day Besides put case it were made of these exhalations Whence will they infer the uniformity thereof The Comets do alter diversly both in the fashion of their blazing and also in their several quantities whereas in this Circle there is nothing but the same part alwaies of one form and of one bigness In the eâ—â—cient cause therefore he must needs err for if it be neither in the Air nor made of the exhalations of the earth it cannot be caused by the Sun for the one is the place and the other the matter wherein and whereupon the Sun sheweth his power All other besides Aristotle agree in the place but difâ—er in the efficient cause thereof and they are either Philosophers or Poets Both these affirm that it is in the Firmament i. e. in the eight Sphear but they disagree in the cause thereof The Philosophers and chiefely Demecritus affirm the cause of the thing to be the exceeding great number of Stars in that part of Heaven whose beams meeting together so confusedly and not coming distinctly to the ey causeth us to imagine such a whiteness as is seen But the best opinion is this that this Milky way is a part of the Firmament neither so thin as the other parts thereof are not yet so thick as the Stars themselves If it were as thin as the other parts of the Heaven besides the Stars then could it not retain the light but the light would pass through it and not be seen If it were as thick as the Stars then would the light be so doubled in it that it would glister and shine as the Stars themselves do but being neither so thin as the one nor so thick as the other it becommeth of that whiteness we see Blaâ—u saith This Lactean whiteness and clearness ariseth from a great number of little Stars constipated in that part of Heaven flying so swiftly from the sight of our eyes that we can perceive nothing but a confused light this the Tubus Diopticus more lately found out doth evidently demonstrate to us by the benefit of which little Stars otherwise inconspicuous to our eyes are there clearly discerned About the Southern Pole are seen two white spots like little clouds colured like the via Lactea One of which is trebble the Latitude of the other some Mariners call them Nubecula Magellani This Milkie way is discribed on the Globe between two tracks of smal Pricks running through the Images mentioned in the beginning of this Section Thus have you the definition of the Globes with the description of all the lines Circles c. described thereon I shall now explain unto you the meaning of Several words of Art which in the use of them you will meet with and then come to the Use it self And first what is meant by the word Horizon When I spake of the Horizon before I only mentioned the wooden Horizon or frame about the Globe which because it represents the Mathematical Horizon is therefore called the Horizon but the word Horizon is to be considered more particularly two manner of waies as First the Natural Horizon Secondly the Mathematical Horizon The Natural Horizon is that Appearent Circle which divides the Visible part of Heaven from the invissible it extends it self in a straight line from the Superficies of the Earth every way round about the place you stand upon even into the very Circumference of the Heavens It is onley discerned at Sea or on plaine ground that is free from all hinderances of the sight as Hills Trees Houses c. The Mathematical Horizon which indeed is meant in this Treatise so oft as I shall have occasion to name the word Horizon is a great Circle which divides that part of Heaven which is above us from that which is under us precisely into two equal parts whose Poles are the Zenith and Nadir In this Circle the Azimuths or Verticle Circles are numbred and by this Circle our Daies and Nights are measured out unto us for while the Sun is above the Horizon it is day and when it is under the Horizon it is Night This Circle is represented unto us by the upper Plain of the wooden Horizon Therefore so oft as you are directed to bring any degree or Star c. to the Horizon it must be understood that you must turn the Globe till the degree or Star come just to the upper inner edge of the wooden Horizon The Zenith and Nadir are two points opposite to one another The Zenith is that point in Heaven which is directly over our Heads and the Nadir is that point in Heaven which is directly under our feet The Azimuths or Verticle Circles are great Circles passing through the Zenith and Nadir whose Poles are the Zenith and Nadir And as the Meridians cut the Equator and all Parallels to the Equator at Right Angles so the Azimuths cut the Horizon and all Almicanthars at Right Angles also The Azimuths as the Meridians are infinite and are numbred by degrees from the East and West point towards the North and South in the Horizon as also is the Amplitude The Almicanthars are Circles Parallel to the Horizon whose Poles are the Zenith and Nadir They are also called Circles of Altitude because when the Sun Moon or any Star is in any number of degrees above the Horizon it is said to have so many degrees of Altitude which degrees of Altitude are numbred upon the Verticle Circle from the Horizon upwards towards the Zenith The Almicanthars are also infinite as Parallels Meridians and Azimuths are The Amplitude is the number of degrees contained between the true East or West point in the Horizon and the rising or setting of the Sun Moon or Stars c. The Declination is
in the North and six Moneths Night in the South and contrarily from the 11th of September to the 10th of March the Sun being then in the Southerly Signes and therefore on the South side the Horizon there is six Moneths Day in the South and six Moneths Night in the North. It is called a Parallel Sphear because the Sun Moon or Stars in a Diurnal Revolution of the Heavens neither ascend higher or descend lower but alwaies move Parallel to the Horizon The Earth is thus Posited under both the Poles viz. in 90 degrees of Latitude as may be seen by the Globe if you turn the Brasen Meridian till either of the Poles be elevated 90 degrees above the Horizon As in this figure An Oblique Sphear hath the Axis of the World neither Direct nor Parallel to the Horizon but lies aslope from it In an Oblique Sphear all the Celestial Bodies as Sun Moon or Stars c. have in respect of the Horizon Oblique and unequal Ascensions and Descensions and all the lines Parallel to the Equator make unequal Angles with the Horizon and are cut by the Horizon into unequal parts for those lines towards the elevated Pole have a greater portion of a Circle under the Horizon then above it only the Equator because it hath the same Center with the Horizon doth divide the Horizon into two equal parts and is also divided into two equal parts by the Horizon Hence is follows that when the Sun is in any part of the Ecliptick that declines towards the elevated Pole the Daies in the elevated Hemisphear shall be longer then the Nights and when the Sun is in any part of the Ecliptick that declines towards the Depressed Pole the Nights shall be longer then the Daies But when the Sun is in the Equinoctial because whether the Pole be either Raised or Depressed equal portions remain both above and under the Horizon therefore the Daies are of the same length with the Nights and the Nights with the Daies Also in an Oblique Sphear all those Stars that have as great or greater number of degrees of Declination then is the elevated Poles Complement of Latitude to 90 never set or come under the Horizon and those Stars that have the same Declination about the Depressed Pole never rise It is called an Oblique Sphear because all the Circles of the Sphear move Obliquely about the Horizon The Earth is thus Obliquely posited to all those Nations that inhabite under any degree of Latitude either North or South-wards between the Equator and either Pole as may variously be seen by the Globe when the Axis lies not on the Horizon nor the Equator is Parallel to the Horizon As in this following Figure Moreover all Places have their Antipodes Peraeci and Antaeâ—i The Antipodes of any Place is the opposite degree on the Globe As if a Perpendicular were let fall from the Place you stand on through the Center of the Earth and continued till it pass quite through the Superficies of the Earth on the other side then in the point where the Perpendicular cuts the Superficies of the Earth on the other side is the Antipodes of that Place The Inhabitants of any two Places that are in Antipodes to each other go with their Feet directly against one another and have a contrariety in the Seasons of the Year and Risings and Settings of the Sun Moon Stars and all other of the Heavenly Bodies so that when with us it is Spring with them it is Autumn when with us the Sun Rises in our Antipodes it Sets and therefore their Morning is our Evening their Noon our Midnight their Evening our Morning and their Longest Day our shortest The Periaeci of any Place is that point in the same Parallel which comes to the Meridian with the Antipodes In the Periaeci of any Place there happens not that Contrariety of Seasons in the Year that doth in the Antipodes nor in the Length of Daies for the Daies in both Places are of equal length but in the times of the Day there is the same contrariety for though their Spring be our Spring and therest of their Seasons of the year the same with ours yet their Morning is our Evening their Night our Day c. The Antaeci of any Place is the point under the same Meridian that is distant from the Equator on the South side so many degrees as your Place is distant from the Equator on the North side In the Antaeci there happens not that contrariety in the Daies as doth in the Antipodes but in the Seasons of the Year there is the same contrariety for in our Antaeci their Morning is our Morning their Noon our Noon their Night our Night but herein is the Difference their Spring is our Fall their Summer our VVinter c. and their Longest Day our shortest as in the â—ntipodes The Second Book Shewing the Practical Use of the GLOBES Applying them to the Solution of Astronomical and Geographical Problems PRAEFACE Some Advertisements in Choosing and Using the GLOBES 1. SEE the Papers be well and neatly pasted on the Globes which you may know if the Lines and Circles discribed thereon meet exactly and continue all the way even and whole the lines not swerving out or in and the Circles not breaking into several Arches nor the Papers either come short or lap over one the other 2. See that the Culler be transparent and ly not too thick on the Globe lest it hide the superficial Descriptions 3. See the Globe hang evenly between the Meridian and Horizon not inclining more to one side then the other 4. See the Globe swim as close to the Meridian and Horizon as conveniently it may lest you be too much puzzeld to find against what point of the Globe any degree of the Horizon or Meridian is 5. See the Equinoctal line be one with the Horizon when the Globe is set in a Parallel Sphear 6. See the Equinoctal line cut the East and West point of the Horizon when the Globe is set to an Oblique Sphear 7. See the Degrees marked with 90. and 00 hang exactly over the Equinoctial line of the Globe 8. See that exactly half the Meridian be above the Horizon and half under the Horizon which you may know if you bring any of the Decimal Divisions to the North Side of the Horizon and find their Complement to 90. int h South 9. See that when the Quadrant of Altitude is placed at the Zenith the Beginning of the Graduations reach just to the superficies of the Horizon 10. See that while the Index of the Hour Circle by the motion of the Globe passes from one hour to the other 15. degrees of the Equator pass through the Meridian 11. If you have a Circle of Position see the Graduations agree with those of the Horizon 12. See that your wooden Horizons be made substantial and strong for besides the Inconveniences that thin wood is subject unto in
The occasion of the Story was this Pâ—olomeus Evergetes having married his sister Berenice was shortly after enforced to depart from her by reason of the wars he had begun in Asia whereupon Berenice made this vow that if he returned home again in safety she would offer up her hair in Venus Temple Pâ—olome returned safe and Berenice according to her vow cut off her hair and hung it up After certain daies the hair was not to be found whereupon Ptolome the King was greatly displeased but Canon to please the humor of the King and to curry favour with him perswaded him that Venus had conveyed the hair into Heaven Canon attributeth seven Stars unto it but Ptolome allotteth it but three because the other be insensible 6. VIRGO the Virgin it hath 26. Stars This is affirmed to be Justice which among all the Gods somtime living upon the Earth did last of all forsake the same because of the wickedness that began to multiply therein and chose this place for her seat in Heaven Others say that it was Astraea the daughter of Astraeus one of the Gyants that were called Titans who fighting against the Gods Aftraea took their parts against her own Father and was therefore after her death commended unto the Heavens and made one of the 12. Signes Others say that it was Erigone the daughter of Icarius who for that her father was slain by certain drunken men for very grief thereof did hang her self but Jupiter taking pitty of the Virgin for her natural affection translated her into Heaven In her right wing there is one Star of special note which by the Astronomers is called Vindemeator i. e. the gatherer of Graps This was Ampelos the son of a Satyr and a Nymph and greatly beloved of Bacchus unto whom in token of his love Bacchus gave a singular fair Vine planted at the foot of an Elme as the manner was in old time But Ampelos in Harvest gathering Graps and taking little heed to his footing fell down out of the Vine and brake his neck Bacchus in memorial of his former affection translated him into Heaven and made him one of the principal Stars in this Constellation There is another great Star in the hand of the Virgin called of the Latines Spica of the Greeks Stachus of the Arabians Azimech i. e. the Ear of Corn whereby they signify that when the Sun cometh to this Signe the Corn waxeth ripe Albumazar the Arabian and Novidius take this Constellation for the Virgin Mary The unformed Stars in this Constellation are six 7. LIBRA the Ballance it containeth 8 Stars Cicero calleth it Jugum the Yoak and here it is to be noted that the Ancient Astronomers that first set down the number of the Constellations contained in the Zodiack did account but eleven therein so that the Signe which now is called Libra was heretofore called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say the Claws of the Scorpion which possesseth the space of two whole Signes But the latter Astronomers being desirous to have 12. Signes in the Zodiack called those eight whereof the Claws of the Scorpion do consist by the name of Libra not that there was any Poetical Fiction to induce them thereto but only moved by this reason because the Sun joyning with this Constellation the Day and the Night are of an equal length and are as it were equally poyzed in a pair of Ballance Yet as I remember some will have this to be the Ballance wherein Justice called also Astraea weighed the deeds of mortal men and therein presented them unto Jupiter It hath 9. unformed Stars appertaining unto it 8. SCORPIO the Scorpion called of the Arabians Alatrab of Cicero Nepa It consisteth of 21 Stars The Fiction is thus Orion the son of Hyreus greatly beloved of Diana was wont to make his boast that he was able to overcome what beast soever was bred upon the Earth The Earth being moved with this speech brought forth the Scorpion whereby Orion was stung to death Jupiter thereupon at the request of the Earth translated both the Scorpion and Orion into Heaven to make it a lesson for ever for mortal men not to trust too much unto their own strength and to the end he might signify the great enmity between them he placed them so in the Heaven that whensoever the one ariseth the other setteth and they are never both of them seen together above the Horizon at once Gulielmus Postellus will have it to be the Serpent which beguiled Eve in Paradise The unformed Stars about this Scorpion are three 9. SAGITTARIUS the Archer It hath thirty one Stars Touching this Signe there are among the Poets many and sundry opinions Some say that it is Crocus the son of Puphenâ— that was nurse unto the Muses This Crocus was so forward in learning of the liberal sciences and in the practise of feats of activity that the Muses entreated Jupiter that he might have a place in Heaven To whose request Jupiter inclining made him one of the 12. Signes And to the end that he might express the excellent qualities of the Man he made his hinder parts like unto a Horse thereby to signify his singular knowledge in Horse-manship and by his Bow and Arrow he declared the sharpness of his Wit Whereupon the Astrologers have this conceit that he that is born under Sagittarius shall attain to the knowledge of many Arts and be of prompt wit and great courage Virgil affirmeth this to be Chiron the Centaur who for his singular learning and Justice was made the Master of Achilles At which time Hercules coming to visit him for he had heard both of the worthiness of the School-master and of the great hopes of the Scholler brought with him his quiver of Arrows dipped in the blood of the Serpent Hydra but Chiron being desirous to see his shafts and not taking heed of them being in his hand let one of them fall upon his foot and being greatly tormented not only by the anguish of the poyson working in the wound but much more because he knew himself to be immortal and his wound not to be recovered by medicine he was enforced to make request unto the Gods that he might be taken out of the World who pittying his case took him up into Heaven and made him one of the 12. Signes 10. CAPRICORNUS the Goat it consisteth of 28. Stars The Poets say that this was Pan the God of the Shepherds of whom they faign in this manner The Gods having war with the Gyants gathered themselves together into Aegypt Typhon the Gyant pursued them thither whereby the Gods were brought into a quandary that well was he that by changing his shape might shift for himself Jupiter turned himself into a Ram Apollo became a Crow Bacchus a Goat Diana lurked under the form of a Cat Juno transformed her self into a Cow Venus into a Fish Pan leaping into the River Nilus turned the upper part of his body into a
from Ptolomy himself Further though the motions of Sun and Moon were already in some measure known he yet made that knowledge much more exact For He did not only much correct the Callippick Period formerly spoken of but also having collected a long Series of Eclipses namely from the time of those Babylonish ones in the Dayes of Mardocempades down to those observed by himself for full six hundred Years together and remarking that neither the like Eclipses did return on the same Dayes after the space of every nineteen Years nor that after some recurses of ten Novennales or ten times nine Years any such Eclipses happened at the times supposed and that the cause thereof consisted both in the various Latitude of the Moon and the anticipation of her Nodi or Knotts and her Eccentricicy by reason whereof her motions to her Apogeium were found to be sometimes slower and those to her Perigeium more speedy therefore we say He comprehended and gave Reasons for all these difficulties and composed certain Hypotheses and according to them certain Tables by which he could safely and exactly calculate and predict what Eclipses were to follow how great they were and when And this was it which Pliny remembred when having spoken of Thales and Sulpitius Gallus he comes to mention Hipparchus After these saith He Hipparchus foretold the courses of both Luminaries for six hundred Years to come comprehending the months Dayes and hours of Nations and the Scituations of Places and turns of People his age testifying that he did all these great things only as he was partaker of Natures Councels For it must be that Hipparchus besides the precise times when such or such Eclipses were to be visible to the Horizon of Rhodes or Alexandriâ— pointed forth also some Countries and principal Citties together with the Designation of the Months in use among them as also the very Days and hours when each Eclipse would happen and other praedictions succeding to Rome in the Dayes of Pliny Again it is well worthy our recital that Hipparchus labouring with long desire both to constitute Hypotheses and reduce into Tables the motions of the other Planets or five wandering Stars and yet not being able to furnish himself either from the Egyptians or from his Country men the Grecians with any competent Observations respective to those Planets for while the places of the Fixt Stars remained unknown it was impossible any such could be made and again those he had himself made were of a much shorter time than was requisite for the establishing any thing certain and permanent in that sort He therefore only digested such Observations as he had recorded by him into the best order and method he could devise and so left them for their use and improvement who should come after him in case any were found capable of understanding and advancing them And at length by good fortune it so fell out that those his Observations came into the hands of Ptolomy who comparing them with his own and finding them judicious and exact thereupon first began to erect both Hypotheses and Tables of Motions fit for those Planets yet not without much timerousness and diffidence because his Observations being but few nor of sufficient time he durst not promise himself any certainty of his Tables for any considerable space or number of Years But for more assurance let us hear his own ingenious Confession in that point The Time saith He from whence we have the Observations of the Planets set down is so vastly short in comparison of the greatness of Coelestial vicissitudes as that it renders all predictions that are for any great number of Years to come infirm and uncertain And therefore I judge that Hipparchus that zealous lover of truth considering this difficulty and withall receiving not so many true Obsertions from the Ancients as he bequeath'd to us undertook indeed the business of the Sun and Moon and demonstrated that it might be performed by equal and circular motions yet as for that of the Planets those Commentaries of his which have come into our hands clearly shews that he attempted it not but collecting all his own Observations concerning them together into one order and method for their more commodious use resigned them to the industry of after times having first demonstrated that they were not congruous to those Hypotheses which the Mathematicians of those Dayes made use of And for Others sure I am that either they demonstrated nothing at all or else only attempted the business and left it unfinisht But Hipparchus being eminently knowing in all kinds of learning conceived that he ought not as others had done before him to attempt what he should not be able to accomplish So that we see Ptolomy was the first who from true Observations reduced the Motions of the Planets into Hypotheses and Tables correspondent But before we speak more particularly of him who lived about an hundred and thirty Years after Christ forasmuch as in the space of time betwixt Hipparchus and Ptolomy these studies so florisht at Alexandria as that Julius Caesar returning thence brought along with him that Sosigenes by whose assistance he endeavoured the restitution of the Calendar and so may be thought to have propagated the Study of Astronomy among the Romans let us reflect a little upon that time and see what care they then had of Celestial matters In the first place we are to lay aside the Commemoration of Sulpitius Gallus of whom more then once afore as one that falls not under this account concerning whom we may not yet forget what Cato is induced by Cicero saying While we saw that Gallus dye that familiar friend of thy Father O Scipio who was restless in measuring Heaven and Earth I say while we saw him dying even in that Study How often did Day oppress him when he had set himself to observe and describe somthing in the Night and how often did Night oppress him when he had begun his Speculations in the Morn How was he delighted when he had a long time before predicted to us Eclipses of the Sun and Moon c. For he was a man clearly singular and in an Age when so great ignorance and neglect of good Arts tyrannized over mens minds being himself studious and inquisitive could not but have borrowed his skill either from Egypt or Greece where having obtained a Series of Eclipses and the way of deducing them through the circuit of of nineteen Years as we said afore he became able to calculate them so as Cicero relates For as to the rest how great doe you think was the ignorance and neglect nay even contempt of studies of this nature among the Romans Why truely so great as that Virgil could not dissemble it in the Poesy attributed to Anchisa according to which the Romans should indeed come to rule the World but yet should yeeld to others in learning to know the Stars and describe the Heavens Caelique
left bare without Cullers is the limits of the Water The Land is either Continents or Ilands A Continent is a great quantity of Land not interlaced or separated by the Sea in which many Kingdomes and Principalities are contained as Europe Asia Affrica America An Island is a part of the Earth environed round with Waters as Britain Java S. Laurence Isle Barmudas c. These again are sub-divided into Peninsula Istmus Promontorium A Peninsula is almost an Island that is a track of Land which being almost encompassed round with Water is joyned to the firm Land by some little Istmus as Molacca in the East-Indies c. An Istmus is a little narrow neck of Land which joyneth any Peninsula to the Continent as the Straits of Dariene in Peru and Corinth in Greece Promontorium is some high Mountain which shooteth it self into the Sea the utmost end of which is called a Cape as that great Cape of Good Hope and Cape Verde in Africa The Water is either Ocean Sea Straits Creeks or Rivers The Ocean is that generall collection of all Waters which invironeth the whole Earth on every side The Sea is a part of the Ocean to which we cannot come but through some Strait as Mare Mediterraneum Mare Balticum and the like These two take their names either from the adjacent places as the Brittish Ocean the Atlantick Sea c. or from the first discovere as Mare Magellanicum Davis and Forbishers Staits c. Or from some remarkable accident as Mare Rubrum from the red colour of the Sands Mare Aegeum Pontus Euxinus and the like A Strait is a part of the Ocean restrained within narrow bounds and opening a way to the Sea as the Straits of Gibralter Hellespont c. A Creek is a crooked shoar thrusting out as it were two armes to imbrace the Sea as Sinus Adriaticus Sinus Persicus c. A River is a small branch of the Sea flowing into the Land as Thames Tiber Rhine Nilus c. Now that these Lands Ilands Towns Seas Rivers c. may at the first search be found upon the Globe all Geographers have placed them thereon according to Longitude and Latitude VII Longitude The Longitude is an Arch of the Equator comprehended between the first Meridian and the Meridian of the Place you inquire after It is numbred on the Equator from the West to the Eastwards with 10 20 30 to 360. degrees till it end where it began VIII Latitude The Latitude is an Arch of the Meridian comprehended between the Equator and the place enquired after It is numbred on the Meridian from the Equator both waies viz. North and South till it come to the Poles or 90 degrees Thus much may serve for the description of the Terestrial Globe I therefore come to treat of the Celestial CHAP. III. Of the Celestial Globe or the Eighth Sphear represented by the Celestial Globe its motion and of the Circles Lines Images Stars c. described thereon I. Of the eighth Sphear THe eighth Sphear which is the starry Heaven is represented by the Celestial Globe because upon the Convexity of it all the Stars and visible appearances are placed according to the order that they are situated in the concavity of the eighth Sphear It is called the eighth Sphear because between it and us are contained seven other Heavens or Sphears as 1. the Moon 2. Mercury 3. Venus 4. the Sun 5. Mars 6. Jupiter 7. Saturn and eighthly the starry Heaven The antients have made the Systeme of the world to consist of 2 other Sphears called the Chiristiline Heaven and the Primum Mobile or first Mover as in the following figure is represented A figure wherein may be seen the Composition of the whole frame of the World II. Of the Motion of the eighth Sphear There hath bin attributed to the eighth Sphear a twofold motion the one called its Diurnal Motion which is made from East to West upon the Poles and Axis of the World And the other called its Second motion which is made from West to East upon the Poles and Axis of the Ecliptick The Diurnal motion is caused by the violent Motion of the Primum Mobile for in 24 hours it carries along with it not only the eighth Heaven or Orb of fixed Stars but the Orbs of the Sun the Moon and all the rest of the Planets It is called the Diurnal Motion because it is finished in one Day The second Motion is unproperly attributed to the eighth Sphear it being indeed the Motion of the Equinoctiall tho Authors sometimes carelesly mention the one insteed of the other Therefore in the next Section where I treat of the Equinoctial I shall at large explain unto you the nature of this mis-called Second Motion III. Of the Equinoctial The Equinoctial upon the Celestial Globe is the same line formerly called the Equator upon the Terrestrial only with this difference that the Equator remains fixt upon the Terrestrial Globe but the Equinoctial upon the Celestial Globe is moveable or at least must be imagined to move contrary to the Diurnal motion from West to East upon the Poles of the Ecliptick I say imagined to move because in the Heavens it doth really move tho on a material Globe it would be inconvenient to make a moveable Equinoctial and therefore it hath one fixed which for this and the next age will sufficiently serve without much deviation from the truth it self Now that the difference between the Equator upon the Terrestrial Globe and the Equinoctial upon the Celestial may be proved and the motion of the Equinoctial be the better understood I shall only bring this example All places that were formerly under the Equator do and will keep the same Longitude and remain still under the Equator as may be proved by comparing the Ancient and modern Geographers together but those Stars that were formerly under the Equinoctial do not keep the same Longitude nor remain under the Equinoctial because the Equinoctial as aforesaid hath a motion from West to East upon the Poles of the Ecliptick But the Stars being fixed in their one Sphear like knots in wood and therefore move not are by the Precession of the Equinox left behind the Equinoctial Colure and so are caused to alter their Longitude as by comparing the Observations of ancient and modern 〈◊〉 together it will appear for about 346 years before Christ the first Star in the Rams horn was by the Egyptian and Grecian Astronomers observed to be in the Equinoctial Colure and 57 years ago when Tycho observed it was found to be in 27 degrees 37 minutes of ♈ So that in about 2000 years it is moved forwards 28 degrees and will according to Tycho's opinion finish its Revolution in 25412 years According to which motion I have Calculated this following Table for finding the Degrees and Minutes of the Equinoctial motion answerable to any number of years within the said Revolution ye deg m years deg m. 1
these figures and not into other being moved therto by these three reasons first these Figures express some properties of the stars that are in them as those of the Ram to bee hot and dry Andromeda chained betokeneth imprisonment the head of Medusa cut off signifieth the loss of that part Orion with his terrible and threatning gesture importeth tempest and terrible effects The Serpent the Scorpion and the Dragon signifie poyson The Bull insinuateth a melancholy passion The Bear inferreth cruelty c. Secondly the stars if not precisely yet after a sort do represent such a Figure and therefore that Figure was assigned them as for example the Crown both North and South the Scorpion and the Triangle represent the Figure which they have The third cause was the continuance of the memorie of some notable men who either in regard of their singular paines taken in Astronomy or in regard of some other notable deed had well deserved of man kind The first Author of every particular Constellation is uncertain yet are they of great antiquity we receive them from Ptolomte and he followed the Platonicks so that their antiquity is great Moreover we may perceive them to be ancient by the Sciptures and by the Poets In the 38 Chapter of Job there is mention made of the Pleiades Orion and Arcturus and Mazzaroth which some interpret the 12 Signes Job lived in the time of Abraham as Syderocrates maketh mention in his Book de Commensurandis locorum distantiis Now besides all this touching the reason of the invention of these Constellations the Poets had this purpose viz. to make men fall in love with Astronomy And to that intent have to every Costellation invented strange conceited stories as you may read at the latter end of this Book therein imitating Demosthenes who when he could not get the people of Athens to hear him in a matter of great moment and profitable for the Commom-wealth he began to tell them a tale of a fellow that sold an Ass by the which tale he so brought on the Athenians that they were both willing to hear his whole Oration and to put in practice that whereto he exhorted them The like intent had the Poets in of those Stories They saw that Astronomy being for commodity singular in the life of man was almost of all men utterly neglected Hereupon they began to set forth that Art under Fictions that thereby such as could not be perswaded by commodity might by the pleasure be induced to take a view of these matters and thereby at length fall in love with them For commonly you shall note this that he that is ready to read the Stories cannot content himself therewith but desireth also to know the Constellation or at leastwise some principal Star therein There are in Heaven yet twelve Constellations more posited about the South Pole which were added by Fredericâ— Hoâ—tmanno inhabiting on the Island Sumatra who being accommodated with the Instruments of that immortal Tycho hath observed the Longitude and Latitude of those Stars reduced them into Constellations and named them as follows 1 The Crane 2 The Phenix 3 The Indian 4 The Peacock 5 The Bird of Paradice 6 The Fly 7 The Camelion 8 The South Triangle 9 The Flying Fish 10 Dorado 11 The Indian Fowl 12 The Southern Serpent XI Of the Number of the Stars Although in Heaven there be a very great number of visible Stars which for their multitude seem innumerable yet no wise man will from thence infer that they are impossible to be counted for there is no Star in Heaven that may be seen but its Longitude and Latitude may with meet Instruments for that purpose be exactly found and being once found it may have a name allotted it which with its Longitude and Latitude may be Catalogized either for the memory of the Observer or the knowledge of Posterity Now therefore if any one Star may be observed they may all be observed and then may they all have Names given them which tho to the ignorant it seem uncredible yet to the sons of God as Josephus call Astronomers who herein participate of their fathers knowledge it is easie to number the Stars and call them all by their Names Psal. 97 4. But tho all the Stars in Heaven may be numbred and named yet have not the Ancient Astronomers thought fit to take notice of more then 1025 of the chiefest that are visible in our Horizon they being sufficient for any purpose that we shall have occasion to apply them unto Yet of late the industry of Frederick Houtman aforesaid hath added to the Catalogue 136 Stars with their Longitude Latitude and Magnitude and given Names unto them which upon my New Globes I have also ascerted as may be seen about the South Pole thereof So that with these 1025 observed by the Ancients and these 136 the whole number of the Catalogue is 1161. Some other Stars of late have been also observed by Baiâ—rus among the several Constellations aforesaid but none of any Considerable Magnitude and therefore I think fit to pass them by and come to their scituation in Heaven according to Longitude and Latitude XII Of the Scituation of the Stars The Stars are Scituate in Heaven according to their Longitude and Latitude As the Longitude of any Place upon the Terrestrial Globe is an Arch of the Equator Comprehended between the first Meridian and the Place So the Longitude of any Star upon the Celestial Globe is an Arch of the Ecliptick contained between the first point of ♈ and the Star inquired after But yet because the Ecliptick is divided into twelve Signes the Longitude of a Star is therefore in the most Customary account an Arch of the Ecliptick comprehended between the Semi-circle of Longitude passing through the beginning of the Signe the Star is in and the Semi-circle of Longitude passing through the Center of the Star The Latitude of a Star is either North or South North if on the North side of the Ecliptick South if on the South side of the Ecliptick As the Latitude of any Place upon the Terrestrial Globe is an Arch of the Meridian contained between the Equator and the Parallel of the Place So is the Latitude of any Star upon the Celestial Globe an Arch of a Semi-circle of Longitude comprehended between the Equinoctial and the Star inquired after XIII Of the Magnitudes of the Stars For the better distinction of the several sizes of Stars they are divided into six several Magnitudes The biggest and brightest Stars are called Stars of the first Magnitude Those one degree inferiour in light and bigness are called Stars of the Second Magnitude Those again one degree inferiour to the Stars of the second Magnitude are called Stars of the Third Magnitude and so the Stars gradually decrease unto the sixth Magnitude which is the smalest some few obscure Stars only excepted which for their Minority and dimness are called Nebula These several Magnitudes of
as I can so as the Spherick Gnomon may cast no shadow yet if it do and the shadow fall towards the North Pole then I elevate the North Pole more till the shadow fals just in the middle of it self but if the shadow fall downwards towards the South Pole then I depress the North Pole If the shadow fall on the East side I turn the Globe on its Axis more to the West and if the shadow fall to the West I turn the Globe more into the East and the degree of the Meridian which the North point of the Horizon touches is the degree of the Poles Elevation which in this Example is 51½ the Latitude of the City of London By this Operation you have also given the Hour of the Day in the Hour-Circle if you keep the Globe unmoved and the Azimuth and Almicantar if you apply but the Quadrant of Altitude to the Place of the Sun as by the 22 and 23. Problemes PROB. XIX To observe by the Globe the Distance of two Stars YOu must pitch upon two Stars in the Meridian and observe the Altitude of one of them first and afterwards the Altitude of the other Then substract the lesser Altitude from the greater and the remainder shall be the distance required Example March 7. at 11. a clock at Night here at London I see in the Meridian the two Stars in the foremost Wheels of the Waggon in the Constellation of the Great Bear called by Sea-men the Pointers because they alwaies point towards the Pole-Star Therefore to observe the distance between these two Stars I first observe as by the last Probleme the Altitude of the most Northern to be 77. degree 59. minutes and set down that number of Degrees and minutes with a Pen and Ink on a Paper or with a peece of Chalk or a Pencil on a Board and afterwards I observe the Altitude of the other Star which is under it as I did the first to be 83. deg 21. min. and set that number of degrees and minutes also down under the other number of degrees and minutes Then by substracting the lesser from the greater I find the remainder to be 5. degrees 22. min. which is the distance of the two Stars in the Great Bear called the Pointers PROB. XX. How you may learn to give a guess at the number of degrees that any two Stars are distant from one another or the number of degrees of Altitude the Sun or any Star is elevated above the Horizon only by looking up to Heaven without any Instrument BEtween the Zenith and the Horizon is comprehended an Arch of a Circle containing 90. degrees so that if you see any Star in or neer the Zenith you may know that Star is 90. or neer 90. degrees high and by so much as you may conceive it wants of the Zenith so much you may guess it wants of 90. degrees above the Horizon By this Rule you may guess at an Arch of Heaven containing 90. degrees or at an Arch of Heaven containing 45. degrees if by your imagination you divide the whole Arch into two equal parts for then shall each of them contain 45. degrees And if by your imagination you divide the Arch of 90. into 3. equal parts each division shall contain an Arch of 30. degrees c. But this way is a little too rude for guessing at Stars elevated but few degrees or for Stars distant but few degrees from one another Therefore that you may learn to guess more precisely at Distances in Heaven you may either with a Quadrant Astrolabe or the Globe find the exact distance of any two known Stars that are but few degrees asunder and by a little revolving the distance of those Stars in your fancy you may at length so imprint their distance in your memory that you may readily guess the distance of other Stars by the distance of them Example You may find either by the Globe Quadrant or Asâ—rotabe for they all agree 3. degrees comprehended between the first Star in Orions Girdle and the last therefore by a little 〈◊〉 nating upon that distance you may imprint it in your fancy for 3. degrees and so make it applicable to other Stars either of the same distance or more or less And the Pointers by the last Probleme are distant from one another 5. degrees and almost an half These are alwaies above our Horizon and therefore may alwaies stand as a Scale for five and an half degrees So that by these for 5½ degrees and those in Orions Girdle for 3. degrees and others observed either of greater or lesser distance you may according to your own Judgement shape a guess if not exactly yet pretty neer the matter of Truth when you come to other Stars Thus you may exercise your fancy upon Stars found to be 10. or 15. degrees asunder or more or less and with a few experiments of this nature enure your Judgement to guess distances and enable your memory to retain your Judgement This way of guessing will be exact enough for finding the Hour of the Night by the Stars for most common Uses or the Hour of the Day by guessing at the Altitude of the Sun if after you have guessed at the Altitude you shall work as was taught by Prob. 12. for the Hour of the Day and as shall be taught in the next Probleme for the Hour of the Night PROB. XXI The Day of the Moneth and Altitude of any Star given to find the Hour of the Night THe Globe Quadrant and Hour Index rectified Bring the Star on the Globe to the same number of Degrees on the Quadrant of Altitude that it hath in Heaven So shall the Index of the Hour-Circle point in the Hour-Circle at the Hour of the Night Example March 10. the Altitude of Arcturus is 35. degrees above the Horizon here at London Therefore having the Globe Quadrant and Hour Index rectified I bring Arcturus on the Globe to 35. degrees on the Quadrant of Altitude And then looking in the Hour-Circle I find the Index point at 10. a clock which is the Hour of the Night PROB. XXII The Place of the Sun and Hour of the Day given to find its Azimuth in any Latitude assigned THe Globe c. rectified to your Latitude Turn the Globe till the Index of the Hour-Circle come to the given hour and bring the Quadrant of Altitude to the Place of the Sun so shall the number of degrees contained between the East point of the Horizon and the degree cut by the Quadrant of Altitude on the Horizon be the number of degrees of the Suns Azimuth at that time Example May 10. at 53. minutes past 8. a clock in the Morning I would know the Azimuth of the Sun Therefore the Globe being first rectified I turn about the Globe till the Index of the Hour-Circle point to 53. minutes past 8. a clock or which is all one within half a quarter of an hour of 9 then I move
Quadrant of Altitude the same degree on it will ly on both the Stars so shall the Index of the Hour-Circle point at the Hour of the Night PROB. XLI The Hour given that any Star in Heaven comes to the Meridian to know thereby the Place of the Sun and by consequence the Day of the Moneth though it were lost BRing the Star proposed to the Meridian and turn the Index of the Hour-Circle to the Hour given Then turn about the Globe till the Index point at the Hour of 12 for Noon and the Place of the Sun in the Ecliptick shall be cut by the Meridian Example March 7. at 11 aclock at Night the Pointers come to the Meridian of London Therefore I place the Pointers on the Caelestial Globe under the Meridian and turn the Index of the Hour-Circle to 11. past Noon afterwards I turn back the Globe till the Index point to 12. at Noon Then looking in the Ecliptick I find the Meridian cuts it in ♓ 26. 45. minutes Therefore I say when the Pointers come to the Meridian at 11. a clock at Night the Place of the Sun is ♓ 26. 45. Having thus the Place of the Sun I may find the Day of the Moneth by the fourth Probleme and so either know the Day that the Pointers come to the Meridian at 11. a clock at Night or at any other Hour given The Day of the Moneth might also be found by the Declination and the Quarter of the Ecliptick the Sun is in given For the Meridian will cut the degree of the Suns Place in the Ecliptick in the Parallel of Declination So that having respect to the Quarter of the Ecliptick you 'le find the Suns Place and having the Suns Place you may as aforesaid find the Day of the Moneth PROB. XLII The Day of the Moneth given to find in the Circle of Letters on the Plain of the Horizon the Day of the Week THe seven Daies of the Week were by the Idolatry of the ancient Roman Heathenish Times Dedicated to the Honour of seven of their Gods which we call Planets The first is the most eminent and therefore doubtless by them set in the first Place called Dia Solis or the Suns Day The second Dia Luna the Moons Day The third Dia Martis the Day of Mars by us called Tuesday The fourth Dia Mercurius Mercuries Day by us called Wednesday from Woden an Idol the Saxons Worshipt to whose Honour they Dedicated that Day and is by all those Germain Nations still called Wodensdagh The fifth Dia Jovis Jupiter or Joves Day which doubtless the Saxons from whom probably we receive it called Donder-dagh because Jupiter is the God of Thunder and we either by corruption or for shortness or both call it Thursday The sixth Dia Veneris the Day of Venus but the Saxons transferring her Honour to another of their Goddesses named Fria called it Fridagh and we from them call it Fryday The seventh is Dia Saturnis Saturus Day The same Day of the Moneth in other Years happens not on the same Day of the Week therefore the Dominical Letter for one Year is not the same it is the next Now because you cannot come to the knowledge of the Day of the Week unless you first know the Sundaies Letter therefore have I in Prob. 5â— inserted a Table of M r Palmers by which you may find the Dominical or Sundaies Letter for ever and having the Dominical Letter you may in the Circle of Letters on the Horizon find it neer the day of that Moneth and count that for Sunday the next under it for Monday the next under that for Tuesday and so in order till you come to the Day of the Moneth Example I would know what Day of the Week June 1. Anno 1658. Old Style falls on I find by the Table aforesaid the Dominical Letter is C then I look in the Calender of Old Style for June 1. and against it I find Letter E which because it is the second Letter in order from C therefore it is the second Day in order from Sunday which is Tuesday PROB. XLIII The Azimuth of any Star given to find its Hour in any given Latitude THe Hour of a Star is the number of Hours that a Star is distant from the Meridian To find which Rectifie the Globe and Quadrant of Altitude and bring the Star proposed to the Meridian and the Index of the Hour-Circle to 12. Then place the lower end of the Quadrant of Altitude to the given Azimuth in the Horizon and turn the Globe till the Star come to the graduated edge of the Quadrant of Altitude so shall the Index of the Hour-Circle point at the Hour of the Star Only this caution you must take If the Star were turned from the Meridian towards the Eastern side of the Horizon you must substract the number of Hours the Index points at from 12. and the remainder shall be the Hour of the Star But if the Star were turned from the Meridian towards the West side the Horizon the Hour the Index points at is without more adoe the Hour of the Star PROB. XLIV How you may learn to know all the Stars in Heaven by the Coelestial Globe REctifie the Globe Quadrant Hour-Index and Horizon as by Prob. 2. Then turn about the Globe till the Index of the Hour-Circle point at the Hour of the Night on the Hour-Circle Then if every Star on the Globe had a hole in the midst and your Ey were placed in the Center of the Globe you might by keeping your Ey in the Center and looking through any Star on the Globe see its Maâ—ch in Heaven that is the same Star in Heaven which that Star on the Globe represents for from the Center of the Globe there proceeds a straight line through the Star on the Globe even to the same Star in Heaven Therefore those Stars that are in the Zenith in Heaven will then be in the Zenith on the Globe those that are in the East in Heaven will be in the East on the Globe those in the West in Heaven in the West on the Globe and those Stars that are in any Altitude in Heaven will at the same time have the same Altitude on the Globe So that if you see any Star in Heaven whose Name you desire to know you need but observe its Azimuth and Altitude and in the same Azimuth and Altitude on the Globe you may find the same Star and if it be an eminent Star you will find its Name adjoyned to it Example December 10. at half an hour past 9. a clock at Night here at London I see two bright Stars at a pretty distance one from another in the South I desire to know the Names of them Therefore having the Globe rectified to the Latitude of London and the Quadrant of Altitude screwed to the Zenith the Hour-Index also Rectified and the Horizon posited Horizontally as by Prob. 2. I observe the Altitude of those Stars in
Heaven either with a Quadrant Astrolabe Cross-staff or the Globe it self as hath been shewed Prob. 13 16. to be the one 78. degrees the other 42 degrees above the Horizon Therefore having their Altitudes I count the same number of degrees as for the first 78. upon the Quadrant of Altitude upwards and turn it into the South under the Meridian and see what Star is under 78. degrees for that is the same Star on the Globe which I saw in Heaven Now at the first examination of the Globe you may see that that Star is placed in the Ey of that After time which is called Caput Medusa and indeed that being the only Star of Note in that Constellation bears the Name of the whole Constellation The other Stars about it you may easily know by their Scituation As Seeing two little Stars to the Westwards of that Star in Heaven you may see on the Globe that the hithermost is in the other Ey of Caput Medusa and the furthermost in the Hair or Snakes of the same Asterisme Looking a little to the Southwards of those Stars in Heaven you may see two other smal Stars a little below those in the Eyes Therefore to know those also you may look on the Globe and see that there is one on the Nose and another Starre in the Cheek of Caput Medusa In like manner for the second Star in the Meridian which is 42 degrees above the Horizon If you move the Quadrant of Altitude as before to the South or Meridian and count 42 degrees upon the Quadrant of Altitude you will find a Star of the second Magnitude in the Mouth of the Whale Therefore you may say that Star in Heaven is in the Mouth of the Whale and because close to it on the Globe is written Menkar Therefore you may know the name of that Star in Heaven is Menkar In the South East and by South 56 degrees above the Horizon I â—ee a very bright Star in Heaven therefore I bring the Quadrant of Altitude to the South East and by South point in the Horizon and find under 56 degrees of the Quadrant of Altitude a great Star to which is prefixed the name Occulus Taurus Therefore I say the name of that Star in Heaven is Occulus Taurus In the South East in Heaven you may see three bright Stars ly directly in a straight line from one another the middlemost whereof is 25. degrees or thereabouts above the Horizon therefore bring the Quadrant of Altitude to the South East point of the Horizon and about 25 degrees above the Horizon you will see the same great Stars on the Globe in the Girdle of Orion Therefore those Stars are called Orions Girdle At the same time South East and by East you have about 10 degrees above the Horizon the brightest Star in Heaven called Sirius in the Mouth of the Great Dog Canicula a bright Star in the Little Dog East and by South about 25 degrees above the Horizon Cor Leonis just Rising East North East you have also at the same time on the East side the Horizon the Twins Auriga the Great Bear and divers other Stars eminent both for their splendor and Magnitude In the West side the Horizon you have South West and by West about 4 degrees above the Horizon a bright Star in the Right Leg of Aquarius and all along to the Southwards in Cetus the Whale you have other eminent bright Stars More upwards towards the Zenith you have a bright Star in the Line of the two Fishes Higher yet you have the first Star in ♈ an eminent Star because the first in all Catalogues that we have cognizance of and therefore probably in the Equinoctial Colure when the Stars were first reduced into Constellations yet more neer the Zenith you have a bright Star in the Left Leg of Andromeda From thence towards the North you find other very eminent bright Stars in Cassiopea Cepheus Ursa Minor in the Tail whereof is the Pole Star and Draco Hecules where you turn back to Lyra Cygnus Pegasus the Dolphin c. all which or any other you may easily know by their Altitude above the Horizon and the point of the Compass they bear upon Thus knowing some of the most eminent Fixed Stars you may by the Figure of the rest come to the knowledge of them also For Example Looking towards the North North East in Heaven you may see seven bright Stars constituted in this Figure Therefore looking towards the same Quarter on the Globe you may without taking their Altitude see the same Stars lying in the same Figure in the hinder parts of the Great Bear from whence you may conclude that those Stars in Heaven are scituate in the hinder parts of the Asterisme called Ursa Major Yet nevertheless you may see some Stars of Note in Heaven which you shall not find on the Globe and those in or neer about the Ecliptick They are called Planets and cannot be placed on the Globe unless it be for a particular Time with Black Lead or some such thing that may be rubbed out again Because they having a continual motion alwaies alter their Places Of those there are five in number besides the Sun and Moon which are also Planets though they shew not like Stars These five are called Saturn Jupiter Mars Venus Mercury yet Mecury is very rarely seen because he never Rising above an Hour before the Sun or Setting above a Hour after for the most part hath his light so overspread with the dazelling Beams of the glittering Sun that sometimes when he is seen he seems rather to be a More in the Suns Beams then a Body endowed with so much brightness as Stars and Planets seem to be Now there are divers waies by some of which you may at all times know those Planets from the Fixed Stars as first Their not twinkling for therein they differ from fixed Stars because they most commonly do twinkle but Planets never unless it be ♂ Mars and yet he twinkles but very seldom neither Secondly They appear of a considerable Magnitude as ♃ sometimes appears greater ly far then a Star of the first Magnitude and ☿ many times bigger then he They are both glittering Stars of a bright Silver collure but ♀ most radient especially when she is in her Perigeon ♂ appears like a Star of the second Magnitude and is of a Copperish colloure ♄ shewes like a Star of the third Magnitude and is of a Leaden Collour and he of all the others is most difficult to be known from a fixed Star partly because of his minority and partly because of the slowness of his motion ☿ is very seldom seen as aforesaid unless it be in a Morning when he Rises before the Sun or in an Evening when he Sets after the Sun He is of a Pale Whitish Collour like Quick silver and appears like a Star of the third Magnitude He may be known by the Company he keeps for he is
that shadow shall be a Meridian liâ—e Secondly on the backside the Clinatory discribe a Circle and draw a line through the Center to both sides the Circumference cross this line with an other line at Râ—ght Angles in the Center so shall the Circle be divided into four equal parts These four parts you must maâ—k with East West North South and divide each of them into 90. degrees In the Center of this Plain erect a straight wyer prependicularly when you would find a Meridian line examine by the tenth Prob. of the second Book the Amplitude of the Suns Rising or Setting from the East or West points and waiting the just Rising or Setting that Day turn the Instrument about till the shadow of the wyer falls upon the same degree from the East or West the Amplitude is of for then the North and South line in the Instrument will be the same with the North and South line in Heaven Thirdly by the Suns Azimuth Find the Azimuth of the Sun by Prob. 22. of the second Book and at the same instant turn the Instrument till the shadow of the wyer fall upon the degree on the Instrument opposite to the degree of the Suns Azimuth so shall the Meridional line of the Instrument agree with the Meridional line in Heaven You may the same way work by the Azimuth of any Star Only whereas the shadow of the wyer should fall upon the opposite degree aforesaid Now you must place a Sight or Perpendicular upon that opposite degree and turn the Instrument about till the wyer at the Center the Sight in the opposite degree of the Stars Azimuth and the Star in Heaven come into one straight line so shall the Meridian line of the Instrument agree with the Meridional line in Heaven Fourthly It may be found by any Star observed in the Meridian if two Perpendiculars be erected in the Meridian line of your Instrument for then by turning the Instrument till the two Perpendiculars and the Star come into a straight line the Meridian line of your Instrument will be the same with the Meridian line in Heaven See more waies in Mr. Palmer on the Planisphear Book 4. Chap. 9 If your Plain either Recline or Incline apply one of the sides of your Clinatory Parallel to one of the Semi-diameters of the Quadrant to the Plain in such sort that the Plumb-line hanging at liberty may fall upon the Circumference of the Quadrant for then the number of degrees of the Quadrant comprehended between the side of the Quadrant Parallel to the Plain and the Plumb-line shall be the number of degrees of Reclination if thâ— Center of the Quadrant points upwards or Inclination if thâ— Center points downwards If your Reclining or Inclining Plain Decline draw upon it a line Parallel to the Horizon which you may do by applying the back-side of the Clinatory and raising or depressing the Center of the Quadrant till the Plumb-line hang just upon one of the Semi-diameters for then you may by the upper side of the Clinatory draw an Horizontal line if the Plain Incline or by the under side if it Recline If it neither Incline or Recline you may drawâ— an Horizontal line both by the upper and under sides of the Clinatory Having drawn the Horizontal line apply the North 〈◊〉 â— of the Clinatory to it and if the North end of the Needle 〈◊〉 directly towards the Plain it is then a South Plain If the 〈◊〉 point of the Needle points directly from the Plain it is a Norâ—â— plain but if it points towards the East it is an East Plain if towards the West a West Plain If it do not point directly 〈◊〉 East West North or South then so many degrees as the 〈◊〉 declines from any of these four points to any of the other of 〈◊〉 four points so many degrees is the Declination of the Plain 〈◊〉 respect as aforesaid had to the Variation of the Compass Or if you find the Azimuth of the Sun by its Altitude observed just when its beams are coming on or going off youâ— Plain that Azimuth shall be the Azimuth of your Plain Or you may erect a wyer Perpendicularly on your Plain and wait till the shadow of that wyer comes to be Perpendicular with the Horizon which you may examine by applying a Plumb-line to it for then the shadow of the Plumb-line and the shadow of the Perpendicular will be in one then taking the Altitude of the Sun you may by Prob. 22. of the second Book find its Azimuth and thereby know in what Azimuth the Plain of your Dyal lies for the Azimuth your Plain lies in is distant from the Azimuth of the Sun just 90. degrees PROB. I. How by one position of the Globe to find the distances of the Hour-lines on all manner of Plains YOu may have Meridian lines drawn from Pole to Pole through every 15. degrees of the Equinoctial to represent the Horary motion of the Sun both Day and Night and when the Pole of the Globe is Elevated to the height of the Pole in any Place and one of these Meridian lines be brought to the Brazen Meridian all the rest of the Meridian lines shall cut any Circle which you intend shall represent the Plain of a Dyal in the number of degrees on the same Circle that each respective Hour-line is distant from the Noon-line point in the same Circle Thus if you should enquire the distance of the Hour-lines upon an Horizontal Plain in Londons Latitude The Pole of the Globe as aforesaid must be Elevated 51½ degrees and one of the Meridian lines you may chuse the Vernal Colure be brought to the Brazen Meridian which being done you are only to examine in the Horizon Because it is an Horizontal Plain at what distance from the Meridian which in Horizontals is the Noon-line the several Meridians drawn on the Globe intersect the Horizon for that distance in degrees shall be the distance on a Circle divided into 360. degrees that each respective Hour-line must have from the Meridian or a Noon line chosen in the same Circle and lines drawn from the Center of that Circle through those degrees shall be the Hour lines of an Horizontal Plain If your Plain be not Direct but declines East or West 〈◊〉 must number the Declination Eastwards or Westwards reâ—pectively in the degrees of the Horizon and the Quadrant 〈◊〉 Altitude screwed to the Zenith as aforesaid bring the lower end of the Quadrant of Altitude to the said degrees of Declination and the number of degrees cut by the Meridians in the Quadrant of Altitude numbred downwards is the number of degrees that the Hour-lines are distant from the Noon line in a Circle of 360 degrees And lines drawn from the Center of that Circle through those degrees be the Hour lines of half the Day And if you turn about the Quadrant of Altitude upon the Zenith point till the lower end of it come to the degree of the Horizon
Calysto and they tell the tale on this manner Calysto a Nimph of singular beauty daughter to Lycaon King of Arcadia induced by the great desire she had of hunting became a follower of the Goddess Diana After this Jupiter being enamored with her beauty and out of hope by reason of her profession to win her love in his own person counterfeited the shape of Diana lay with Calysto and got her with child of whom was born a son which was called Arcas Diana or rather Juno being very much offended here-with turned Calisto into a Bear Arcas her son at the Age of fifteen hunting in the woods by chance lighted upon his mother in the shape of a Bear who knowing her son Arcas stood stil that he might come near unto her and not be afraid but he fearing the shape of so cruel a Beast bent his bow of purpose to have slain her Whereupon Jupiter to prevent the mischief translated them both into Heaven and of them made two several Constellations unto the lesser Bear there belongs but one star unformed 2. URSA MAIOR the Greater Bear called also of the Greeks Arctos and Helice consisteth of 27. stars Among the which those seven that are in the hinder part and tail of the Bear are most observed the Latines call them Plaâ—strum and of our men they are called Charles Wayn because the stars do stand in such sort that the three which are in the tail resemble the Horses and the other four which are in the flank of the Bear stand after a manner like the Wheels of a Waggon or Chariot and they are suposed by some to be greater then the Sun The reason of the Translation of this Constellation into the Heaven is at large set down in the other Constellation and therefore needs not here to be repeated This Constellation was first invented by Nauplius the Father of Palamedes the Greek and in great use among the Grecians and this is to be noted both in this and the former Constellation that they never set under the Horizon in any part of Europe which though it fall out by reason of their scituation in the Heavens yet the Poets say that it came to pass through the displeasure and hatred of Juno who for that she was by Calisto made a Cuckquean and they notwithstanding as she took it in dispight of her were translated into Heaven requested her brother Neptune that he should never suffer those Stars to set within his Kingdom To which request Neptune condiscended so that in all Europe they never come neer unto the Sea or touch the Horizon If any one marvel that seeing she hath the form of a Bear she should have a tail so long Imagine that Jupiter fearing to come too nigh unto her teeth laid hold on her tail and thereby drew her up into heaven so that she of her selfe being very weighty and the distance from the Earth to the Heaven very great there was great likelyhood that her tail must stretch The unformed stars belonging to this Constellation are eight 3 DRACO the Dragon of some named the Serpent of others the Snake by the Arabians Aben and by Junctinus Florentinus Vrago because he windeth his tail round about the Ecliptick Pole it containeth 31. stars This was the Dragon that kept the Golden Apples in the Orchard of the Hesperides now thought to be the Islands of Cape de Virde and for his diligence and watchfulness was afterwards translated into heaven Yet others say that he came into Heaven by this occasion when Minerva withstood the Gyants fighting against the Gods they to terrifie her threw at her a mighty Dragon but she catching him in her hands threw him presently up into Heaven and placed him there as a memorial of that her resistance Others would have it to be the Serpent Python whom Apollo slew after the Deluge 4. CEPHUS containeth in him 11. stars and hath two unformed This was a King of the Aethiopians and Husband unto Cassiopeia and father of Andromeda whom Perseus married He was taken up into Heaven with his wife and daughter for the good deeds of Perseus his son in law that he and his whole stock might be had in remembrance for ever The Star which is in his right shoulder is called by the Arabians Alderahiemin i. e. his right Arm. 5 BOOTES the driver of the Oxen for so I suppose the name to signifie rather then an Herdsman for he hath not his name because he hath the care of any Cattle but only because he is supposed to drive Charles his Wain which is drawn by 3. Oxen he is also called Arctophilax the keeper of the Bear as though the care of her were committed to him This Constellation consisteth of 22 Stars Some will have Bootes to be Areas the Son of her who before was turned into the Great Bear and they tell the Tale thus Lyâ—aon the Father of Calisto receiving Jupiter into his house as a guest took Arcas his daughters son and cut him in pieces and among other Services set him before Jupiter to be eaten for by this means he thought to prove if his guest were a God as he pretended to be Jupiter perceiving this heinous fact overthrew the table fired the house with lightning and turned Lycaon into a wolf but gathering and setting together again the limbs of the child he commited him to a Nymph of Aetolia to be kept Arcas afterwards coming to mans estate and hunting in the woods lighted at un-awares upon his mother transformed by Juno into the shape of a bear whom he persued into the Temple of Jupiter Lycaeus whereunto by the law of the Arcadians it was death for any man to come For as much therefore as they must of likelyhood be both slain Calysto by her son and he by the Law Jupiter to avoid this mischeif of meer pitty took them both up into heaven Unto this Constellation belongeth but one star unformed and it is between the legs of Bootes and by the Grecians it is called Arcturus because of all the stars neer the great Bear named Arctos this star is first seen neer her tail in the evening The Poetical invention is thus Icarus the father of Erigone having received of the God Bacchus a Flagon of wine to declare how good it was for mortal men travelled therewith into the Territories of Athens and there began to carouse with certain shepheards they being greatly delighted with the pleasantness of the wine being a new kind of liquor began to draw so hard at it that ere they left off they were past one and thirty and in the end were fain to lay their heads to rest But coming unto themselves again and finding their brains scarce in good temper they killed Icarus thinking indeed that he had either poysoned them or at the least-wise made their brains introxicate Erigone was ready to die for grief and so was Mera her little dog But Jupiter to allay their grief placed her father in
Goat and the lower part into a Fish Jupiter wondring at his strange device would needs have that Image and Picture translated into Heaven and made one of the 12. Signes In that the hinder part of this Signe is like a Fish it betokeneth that the latter part of the moneth wherein the Sun possesseth this Signe inclineth unto Rain 11. AQUARIUS the Waterman It hath 42. Stars whereof some make the Figure of the Man other some the Waterpot and some the stream of water that runneth out of the pot This is feigned to be Ganimedes the Trojan the son of Oros and Callirhoe whom Jupiter did greatly love for his excellent favour and beauty and by the service of his Eagle carried him up into Heaven where he made him his Cup bearer and called him Aquarius Others notwithstanding thinke it to be Deucallon the son of Prometheus whom the Gods translated into Heaven in remembrance of that mighty deluge which happned in his time whereby mankind was almost utterly taken away from the face of the earth The unformed stars belonging unto this Signe are three 12. PISCES the Fishes these together with the line that knitteth them together contain 24. Stars The Poets say that Venus and Cupid her son coming upon a certain time unto the River Euphrates and sitting upon the bank thereof upon a sudden espied Typhon the Gyant that mighty and fearfull enemy of the Gods coming towards them Upon whose sight they being stricken with exceeding fear lept into the River where they were received by two Fishes and by them saved from drowning Venus for this good turn translated them into Heaven Gulielmus Postellus would have them to be the two Fishes wherewith Christ fed the 5000. men The unformed stars of this Constellation are four Thus have I breifly run over the Poetical reasons of the Constellations It remains now that I speak of the Milky way VIA LACTEA or Circulus Lacteus by the Latines so called and by the Greekes Galaxia and by the English the Milkey way It is a broad white Circle that is seen in the Heaven in the North Hemisphere it beginneth at Cancer on each side the head thereof and passeth by Auriga by Perseus and Cassiopeia the Swan and the head of Capricorn the tayl of Scorpio add the feet of Centaur Argo the Ship and so unto the head of Cancer Some in a sporting manner do call it Waâ—ling street but why they call it so I cannot tell except it be in regard of the narrownesse that it seemeth to have or else in respect of that great high way that lieth between Dover and S. Albons which is called by our men Watling street Ovid saith that it is the great Causey and the high way that leadeth unto the Pallace of Jupiter but he alledgeth not the cause of the whiteness belike he would have us imagine that it is made of white Marble Others therefore alledge these causes Jupiter having begotten Mercury of Maiâ—â— the daughter of Atlas brought the child when he was born to the breast of Juno lying a sleepe But Juno awaking threw the child out of her lap and let the milke run out of her breast in such aboundance that spreading it self about the Heaven it made that Circle which we see Others say that it was not Mercury but Hercules and that Juno did not let the milke run out of her breast but that Hercules suckt them so earnestly that his mouth run over and so this Circle was made Others say that Saturn being desirous to devour his children his wife Ops presented him with a stone wrapped in a clout instead of his child This stone stuck so fast in Saturn his throat as he would have swallowed it that without doubt he had there-withall been choaked had he not been relived by his wife who by pressing the milke out of her breasts saved his life the milke that missed his mouth whereof you must suppose some sufficient quantity fell on the Heavens and running along made this Circle Dr HOOD Commenting upon Constellations saith The Stars are brought into Constellations for Instruction sake things cannot be taught without names to give a name to every Star had been troublesome to the Master and for the Scholler for the Master to devise and for the Scholler to remember and therefore the Astronomers have reduced many Stars into one Constellation that thereby they may tell the better where to seek them and being sought how to express them Now the Astonomers did bring them into these Figures and not into other being moved thereto by these three reasons first these Figures express some properties of the Stars that are in them as those of the Ram to to be hot and dry Andromeda chained betokeneth imprisonment the head of Medusa cut off signifieth the loss of that part Orion with his terrible and threatning gesture importeth tempest and terrible effects The Serpent the Scorpion and the Dragon signify poyson The Bull insinuateth a melancholy passion The Bear inferreth cruelty c. Secondly the Stars if not precisely yet after a sort do represent such a Figure and therefore that Figure was assigned them as for example the Crown both North and South the Scorpion and the Triangle represent the Figures which they have The third cause was the continuance of the memory of some notable men who either in regard of their singular pains taken in Astronomy or in regard of some other notable deed had well deserved of Man-kind The first author of every particular Constellation is uncertain yet are they of great antiquity we receive them from Ptolomie and he followed the Platonickâ— so that their antiquity is greâ—a Moreover we may perceâ—ve them to be ancient by the Scriptures and by the Poets In the 38. Chapter of Job there is mention made of the Pleiades Orion and Aucturus and Mazzaroth which some interpret the 12. Signes Job lived in the time of Abraham as Syderocrates maketh mention in his Book de Commensurandis locorum distantiis Now besides all this touching the reason of the invention oâ— these Constellations the Poets in setting forth those Stories 〈◊〉 this purpose to make men fall in love with Astronomy When Demosthenes could not get the people of Athens to hear him in a matter of great moment and profitable for the Common-wealth he began to tell them a tale of a fellow that sold an Ass by the which tale he so brought on the Athenians that they were both willing to hear his whole Oration and to put in practice that whereunto he exhorted them The like intent had the Poets in these Stories They saw that Astronomy being for commodity singular in the life of man was almost of all men utterly neglected Hereupon they began to set forth that Art under these Fictions that thereby such as could not be perswaded by commodity might by the Pleasure be induced to take a view of these matters and thereby at length fall in love them For commonly note this that