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heaven_n	body_n	earth_n	see_v	7,359	5	3.8059	3	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A30658	A commentary on Antoninus, his Itinerary, or, Journies of the Romane Empire, so far as it concerneth Britain wherein the first foundation of our cities, lawes, and government, according to the Roman policy, are clearly discovered ... / by VVilliam Burton ... ; with a chorographicall map of the severall stations, and index's to the whole work.	Burton, William, 1609-1657.	1658 (1658)	Wing B6185; ESTC R6432	288,389	293

in COCCIUM in the X. Journey Industrious Camden tells us that with all his searching he could not find out what these Deae Matres were However he cites a place out of Plutarch very much for their antiquity which would not be omitted here There is saith he a City in Cicilie called Engyium it is no great thing but a very ancient City of name by reason of the traffick thither for that there are certain Goddesses to be seen whom they worship called the * Mothers Some say the Cretans were the first Builders and founders of the Temple there where you shall see Speares and Helmets of Copper and upon them are graven the name of Meriones He meanes the associate of Idomeneus the King of Creet in Homer Camden and his Translator also hath Metio but amisse I beleive by the Printers fault and upon others Ulysses name also which are consecrated to these Goddesses Varro also hath made mention of some such Deities as I find by a place of his urged by Augustine Dijs quibusdam patribus Deabus Matribus sicut hominibus ignobilitatem contigisse If it were worth my while to conjecture and without the offence of the severe ones I should easily guesse them to be the three famous Goddesses highly worshiped by the Romans yet deduced from ancient originall among the Grecians Vesta Matuta and Tellus among whose indigitamenta or severall names and appellations you shall frequently find Mater or Mother And therefore it is likely that they may be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 at least that is worshiped upon the same Altar and in some respects the very same Goddesses For Vesta Cicero is my Author Vestaeque Matris ceremonijs And Virgill Dij Patrij Indigites Romule vestaque Mater Our Countrys Gods Vesta and Romulus She is of that antiquity that the God of Poets makes her the Daughter of Saturne the Father of the Gods As for Matuta besides Livies testimony which were enough to prove her called Mother I might add out of Verrius Flaccus that her name is to be derived no way better then from Mater Matuta sayes he potius a Matre quae est originis Graecae He meanes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or as the Dorics pronounced it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And for Tellus Mater it were putid to heap Testimonies for it hither Who knows not Homers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Mother of Gods or Earth Mother of all or that Vesta and Mater Tellus were the same Deity as Plutarch Ovid and others say Now having thought thus much long ago meerly by way of conjecture and making farther enquiry whether Stata Mater whom I found mentioned by Festus Pompeius and whose Image he sayes was worshipped in Foro were not the same Deity with Mater Deum or Mater Tellus as most probably it is I luckily after some good space of time resuming into my hand the so much admired Syntagmata de diis Syriis of M. Selden that incomparable M. Selden I say who was to borrow Ennius his words Multarum veterum Legum Divumque Hominumque Prudens There many ancient Lawes of Gods and men Well understood If any one man ever were I found out of Apuleius that Deum Mater called also Tellus Mater was the same with Astarte or Dea Syria and withall satisfaction sufficient for any man concerning these Deae Matres from so learned a Pen that to what I have blotted the paper with thou maist favourable Reader use thy spongia deletilis if by chance thou so pleasest But let us heare himselfe who in all doubts is our Apollo Aperta In Britain also sayes he there is an inscription now shattered indeeed dedicated to the DEA SURIA or Syrian Goddesse by Licinius a Commander under Autoninus the Philosopher extant at this day in Sir Thomas Cottons Gardens at Conuington in Huntingtonshire I am not ignorant that the Mother of the Gods was called also Terra by the Ancients So Lucretius in his second Book explaines the matter And there is no body but knows that Heaven and Earth were wont to be confounded by the worshipers of Idolls Seing therefore Astarte or the Syrian Goddesse was the same who at first was the Mother of the Gods but afterwards called by many names from hence perhaps may conjecture be made who those Mother Goddesses were mentioned in old Altars never taken notice of untill this age For as many names as there were so many Goddesses were there accounted to be so many Mothers Then instancing in those two places brought before out of Plutarch and Pausanias and taking notice how this age inquisitive after the remainders of Antiquity hath found out in Europe many Altars so inscribed as also others to the Junones all to be seen in Gruter and Smetius and mentioning these two already spoken of at Riblechester and here at Pinnovia or Binchester he brings us a third taken up likewise in Britain and communicated unto him long since by M. Camden DEABUS MATRIBUS TRAMAI VEX CERMA c. It is to be seen at Louther in Cumberland What TRAMAI means sayes he I dare not once to guesse But now if Astartae were the Deum Mater it doth needs follow that the Astarte were the Deae Matres for so were they called in the Plurall number Astartae even as there were many Junos many Venus's many Syrian Goddesses by the reason of the multitude of their Images So also there were many 〈◊〉 which perhaps they meant who observing as well the Asiatick as their own Countrey Rites did dedicate Altars to the Mother Goddesses at least it is very likely so S. Austin indeed hath sayd almost as much in this that follows Juno without doubt is called by them the Paeni Astarte And b●… those Dial●…cts the Punic and Phaenic●…an do not much differ the Scriptu●…e is not amisse beleeved to speak this of the people of Israel that they served Baal Astartibus quia Jovi Junonibus N●…ther ought it to m●…ve you that he sayd not Astarti that is 〈◊〉 but as if there were many Juno's he put this nam●… in the Plu●…ll number For be would have the understanding refer'd to the ●…tuide of their Images because every Image of Juno was call●… Juno and hereby he would have so many Juno 's understood as ●…r w●…re Images of her So farr the all knowing Selden But of this more then too much For the wise men of the age will laugh broad at these nice and fruitlesse enquiries and I am loath to offend Things thi●…gs say they not words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The other Inscription taken up at Binchester is this but thus by time shattered and broken Tantum aevi longinqua valet mutare vetustas So much doth time alter the state of things TRIB COHOR I. CARTOV MAR TI VICTORI GENIO LOCI ET BONO EVENTUI The name of the Tribune of the first Cohort of the Cartovii

are to read Pecunia Londinii cusa for Notata as I think it is here Let the studious youth take the pains to compare these with the Apotheosis of Severus at Rome described by Herodian according to the fashion of those daies Some difference will be found as his having but one Eagle and that to convey the Soul upward in the top of the Structure which he compares to a Light-house commonly a Pharos In these you have on each side one Other differences are not material I am confident there may be more remaines of Antiquity found hereabout it would be perhaps not unworthy the pains and cost The noble Gentleman whose the place is might be by his acquaintance easily perswaded to a farther search being one publick fame reports it that doth nothing unwillingly for the common Good which he lately let the world know in that Honorable and free service which with so much gallantry he sustained for his Countrey Rome in the height of its greatnesse had not a more glorious and gallant shew to exhibite then what this poor piece of Copper would express But before I mention Constantius his Deification I should have acquainted you with the place of his death which was Eboracum Not onely St. Hieron but Eutropius also an Heathen Roman Historian affirmeth it Obiit in Britannia E●…oraci principatus anno tertio decimo atque inter di●…os relatus est If therefore he dyed at York most certainly there also was his body solemnly burnt And if so how comes it to pass that so many ages after we find his body again in Wales and so far remote too The good Monk of Westminister is Author for it where he Chronicles matters of Edward 1. times Apud Caernarvan prope Snoudunam corpus maximi Principis Patris Imperatoris nobilis Constantini erat inventum rege jubente in Ecclesia honorifice collocatum But the credulous Monk was abused as we should be also if we gave credit to one far antienter then he Nin●…ius the old British Historian who relates that this mans Grandchild Constantius the Son of Constantinus had his Sepulcher near Caernarvan as saith he letters inscribed upon his Tomb-stone there do witness When as we know by unquestionable circumstance as well as authority that he breathed his last in Cilicia at Mopsocrenae or Mopsuestia of a feaver in his expedition against Iulian his Kinsman who in Gaul had taken upon him the Name and Title of Augustus That which our learned Antiquary saith he was told by very credible men of this City carrieth greater shew of probability That when in the age before this the Religious houses there were dissolved and ruined in a kind of grot or vault where constant fame reported the Reliques of Constantius were laid a burning Lamp was found And withall he adds that the Antients used to preserve in the Sepulchres especially of greater persons by artificial dissolving of Gold into a fatty substance fire still continuing for many ages And for this he bringeth the testimony of Wolfagius Lazius Div●…s other writers might have been consulted about this custome I will onely name two for the Readers satisfaction Bernardus Scardeonius a diligent Italian Antiquary and Fortunius Licetus an excellent Philosopher of Padua The death of Constantius happened about the year CCCVI when as at York also his eldest Son Constantinus of British extraction by Helen his first Wife much opposing and gain-saying it had the Imperial Robe put upon him by the Army which at length he could not but accept of He that especially urged him to it was Erocus King of the Alma●…es and auxiliary to his Father in Britain Hear the Panegyrist speaking to him Imperator transitum facturus in coe●…um videt quem relinquebat haeredem illico enim atque ille terris fuerat exemptus universus in te consedit exercitus te omnium mentes oculique signarunt quanquam tu ad Seniores principes de summa reipub quid fieri placeret retulisses praevenerunt tamen studio quod illi mox judicio probaverunt Purpuram statim tibi quum primus copiam tui fecit egressus milites utilitate publicae magis quam tuis affectibus servi●…ntes injecere lacrymanti neque enim fas erat diutius s●…eri principem consecratum Diceris etiam Imp. invicte ardorem illum te deposcentis exercitus fugere conatus equum calcaribus incitasse quod quidem ut verum audias adolescentiae errore fac●…ebas Quis enim te Cylla●…us aut Arion posset eripere quem sequebatur imperium Illa inquam illa majestas quae Iovis subjecta nutu nec Iridi Deum nuntiae sed prius commissa victoriae tam facile te comitata est quam cito ad terras coelo missa 〈◊〉 Sic modestiam tuam atque pietatem differendi imperii co●…atus ostendit reip felicitas vicit O fortunata nunc omnibus beatior terris Britannia quae Constantinum Caesarem prima vidisti That is When the Emperour was about to pass from earth to heaven he saw whom he left his heir for presently upon his being taken from the Earth the whole Army pitcht upon thee the eyes and hearts of all designed thee for the place and although thou repairedst to the Senior Princes for the ordering as they pleased the chief dignity of the Commonwealth yet they came prae-resolved by study of what they soon acted in the Counsel Presently when thy first going out made plenty the Souldiers serving the Commonwealth more than thy fancy cast the purple upon thee whilest weeping nor was it meet that a consecrated Prince should be any longer bewailed And they say also O unconquered Emperour that thou didst spur thy horse to have avoided the importunity of the Army when they moved for thee which to tell you truly was done but weakly and as a youth For what Cyllarus or Arion could deprive him whom the Empire followed That I say that Majesty which is subject to the nod of Jove was not committed to Iris the Messenger of the Gods but first to Victoria so easily did she accompany thee as soon as things sent from Heaven come to Earth So did th●… endeavour of avoiding that dignity shew and the felicity of the Common-wealth overcome thy modesty O Fortunate and now of all Nations most happy Britain who first sawst Constantine Emperour These last words our Britains produce to assert the birth place of Constantine neither without great probability notwithstanding that Joannes Livineius doth urge this additament Caesaris against them quod illum ipsum premit maxime saith my most learned Lord of Armagh For although Constantine were declared Imperator in Britain both by his Father and the British Army yet not Britain but Gallia saw him first CAESAR which Liveneius his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 proves at large Somewhat before he makes his addresses to him in these Words Sacrum istud Palatium

of the Laws But Spartian calls him the Asylum or Sanctuary of Right and the very Magazine of Law-learning Now concerning the cause of his death and the maner thereof Authors do somewhat differ Zosimus tells us that when he was Captain of the Guard if at least we do well in rendring Praefectus Praetorio in those words he was held in great suspition by Antoninus for no other cause but for that he observing him to bear a deadly disaffection toward his Brother Geta did what he could to hinder his designs and preserve Geta. Therefore that Antoninus to remove this block out of his way by the Souldiers plotted Papinians death and so having gained opportunity slew also his Brother Spartian writes he was beheaded with an Ax in Antoninus sight because he would not excuse Geta's death by which relation his murther should seem to precede Papinians contrary to what Zosimus delivers Dio tells us that Antoninus was much offended with the Soldier who put Papinian to death with the Ax being ordred to do it with the Sword In old time Malesactors were beheaded with the Ax afterwards with the Sword This punishment seemed the lighter and more honorable Hear Boethius Papintanum diu inter Aulicos patentem militum gladiis Antoninus objecit He exposed Papinian to the Swords of the Soldiers For SEVERUS times thus much of EBORACUM Which whether it became polluted with the blood of this brave and innocent man and a great part of that Sacred JUSTICE which yet remained upon earth in his dayes or else Rome hath not now as you see been first of all brought in question But for us let Rome as it had rather take all the glory thereof to it self and for joy it quits us of such bloody deeds I leave those infected times if first you will give me leave a little to parodize Gratulor extremo nostro jam gratulor orbi Gratulor hinc terrae quod abest regionibus illis Quae tantum fecere nefas I joy for you Ismarians for this Clime This World of ours so distant from that Earth That gave to such a cursed Monster birth AFTER SEVERUS for the space of about one hundred years there is no mention in antient memories made of EBORACUM onely as I shewed in this mean while the VI. Legion still continued their old abode there ●…l Val. Constantius surnamed Chlorus whose residence was more constantly in Britain made it again an Imperial Seat having recovered Britain from servitude to liberty having been first long usurped by the thirty Tyrants whence the famous Porphyry called it fertilem provinciam tyrannorum after by Carausius and Allectus the later of whom he vanquished sending before him Asclepiodotus who had the command of the Guard or Praetorian Souldiers with part of the Navy and Legions Concerning their Passage hither who pleases may read the nameless Panegyrick made to him being the tenth amongst them by Liveneius reckoning He was where ere he came a great Favorer of Christianity and those that professed it Therefore the Scottish Historians censure of him is very unchristian and argues their ignorance or malignity or both who asperse him in this respect and would make us think he persecuted them of Our Religion Contrary to the general testimonies of Christians themselves who lived either in his own time or at least in the ages next to him For his Actions in the Province as also for the time for which he was Augustus or Emperour about which there is no light mistake even among the learned I will refer you to a work and place more proper for them Onely till then take what follows out of the Panegyrist concerning his expedition into Britain Dies me ante deficiet quave oratio si omnia patris tui facta vel hac brevitate percurram That is If I should but thus concisely mention all thy fathers Gests the day would sooner come to an end than my oration They make Eumenius an Orator of Augustodium or Flavia in France to speak this to Constantine the Great the Son of this Constantius of whom here we treat Cujus jam suprema illa expeditio non Britannica tropaea ut vulgo certum est expetivit sed Diisjam vocantibus ad intimum terrarum limen a●…cessit neque enim ille tot tantisque rebus gef●…is non dico Caledonum aliorumque Pictorum silvas paludes sed nec Hiberniam proximam nec Thulen ultimam nec ips●…s siqua sunt Fortunatorum insulas dignabatur acquirere sed quod eloqui nemini voluit iturus ad Deos genitore●… illum Deorum ignea coeli astra refoventem prospexit Oceanum ut fruiturus exinde luce perpetua jam videret illic diem poene continuum Vere enim profecto illi Superum Templa patuerunt receptusque est consessu Caelitum Iove ipso dexteram porrigente That is And now whose last expedition was not to the British Tropaea's as it goes current commonly but by the call of the Gods he came to the innermost Port of the Countreys for he having performed so many Acts neither deigned I do not say the Chaledonian and ●…icton Woods and Moors but not so much as to attempt Ireland that lay next nor Thule the furthest nor those if there be any such fortunate Islands But which he would tell no body being on his journey to the Gods saw that Father of the Gods Oceanus recruiting the fiery Stars of heaven as being about to enjoy continual light and now he observed that it was almost perpetually day there For indeed to him did the Temples of the Gods truly ly open and he was received by the consent of all the heavenly inhabitants Iupiter himself giving him his right hand In this place and elswhere too surely he speaks of the Apothesis of Constantius celebrated in Britain which the coyns also do witness saith our diligent and learned Antiquary Whether that which follows be any of the fashion he had I cannot certainly affirm It was digged up lately within a mile of Kingstone upon Thames at the end of Comblane in a gravel-pit The U●… in which it was contianed more of his as also of Dioclesian the Maximiani Constantinus Caesar who afterward was called the Great Maximinus c. It seemes by this that on Comb-Downes or Hill was a Camp or station of Roman Souldiers and of such especially as I may well conjecture who following Asclepiodotus from Portsmouth up toward London might sit down here and continue still till after Const●…ntius daies to keep all here away quiet But see the Coyn stamped as appears at London DIVO CONSTANTIO PIO MEMORIA FELIX PLN I have since light upon another coyn of his with the very same inscription in the periphery or compass of it but the letters in the bottom of that Tabulatum or structure which also it self somewhat differs from this you have somewhat changed C. for N. so that you

this place is called Cair Daun Other Writers will tell you that in the year Seven hundred fifty nine it was ruined by fire from heaven and from those ruins it hath not yet wholly recovered it self See those Authors LEGEOLIO M. P. XVI We must observe in this place with Talbot Surita Simler Camden and others that this station is in the third Journey after this called Lagecium Besides their Authorities the distance there from Danum exactly XVI miles makes it good and it was at Castleford a Village Marianus calls it Casterford where the very meeting is of Calder and another Stream called the Ar●… Here are many and manifest remainders of Antiquity as great store of Roman Coyn found hate which the common people call Saracens heads taken up in a place named Beanfield from the store of them sowed there by the Church I might urge also the distance from Danum and York between which here it is placed to say nothing of its standing by the Military Roman way and that Houeden expresly calls it Civitatem though not as Casar uses the words but as it is commonly taken and understood Leland whom Iohn Baile Harrison and Fulk do follow thought it to have been Po●…frel or Ponfract but we let him pass with his conceit In Iosias Simlerus his Scholia's upon Antoninus you have it mis-printed Logetium for Lagecium ISU-BRIGANTUM M. P. XVII Some Books have M. P. XVI which others correct into M P. XXVI but amise I think It is curtailed here for Isurium Brigantum We have before said enough of that we will here say something also of the people called Brigantes The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Brigantes were a people in Ptolemie of the Island Albion inhabiting from both sides thereof mentioned also by Seneca Tacitus Iuvenal Pausanias Antoninus here and the old Inscriptions Hermolaus of Byzantium the Grammarian who set forth Stephanus the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 more contracted hath also in a more contracted word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by which he names them George Buchanan saith that the right case of this word in Stephanus is Brigas unde inflectimus saith he Brigantes ut a biga●… bigantes In Tacitus you have in one place Iugantes pro Brigantibus in all the ordinary printed books by the same negligence of the Printers whereby you had formerly Tigenes for Icenos a people likewise among us His words are these Praecipuus Scienti●… rei militaris Venutius e Iugantum Civitate ut supra memoravi fidusque diu Romanis armis desensus cum Cartismanduam reginam matrimonio teneret Truly it is exceedingly to be grieved at that so many books of the Annals of Tacitus are perished to the great loss not onely of our British Affaires but also of the Common-wealth of learning and particularly that this place is corrupted that there is no hope of finding out what we would but by conjecture Plainly then we must restore Brigantum hither out of him elsewhere for it is constantly published so by him in all other places As for the severall Etymons and Originals of this name I had rather then say any thing my self here for I have ●…lse where said enough refer you to Lhuyd Camden Spelman and others or if they speak not enough to the 〈◊〉 of Boropius in his Antuerpian Nights The Brigantes are reported by Tacitus to have been accounted Civitas numerosissima Previnciae totius and indeed they contained Cumberland Westmoreland Lanchashire the Bishoprick and all Yorkeshire I will set down the Cities or famous Towns of them as I find them set down in Ptolemie the explanation thereof you shall have recourse to in what I have said upon him in the mean while briefly thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Epiacum This is remembred onely by him O●…ro Oulo●… Vinnovium In Antoninus it is Vinoviae and in some Copies if not carrupt Viconia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Caturractonium Cartaractonium in Antoninus in the same Antoninus and in Beda likewise Cartaractone 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Calatum It is named Balacum in Antoninus or Calcaria it is not in the same Itinerary and Beda as Humphrey Lhuyd thinketh amiss 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Isurium here also mentioned as also Isuria 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rigodunum Camden makes the site hereof to be the same with Coctium in Antoninus Itin. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Olicana In other Authors there is no mention thereof to be found 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Camulodunum This is in Antoninus Cambodunum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Legio Sexta Vitrix Whence we know it was a Colony However S. Aurel. Victor calls it Municipium Britanniae municipio saith he cui Eboraci nomen The same Ptolomie calls it elsewhere 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Evoracum In the same Author in his Great Syntaxis which the Barborous call the Almagest it is named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Brigantium if the Printed book be not corrupted which Camden very luckily suspected It was indeed the head and chief seat 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is of the Brigantes but the admired Doctor Usher hath taught us that in the Greek MS. Copy of the Lambeth Library the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is altogether wanting for which the Latine Translations out of the Arabick have Bericanas as it shall be shewed in its due place Iuvenal the Poet means these Cities by Castella Brigantum which you shall find in his fourteenh Satyr in this Verse Dirue Maurorum attegias Castella Brigantum The Moorish Huts or British Towers destroy For most amend where the old Romans had their Stations or Castra there were Cities and great Townes builded where also in after ages not onely the British but the Saxon Kings had their dwellings as I could plentifully observe out of Beds if there were occasion The place which is mentioned onely taken out of Seneca I shall think good to bring hither if it be but to shew the severall readings thereof these then are his words Ille Britannos Ultra noti Littora Ponti Et caeruleos Scuta Brigantes Dare Romuleis Colla Catenis Iussit ipsum Nova Romanae Iura securis Tremere Oceanum For Scuta Brigantes Ioseph g Scaliger that great Dictator in Learning pleaseth himself wonderfully in reading Scoto-Brigantes and as his manner is slights all the Gain-sayers let the time be when it will when the Scoti came first to be made known to the World He doth well indeed to take up Hadrian Iunius who hath Cute Brigante against the right reason and observaoion of quantity of Syllables Iunius is therein so confident that he doth take his Oath for the reading but he hath not yet perswaded the learned World of men to it For the old reading yet with them taketh place For as painting their bodies generally was taken notice of amongst the Britains so is it not unlikely that they had also their Bucklers painted as well as other Nations