is delivered by Galen Colchicum or Medow-Saffron Ephemerum which some call Colchicum or Bulbus sylvestris that is medow saffron being taken inwardly causeth an itching over all the body no otherwise then those that are nettled or rubbed with the juice of a Squill Inwardly they feel gnawings their stomach is troubled with a great heaviness and in the disease encreasing there are strakes of blood mixed with the excrements The Antidote The Antidote thereof is womans milk Asses or Cows-milke drunken warm and in a large quantity Mandrag Mandrag taken in great quantity either the root or fruit causeth great sleepines sadness resolution and languishing of the body so that after many scritches and gripings that patient falls asleep in the same posture as he was in just as if he was in a Lethargy Wherefore in times past they gave Mandrag to such as were to be dismembred The apples when as they are ripe and their seeds taken forth may be safely eaten for being green and with their seeds in them they are deadly For there ariseth an intolerable heat which burns the whole surface of the body the tongue and mouth wax dry by reason whereof they gape continually so take it in the cold air and in which case unless they be presently helped they die with convulsions But they may easily be helped if they shall presently drink such things as are convenient therefore The cure Amongst which in Conciliatorâ— opinion excell raddishseeds eaten with salt and bread for the space of three dayes Sreesing shall be procured if the former remedy do not quickly refresh them and a decoction of Coriander or Pennie-roy all in fair water shall be given them to drink warm Opium Why not used in poysonings The ungrateful taste of the juice of black poppy which is termed Opium as also of Mandrag easily hinders them from being put into meat or drink but that they may be discerned and chiefly for that neither of them can kill unless they be taken in a good quantity But because there is danger lest they be given in greater quantity then is fitting by the ignorance of Physicians or Apothecaries you may by these signs finde the error Thesâ—mâ— to 〈◊〉 There ensues heavy sleep with a vehement itching so that the patient oft-times is forced thereby to cast off his dull sleep wherein he lay yet he keeps his eie-lids shut being unable to open them By this agitation there flows out sweat which smells of â—riâ—m the body waxeth pale the lips burn the jawbone is relaxed they breath little and seldom When as their eies wax livid unless they be drawn aside and that they are depressed from their orb we must know that death is at hand The remedy against this is two drams of the powder of Castoreum given in wine Hemlock drunken causeth Vertigos troubleth the minde Hemlock The symptom so that the patients may be taken for mad men it darkneth the sight causeth hicketting and benums the extreme parts lastly strangles with convulsions by suppressing or stopping the breath of the Artery Whereof at the first as in other poysons you must endeavor to expell it by vomit then inject glysters to expell that which is got into the guts then use wine without mixture which is very powerful in this case Peter Aponensis thinks the Bezoar or Antidote thereof to be a potion of two drams of Treacle The Antidote with a decoction of Dictamnus or Gentian in wine He which further desires to inform himself of the effects of Hemlock let him read Matthiolus his commentary upon Dioscorides In lib. 6. diosc where he treats of the same subject Aconitum called of Aconis a town of the Periendines whereas it plentifully grows Aconitum According to Matthiolus it kills Wolves Foxes Dogs Cats Swine Panthers Leopards and all wilde beasts mixed with flesh and so devoured by them but it kills mice by onely smelling thereto Scorpions if touched by the root of Aconite grow numme and torpid and so die thereof arrows or darts dipped therein make incureable wounds Those who have drunk Aconite their tongue forthwith waxeth sweet with a certain astriction which within a while turneth to bitterness it causeth a Vertigo and shedding of tears and a heaviness or straitness of the chest and parts about the heart it makes them break wind downwards and makes aâ—l the body to tremble Lib. 27. cap. 2. Pliny attributes so great celerity and violence to this poyson that if the genitals of female creatures bee touched therewith it will kill the same day there is no presenter remedy then speedy vomiting after the poyson is taken But Conciliator thinks Aristolochia to be the Antidote thereof Yet some have made it useful for man by experimenting it against the stinging of Scorpions Aconite good against the poison of Scorpions being given warm in wine For it is of such a nature that it killeth the party unless it finde something in him to kill for then it strives therewith as if it had found an adversary But this fight is onely when as it finds poyson in the body and this is marvelous that both the poysons being of their own nature deadly should die together that man may by that means live There are divers sorts thereof one whereof hath a flower like an helmet as if it were armed to mans destruction The differences but the other here delineated hath leavs like to sows-bread or a cucumber and a root like the tail of a Scorpion The figure of a Certain kind of Aconite Trees also are not without poyson The Yew as the Yew and Walnut tree may witness Cattle if they feed on the leaves of Yew are killed therewith * This is true in some countries as in provence Italy Greece c. but it is not so here with us in England as both Lobeâ— and daily experience can testifie But men if they sleep under it or sit under the shadow thereof are hurt therewith and oft-times die thereof But if they eat it they are taken with a bloody flux and a coldness over all their bodies and a kind of strangling or stoppage of their breath All which things the Yew causeth not so much by an elementary and cold quality as by a certain occult malignity whereby it corrupteth the humors and shaveth the guts The same things are good against this The Antidote as we have set down against Hemlock Nicander affirms that good wine being drunken is a remedy thereto There is also malignity in a Wall-nut-tree The Wall-nut tree which Grevinus affirms that he found by experience whilst he unawares sate under one and slept there in the midst of Summer For waking he had a sence of cold over all his body a heaviness of his head and pain that lasted six dayes The remedies are the same as against the Yew CHAP. XXXVI Of Bezoar and Bezoartick medicines What poyson is FOR that we
Ventricles of the Heart where kept in by the density thereof they turn into yellowish moisture as we see it happens in an Alembeck The Consistence Nature would have the Pericardium of a dense and hard consistence that by the force thereof the Heart might be kept in better state for if the Pericardium had been bony it would have made the Heart like iron by the continual attrition on the contrary if it had been soft and fungous it would have made it spongy and soft like the Lungs CHAP. XI Of the Heart What the Heart is and of what substance THe Heart is the chief mansion of the Soul the organ of the vital faculty the beginning of life the fountain of the vital spirits and so consequently the continual nourisherer of the vital heat the first living and last dying which because it must have a natural motion of it self was made of a dense solid and more compact substance than any other part of the body The three sorts of fibers of the Heart The flesh thereof is woven with three sorts of fibers for it hath the right in the inner part descending from the basis into the point that they might dilate it and so draw the blood from the Hollow-vein into the receptacles thereof and the breath or air from the Lungs by the Arteria venosa it hath the transverse without which pass through the right at right angles to contract the Heart and so drive the vital spirits into the great Artery Aorta and the cholerick blood to the Lungs by the Vena arteriosa for their nourishment It hath the oblique in the midst to contain the air and blood drawn thither by the forementioned vessels until they be sufficiently elaborate by the Heart All these fibers do their parts by contracting themselves towards the original as the right from the point of the Heart towards the basis whereby it comes to pass that by this contraction of the fibers the Heart dilated becomes shorter but broader no otherwise than it is made more long and narrow by the contraction of the tranverse but by the drawing of the oblique it is lessened in that part which looks towards the Vertebra's which chiefly appears in the point thereof The Magnitude It is of an indifferent bigness but yet in some bigger in some less according to the diverse temper of cold or hot men as we noted in the Liver Figure The figure thereof is pyramidal that is it is broader in the basis and narrower at his round point Composition It is composed of the most dense flesh of all the body by the affusion of blood at the divisions and foldings of the vessels and there concrete as it happens also to the other entrails For the blood being there a little more dryed than that which is concrete for the making of the Liver turns into a fleshy substance more dense than the common flesh even as in hollow ulcers when they come to cicatrize The proper Vessels It hath the Coronal veins and arteries which it receives either on the right side from the Hollow vein or on the left from the basis at the entrance of the artery Aorta You cannot by your eye discern that the Heart hath any other nerves than those which come to it with the Pleura The Nerves Yet I have plainly enough observed others in certain Beasts which have great hearts as Swine they appeared seated under the fat which covers the vessels and basis of the Heart lest the humid substance of these parts should be dissolved and dissipated by the burning heat of the heart Whereby you may perceive that the heat of the Heart is different from the Elementary heat as that which suffers fat to grow about this entrail where otherwise it doth not concrete unless by cold or a remiss heat which thing is chiefly worth admiration The Heart is one alone situate most commonly upon the fourth vertebra of the Chest Number and site which is in the midst of the Chest Yet some think that it inclines somewhat to the left side because we there feel the motion or beating thereof but that happens by reason of its left ventricle which being it is filled with many spirits and the beginning of the Arteries it beats far more vehemently than the right It required that seat by the decree of Nature because that region is the most safe and armed besides it is here on every side covered as it were with the hands of the Lungs It hath connexion with the fore-mentioned Vertebra's but by the parts composing it Connexion with those parts from whence it hath them with the Lungs by the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa and lastly with all the parts of the body by the Arteries which it sends to them all It is of a hot and moist temper as every fleshy part is The action thereof is Temper and action first to prepare the blood in its right ventricle for the fit nourishment of the Lungs for from hence it is that Galen saith This right ventricle was made for the necessity of the Lungs Secondly to generate the vital spirits in its left ventricle for the use of the whole body What the vital spirit is But this spirit is nothing else than a certain middle substance between air and blood fit to preserve and carry the native heat wherefore it is named the Vital as being the author and preserver of life In the inner parts of the heart there present themselves to our consideration the ventricles and the parts contained in the ventricles and between them such are the Valvulae or Valves the Vessels and their mouths their distribution into the Lungs the wall or partition and the two productions or Ears of the Heart which because they are doubtful whether they may be reckoned amongst the external or internal parts of the heart I will here handle in the first place Therefore these Auriculae or Ears are of a soft and nervous substance The Auriculae Cordis or ears of the heart compact of three sorts of fibers that so by their softness they might the more easily follow the motions of the Heart and so break the violence of the matter entering the Heart with great force when it is dilated For otherwise by their violent and abundant entrance they might hurt the Heart and as it were overwhelm and suffocate it but they have that capacity which we see given by nature that so they might as it were keep in store the blood and air and then by little and little draw it forth for the use of the necessity of the Heart But if any enquire if such matters may be drawn into the Heart by the only force of the Diastole ad fugam vacui for avoiding of emptiness I will answer That that drawing in or attraction is caused by the heat of the Heart which continually draws these matters to it no otherwise than
a fire draws the adjacent air and the flame of a Candle the Tallow which is about the wiek for nourishments sake Whilst the Heart is dilated it draws the air whilst it is drawn together or contracted it expels it This motion of the Heart is absolutely natural as the motion of the Longs is animal Some add a third cause of the attraction of the Heart to wit the similitude of the whole substance But in my judgment this rather takes place in that attraction which is of blood by the venae coronales for the proper nourishment of the Heart than in that which is performed for attraction of matters for the benefit of the whole Body These Ears differ in quantity for the right is far more capacious than the left Their magnitude and Number because it was made to receive a greater abundance of matter They are two in number on each side one situate at the basis of the Heart The greater at the entrance of the hollow vein into the Heart the less at the entrance of the veinous and of the great Artery with which parts they both have connexion We have formerly declared what use they have that is Their use to break the violence of the matters and besides to be stays or props to the Arteria venosa and great Artery which could not sustain so rapid and violent a motion as that of the Heart by reason of their tenderness of substance Of the Ventricles of the Heart THe Ventricles are in number two on each side one The partition between the ventricles of the heart distinguished with a fleshy partition strong enough having many holes in the superficies yet no where piercing through The right of these Ventricles is the bigger and encompassed with the softer and rarer flesh the left is the lesser but is engirt with a threefold more dense and compact flesh for the right Ventricle was made for a place to receive the blood brought by the hollow-vein and for distributing of it partly by the Vena arteriosa into the lungs for their nourishment partly into the left ventricle by sweating through the wall or partition to yield matter for the generation of the vital spirits Therefore because it was needful there should be so great a quantity of this blood Why the right ventricle is more capacious and less compact it was likewise fit that there should be a place proportionable to receive that matter And because the blood which was to be received in the right ventricle was more thick it was not so needful that the flesh to contain it should be so compact but on the contrary the arterious blood and vital spirit have need of a more dense receptacle for fear of wasting and lest they should vanish into air and also less room that so the heat being united might become the stronger and more powerfully set upon the elaboration of the blood and spirits Therefore the right Ventricle of the Heart is made for preparation of the blood appointed for the nourishment of the Lungs and the generation of the vital spirits The action of the right ventricle as the Lungs are made for the mitification or qualifying of the Air. Which works were necessary if the Physical Axiome be true That like is nourished by like as the rare and spongious Lungs with more subtil blood the substance of the Heart gross and dense with the veinous blood as it flows from the Liver that is gross The action of the left ventricle And it hath its Coronal veins from the Hollow-vein that it might thence draw as much as should be sufficient But the left Ventricle is for the perfecting of the vital spirit and the preservation of the native heat Of the Orifices and Valves of the Heart The uses of the four orifices of the Heart THere be four Orifices of the Heart two in the right and as many in the left Ventricle the greater of the two former gives passage to the vein or the blood carryed by the Hollow-vein to the Heart the lesser opens a passage to the Vena arteriosa or the cholerick blood carried in it for the nourishment of the Lungs The larger of the two other makes a way for the distribution of the Artery Aorta and the vital spirit through all the body but the lesser gives egress and regress to the Ateria venosa or to the air and fuliginous vapors And because it was convenient that the matters should be admitted into their proper Ventricles by these orifices by the Diastole to wit into the right ventricle by the greater orifice and into the left by the lesser and because on the contrary it was fit that the matters should be expelled by the Systole from their ventricles by the fore-mentioned orifices The Valves Therefore nature to all these orifices hath put eleaven valves that is to say six in the right ventricle that there might be three to each orifice five in the left that the greater orifice might have three and the lesser two for the reason we will presently give How they differ These Valves differ many ways First in action for some of them carry in matter to the Heart others hinder that which is gone out that it come not back again Secondly they differ in site Action Site Figure for those which bring in have membranes without looking in those which carry out have them within looking out Thirdly in figure for those which carry in have a Pyramidal figure but those which hinder the coming back again are made in the shape of the Roman letter C. Fourthly Substance in substance for the former for the most part are fleshy or woven with fleshy fibers into certain fleshy knots ending towards the point of the heart The latter are wholly membranous Number Fiftly they differ in number for there be only five which bring in three in the right ventricle at the greater orifice and two in the left at the lesser orifice those which prohibit the coming back Motion are six in each ventricle three at each orifice Lastly they differ in motion for the fleshy ones are opened in the Diastole for the bringing in of blood and spirit and contrariwise are shut in the Systole that they may contain all or the greater part of that they brought in The membranous on the contrary are opened in the Systole to give passage forth to the blood and spirits over all the body but shut in the Diastole that that which is excluded might not flow back into the Heart But you shall observe that Nature hath placed only two Valves at the orifice of the Arteria venosa Why there be only two Valves at the Orifice of the Arteria venosa because it was needful that this Orifice should be always open either wholly or certainly a third part thereof that the air might continually be drawn into the Heart by this Orifice in Inspiration and sent forth by
open Aneurismaes unless they be smal in an ignoble part not indued with large vessels but rather let him perform the cure after this manner Cut the skin which lies over it until the Artery appear and then separate it with your knife from the particles about it then thrust a blunt and crooked needle with a thred in it under it bind it then cut it off and so expect the falling off of the thread of it self whiles Nature covers the orifices of the cut Artery with the new flesh then the residue of the cure may be performed after the manner of simple wounds Those of the inward parts incurable The Aneurismaes which happen in the internal parts are incurable Such as frequently happen to those who have often had the unction and sweat for the cure of the French disease because being so attenuated and heated therewith that it cannot be contained in the receptacles of the Artery it distends it to that largeness as to hold a man's Fist Which I have observed in the dead body of a certain Taylor who by an Aneurisma of the Arterious vein suddenly whilst he was playing at Tennis fell down dead A History and vessel being broken his body being opened I found a great quantity of bloud poured forth into the capacity of the Chest but the body of the Artery was dilated to that largness I formerly mentioned and the inner coat thereof was boney For which cause within a while after I shewed it to the great admiration of the beholders in the Physitians School whilest I publiquely dissected a body there whilst he lived he said he felt a beating and a great heat over all his body the force of the pulsation of all the Arteries by the occasion whereof he often swounded Doctor Sylvius the Kings Professor of Physick at that time forbad him the use of Wine and wished him to use boyled water for his drink and Curds and new Cheeses for his meat and to apply them in form of Cataplasms upon the grieved and swoln part At night he used a Ptisan of Barly meal and Poppy-seeds and was purged now and then with a Clyster of refrigerating and emollient things or with Cassia alone by which medicines he said he found himself much better The cause of such a bony constitution of the Arteries by Aneurismaes is for that the hot and fervid bloud first dilates the Coats of an Artery then breaks them which when it happens it then borrows from the neighbouring bodies a fit matter to restore the loosed continuity thereof This matter whilest by little and little it is dryed and hardened it degenerates into a gristly or else a bony substance just by the force of the same material and efficient causes by which stones are generated in the reins and bladder For the more terrestrial portion of the bloud is dryed and condensed by the power of the unnatural heat contained in the part affected with an Aneurisma whereby it comes to pass that the substance added to the dilated and broken Artery is turned into a body of a bony consistence In which the singular providence of Nature the Hand-maid of God is shewed as that which as it were by making and opposing a new wall or bank would hinder and break the violence of the raging bloud swelling wich the abundance of the vital spirits unless any had rather to refer the cause of that hardness to the continual application of refrigerating and astringent medicines Which have power to condensate and harden Lib 4. cap. ult de praesaex pulsu A Caution in the knowing Aneurismaes as may not obscurely be gathered by the writings of Galen But beware you be not deceived by the fore-mentioned signs for sometimes in large Aneurismaes you can perceive no pulsation neither can you force the bloud into the Artery by the pressure of your fingers either because the quantity of such bloud is greater than which can be contained in the Ancient receptacles of the Artery or because it is condensate and concrete into clods whereupon wanting the benefit of ventilation from the heart it presently putrefies Thence ensue great pain a Gangrene and mortification of the part and lastly the death of the Creature The End of the Seventh Book The Eighth BOOK Of Particular TVMORS against NATVRE The Preface BEcause the Cure of Diseases must be varyed according to the variety of the temper not only of the body in general but also of each part thereof the strength figure form site and sense thereof being taken into consideration I think it worth my pains having already spoken of Tumors in general if I shall treat of them in particular which affect each part of the body beginning with those which assail the head Therefore the Tumor either affects the whole head or else only some particle thereof as the Eyes Ears Nose Gums and the like Let the Hydrocephalos and Physocephalos be examples of those tumors which possess the whole head CHAP. I. Of an Hydrocephalos or watry tumor which commonly affects the heads of Infants THe Greeks call this Disease Hydrocephalos as it were a Dropsie of the Head What it is The causes by a waterish humor being a disease almost peculiar to Infants newly born It hath for an external cause the violent compression of the head by the hand of the Midwife or otherwise at the birth or by a fall contusion and the like For hence comes a breaking of a vein or artery an effusion of the bloud under the skin Which by corruption becoming whayish lastly degenerateth into a certain waterish humor It hath also an inward cause which is the abundance of serous and acrid bloud which by its tenuity and heat sweats through the pores of the vessels sometimes between the Musculous skin of the head and the Pericranium sometimes between the Pericranium and the skull and sometimes between the skull and membrane called Dura mater Differences by reason of place and otherwhiles in the ventricles of the Brain The signs of it contained in the space between the Musculous skin and the Pericranium Signs are a manifest tumor without pain soft and much yielding to the pressure of the fingers The Signs when it remaineth between the Pericranium and the skull are for the most part like the fore-named unless it be that the Tumor is a little harder and not so yielding to the finger by reason of the parts between it and the finger And also there is somewhat more sense of pain But when it is in the space between the skull and Dura-mater or in the ventricles of the Brain or of the whole substance thereof there is a dulness of the senses as of the sight and hearing the tumor doth not yield to the touch unless you use strong impression for then it sinketh somewhat down especially in Infants newly born who have their skuls almost as soft as wax and the junctures of their Sutures lax both by nature as also
which was cut quite asunder and put the lips of the wound as close together as I could I could not get hold of the Gullet because it was fallen down into the Stomach then I bound up the wound with medicines pledgets and fit ligatures After he was thus drest he begun to speak and tell the name of the villain the author of this fact so that he was taken and fastened to the wheel and having his limbs broken lost his wretched life for the life of the innocent wounded man who dyed the fourth day after he was hurt Another History The like hurt befel a certain German who lay at the house of one Perots in the street of Nuts he being frantick in the night cut his throat with a sword I being called in the morning by his friends who went to see him drest him just after the same manner as I dressed the Englishman Wherefore he presently recovered his speech which before could not utter one syllable freed from suspition of the crime and prison the servant who lying in the same chamber with him was upon suspition committed to Prison and confessing the thing as it was done lived four days after the wound being nourished with Broths put into his Fundament like Clysters and with the grateful vapour of comfortable things as Bread newly drawn out of the Oven and soaked in strong Wine I having thus by Art of Chirurgery made the dumb speak for the space of four days CHAP. XXX Of the Wounds of the Chest The differences of wounds of the Chest SOme wounds of the Chest are on the fore-side some behind some penetrate more deep others enter not into the capacity thereof othersome pierce even to the parts contained therein as the Mediastinum Lungs Heart Midriffe hollow Vein and ascendent Artery Othersome pass quite through the body whereby it happens that some are deadly some not The signs You shall thus know that the wound penetrates into the capacity of the Chest if that when the Patients mouth and nose be shut the breath or wind break through the wound with a noise so that it may dissipate or blow out a lighted candle being held near it If the Patient can scarse either draw or put forth his breath this also is a sign that there is some bloud fallen down upon the Diaphragma Signs that the heart is wounded By these signs you may know that the heart is wounded If a great quantity of bloud gush out if a trembling possess all the members of the body if the pulse be little and faint if the colour become pale if a cold sweat and frequent swooning assail him and the extream parts become cold then death 's at hand A History Yet when I was at Turin I saw a certain Gentleman who fighting a duel with another received a wound under his left brest which pierced into the substance of his heart yet for all that he struck some blows afterwards and followed his flying enemy some two hundred paces until he fell down dead upon the ground having opened his body I found a wound in the substance of the heart so large as would contain ones finger there was only much bloud poured forth upon the midriffe Signs that the Lungs are wounded These are the signs that the Lungs are wounded if the bloud comes foamy or froathy out of the wounds the Patient is troubled with a cough he is also troubled with a great difficulty of breathing and a pain in his side which he formerly had not he lies most at ease when he lies upon the wound and sometimes it comes so to pass that lying so he speaks more freely and easily but turned on the contrary side he presently cannot speak Signs that the midriffe is wounded When the Diaphragma or Midriffe is wounded the party affected is troubled with a weight or heaviness in that place he is taken with a Delirium or Raving by reason of the sympathy of the Nerves of the sixth conjugation which are spread over the midriffe difficulty of breathing a cough and sharp pain troubles the Patient the Guts are drawn upwards so that it sometimes happens by the vehemency of breathing that the Stomach and Guts are drawn through the wound into the capacity of the Chest which thing I observed in two The one of these was a Mason who was thrust through the midst of the Midriffe where it is nervous and dyed the third day following I opening his lower belly and not finding his stomach A History thought it a monstrous thing but at length searching diligently I found it was drawn into the Chest through the wound which was scarse an inch broad But the stomach was full of wind but little humidity in it The other was called captain Francis d' Alon a Native of Xantoigne Another History who before Rochell was shot with a Musket Bullet entring by the breast-bone near to the sword-like Gristle and passing through the fleshy part of the midriffe went out at the space between the fifth and sixth bastard ribs The wound was healed up on the outside yet for all that there remained a weakness of the stomach whereupon a pain of the guts like to the colick took him especially in the Evening and on the night for which cause he durst not sup but very sparingly But on the eighth month after the pain raging more violently in his belly then it was accustomed he dyed though for the mitigating of the vehemency thereof Simon Malmâ—dy and Anthony du Val both learned Physitians omitted no kind of Remedy The body of the diseased was opened by the skilful Chirurgeon James Guillemeau who found a great portion of the Colick-gut swelled with much wind gotten into the Chest through the wound of the Diaphragma for all it was so small that you could scarse put your little finger in thereat But now let us return from whence we digressed We understand that there is blood poured forth into the capacity of the Chest by the difficulty of breathing the vehemency of the increasing feaver the stinking of the breath Signs that there is blood pouted into the capacity of the Chest the casting up of blood at the mouth and other symptoms which usually happen to those who have putrefied and clotted blood poured out of the vessels into the belly infecting with the filthy vapour of the corrupt substance the parts to which it shall come But also unless the Patient cannot lye upon his back he is troubled with a desire to vomit and covets now and then to rise whence he often falls into a swound the vitall faculty which sustains the body being broken and debilitated both by reason of the wound and concreat or clotted blood for so putting on the quality of poyson it greatly dissipates and dissolves the strength of the heart It is a sign the spinal marrow is hurt when a Convulsion or Palsie that is a sodain loss of sense and motion
aceti rosar an lb. ss sant rub ros rub anÊ’iii flor nenuph. violar camphur an Ê’ss methridat theriac an Ê’ii terantur misceantur simul omnia When you intend to use them take some portion of them in a vessel by its self wherewith let the affected bowel be fomented warm CHAP. XXIV Whether purging and blood-letting be necessary in the beginning of pestilent diseases SO soon as the heart is strengthened and corroborated with cordials and antidotes Reasons for and against blood-letting in the Plague we must come to phlebotomy and purging As concerning blood-letting in this case there is a great controversie among Physicians Those that wish it to be used say or affirm that the pestilent Fever doth infix it self in the blood and therein also the pestilent malignity taketh its seat and therefore it will soon infect the other humors unless that the blood be evacuated and the infection that remaineth in the blood be thereby taken away Contrariwise those that do not allow phlebotomy in this case alledg that it often cometh to pass that the blood is void of malignity when the other humors are infected with the venomous contagion If any man require my judgment in this doubtful question I say that the pestilence sometimes doth depend on the default of the Air this default being drawn through the passages of the body doth at length pierce unto the intrails as we may understand by the abscesses which break out The composing of this controversie one while behind the ears sometimes in the arm-holes and sometimes in the groins as the brain heart or liver are infected And hereof also come Carbuncles and other collections of matter and eruptions which are seen in all parts of the body by reason that nature using the strength of the expulsive faculty doth drive forth whatsoever is noisom or hurtful Therefore if the Physician will follow this motion of nature he must neither purge nor let blood lest that by a contrary motion that is by drawing in from without the motion of nature which proceeds outwardly from within should be troubled So we often see in those who are purged or let blood for such Buboes as come through unlawful copulation that the matter is thereby made contumacious and by drawing it inwardly it speedily causeth the French Pox. Wherefore When Bubes Carbuncles and other pestilent eruptions appear which come through the default of the air we ought to abstain from purging and phlebotomy but it is sufficient to fore-arm the heart inwardly and outwardly with Antidotes that are endued with a proper virtue of resisting the poison For it is not to be doubted but that when nature is debilitated with both kinds of evacuation and when the spirits together with the blood are exhausted the venomous air will soon pierce and be received into the empty body where it exerciseth its tyranny to the utter destruction thereof An history In the year of our Lord God 1566. in which year there was great mortality throughout all France by reason of the pestilence and pestilent diseases I earnestly and diligently inquired of all the Physicians and Chyrurgions of all the Cities through which King Charls the Ninth passed in his progress unto Bayon what success their patients had after they were let blood and purged whereunto they all answered alike that they had diligently observed that all that were infected with the Pestilence and were let bleed some quantity of blood or had their bodies somewhat strongly purged thence forwards waxed weaker and weaker and so at length died but others which were not let blood nor purged but took cordial Antidotes inwardly and applied them outwardly for the most part escaped and recovered their health for that kind of Pestilence took its original of the primitive and solitary default of the Air and not of the corruption of the humors When purging and bleeding may be used The like event was noted in the hoarsness that we spake of before that is to say that the patients waxed worse and worse by purging and phlebotomy but yet I do not disallow either of those remedies if there be great fulness in the body especially in the beginning and if the matter have a cruel violence whereof may be feared the breaking in unto some noble part For we know that it is confirmed by Hippocrates Aph. 22 sect 2. Aph. 10 sect 4. that what disease soever is caused by repletion must be cured by evacuation and that in diseases that are very sharp if the matter do swell it ought to be remedied the same day for delay in such diseases is dangerous but such diseases are not caused or inflicted upon mans body by reason or occasion of the pestilence but of the diseased bodies and diseases themselves commixed together with the pestilence therefore then peradventure it is lawful to purge strongly and to let a good quantity of blood least that the pestilent venom should take hold of the matter that is prepared and so infect it with a contagion whereby the pestilence taketh new and far greater strength especially as Celsus admonisheth us Cap. 7. lib. 3. where he saith that by how much the sooner those sudden invasions do happen by so much the sooner remedies must be used yea or rather rashly applyed therefore if the veins swell the face wax fiery red if the arteries of the temples beat strongly if the patient can very hardly breath by reason of a weight in his stomach if his spittle be bloody then ought he to be let blood without delay for the causes before mentioned It seems best to open the Liver-vein on the left arm whereby the heart and spleen may be better discharged of their abundant matter Why blood must be let on the left arm in the Plague yet blood-letting is not good at all times for it is not expedient when the body beginneth to wax stiff by reason of the coming of a Fever for then by drawing back the heat and spirits inwardly the outward parts being destitute of blood wax stiff and cold therefore blood cannot be let then without great loss of the strength and perturbation of the humors And it is to be noted that when those phlethorick causes are present there is one Indication of blood-letting in a simple pestilent Fever and another in that which hath a Bubo id est a Botch or a Carbuncle joined therewith For in one or both of these being joined with a vehement and strong burning Fever blood must be letten by opening the vein that is nearest unto the tumor or swelling against nature keeping the straitness of the fibres that this being open the blood might be drawn more directly from the part affected for all and every retraction of putrefied blood unto the noble parts is to be avoided because it is noisom and hurtful to nature and to the patient Therefore for example sake admit the patient be plethorick by repletion which is called Ad Vasa id
in the lowest Belly by the Gate-vein But although it be not parted into any branches until it come to the Jugulum Propagations of the Ascendent Trunk Phrenica yet before that it spreads some propagations at its sides and of those three notable ones The first ee is that which is called Phrenica or the vein of the Midriff on either side one and is distributed throughout the whole Midriff which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with a numerous issue sending little branches to the neighbouring Pericardium or purse of the Heart and the mediastinum or partition of the Chest which when it has now got above and entred the Chest it inclines a little to the left hand and enters the Pericardium and being hidden very close over against the eight Rack-bone of the Chest is very strongly infixt into the right ventricle C of the heart that Aristotle did not without cause guess that it sprung from hence But before it be so infixed it sends out another propagation bb which is a notable one and extends it self by the hinder part of the Heart and the left side of it towards the forepart compassing the basis of the Heart like a Crown Coronâ—ria from whence it is called Coronaria or the Crown-vein of the Heart This scatters many branches through all the outer surface of the Heart but especially through the left side as that which needed a more copious aliment then the right side because of the continual and greater motion there But because the flesh of the Heart is hard and solid it ought therefore to be nourisht with a thicker blood from whence it is that this branch grows out of the vein before it enters the Heart to wit when the blood is somewhat thicker and not yet attenuated in the cavities of the Heatt Near to the original of this there is a little valve or flood-gate which hinders the blood from flowing back to the Hollow-vein as it might easily do by reason of the continual motion of the Heart When the Hollow vein has now gotten above the Heart it becomes lesser and perforates again the Pericardium and for sakes the Rack-bones of the Back and being got above the Gullet the rough Artery and the Aorta or great Artery which lean so upon one another that the Gullet takes hold of the bodies of the Rack-bones the rough Artery lies upon that and the aorta again upon this it climbs upwards through the midst of the division of the Lungs where the right part is separated from the left But because by this means it could not get to the back and the little branches if it should have sent forth any such had been very liable to danger of breaking being so hanged up therefore it sends forth a third propagation cc as soon as it is got out of the Pericardium or purse of the Heart 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Greeks call this vein 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latins sine pari or carens conjuge without a companion or wanting a mate because in a man there is but one and it has no companion or mate on the left side as other veins have though in creatures that chew the cud it is double and plainly to be perceived of both sides But it issues forth about the fifth Rack-bone of the Chest out of the hinder part of the Hollow-vein and the right side and goes downwards not directly but inclining a little toward the right hand is as it were reflected backwards to the Back-bone but as soon as it reaches the eight or ninth rib it is cleft above the Spine of the Back into two branches which running downwards pass through the division of the midriff which is betwixt its two productions and so are spread abroad into the lowest Belly Of these the left which is sometimes the greater hiding it self about the transverse Processes of the Rack-bones and under the left production of the midriff and the original of the first bending Muscle of the thigh is inserted into the left Emulgent either near to its beginning or as it oft happens into the middle of it But the right running on likewise under the membranes about the transverse processes of the right side and the right production of the Septum or Midriff and the beginning of the same first bender of the thigh which keeps the right side is implanted sometimes into the very Trunk of the Hollow-vein sometimes into the first vein of the Loins And we are indebted for this observation to the learned Fallopius who would have the matter that is gathered together in the Chest whether it be watery or purulent and corrupt or sanguinous to be evacuated by the benefit of the left branch of this vein of which notwithstanding we will say something briefly in the following Book But this vein in its journey downwards shoots forth twigs of both sides as well right as left of which the right are more notable and larger of which there are numbred almost alwayes ten which run out to as many distances of the lower ribs and make the inferior Intercostal veins But I say they are almost alwayes ten because it happens very seldome that all the distances of the ribs receive branches from this vein the two uppermost to wit the first and second distance getting their surcles or twigs from the fourth branch that is presently to be mentioned But these twigs run straight forwards near to to the lower side of the ribs where there are cavities cut out for them as we have taught in the second Book And truly this place is diligently to be taken notice of by Students in Chirurgery because of the opening of the Chest in the disease called Empyema that they may know that incision is to be made in the uppermost place of the rib because in the lower the vessels would be harmed to the great indangering of life But these veins do not run through the whole length of the true ribs but are terminated together with the bony part But the propagations of the Mammary vein nourish the six distances between the gristles of the seven true ribs as we shall tell you by and by Yet in the bastard ribs they run even beyond the Gristles towards the Abdomen or Paunch into whose Muscles they insinuate themselves But there are certain other little branches propagated from the same vein by which nourishment is derived to the marrow of the Rack-bones and the Muscles to wit those about which they are carried some also are implanted into the Mediastinum near to the back This vein sine pari without a companion being thus constituted the Hollow-vein ascends to the Jugulum or Hollow of the Neck D being supported by the Mediastinum and a certain soft and glandulous body which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and is placed in the highest part of the Chest to defend the divarications of the veins there hanging up from all danger of breaking And here
defluxion or falling down of humors into the part Or these evacuations are performed by much matter evacuated from an opened Bile or running Ulcer a Fistula or such like sores Or by sweats which are very good and healthful especially in sharp diseases if they proceed from the whole body and happen on the critical days By vomit The force of vomits which often violently draws these humors from the whole body even from the utmost joynts which purging medicines could not evacuate as we may see in the Palsie and Sciatica or Hip-gout By spitting as in all who are suppurated either in the sides or lungs By Salivation Salivation or a Phlegmatick flux by the mouth as in those who are troubled with the French-pox By sneezing and blowing the nose for by these the brain opprest with moisture disburdeneth its self whether it be done without or with the help of sternutatories and errhines wherefore children and such as have somewhat moist brains purge themselves often this way By hicket and belching The whole body is also purged by urine for by these the windiness contained in the stomach is often expelled By urine for by this not only Feavers but which is more to be admired the French-pox hath often been terminated and cured For there have been some troubled with the Pox in whom a flux of the vicious and venenate humor could not by Unctions of quicksilver be procured either from the mouth or belly yet have been wounderfully freed bv abundance of Urine both from danger of death and their disease By bleeding for nature hath often found a way for grievous diseases especially in young bodies by bleeding at the nose and by their courses in women By a flux or lask purgation sweats insensible evacuation and transpiration for so tumors the matter being brought to suppuration do sometimes vanish away and are dissolved both of their own accord as also by dissolving or discussing medicines We do the same by exercise diet hot-houses long sleep waking and shedding of tears By sucking as with Cupping-glasses and Hors-leeches in wounds made by venemous bitings We must observe three things in every evacuation In all such kinds of evacuations we must consider three things the quantity quality and manner of evacuation As for an example When an Empyema is opened the matter which runs out ought to be answerable in proportion to the purulent matter which was contained in the capacity of the breasts otherwise unless all the matter be emptyed there may happen a relapse the matter should be white soft equal and nothing stinking Lastly you must let it forth not all together and at one time but by little and little and at several times otherwise not a little quantity of the Spirits and heat doth flow out together with the unprofitable matter and so consequently a dissolution of all the powers CHAP. XVIII Of the Perturbations or Passions of the Mind Why the Passions of the mind are called Accidents Their force THe Perturbations are commonly called the Accidents of the Mind because as bodily accidents from the body so may these be present and absent from the Mind without the corruption of the subject The knowledg of these must not be lightly passed over by the Chirurgeon for they stir up great troubles in the bodies and yield occasion of many and great diseases of which things joy hope and love may give an apparent testimony For by these motions the heat and spirits are sometimes gently sometimes violently diffused over all the body for the enjoying of the present or hoped for good For then the heart is dilated as to embrace the thing beloved and the face is dyed with a rosie and lively colour For it is likely that the faculty it self is stirred by the object by whose power the Heart it self is moved From whence they have their force For it is first necessary before we be moved by any Passions that the senses in their proper seats in which they are seldom deceived apprehend the objects and straight as messengers carry them to the common sense which sends their conceived forms to all the faculties And then that each faculty as a Judge may afresh examin the whole matter how it is and conceive in the presented objects some shew of good or ill to be desired or shunned For What man that was well in his wits did ever fall into laughter unless he formerly knew or saw somewhat said or done The reason of Joy which might yield occasion of laughter Therefore Joy proceeds from the heart for the thing causing mirth or joy being conceived the faculty moves the heart which shaken and moved by the faculty which hath dominion over it is dilated and opened as ready to embrace the exhilarating object But in the mean time by the force of that dilatation it sends forth much heat and spirits together with the bloud into all the body A great part of which comming to the face dilates it the fore-head is smooth and plain the eyes look bright the cheeks become red as died with Vermilion the lips and mouth are drawn together and made plain and smooth some have their cheeks dented with two little pits which from the effects are called laughing cheeks because of the contraction or curling which the muscle suffer by reason of their fulness of bloud and spirits The effects of Joy all which to be brief is nothing but to laugh Joy recreates and quickens all the faculties stirs up the spirits helps concoction makes the body to be better liking and fattens it the heat bloud and spirits flowing thither and the nourishing dew or moisture watering and refreshing all the members from whence it is that of all the passions of the mind this only is profitable so that it exceed not measure for immoderate and unaccustomed joy carries so violently the bloud and spirits from the heart into the habit of the body that sodain and unlookt for death ensues by a speedy decay of the strength the lasting fountain of the vital humor being exhausted Which thing principally happens to those who are less hearty as women and old men Anger Anger causeth the same effusion of heat in us but far speedier than joy therefore the spirits and humors are so enflamed by it that it often causes putrid Feavers especially if the body abound with any ill humour Sorrow Sorrow or grief dries the body by a way quite contrary to that of Anger because by this the heart is so straitned the heat being almost extinct that the accustomed generation of spirits cannot be performed and if any be generated they cannot freely pass into the members with the bloud wherefore the vital faculty is weakned the lively colour of the face withers and decays and the body wastes away with a lingring Consumption Fear Fear in like sort draws in and calls back the spirits and not by little and little as in sorrow but sodainly and violently
hereupon the face grows sodainly pale the extreme parts cold all the body trembles or shakes the belly in some is loosed the voyce as it were stays in the jaws the heart beats with a violent pulsation because it is almost opprest by the heat strangled by the plenty of blood and spirits aboundantly rushing thither The hair also stands upright because the heat and bloud are retired to the inner parts Hiâ—pach lib. 4. 〈◊〉 Miâ— and the utmost parts are more cold and drie than a stone by reason whereof the utmost skin and the pores in which the roots of the hairs are fastned are drawn together Shame is a certain affection mixed as it were of Anger and Fear therefore Shame if in that conflict of as it were contending passions Fear prevail over Anger the face waxeth pale the blood flying back to the heart and these or these Symptoms rise according to the vehemency of the contracted and abated heat But if on the contrary Anger get the dominion over Fear the blood runs violently to the face the eyes look red and sometimes they even fome at the mouth There is another kind of shame which the Latins call Verecundia we Shamefastness Shamefastness in which there is a certain flux and reflux of the heat and blood first recoiling to the heart then presently rebounding from thence again But that motion is so gentle that the heart thereby suffers no oppression nor defect of spirits wherefore no accidents worthy to be spoken of arise from hence this affect is familiar to young maids and boys who if they blush for a fault committed unawares or through carelesness it is thought an argument of a vertuous and good disposition But an agony which is a mixt passion of a strong fear and vehement anger An agony involves the heart in the danger of both motions wherefore by this passion the vital faculty is brought into very great danger To these six Passions of the mind all other may be revoked as Hatred and Discord to Anger Mirth and Boasting to Joy Terrors Frights and Swoundings to Fear Envy Despair and Mourning to Sorrow By these it is evident how much the Passions of the mind can prevail to alter and overthrow the state of the body and that by no other means than that by the compression and dilatation of the heart they diffuse and contract the spirits blood and heat from whence happens the dissipation or oppression of the spirits The signs of these Symptoms quickly shew themselves in the face the heart Why the first signs of passions of the mind appear in the face by reason of the thinness of the skin in that part as it were painting forth the notes of its affections And certainly the face is a part so fit to disclose all the affections of the inward parts that by it you may manifestly know an old man from a young a woman from a man a temperate person from an untemperate an Ethiopian from an Indian a Frenchman from a Spaniard a sad man from a merry a sound from a sick a living from a dead Wherefore many affirm that the manners and those things which we keep secret and hid in our hearts may be understood by the face and countenance Now we have declared what commodity and discommodity may redound to the man from these fore-mentioned passions and have shewed that anger is profitable to none The use of passions of the mind unless by chance to some dull by reason of idleness or opprest with some cold clammy and phlegmatick humor and Fear convenient for none unless peradventure for such as are brought into manifest and extream danger of their life by some extraordinary sweat immoderate bleeding or the like unbrideled evacuatâ—on Wherefore it behoves a wise Chirurgeon to have a care lest he inconsiderately put any Patient committed to his charge into any of these passions unless there be some necessity thereof by reason of any of the fore-mentioned occasions CHAP. XIX Of things against Nature and first of the Cause of a Disease HAving intreated of things natural and not-natural What things against nature are What and how many the causes of diseases be The Primitive cause Internal antecedent now it remains we speak of things which are called against nature because they are such as are apt to weaken and corrupt the state of our body And they be three in number The Cause of a Disease a Disease and a Symptome The cause of a disease is an affect against nature which causes the disease Which is divided into Internal and External The External Original or Primitive comes from some other place and outwardly into the body such be meats of ill nourishment and such weapons as hostilely wound the body The Internal have their essence and seat in the body and are subdivided into antecedent and conjunct That is called an antecedent cause which as yet doth not actually make a disease but goes near to cause one so humors copiously flowing or ready to flow into any part are the antecedent cause of diseases The conjunct is that which actually causes the disease Internal conjunct and is so immediately joyned in affinity to the disease that the disease being present it is present and being absent it is absent Again of all such causes some are born together with us as the over-great quantity and malign quality of both the seeds and the menstruous blood from diseased Parents are causes of many diseases and specially of those which are called Hereditary Other happen to us after we be born by our diet and manner of life a stroke fall or such other like Those which be bred with us cannot be wholly avoided or amended but some of the other may be avoided as a stroke and fall some not as those which necessarily enter into our body as Air Meat Drink and the like But if any will reckon up amongst the internal inherent and inevitable causes the dayly The congenit or inevitable cause of death nay hourly dissipation of radical moisture which the natural heat continually preys upon I do not gainsay it no more than that division of Causes celebrated and received of Philosophers divided into Material Formal Efficient and Final for such a curious contemplation belongs not to a Chirurgeon whom I only intend plainly to instruct Wherefore that we have written may suffice him CHAP. XX. Of a Disease What a disease is and how various A Distemperature A Disease is an affect against Nature principally and by it self hurting and depraving the action of the part in which it resides The division of a Disease is threefold Distemperature ill Conformation and the Solution of Continuity Distemperature is a Disease of the similar parts dissenting and changed from their proper and native temper That digression from the native temper happens two ways either by a simple distemperature from the excess of one quality and this is fourfold Hot Cold Moist
see it comes to pass in most Beasts which have one Gut stretched straight out from the stomach to the fundament as in the Lynx and such other Beasts of insatiable gluttony always like plants regarding their food CHAP. XV. Of the Mesentery The substance Magnitude Figure Composure AFter the Guts follows the Mesentery being partly of a fatty and partly of spermatick substance The greatness of it is apparent enough although in some it be bigger and in some lesser according to the greatness of the body It is of a round figure and not very thick It is composed of a double coat arising from the beginning and root of the Peritonaeum In the midst thereof it admits nerves from the Costal of the sixt Conjugation veins from the Vena Porta or Gate-vein Arteries from the descendent artery over and besides a great quantity of fat and many glandulous bodies to prop up the division of the vessels spred over it as also to moisten their substance It is in number one situate in the middle of the guts from whence it took its name Number The connexion Yet some divide it into two parts to wit into the Meseraeum that is the portion interwoven with the smal guts and into the Meso-colon which is joyned with the Great It hath connexion by it vessels with the principal parts by its whole substance with the guts and in some sort with the kidneys from whose region it seems to take its coats The temper It is of a cold and moist temper if you have respect to his fatty substance but if to the rest of the parts cold and dry The action and use The action and use of it is to bind and hold together the guts each in his place lest they should rashly be folded together and by the Meseraick-veins which they term the hands of the Liver carry the Chylus to the Liver All the miseraick veins come from the liver In which you must note that all the Meseraick Veins come from the Liver as we understand by the dissection of bodies although some have affirmed that there be some veins serving for the nourishment of the guts no ways appertaining to the Liver but which end in certain Glandulous bodies dispersed through the Mesentery of whose use we will treat hereafter CHAP. XVI Of the Glandules in general and of the Pancreas or Sweet-bread A Glandule is a simple part of the body sometimes of a spongy and soft substance Substance of the glandules sometimes of a dense and hard Of the soft Glandules are the Tonsillae or Almonds like in substance to blanched Almonds the Thymus Pancreas Testicles Prostatae But the dense and hard are the Parotides and other like The Glandules differ amongst themselves in quantity and figure for some are greater than othersome and some are round and others plain Quantity and figure as the Thymus and Pancreas Others are compounded of veins nerves arteries and their proper flesh Composition as the Almonds of the ears the milky glandules in the breasts and the testicles Others want nerves at least which may be seen as the Parotides the axillary or those under the arm-holes and others The number of glandules is uncertain by reason of the infinite multitude and variety of sporting nature Number You shall find them always in those places where the great divisions of vessels are made as in the middle ventricle of the brain in the upper part of the Chest in the Mesentery and other like places Although othersome be seated in such places as nature thinks needful to generate and cast forth of them a profitable humor to the creature as the Almonds at the root of the tongue the kernels in the dugs the spermatick vessels in the scrotum and at the sides of the womb or where Nature hath decreed to make emunctories for the principal parts as behind the ears under the arm-holes and in the groins The connexion of glandules is not only with the vessels of the parts concurring to their composition but also with those whose division they keep and preserve Connexion They are of a cold temper wherefore Physitians say the blood recrudescere i to become raw again in the dugs when it takes upon it the form of milk But of these some have action as the Almonds Temper Action and use which pour out spattle useful for the whole mouth the dugs milk the Testicles seed others use only as those which are made to preserve under-prop and fill up the divisions of the vessels The substance of the Pancreas Besides this we have spoken of glandules in general we must know that the Pancreas is a glandulous and flesh-like body as that which hath every-where the shape and resemblance of flesh It is situate at the flat end of the Liver under the Duodenum with which it hath great connexion The site and under the Gate-vein to serve as a Bulwark both to it and the divisions thereof whilst it fils up the empty spaces between the vessels themselves and so hinders that they be not pluckt asunder nor hurt by any violent motion as a fall or the like CHAP. XVII Of the Liver HAving gone thus far order of dissection now requires that we should treat of the distribution of the gate-vein but because it cannot well be understood unless all the nature of the Liver from whence it arises be well known therefore putting it off to a more fit place we will now speak of the Liver Wherefore the Liver according to Galen's opinion What the Liver is lib. de form foetus is the first of all the parts of the body which is finished in conformation It is the shop and Author of the blood and the original of the veins the substance of it It s substance and quantity is like the concrete mud of the blood the quantity of it is divers not only in bodies of different but also of the same species as in men amongst themselves of whom one will be gluttonous and fearful another bold and temperate or sober for he shall have a greater Liver than this because it must conceive and concoct a greater quantity of Chylus yet the Liver is great in all men because they have need of a great quantity of blood for the repairing of so many spirits and the substantifick moisture which are resolved and dissipated in every moment by action and contemplation But there may be a twofold reason given why such as are fearful have a larger Liver Why Cowards have great Livers The first is because in those the vital faculty in which the heat of courage and anger resides which is in the heart is weak and therefore the defect of it must be supplyed by the strength of the natural faculty For thus nature is accustomed to recompence that which is wanting in one part by the increase and accession of another The other reason is because cold men have a great
this same splenick branch on its lower part produces the branch of the Haemorrhoidal veins which descending to the fundament above the left side of the loins diffuses a good portion thereof into the least part of the colick gut and the right gut at the end whereof it is often seen to be divided into five Haemorrhoidal veins sometimes more sometimes less Silvius writes that the Haemorrhoidal branch descends from the mesenterick and truly we have sometimes observed it to have been so Yet it is more sutable to reason that it should desscend from the Splenick 3. Gastrepiplois major sinistra not only for that we have seen with our eyes that it is so but also because it is appointed by nature for the evacuation of the excrementitious melancholick humor But this same splenick branch out of the middle almost of its upper part produces the third branch going to the gibbous part of the stomach and the kall they term it the greater middle and left Gastrepiplois 4. Epiplois simplex But on the lower part towards the Spleen it produces the simple Epiplois or Kall-vein 5. Vas breve seu venosum which it diffuses through the left side of the Kall Moreover from its upper part which touches the Liver it sends forth a short branch called vas breve or venosum to the upper orifice of the ventricle for stirring up the appetite Lib. 4. de usu partium We have oftentimes and almost always observed that this vein-vessel which Galen calls vas breve comes from the very body of the Spleen and is terminated in the midst of the Stomach on the left side but never pierces both the coats thereof Wherefore it is somewhat difficult to find how the melancholy juyce can that way be powred or sent into the capacity of the Stomach Now the Splenick branch when it hath produced out of it those five fore-mentioned branches is wasted and dispersed into the substance and body or the spleen II. Ramus mesentereus divided into three parts Then follows another compound branch of the vena porta called the Mesenterick which is divided into three parts the first and last whereof goes to the Blind-gut and to the right and middle part of the Colick-gut divided into an infinite multitude of other branches The second and middle is wasted in the Ileon as the third and greater in the Jejunum or Empty-gut It is called Mesenterick because it is diffused over all the Mesentery as the Splenick is in the Spleen And thus much we have to say of the division of the Gate-vein the which if at any time thou shalt find to be otherwise than I have set down you must not wonder at it for you shall scarce find it the same in two bodies by reason of the infinite variety of particular bodies which as the Philosophers say have each their own or peculiar gifts Our judgment is the same of other divisions of the vessels Yet we have set down that which we have most frequently observed CHAP. XXI Of the original of the Artery and the division of the Branch descending to the natural parts THese things being thus finished and considered the guts should be pulled away but seeing that if we should do so we should disturb and lose the division of the artery descending to the natural parts therefore I have thought it better to handle the division thereof The original of arteries The division of the great descendant Artery is into these before the Guts be pluckt away Therefore we must suppose according to Galen's opinion that as all the veins come from the Liver so all Arteries proceed from the Heart This presently at the beginning is divided into two branches the greater whereof descends downwards to the natural parts upon the spine of the back taking its beginning at the fifth vertebra thereof from whence it goes into the following arteries The first called the intercostal runs amongst the intercostal muscles and the distances of the ribs and spinal marrow through the perforation of the nerves on the right and left hand from the fifth true even to the last of the bastard ribs 1. Arteria interâ—ostalis 2 â—brenica 3. Coeliaca This in going this progress makes seven little branchings distributed after the forementioned manner going forth of the trunk of the descendent over against each of the intercostal Muscles The second being parted into two goes on each side to the Midriffe whence it may be called or expressed by the name of the Diaphragmatica or Phrenica i the Midriffe Artery The third being of a large proportion arising from the upper part of the Arterie presently after it hath passed the Midriffe is divided into two notable Branches whereof one goes to the Stomach Spleen Kall to the hollow part of the Liver and the Gall the other is sent forth to the Mesentery and Guts after the same manner as we said of the Meseraick vein wherefore it is called the Coeliaca or Stomach Artery But we must note all their mouths penetrate even to the innermost coat of the Guts that by that means they may the better and more easily attract the Chylus contained in them 4. Emulgent The fourth carryed to the reins where it is named the Reinal or Emulgent because it sucks fit matter from the whole mass of blood 5. Spermatica The fifth is sent to the Testicles with the preparing Spermatick-veins whence also it is named the Spermatick Artery which arises on the right side from the very Trunk of the descendent Artery that it may associate the Spermatick-vein of the same side they run one above another beneath the hollow-vein wherefore we must have a great care whilest we labour to lay it open that we do not hurt and break it The seventh Figure of the lower Belly A A The Midriff turned back with the ribs of the Peritonaeum BB The cave or hollow part of the liver for the liver is lifted up that the hollow part of it may be better seen C The least ligament of the Liver D The Umbilical vein E The hollowness of the Liver which giveth way to the stomach F the left orifice of the stomach GG Certain knubs or knots and impressions in the hollow part of the liver H The bladder of Gall. I The Gate-vein cut off and branches which go to the bladder of gall K A nerve from the liver coming from the stomachical nerve L An Artery common to the liver and bladder of gall M A nerve common also to them both coming from the right costal nerve of the ribs N The passage of the Gall the Guts cut off OO The hollow of the fore-parts of the Spleen P The line where the vessels of the Spleen implanted Q. The trunk of the hollow veia R The trunk of the great Artery S The Coeliacal Artery cut off T V The Kidneys yet wrapped in their membrane X Y The fatty veins called venae
Exspiration in the contraction of the Heart Whereby we may gather this that there is but one third part of that air we draw into the Heart in breathing sent forth again in the form of vapor in exspiration because Nature would have but one third part of the Orifice to lye open for its passage out Therefore the exspiration or breathing out and the Systole of the Heart and Arteries is shorter than the inspiration so that we may truly say that the inspiration or drawing the breath in is equally so long as the exspiration is together with the rest which is in the midst between the two motions CHAP. XII Of the distribution of the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa HAving hitherto shewed the original of the vessels of the Heart we must now speak of their distribution The Vena arteriosa or the Arterious vein and the Arteria venosa or the Veinous Artery each proceeding out of his proper ventricle that is the right and left are divided into two large branches one of which goes to the right and the other to the left hand the one lying cross-ways over the other the Vein always riding over the Artery as you may understand better by the sight of your eys The Artery always lies under the vein than by reading of Books These branches at their entrance of the Lungs are divided into two other large branches and each of them go to his peculiar Lobe of the Lungs and these again run almost into infinite other branches dispersed in three places over the Lungs These Vessels have acquired their names by reason of that transmutation of consistence whereby the composure of a vein degnerates into an Artery A twofold reason why the Vein was made arterious or like an artery and that of an Artery into a Vein for the commodity of life For this is a miracle of prudent Nature to change the Coats of the vessels of the Lungs producing a Vein which in its Body should imitate an Artery and an Artery which should represent a Vein for if the Vena arteriosa should have retained its proper consistence the arterious blood which is carryed by it from the Heart to nourish the Lungs might by reason of its subtilty penetrate through and flow away by reason of the rarity of the veinous texture and so nature should never have attained her conceived end that is to nourish the Lungs by reason of the continual motion of their contraction and dilatation For nourishment cannot be assimilated to the part unless it be put and cleave to it Wherefore it was fit that nature should make the Body of this vein solid that it might be immoveable unshaken and stubborn in respect of a vein which by its softness would have been too obsequious and yielding to the agitation of the Lungs that so it might have nourishment which might be diffused into all parts thereof and which might neither be drawn by its Diastole Why the Artery was made like a Vein nor driven back into the heart by its Systole But the artery hath the consistence of a vein that by that veinous softness according to the necessity of Nature it might be the more readily contracted and dilated to bring the air in and carry the vapours forth of the heart Here we meet with a difficulty which is By what way the Blood is carried out of the right and left ventricle of the heart Galen thinks that there be certain holes in the partition made for that purpose By what way blood may pass out of the right into the left ventricle and verily there are such but they are not perforated Wherefore Columbus hath found out a new way which is that the Blood is carried to the lungs by the Vena Arteriosa and there attenuated and carried from thence together with the air by the Arteria venosa to the left ventricle of the heart this he writes truly very probably Botallus in his Treatise de Catarrho hath found out a third way to wit a vein which he cals Arteriarum nutrix that is The nurse of the arteries The vein called the Nurse of the arteries Fallop initio obser Arteriarum Gal. lib. 15. de usu partium cap. 6. which creeps a little above the Coronal to the right ear of the Heart and then goes into the left ear thereof But yet I am very much afraid that this vein observed by Botallus is that vessel observed by Fallopius whereby the Vena Arterialis is joyned to the Aorta and by which the all vital Blood is carried for the forming and nourishment of the Lungs whilst the infant is yet in the womb Of which also Galen makes mention but it had lain hid from his time to this day but that Fallopius raised up the memory of it again CHAP. XIII The Distribution of the ascendent Hollow-Vein THe Hollow Vein rising out of the gibbous part of the Liver Gal. lib. de form foetus The greater descendent branch of the hollow vein and resembling according to Galen the Body of a Tree is divided into two notable Branches but not of a like bigness For the greater by the hind-part of the Liver upon the Back-bone and by the way receives certain other Branches from the substance of the Liver which enter not into the great trunck with the rest You may often see this descendent Branch even to the Back-bone upon which it lies in this its descent covered with the substance of the Liver so that it may seem that branch proceeds not from that common trunk together with the ascendent The upper branch of the hollow vein is the less although indeed it always doth But the lesser Branch ascends to the upper parts and is distributed after this manner following For first arising into the Midriff it bestows two small veins upon it on each side one which from that part are called Phrenicae But from thence when it arrives at the right Ear of the Heart it makes the Coronales the Coronal or Crown-veins Venae phrenica Coronales which compass the basis of the heart in manner of a Crown Thirdly entring somewhat more deeply into its right Ear in its greater part it produces the vena arteriosa Fourthly lifted up above the heart Vena Arteriosa on the right side it produces the vein Azygos or sine pari that is without a fellow which descending to the fourth rib reckoning from above downwards nourisheth the intercostal muscles and also the membranes of the eight lower ribs on both sides sending a Branch into each of the muscles at the lower part of the rib which may be sufficient for their nourishment Besides also oftentimes Vena Azygos or sine pari especially in little men this vein Azygos nourishes all the spaces between all the ribs by the like Branches which it sends in the same manner to the four upper ribs Moreover also this Azygos sometimes The Azygos sometimes two How the matter
to the opposite side that it may there joyn it self to the Nerve of that side To which purpose the right is carryed above the Gullet the left below it so that these two Stomatick become four and again these four presently become two CHAP. XV. The Division of the Arteries THe Artery arising forth of the left Ventricle of the Heart The left branch of the ascendent Artery is less then the right The distribution of the left subclavian Artery into the is presently the two Coronal Arteries being first spred over the substance of the Heart divided into two unequal branches The greater whereof descends to the lower parts being distributed as we formerly mentioned in the third Book and 22. Chapter The lesser ascending to the upper parts is again divided into two other unequal branches the lesser of which ascending towards the left side sends forth no Artery from it until it arrive at the rib of the Chest where it produces the Subclavian Artery which is distributed after the manner following First it produces the Intercostal 1 Intercostalis and by it imparts life to the three intercostal muscles of the four upper ribs and to the neighbouring places Secondly It brings forth the Mammillary branch 2 Mammaria which is distributed as the Mammillary vein is Thirdly the Cervicalis 3 Cervicalis which ascends along the neck by the transverse productions to the Dura mater being distributed as the Vena Cervicalis is The Figure of the Arteries A The orifice of the great Artery or the beginning thereof where it issueth out of the Heart B Coronaria so called because like a Crown it compasseth the basis of the Heart C the division of the great Artery into two trunks V i. D the left Subclavian climbing obliquely upward unto the ribs E the upper Intercostol Artery or a branch which bestoweth four propagations unto the distances of the lower rib F the Neck-artery which through the transverse processes of the Rack-bones of the Neck attaineth to the Scull bestowing surcles unto the marrow and his neighbour muscles G the left Mammary Artery running under the Brest-bone and to the Navil It distributeth the surcles to the Mediastinum the muscles of the Brest and of the Abdomen H Muscula or a branch attaining to the backward muscles of the Neck I the Scapular-Arteries which go unto the hollowness of the blade and of the muscles that lie thereon K Humeraria which climbeth over the top of the shoulder L Thoracica superior sprinkled unto the forward muscles of the Chest M Thoracica inferior which passing along the sides of the Chest attaineth to the Broad muscles of the arm N the Axillary Artery running out into the Arm and affording branches unto the muscles thereof O a branch reaching to the outside of the cubit lying deep PP branches to the joint of the cubit with the arm Q the upper branch of the Artery running along the Radius und offering surcles to the thumb the fore-finger and the middle-finger R a surcle creeping unto the outside of the hand and led betwixt the first bone of the thumb and that of the after-wrist supporteth the forefinger where we use to feel the pulse S the lower branch of the artery running along the Ulna and communicating surcles to the little finger the ring-finger and the middle finger * A little branch unto the muscles about the little finger T the distribution of the upper and lower branches into the hand and the fingers V the trunk of the great Artery ascending to the Jugulum and the division thereof in that place into X Y Z. X the left Carotis or sleepy artery Y Subclavian dextra divided into branches as the right is divided Z Carotis dextra called also Apoplectica and Lethargica a the division of the left Carotis in the chops b the exteriour branch of that division going into the face the temples and behind the ears c the inner branch going to the throttle the chops and the tongue d the division hereof at the basis of the skull into two branches which enter the sinus of the Dura mater e a propagation of the branch b unto the muscles of the face f the distribution of the branch b under the root of the ear g the forebranch hereof creeping up the temples h the back-branch running on the back-side of the ear under the skin i the trunk of the great Artery descending unto the spondils of the back kkk the lower Intercostal arteries which go unto the distances of the eight lower ribs from which are offered surcles to the marrow and to the muscles that grow to the Back and to the Chest l the artery of the midriff called Phrenica or Diaphragmatica ζ Mesenterica Superior but you must note that above ζ the trunk of the Coeliacal artery is taken away lest the multitude of letters in so small a Table should breed obscurity η θ the right and left Emulgents running from the Aorta or great Artery unto the kidnies ιι κκ the spermatical arteries on either side going to the testicles λ the lower Mesenterical artery on the left below μ running especially into the Colick-gut on that side μμ the arteries called Lumbares which run overthwart and like knees affording surcles to the muscles that grow to the loins and to the Peritonaeum μ the lower Muscula superior running into the sides of the Abdomen and the muscles νν the bifurcation of the great artery into two Iliack trunks and at the sides but somewhat inward are branches which make those that are called Sacrae Τ the division of the left Iliack trunk into an inner branch at ξ and an utter at φ. ξ the inner Iliack branch ο Muscula inferior the utter propagation of the inner branch going unto the muscles which cover the branch-bone and the Coxendix Ï€ Hypogastrica the inner propagation of the inner branch going to the bladder the yard and the neck of the womb Ï the umbilical artery σ the remainder of the branch ξ assuming an addition from the utter branch neer φ and so falling through the hole of the share-bone into the leg Ï„ Epigastrica it ascendeth upward unto the right muscle of the Abdomen and about the navel is joyned with the mammary artery η Pudenda it creepeth overthwart the share-bone φ the Crural trunk without the Peritonaeum χ Muscula cruralis exterior going into the fore-muscles of the thigh ψ Muscula cruralis interior going unto the muscles of the inside of the thigh ω The conjunction of this artery with the branches Γ Poplitea going to the muscles on the back-side of the thigh ΔΔ which communicateth small branches to the joint of the knee and the muscles that make the calf of the leg Θ the division of the Crural artery under the ham into three branches Λ Tibiaea exterior it accompanieth the brace-bone and is consumed into the muscles Ξ the chief part of the crural artery Σ the upper and backer
Tibiaea ΠΦ the lower and backer Tibiaea running unto the upper side of of the foot at Φ. Ψ a propagation of the crural artery going to the inner and upper side of the foot and sprinkling a branch unto the ankle Ω a propagation unto the lower part of the foot which affordeth surcles to each toe 4. Musculosa Fourthly passing out of the Chest from the Back-part of the Chest it sends forth the musculosa whereby it gives life to the hind-muscles of the neck even to the Back-part of the head 5 Humeraria duplex Fifthly having wholly left the Chest it sends forth the two Humerariae or shoulder-arteries the one whereof goes to the muscles of the hollow part of the shoulder-blade the other to the joynt of the arm and muscles situate there and the gibbous part of the shoulder-blade 6 Thoracica duplex The distribution of the right subclavian artery The Carotides or sleepy arteries Their division The distribution of the internal branch of the sleepy arteries Sixthly and lastly it produces the Thoracica which is also twofold for the one goes to the fore-muscles of the Chest the other to the Latissimus as we said of the vein the remnant of it makes the Axillaris of that side The other greater branch likewise ascending by the right side even to the first rib of the Chest makes also the subclavian of that side which besides those divisions it makes on this side like those of the left side hath also another which makes the right and left Carotides or sleepy arteries which ascending undivided with a nerve of the sixth conjugation and the internal jugular vein by the sides of the Asperia Arteria or wind-pipe when they come to the Pharinx they are divided on each side into two branches the one internal the other external The internal and greater is sent to the Pharinx Larinx and Tongue then entring into the head by the long hole and Back-part of the upper jaw it sends many Branches to the nose eyes the inside of the temporal muscles and to the Crassa meninx or Dura mater the remainder of this Branch going by the side-holes of the same that it might there make the Plexus admirabilis as we see And then it is spent upon the basis of the brain abundantly diffused over the tenuis meninx or Pia mater and then the membrane or Plexus Choroides To what par s the external branch of the sleepy artery arrives The external or lesser Branch of the sleepy arteries goes to the cheeks the temples and behind the ears lastly it sends a Branch into the long muscle of the neck with which the internal Jugular-vein insinuates it self into the Dura mater entring by the hole of the nerves of the sixth conjugation But we must note that there be more veins in a mans Body then arteries and besides that the veins are far thicker For there is no need for preserving the native heat in the parts themselves either of so many or so large instruments of that kind Therefore you may often find veins without arteries but never arteries without veins But we understand that an artery is companion to a vein not only when it touches it or adheres to it by common membranes as usually it happens but also when it is appointed together with the vein for the use of the same part CHAP. XVI Of the Thymus THe Thymus is a glandule of a soft rare and spongious substance of large bigness What the Thymus is situate in the furthest and highest part of the Chest amongst the divisions of the subclavian or Jugular veins and arteries as yet contained in the Chest for this use The use that it might serve these vessels for a defence against the bony hardness of the Chest and besides that as it were by this prop or stay the distributions of these vessels might become the stronger for so we see that nature hath provided for others especially such as are the more noble and worthy The magnitude This glandule appears very large in beasts and young men but in such as have attained to full growth it is much less and scarce to be seen CHAP. XVII Of the Aspera Arteria the rough Artery or Weazon THe Aspera Arteria or Weazon seeing it is the instrument of voice and respiration The Substance is of a gristly ligamentous and wholly various substance For if it had been one rough and continued Body with the Larinx or throttle it could not be neither dilated nor compressed opened nor shut neither could it order the voice according to our desire The Figure of the Aspera Arteria or Weazon A The orifice of the great Artery cut from the heart aa The coronal arteries of the heart B C D The division of the great artery into two trunks the descending C the asce ndng D. E The left axillary or subclavian artery F. The right axillary or subclavian artery G The right Carotis or sleepy artery H The left Carotis I The trunk of the rough artery or weazon K L The division of the rough artery into two branches of which the right goes into the right and left into the left side of the lungs which branches are again subdivided into many other M The head of the Rough Artery called the Larinx or Throttle N N Certain Glandules or Kernels at the root of it OO The right and left nerves of the sixth and seventh conjugation P A revolution of small branches of the right nerve to the right Axillary Artery QQ The right Recurrent Nerve R A revolution of small branches of the left nerve unto the descending of the great Artery SS The left recurrent Nerve It is composed of veins from the internal Jugular Composure of arteries arising from the Carotides and of nerves proceeding from the Recurrent Branch of a double membrane of which the external comes from the Peritonaeum the internal which is the stronger and woven with right fibers from the inner coat of the mouth the which is common with the inner coat of the oesophagus or gullet And also it consists of round gristles yet not drawn into a perfect circle composed in manner of a channel and mutually joyned together in order by the ligaments that proceed from their sides and ends Why the back part of the Weazon is ligamentous These same ligaments perfect the remnant of the circle of this Aspera Arteria on that part next the gullet which is thought to be done to this end that that softness of a ligament might then give place when we swallow harder and greater gobbets of meat Of the two sorts of ligaments which are annexed to the gristles of the Weazon some tie and fasten together the rings or circles which give means both to it and these circles to be drawn in length othersome bring these gristles into a perfect circle Why the fore-part is gristlely which also yield them means of dilatation These
second ascends obliquely from the inner part of the Sternon according to the length of the weazon whence it is called Bronchius to the bottom and sides of the same shield-like gristle that it may open and dilate it with it's wings This muscle is seen from the first original thereof even a great part of the way straitly to cohere with the third muscle of the bone Hyoides therefore under each of the muscles there is a glandulous body spred about the fore upper part of the weazon on that place where it applyes it self to the throttle this body although it resemble a fleshy substance A notable History yet it is a glandule which being pluckt away by a certain Emperick taking upon him to cure the Kingsevil caused a defect of voyce on one side because he pulled away the recurrent nerve lying upon the glandule as it goes to the throttle as Galen reports Lib. de locis affectis The third last arises from the parts of the Vertebra's of the neck lying transversly upon the sides of the gullet ends at the wings and sides at the shield like gristle that it may tye it more straitly to the second gristle But these three are called common muscles because they take their original from some other place than the throttle that so they may be inserted into some part thereof for they are called the proper muscles which arise from the throttle it self which we have said to be six on each side the first of which arising from the forepart of the second gristle makes a circle under the basis of the shield-like gristle whilst ascending obliquely to the basis thereof it is afterwards inserted in a part of it so to strengthen dilate it The second in like manner arising from the second gristle from that place where it adheres to the first it runs obliquely crossing the first to the inner forepart of the gristle Thyroides neer to the basis thereof that it may joyn it to the second The third from the hind-basis of the second gristle ascends directly to the basis of the third gristle Arytenoides that with the second muscle it may open and shut it The fourth ascends from the sides of the second gristle neer the original of the second muscle to the sides of the Arytenoides that with the second muscle it may open and shut it The fift arises from the inner middle of the shield-gristle and ends in the fore-part of the Arytenoides at the insertion of the fourth muscle that so it may press down the said Gristle The sixt and last ascends by the hind-basis of the Arytenoides to the fore-basis of the same Whence the muscles of the Throttle have their nerves to press it down But you must note that all such muscles as arise from below upwards receive branches from the recurrent but especially those who open and shut the gristle Arytenoides But the site temper connexion and use of the throttle may easily be known by that we have said before Although it be a thing very full of difficulty to search out and demonstrate all the conditions of the organical parts by reason of the diversity of their composition Wherefore henceforward concerning the substance temper and other circumstances of such parts as we shall omit you may have recourse to those things which we have written in the Demonstration of the simple and similar parts of which these organical are composed as if any should ask of what temper the Larinx is you shall answer Of a cold dry hot and moist because it consists both of a gristly and fleshy substance He which reckons up all the parts of the mouth The Epiglottis or After-tongue must not omit that gristly and membranous body which arises from the roots of the tongue which that it might be more quick for motion that is whereby it might be more easily erected and depressed for those things which are more soft do continually slide away but those which are too hard cannot be bended it was convenient it should be neither too hard nor too soft that it might be erected whilest we breathe but depressed when we swallow It is a principal instrument of the voyce for it cannot be well articulated unless the way were strait Therefore it straitens that way and the passage of the gristles of the throttle but specially the Arytenoides it is alwayes moist by a certain native and inbred humidity wherefore if it happen to be dryed by a feaver or any other like accident the speech is taken away It is bound on both sides by the common membrane of the mouth to the sides of the Arytenoides even to the back-part thereof that so like a cover it may open and shut the orifice of the throttle that none of the meat and drink in swallowing may fall into the Weazon in such abundance as may hinder the egress and regress of the air Of potable things somewhat alwayes falls upon the Lungs For we must not think that this body doth so closely shut the orifice of the throttle but that some small quantity of moisture alwayes runs down by the inner sides as the walls thereof to moisten the Lungs otherwise Eclegma's should be of no use in the diseases of the Chest And because that this little body is partaker of voluntary motion therefore according to the opinion of some there are four muscles bestowed upon it two which may open it and two that shut it on each side one The opening muscles descend from the root of the bone Hyoides The muscles of the Epiglottis and in their insertion growing into one they are terminated in the root of this body that is the Epiglottis in the back-part thereof The shutting muscles in those creatures where they are found arise on the inside between the coat and gristle thereof Truly I could never observe and find these four muscles in a man though I have diligently and earnestly sought for them but I have alwayes observed them in beasts Therefore some have boldly affirmed that this little body in swallowing lies not upon the orifice of the Throttle unless when it is pressed down by the heaviness of such things as are to be swallowed but that at all other times by reason of the continual breathing it stands upright the Throttle being open There remain as yet to be considered The use of the cavities or fissures of the Throttle two small bosomes or cavities or rather fissures which Nature hath hollowed in the very Throttle under the Epiglottis on each side one that if by chance any of the meat or drink should fall or slip aside in the Larinx it might be there stayed and retained Beside that the Air too violently entring should be in some sort broken by these clifts or chinks no otherwise then the bloud and spirit entring into the heart through the Auriculae or Ears thereof CHAP. XVI Of the Neck and the parts thereof FIrst we will
transpiration or by the moisture of the skin The unputrid Synochus or by a sweat natural gentle and not ill smelling to this Diary we may refer the unputrid Synochus generated of bloud not putrid but only heated beyond measure For usually there arises a great heat over all the body by means of the bloud immoderately heated whence the veins become more tâ—mid the face appears fiery the Eyes red and burning the breath hot and to conclude the whole habit of the body more full by reason of that ebullition of the bloud and the diffusion of the vapours thence arising over all the body Whence it is that this kind of Synochus may be called a vaporous Feaver To this Children are incident as also all sanguine bodies which have no ill humors The cure of this and the Ephemera or Diary is the same because it may scarse seem different from the Ephemera in any other thing than that it may be prolonged for three or four dayes Wherefore whatsoever we shall say for the cure of the Ephemera may be applyed to the Synochus bloud-letting excepted which in an unputrid Synochus is very necessary Now the cure of a Diary-Feaver consists in the decent use of things not natural The cure of a Diary Feaver contrary to the the cause of a disease wherefore bathes of warm and natural water are very profitable so that the Patient be not Plethorick nor stuft with excrements nor obnoxious to Catarrhs and defluxions because a Catarrh is easily caused and augmented by the humors diffused and dissolved by the heat of a Bath therefore in this case we must eschew frictions and anointing with warm Oil which things notwithstanding are thought very useful in these kinds of Feavers especially when they have their original from extreme labour by astriction of the skin or a Bubo Let this be a general rule that to every cause whence this Feaver proceeded you oppose the contrary for a remedy as to labour rest to watching sleep to anger and sorrow grateful society of friends and all things replenished with pleasant good will and to a Bubo the proper cure thereof The use of Wine in a Diary Wine moderately tempered with water according to the custom of the sick Patient is good and profitable in all causes of this Feaver except he be pained in his head or that the Feaver drew its original from anger or a Bubo for in this last case especially the patient must abstain wholly from Wine until the inflammation come to the state and begins to decline This kind of Feaver often troubles Infants and then you must prescribe such medicines to their Nurses as if they were sick that so by this means their milk may become medicinable Also it will be good to put the Infant himself into a Bath of natural and warm water and presently after the Bath to anoint the ridg of the Back and Brest with Oyl of Violets But if a Phlegmon possess any inward part or otherwise by its nature be great or seated near any principal Bowel so that it may continually send from it either a putrid matter or exhalation to the heart and not only affect it by a quality of preternatural heat by the continuity of the parts thence will arise the putrid Synochus if the blood by contagion putrefying in the greater vessels consists of one equal mixture of the four humors This Feaver is thus chiefly known How a putrid Synochus is caused it hath no exacerbations or remissions but much less intermissions it is extended beyond the space of twenty four hours neither doth it then end in vomit sweat moisture or by little and little insensible transpiration after the manner of intermitting Feavers or Agues but remains constant until it leaves the Patient for altogether it commonly happens not unless to those of a good temper and complexion which abound with much bloud and that tempered by an equal mixture of the four humors It commonly indures not long because the bloud by some peculiar putrefaction degenerating into Choler or Melancholy will presently bring forth another kind of Feaver to wit a Tertian or continued Quartain Phlebotomy necessary in a putrid Synochus The cure of this Feaver as I have heard of most learned Physitians chiefly consists in blood-letting For by letting of bloud the fulness is diminished and therefore the obstruction is taken away and lastly the putrefaction And seeing that in this kind of Feaver there is not only a fault of the matter by the putrefaction of the bloud but also of the Temper by excess of heat certainly Phlebotomy helps not only as we said the putrefaction but also the hot distemper For the bloud in which all the heat of the creature is contained whilst it is taken away the acrid and fuliginous excrements exhale and vanish away with it which kept in encrease the Feaverish heat Moreover the veins to shun emptiness which Nature abhors are filled with much cold air in stead of the hot bloud which was drawn away which follows a cooling of the habit of the whole body yea and many by means of Phlebotomy have their Bellies loosed and sweat both which are much to be desired in this kind of Feaver What benefit we may reap by drawing bloud even to fainting This moved the ancient Physitians to write that we must draw bloud in this disease even to the fainting of the Patient Yet because thus not a few have poured out their lives together with their bloud it will be better and safer to divide the evacuations and draw so much bloud at several times as the greatness of the disease shall require and the strength of the Patient may bear Why we must give a Clyster presently after bloud-letting When you have drawn bloud forthwith inject an emollient and refngerative Clyster lest that the veins emptied by Phlebotomy may draw into them the impurity of the Guts but these Clysters which cool too much rather bind the belly than loose it The following day the Morbisick matter must be partly evacuated by a gentle Purge as a bole of Cassia or Catholicon then must you appoint Syrups which have not only a refrigerative quality When Syrrups profitable in this case but also to resist putrefaction such as the Syrup of Limmons Berberries of the Juyce of Citrons of Pomgranates Sorrel and Vinegar Why a slender Diet must be used after letting much bloud let his diet be absolutely cooling and humecting and also slender for the native heat much debilitated by drawing of great quantity of bloud cannot equal a full diet Therefore it shall suffice to feed the Patient with Chicken and Veal Broths made with cooling Herbs as Sorrel Lettice and Purslin Let his drink be Barly-water Syrrup of Violets mixed with some pretty quantity of boyled water Julepum Alexandrium especially if he be troubled with scouring or lask But the Physitian must chiefly have regard to the fourth day for if then
all means for the quick recovery of the Patient lest that which was of its own nature small may by his negligence become great Therefore it is expedient he should know what wounds are to be accounted great This as Galen saith is three ways to be known The first is by the magnitude and principality of the part affected for thus the wounds of the Brain Heart and of the greater vessels Lib. 4. Meth. cap. 6.1 though small of themselves yet are thought great Wounds are called Great out of three respects Then from the greatness of the solution of continuity for which cause wounds may be judged great in which much of the substance of the part is lost in every dimension though the part be one of these which are accounted servile Then from the malignity through which occasion the wounds of the joynts are accounted great because for the most part they are ill conditioned CHAP. IV. Of Prognosticks to be made in Wounds THose Wounds are thought dangerous wherein any large Nerve vein or Artery are hurt What wounds are dangerous From the first there is fear of Convulsion but from the other large effusion of the veinous or arterious bloud whence the powers are debilitated also these are judged evil which are upon the Arm-pits groins leggs joynts and between the fingers and likewise those which hurt the head or tail of a Muscle They are lest dangerous of all other which wound only the fleshy substance But they are deadly which are inflicted upon the Bladder Brain Heart Liver Lungs Stomach and small guts But if any Bone Gristle Nerve or portion of the cheek What least dangerous What deadly Hip. aphor 19. Lib. 6. or prepuce shall be cut away they cannot be restored Contused wounds are more difficult to cure than those which are from a simple solution of continuity for before you must think to heal them up you must suppurate and cleanse them which cannot be done in a short time Wounds which are round and circular are so much the worse for there can be no unity unless by an angle that is a meeting together of two lines which can have no place in round wounds because a circular figure consists of one oblique line Besides wounds are by so much thought the greater by how much their extreams and lips are the further disjoyned which happens to round wounds Why round Wounds are difficult to heal Contrary to these are cornered wounds or such as are made alongst the fibers as such as may be healed Wounds may be more easily healed in young men than in old because in them Nature is more vigorous and there is a greater plenty of fruitful or good bloud by which the loss of the flesh may be the better and more readily restored which is slowlier done in old bodies by reason their bloud is smaller in quantity and more dry and the strength of nature more languid Wounds received in the Spring Hip. lib. de ulcer Hip. aph 66. lib. 5. are not altogether so difficult to heal as those taken in Winter or Summer For all excess of heat and cold is hurtful to them it is ill for a Convulsion to happen upon a Wound for it is a sign that some Nervous body is hurt the Brain suffering together therewith as that which is the original of the Nerves A Tumor coming upon great wounds is good for it shews the force of nature is able to expel that which is harmful and to ease the wounded part The organical parts wholly cut off cannot again be united because a vital part once severed and plucked from the trunk of the body cannot any more receive influence from the heart as from a root without which there can be no life The loosed continuity of the Nerves Veins Arteries and also the Bones is sometimes restor'd not truly and as they say according to the first intention but by the second that is by reposition of the like but not of the same substance The first intention takes place in the fleshy parts by converting the Alimentary bloud into the proper substance of the wounded part But the second in the spermatique in which the lost substance may be repaired by interposition of some heterogeneous body which nature diligent for its own preservation substitutes in place of that which is lost for thus the body which restores and agglutinates What a Callus is and whence it proceeds is no Bone but a Callus whose original matter is from an humor somewhat grosser than that from whence the Bones have their original and beginning This humor when it shall come to the place of the fracture agglutinateth the ends of the Bones together which otherwise could never be so knit by reason of their hardness The Bones of Children are more easily and speedily united by reason of the pliantness of their soft and tender substance Small and contemptible Wounds often prove mortal Aphor. 1. sect 1. Lastly we must here admonish the Chirurgeon that small Wounds and such as no Artisan will judg deadly do divers times kill by reason of a certain occult and ill disposition of the wounded and incompassing Bodies for which cause we read it observed by Hippocrates that it is not sufficient for the Physitian to perform his duty but also external things must be rightly prepared and fitted CHAP. V. Of the Cure of Wounds in general The general Indication of Wounds THe Chirurgeon ought for the right cure of wounds to propose unto himself the common and general indication that is the uniting of the divided parts which indication in such a case is thought upon and known even by the vulgar for that which is dis-joyned desires to be united because union is contrary to division But by what means such union may be procured is only known to the skilful Artisan Therefore we attain unto this chief and principal Indication by the benefit of Nature as it were the chief Agent and the work of the Chirurgeon as the servant of Nature And unless Nature shall be strong the Chirurgeon shall never attain to his conceived and wished for end therefore that he may attain hereto he must perform five things Five things necessary for uniting wounds the first is that if there be any strange Bodies as pieces of Wood Iron Bones bruised Flesh congealed Bloud or the like whether they have come from without or from within the Body and shall be by accident fastened or stuck in the wound he must take them away for otherwise there is no union to be expected Another is that he joyn together the lips of the Wound for they cannot otherwise be agglutinated and united The third is that he keep close together the joyned lips The fourth that he preserve the temper of the wounded part for the distemper remaining it is impossible to restore it to its unity The fifth is that he correct the accidents if any shall happen because these urging
Let them be all put in the vessel mentioned in the Treatise lately described for use The patient shall keep himself in that Bathing-tub as long as his strength will give him leave Leo. Faventius his ointment then let him be put into his bed well covered where he shall sweat again be dried and rest Then let him be presently anointed with the following ointment which Leonellus Faventius much commends â„ž Olei Laurini de Terebinth ana â„¥ iij. Olei Nardini petrolei ana â„¥ j. Vini malvatici â„¥ iv Aqua vitae â„¥ ij Pyrethri Piperis Sinap Granor. Junip Gumni hederae anacard Laudani puri an â„¥ jss Terantur misceantur omnia cum Oleis Vino bulliant in vase duplici usque ad Vini consumptionem facta forti expressione adde Galbani Bdellii Euphorbii Myrrhae Castorei adipis Ursi Anaetis Ciconiae an â„¥ ij Make an ointment in form of a liniment adding a little wax if need shall require Or you shall use the following remedy approved by many Physitians â„ž Myrrhae Aloes Spicae nardi Sanguinis draconis thuris opoponacis An approved Ointment for the Palsie Bdellii Carpobalsami amomi sarcocollae croci mastic gummi arabici styrac liquidae ladani castorei ana â„¥ ij Moschi Ê’ i Aqua vitae â„¥ i Terebinthinae venetae ad pondus omnium pulverbauntur pulverisanda gummi eliquabuntur cum aqua vitae aceti tantillo And let them all be put in fit vessels that may be distilled in Balneo Mariae and let the Spine of the Back and paralytick limbs be anointed with the liquor which comes from thence I have often tryed the force of this following Medicine â„ž rad Angel Ireos floren gentian cyperi ana â„¥ i. Calami aromat Cinam Cariophyl nucis Mosch macis A distilled water good to wash them ouâ—wardly and to drink inwardly anaÊ’ ij Salviae major Iuae arthriticae Lavend rorism satureiae puleg. calament mentastri ana M ss florum chamaem melil hyperic anthos stoechad ana P j Concisa omnia contundantur in Aquae vit Vini malvat. an lb ij infundantur And let them be distilled in Balneo Mariae like the former let the affected parts be moistned with the distilled liquor of which also you may give the Patient a spoonful to drink in the morning with some Sugar For thus the Stomach will be heated and much phlegm contained therein as the fuel of this disease will be consumed You must also appoint exercises of the affected parts and frequent and hard frictions Exercises and frictions Chymical Oyl with hot linnen clothes that the native heat may be recalled and the excrements contained in the parts digested you may also use the Chymical Oyls of Rosemary Thyme Lavender Cloves Nutmegs and lastly of all Spices the manner of extracting whereof we shall hereafter declare in a peculiar Treatise CHAP. XIV Of Swooning SWooning is a sodain pertinacious defect of all the powers but especially the vital in this What Swooning is the Patients lie without motion and sense so that the Ancients thought that it differed from Death only in continuance of time The cause of swoon ng Three causes of Swooning which happens to those that are wounded is Bleeding which causeth a dissipation of the Spirits or Fear which causeth a sodain and joynt retirement of the spirits to the Heart Whence follows an intermission of the proper duty as also of the rest of the faculties whilest they being thus troubled are at a stand Also Swooning happens by a putrid and venenate vapour carryed to the heart by the Arteries and to the Brain by the nerves by which you may gather that all swooning happens by three causes The first is by dissipation of the spirits and native heat as in great bleeding And then by the oppression of these spirits by obstruction or compression as in fear or tumult for thus the spirits fly back hastily from the surface and habit of the body unto the heart and center Lastly by corruption as in bodies filled with humors and in poysonous wounds The signs of swooning are paleness a dewy and sodain sweat arising the failing of the pulse a sodain falling of the body upon the ground without sense and motion a coldness possessing the whole body so that the Patient may seem rather dead than alive For many of these who fall into a swoon die unless they have present help Therefore you shall help them if when they are ready to fall you sprinkle much cold water in their face if that the swooning happen by dissipation of the spirits The cure of Swooning caused by d ssipation of spirits or if they shall be set with their faces upwards upon a bed or on the ground as gently as may be and if you give them bread dipt in wine to hold and chew in their mouths But if it be caused by a putrid vapour and poysonous air you shall give them a little Mithridate or Treacle in Aqua vitae with a Spoon as I usually do to those which have the Plague or any part affected with a Gangrene or Spacel The cure of swooning caused by a venâ—na e air But if the Patients cannot be raised out of their swoons by reason of the pertinacious oppression and compression of the spirits about the heart you must give them all such things as have power to diffuse call forth and resuscitate the spirits such as are strong Wines to drink The cure of swooning caused by oppression and obstruction sweet perfumes to smell You must call them by their own name lowd in their ear and you must pluck them somewhat hard by the hairs of the Temples and Neck Also rub the Temples Nostrils Wrists and Palms of the Hands with Aqua vitae wherein Cloves Nutmegs and Ginger have been steeped CHAP. XV. Of Delirium i.e. Raving Talking idly or Doting DOting or Talking idlely here is used for a symptom which commonly happeneth in Feavers caused by a wound and inflammation and it is perturbation of the phantasie What a symptomatical Delirium is The causes thereof and function of the mind not long induring Wherefore such a doting happens upon wounds by reason of vehement pain and a feavour when as the nervous parts as the joynts stomach and midriffe shall be violated For the Ancients did therefore call the Midriffe Phrena because when this is hurt as if the mind it self were hurt a certain phrensie ensues that is a perturbation of the animal faculty Why the Brain suffers with the midâ—iffe which is imployed in ratiocination by reason of the community which the Diaphragma hath with the Brain by the nerves sent from the sixth conjugation which are carryed to the stomach Therefore doting happens by too much bleeding which causeth a dissipation of the spirits whereby it happens that the motions and thoughts of the mind err as we see it happens to those who have bled much
blows as with Stones Clubs Staves the report of a peece of Ordnance or crack of Thunder and also a blow with ones hand Lib. 5. Epidem Thus as Hippocrates tells that beautiful Damosel the daughter of Nerius when she was twenty yeers old was smitten by a woman a friend of hers playing with her with her flat hand upon the fore-part of the head and then she was taken with a giddiness and lay without breathing and when she came home she fell presently into a great Feaver her head aked and her face grew red The seventh day after there came forth some two or three ounces of stinking and bloudy matter about her right Ear and she seemed somewhat better and to be at somewhat more ease The Feaver encreased again and she fell into a heavy sleepiness and lost her speech and the right side of her face was drawn up and she breathed with difficulty she had also a convulsion and trembling both her tongue failed her and her eyes grew dull on the ninth day she dyed But you must note that though the head be armed with a helmet yet by the violence of a blow the Veins and Arteries may be broken not only these which pass through the Sutures The vessels of the brain broken by the commotion thereof but also those which are dispersed between the two Tables in the Diploe both that they might bind the Crassa meninx to the Skull that so the Brain might move more freely as also that they might carry the alimentary juyce to the Brain wanting Marrow that is bloud to nourish it as we have formerly shewed in our Anatomy But from hence proceeds the efflux of bloud running between the Skull and Membranes Signs or else between the Membranes and Brain the bloud congealing there causeth vehement pain and the Eyes become blind Vomitting is caused Celsus the mouth of the Stomach suffering together with the Brain by reason of the Nerves of the sixt conjugation which run from the Brain thither and from thence are spread over all the capacity of the ventricle whence becoming a partaker of the offence it contracts it self and is presently as it were overturned whence first The cause of vomitting when the head is wounded those things that are contained therein are expelled and then such as may flow or come thither from the neighbouring and common parts as the Liver and Gall from all which Choler by reason of its natural levity and velocity is first expelled and that in greatest plenty and this is the true reason of that vomitting which is caused and usually follows upon fractures of the Skull and concussions of the Brain Within a short while after inflammation seizes upon the Membranes and Brain it self which is caused by corrupt and putrid bloud proceeding from the vessels broken by the violence of the blow and so spread over the substance of the Brain Such inflammation communicated to the Heart and whole body by the continuation of the parts causes a Feaver But a Feaver by altering the Brain causes Doting to which if stupidity succeed the Patient is in very ill case according to that of Hippocrates Stupidity and doting are ill in a wound or blow upon the Head Aph. 14. sect 7. But if to these evils a Sphacel and corruption of the Brain ensue together with a great difficulty of breathing by reason of the disturbance of the Animal faculty which from the Brain imparts the power of moving to the Muscles of the Chest the Instruments of Respiration then death must necessarily follow A great part of these accidents appeared in King Henry of happy memory A History a little before he dyed He having set in order the affairs of France and entred into amity with the neighbouring Princes desirous to honour the marriages of his daughter and sister with the famous and noble exercise of Tilting and he himself running in the Tilt-yard with a blunt-lance received so great a stroak upon his Brest that with the violence of the blow the vizour of his helmet flew up and the trunchion of the broken Lance hit him above the left Eyebrow and the musculous â—kin of the Fore-head was torn even to the lesser corner of the left Eye many splinters of the same Trunchion being struck into the substance of the fore-mentioned Eye the Bones being not touched or broken but the Brain was so moved and shaken that he dyed the eleventh day after the hurt What was the necessary cause of the death of King Henry the second of France His Skull being opened after his death there was a great deal of bloud found between the Dura and Pia Mater poured forth in the part opposite to the blow at the middle of the Suture of the hind-part of the Head and there appeared signs by the native colour turned yellow that the substance of the Brain was corrupted as much as one might cover with ones Thumb Which things caused the death of the most Christian King and not only the wounding of the Eye as many have falsly thought For we have seen many others who have not dyed of farr more grievous wounds in the Eye The History of the Lord Saint-Johns is of late memory he in the Tilt-yard A History made for that time before the Duke of Guises house was wounded with a splinter of a broken Lance of a fingers length and thickness through the visour of his Helmet it entring into the Orb under the Eye and piercing some three fingers bredth deep into the head by my help and Gods favour he recovered Valeranus and Duretus the Kings Physitians and James the Kings Chirurgeon assisting me What shall I say of that great and very memorable wound of Francis of Lorain the Duke of Guise He in the fight of the City of Bologne had his head so thrust through with a Lance A History that the point entring under his right Eye by his Nose came out at his Neck between his Ear and the Vertebrae the head or Iron being broken and left in by the violence of the stroak which stuck there so firmly that it could not be drawn or plucked forth without a pair of Smith's pincers But although the strength and violence of the blow was so great that it could not be without a fracture of the Bones a tearing and breaking of the Nerves Veins and Arteries and other parts yet the generous Prince by the favour of God recovered By which you may learn that many dye of small wounds and other recover of great yea Why some die of small wounds and others recover of great very large and desperate ones The cause of which events is chiefly and primarily to be attributed to God the Author and Preserver of Mankind but secondarily to the variety and condition of Temperaments And thus much of the commotion or concussion of the Brain whereby it happens that although all the Bone remains perfectly whole yet some veins broken
with a cap stuffed with cotton on that side CHAP. XXIX Of the Wounds of the Neck and Throat THe Wounds of the Neck and Throat are somewhiles simple The differences of wounds of the neck and throat as those which only use the continuity of the muscles otherwhiles compound such as those which have conjoyned with them a fracture of the Bones as of the Vertebrae or hurt of the internal and external jugular Veins or sleepy Arteries sometimes the Trachea Arteria or Weazon and the oesophagus or gullet are wounded sometimes wholly cut off whence present death ensues Wherefore let not the Chirurgeon meddle with such wounds unless he first foretel the danger of death or the loss of some motion to those that are present The Palsie follows upon wounds of the neck For it often happens that some notable nerve or tendon is violated by a wound in the neck whence a Palsie ensues and that absolutely incurable if the wound shall penetrate to the spinal marrow also hurt therewith Wounds of the Gullet and Weazon are difficultly cured because they are in perpetual motion and chiefly of the latter by reason it is gristly and without bloud The wounds of the gullet are known by spitting of bloud Signs that the gullet is wounded by the breaking forth of meat and drink by the wound but if the Gullet be quite cut asunder the Patient cannot swallow at all For the cut parts are both contracted in themselves the one upwards and the other downwards But we know the weazon is hurt by casting up bloud at the mouth with a continual cough and by the coming forth of the breath or wind by the Wound The wounds of the jugular veins and sleepy Arteries are deadly by accident The Wounds of the jugular Veins and sleepy Arteries if they be great are usually deadly because they cannot be straitly bound up for you cannot bind the throat hard without danger of choaking or strangling the Patient But for defect of a strait ligature in this case the flux of bloud proves deadly If the recurrent Nerve of either side be cut it makes the voyce hoarse if cut on both sides it takes away the use of speech by hurting those instruments which impart motion to the muscles of the Larinx For the cure if the wound be small and not associated with the hurt of any notable vessel By hurting the recurrent Nerve the voyce is hurt nor of the Weazon and Gullet it is speedily and easily cured and if there shall be need you shall use a Suture then you shall put therein a sufficient quantity of Venice-Turpentine mixed with Bole-Armenick or else some of my Balsam of which this the Receipt â„ž Terebinth venetae lb ss gum elemi â„¥ iiij olei hypericonis â„¥ iij. boli armen sang draconis an â„¥ j. aqua vitae â„¥ ij The description of the Author's Balsom liquefiant simul omnia lento igne fiat Balsamum ut artis est ad dendo pulveris ireos florent aloes mastiches myrrhae an Ê’ j. I have done wonders with this Balsom in the agglutination of simple wounds wherein no strange body hath been Now when you have put it in The faculty of Diacalcitheos lay upon it a plaister of Diacalcitheos dissolved in Oyl of Roses and Vinegar as that which hath power to repress the flowing down of humors and hinder inflammation or in stead thereof you may apply Emp. de Gratia Dei or Emp. de Janua But if the jugular Veins and sleepy Arteries be cut let the bleeding be stayed as we have shewed in a chapter treating thereof When the Weazon or Gullet are wounded The cure of the wounded Weazon and Gullet the Chirurgeon shall sow them up as neatly as he can and the Patient shall not endeavour to swallow any hard thing but be content to be fed with gellies and broths When a gargarism is needful this following is very good â„ž hordei M. j. florum rosar p. j. passul mund juâ—ubarum an â„¥ ss glycyrhizae â„¥ j. bulliant omnia simul addendo mellis ros Julep ros an â„¥ ij fiat gargarisma ut artis est A Gargarism With which being warm the Patient shall moisten his mouth and throat for it will mitigate the harshness of the part asswage pain cleanse and agglutinate and make him breathe more freely But that the Chirurgeon may not despair of or leave any thing unattempted in such like wounds The manifold use thereof I have thought good to demonstrate by some examples how wonderful the works of Nature are if they be assisted by Art A certain servant of Monsieur de Champaigne a gentleman of Anjou was wounded in the throat with a sword whereby one of the Jugular-veins was cut together with his Weazon A History He bled much and could not speak and these symptoms remained until such time as the wound was sowed up and covered with medicines But if medicines at any time were more liquid he as it were sucked them by the wound and spaces between the stitches and presently put forth at his mouth that which he had sucked or drawn in Wherefore more exactly considering with my self the greatness of the wound the spermatick and therefore dry and bloudless nature unapt to agglutination of the affected part but chiefly of the Weazon and Jugular-vein as also for that the rough Artery is obnoxious to those motions which the gullet performs in swallowing by reason of the inner coat which is continued to the coat of the gullet by which means these parts mutually serve each other with a reciprocal motion even as the ropes which run to the wheel of a pulley furthermore weighing that the Artery was necessary for the breathing and tempering the heat of the heart as the Jugular-veins served for the nourishment of the upper parts and lastly weighing with my self the great quantity of bloud he had lost which is as it were the treasure of Nature I told those which were present that death was near and certainly at hand And yet beyond exceptation rather by divine favour then our Art he recovered his health A strange History Equally admirable is this History following Two Englishmen walked out of the City of Paris for their recreation to the wood of Vincenne but one of them lying in wait to rob the other of his money and a massie chain of gold which he wore set upon him at unawares cut his throat and robbed him and so left him amongst the Vines which were in the way supposing he had kill'd him having with his dagger câ—t the Weazon and Gullet This murderer came back to the City the other half-dead crawled with much ado to a certain Peasant's house and being dressed with such medicines as were present and at hand he was brought to the City and by his acquaintants committed to my care to be cured I at the first as diligently as I could sowed up the Weazon
Of the differences causes signs and cure of an Hective Feaver A Hective Feaver is so called either for that it is stubborn and hard to cure and loose The reason of the name as things which have contracted a habit for Hexis in Greek signifies a habit or else for that it seises upon the solid parts of our bodies called by the Greeks Hexeis both which the Latin word Habitus doth signifie There are three kinds or rather degrees of this Feaver The differences thereof The first is when the hectick heat consumes the humidity of the solid parts The second is when it feeds upon the fleshy substance The third and uncurable is when it destroys the solid parts themselves For thus the flame of a Lamp first wastes the Oyl then the proper moisture of the weâ—k Which being done there is no hope of lighting it again what store of Oyl soever you pour upon it This Feaver very seldom breeds of it self but commonly follows after some other Wherefore the causes of a hective Feaver are sharp and burning Feavers not well cured The causes especially if their heat were not repressed with cooling Epithems applyed to the Heart and Hypochondria If cold water was not fitly drunk It may also succeed a Diary Feaver which hath been caused and begun by some long great and vehement grief or anger or some too violent labour which any of a slender and dry body hath performed in the hot Sun It is also oft-times caused by an ulcer or inflammation of the Lungs an Empyema of the Chest by any great and long continuing Phlegmon of the Liver Stomach Mesentery Womb Kidneyes Bladder of the Guts Jejunum and Colon and also of the other Guts if the Phlegmon succeed some long Diarrhoea Lienteria or Bloudy-flux whence a consumption of the whole body and at last a Hectick Feaver the heat becoming more acrid the moisture of the body being consumed The Signs This kind of feaver as it is most easily to be known so is it most difficult to cure the pulse in this feaver is hard by reason of the dryness of the Artery which is a solid part and it is weak by reason of the debility of the vital faculty the substance of the heart being assaulted But it is little and frequent because of the distemper and heat of the heart which for that it cannot by reason of its weakness cause a great pulse to cool it self it labours by the oftenness to supply that defect Why in hecticks the heat is more acrid after meat But for the pulse it is a proper sign of this feaver that one or two hours after meat the pulse feels stronger than usual and then also there is a more acrid heat over all the Patients body The heat of this flame lasts until the nourishment be distributed over all the Patients body in which time the dryness of the heart in some sort tempered and recreated by the appulse of moist nourishment the heat increases no otherwise than Lime which a little before seemed cold to the touch but sprinkled and moistned with water grows so hot as it smoaks and boyls up At other times there is a perpetual equality of heat and pulse in smalness faintness obscurity frequency and hardness without any exacerbation so that the patient cannot think himself to have a feaver yea he cannot complain of any thing he feels no pain which is another proper sign of an hectick feaver The cause that the heat doth not shew its self is it doth not possess the surface of the body that is the spirits and humors The signs of a hectick joyned with a putrid Feaver but lyes as buried in the earthy grosness of the solid parts Yet if you hold your hand somewhat long you shall at last perceive the heat more acrid and biting the way being opened thereto by the skin rarified by the gentle touch of the warm and temperate hand Wherefore if at any time in these kind of feavers the Patient feel any pain and perceive himself troubled with an inequality and excess of heat it is a sign that the hectick feaver is not simple but conjoyned with a putrid feaver which causeth such inequality as the heat doth more or less seise upon matter subject to putrefaction for a hectick feaver of it self is void of all equality unless it proceed from some external cause as from meat Certainly if an Hippocratique face may be found in any disease it may in this by reason of the colliquation or wasting away the triple substance In the cure of this disease you must diligently observe with what affects it is entangled and whence it was caused Wherefore first you must know The cure whether this feaver be a disease or else a symptom For if it be symptomatical A symptomatical hectick it cannot be cured as long as the disease the cause thereof remains uncured as if an ulcer of the guts occasioned by a Bloudy-flix shall have caused it or else a fistulous ulcer in the Chest caused by some wound received on that part it will never admit of cure unless first the fistulous or dysenterick ulcer shall be cured because the disease feeds the symptoms as the cause the effect An essentialâ— hectick But if it be a simple and essential hectick feaver for that it hath its essence consisting in an hot and dry distemper which is not fixed in the humors but in the solid parts all the counsel of the Physitian must be to renew the body but not to purge it for only the humors require purging and not the defaults of the solid parts Therefore the solid parts must be refrigerated and humected which we may do by medicins taken inwardly and applyed outwardly Things to be taken inwardly The things which may with good success be taken inwardly into the body for this purpose are medicinal nourishments For hence we shall find more certain and manifest good than from altering medicines that is wholly refrigerating and humecting without any manner of nourishment The benefit of medicinal nourishments For by reason of that portion fit for nutriment which is therewith mixed they are drawn and caryed more powerfully to the parts and also converted into their substance whereby it comes to pass that they do not humect and cool them lightly and superficially like the medicines which have only power to alter and change the body but they carry their qualities more throughly even into the innermost substance Of these things some are Herbs as Violets Purslain Bugloss Endive Ducks-meat or Water-lentil Mallows especially when the belly shall be bound Some are fruits as Gourds Cowcumbers Apples Prunes Raisons sweet Almonds and fresh or new Pine-Apple kernels in the number of seeds are the four greater and lesser cold seeds and these new for their native humidity the seeds of Poppies Berberies Quinces The flowers of Bugloss Violets Water-lillies are also convenient of all these things let Broth be
can for two or three hours in his bed when he wakes let him take some Ptisan or some such like thing and then repeat his bath after the foresaid manner Things strengthening the ventricle He shal use this bath thrice in ten days But if the Patient be subject to crudities of the stomach so that he cannot sit in the bath without fear of swooning and such symptoms his stomach must be strengthened with oyl of quinces wormwood and mastich or else with a crust of bread toasted and steeped in muskadine and strewed over with the powders of roses sanders and so laid to the stomach or behind neer to â—e 13. verteâ—ra of the back under which place Anatomy teaches that the mouth of the stomach lies Epithems shall be applyed to the liver and heart to temper the too acrid heat of these parts Epithems and correct the immoderate dryness by their moderate humidity Now they shal be made of refrigerating and humecting things but chiefly humecting for too great coldness would hinder the penetration of the humidity into the part lying within The waters of bugloss and violets of each a quartern with a little white wine is convenient for this purpose But that which is made of French barly the seeds of gourds pompious or cowcumbers of each three drams in the decoction mixed with much tempering with oyl of Violets or of sweet Almonds is most excellent of all other Let cloaths be dipped and steeped in such epithems and laid upon the part and renewed as oft as they become hot by the heat of the part And because in hectick bodies by reason of the weakness of the digestive faculty many excrements are usually heaped up and dryed in the guts it will be convenient all the time of the disease to use frequently clysters made of the decoction of cooling and humecting herbs flowers and seeds wherein you shall dissolve Cassia with Sugar and Oyl of Violets or Water-lillies What a flux happening in a hect ck feaver indicates But because there often happen very dangerous fluxes in a confirmed hectick Feaver which shew the decay of all the faculties of the body and wasting of the corporeal substance you shall resist them with refrigerating and assisting medicins and meats of grosser nourishment as Rice and Cicers and application of astringent and strengthening remedies and using the decoction of Oats or parched Barly for drink Let the Patient be kept quiet and sleeping as much as may be especially if he be a child For this Feaver frequently invades children by anger great and long fear or the too hot milk of the nurse over-heating in the Sun the use of wine and other such like causes they shall be kept in a hot and moist air have another Nurse and be anointed with oyl of violets to conclude you shal apply medicins which are contrary to the morbifick cause CHAP. XXXIII Of the Wounds of the Epigastrium and of the whole lower Belly How children be cured THe wounds of the lower Belly are sometimes before sometimes behind some only touch the surface thereof others enter in some pass quite through the body so that they often leave the weapon therein some happen without hurting the contained parts others grievously offend these parts the Liver Spleen Stomach Guts Kidneys Womb Bladder Ureters and great Vessels Their differences so that oft-times a great portion of the Kall falls forth We know the Liver is wounded when a great quantity of bloud comes forth of the wound when a pricking pain reaches even to the Sword-like gristle Signs of a wounded liver Signs that the stomach and smaller guts are wounded Signs to know when the greater Guts are wounded Signs that the Kidneys are hurt Signs that the Bladder is wounded Signs that the womb is wounded to which the Liver adheres Oft-times more choler is cast up by vomit and the Patient lyes on his Belly with more ease and content When the Stomach or any of the small Guts are wounded the meat and drink break out at the wound the Ilia or flanks swell and become hard the Hicket troubles the Patient and oft-times he casts up more choler and grievous pain wrings his Belly and he is taken with cold sweats and his extream parts wax cold If any of the greater Guts shall be hurt the excrements come forth at the wound When the Spleen is wounded there flows out thick and black bloud the Patient is oppressed with thirst and there are also the other signs which we said use to accompany the wounded Liver A difficulty of making water troubles the Patient whose reins are wounded bloud is pissed forth with the Urin and he hath a pain stretched to his groins and the regions of the Bladder and Testicles The Bladder or Ureters being wounded the flanks are pained and there is a Tension of the Pecten or Share Bloud is made instead of Urin or else the Urin is very bloudy which also divers times comes forth at the wound When the Womb is wounded the Bloud breaks forth by the Privities and the symptoms are like those of the Bladder The wounds of the Liver are deadly for this part is the work-house of the bloud wherefore necessary for life besides by wounds of the Liver the branches of the Gate or Hollow-veins are cut whence ensues a great flux of bloud not only inwardly but also outwardly and consequently a dissipation of the spirits and strength Prognosticks Lib. 6. cap. 88. But the bloud which is shed inwardly amongst the Bowels putrefies and corrupts whence follows pain a feaver inflammation and lastly death Yet Paulus Aegineta writes that the lobe of the Liver may be cut away without necessary consequence of death Also the wounds of the Ventricle and of the small Guts but chiefly of the Jejunum are deadly for many vessels run to the Jejunum or empty Gut and it is of a very nervous and slender substance and besides it receives the cholerick humor from the Bladder of the Gall. So also the wounds of the Spleen Kidneys Ureters Bladder Womb and Gall are commonly deadly but alwayes ill for that the actions of such parts are necessary for life besides divers of these are without bloud and nervous others of them receive the moist excrements of the whole body and lye in the innermost part of the body so that they do not easily admit of medicins Furthermore all wounds which penetrate into the capacity of the Belly are judged very dangerous though they do not touch the contained Bowels for the encompassing and new air entring in amongst the Bowels greatly hurts them as never used to the feeling thereof add hereto the dissipation of the spirits which much weakens the strength Neither can the filth of such wounds be wasted away according to the mind of the Chirurgeon whereby it happens they divers times turn into Fistula's as we said of wounds of the Chest and so at length by collection of matter cause death
heat is oppressed and suffocated But this I would admonish the young Chirurgeon that when by the fore-mentioned signs he shall find the Gangrene present that he do not defer the amputation for that he finds some sense or small motion yet residing in the part For oft-times the affected parts are in this case moved not by the motion of the whole muscle but only by means that the head of the muscle is not yet taken with the Gangrene which moving its self by its own strength also moves its proper and continued tendon and tail though dead already wherefore it is ill to make any delay in such cases CHAP. XIV Of the Prognosticks in Gangrenes HAving given you the signs and causes to know a Gengrene it is fit we also give you the prognosticks The fierceness and the malignity thereof is so great that unless it be most speedily withstood the part it self will dye and also take hold of the neighbouring parts by the contagion of its mortification which hath been the cause that a Gangrene by many hath been termed an Esthiomenos For such corruption creeps out like poyson Why a Gangrene is called Esthiomenos and like fire eats gnaws and destroys all the neighbouring parts until it hath spread over the whole body For as Hippocrates writes Lib. de vulner capitis Mortui viventis nulla est proportio i. there is no proportion between the dead and living Wherefore it is fit presently to separate the dead from the living for unless that be done the living will dye by the contagion of the dead In such as are at the point of death The quick impatient of the dead a cold sweat flows over all their bodies they are troubled with ravings and watchings belchings and hicketing molest them and often swoundings invade them by reason of the vapours abundantly and continually raised from the corruption of the humors and flesh and so carryed to the Bowels and principal parts by the Veins Nerves and Arteries Wherefore when you have foretold these things to the friends of the Patient then make haste to fall to your work CHAP. XV. Of the General cure of a Gangrene Various Indications of curing a Gangrene THe Indications of curing Gangrenes are to be drawn from their differences for then cure must be diversly instituted according to the essence and magnitude For some Gangrenes possess the whole member others only some portion thereof some are deep othersome superficial only Also you must have regard to the temper of the body For soft and delicate bodies as of Children Women Eunuchs and idle persons require much milder medicins than those who by nature and custom or vocation of life are more strong and hardy such as Husbandmen Labourers Mariners Huntsmen Porters and men of the like nature who live sparingly and hardly What parts soonest taken â—old by a Gangrene Neither must you have respect to the body in general but also to the parts affected for the fleshy and musculous parts are different from the solid as the nerves and joynts or more solid as the Vertebrae Now the hot and moist parts as the privities mouth womb and fundament are easilyer and sooner taken hold of by putrefaction wherefore we must use more speedy means to help them Wherefore if the Gangrene be chiefly occasioned from an internal cause he must have a dyet prescribed for the decent and fitting use of the six things not natural If the body be plethorick or full of ill humors you must purge or let bloud by the advice of a Physitian Against the ascending up of vapours to the noble parts the heart must chiefly be strengthened with Treacle dissolved in Sorrel or Carduus-water with a bole of Mithridate the Conserve of Roses and Bugloss and with Opiâ—tes made for the present purpose according to Art this following Apozeme shall be outwardly applyed to the region of the heart A cordial Epithema â„ž Aquae rosar nenuphar an â„¥ iiij aceti scillitici â„¥ j. câ—rallorum santalorum alborum rulrorum rosar rub in pulver redactarum spodii an â„¥ j. mithrid theriacae an Ê’ ij ss trochiscorum de CaphuraÊ’ ij flor cardial in pollin redactarum p. ij creciÊ’ j. Ex omnibus in pollinem redactis fiat epithema Which may be applyed upon the region of the heart with a Scarlet-cloth or spunge These are usually such as happen in the cure of every Gangrene CHAP. XVI Of the particular cure of a Gangrene THe cure of a Gangrene caused by the too plentiful and violent defluxion of humors suffocating the native heat by reason of great Phlegmons is performed by evacuating and drying up the humors The cure of a Gangrene made by inflammation which putrefie by delay and collection in the part For this purpose scarifications and incisions great in differeâ—s small deep and superficiary according to the condition of the Gangrene are much commenâ—â—d that so the burdened part may injoy the benefit of perspiration and the contained humorâ— of difflation or evacuation of their sooty excrements Let Incisions be made when the â—ffeâ—◠〈◊〉 deep in and neer to mortification But scarifications may be used when the part first 〈◊〉 to putrefie for the greatness of the remedy must answer in proportion to that of the disâ—â—â—â— Wherefore if it penetrate to the bones it will be fit to cut the skin and flesh with mâ—â—â—â—â—d deep Incisions with an Incision-knife made for that purpose yet take heed of cutting the larger nerves and vessels unless they be wholly putrefied for if they be not yet putrefied you shall make your Incisions in the spaces between them if the Gangrene be less we must rest satisfied with only scarifying it When the Scarifications and Incisions are made we must suffer 〈◊〉 bloud to flow forth that so the conjunct matter may be evacuated Then must we apply and put upon it such medicins as may by heating drying resolving clensing and opening amend and correct the putrefaction and by piercing to the bottom may have power to overcome the virulency already impact in the part For this purpose Lotions made of the Lye of the Ashes of Fig-tree or Oak wherein Lupins have been throughly boyled are good Or you may with less trouble make a medicine with Salt-water wherein you may dissolve Aloes and Aegyptiacum adding in the conclusion a little Aqua vitae The description of an Aegyptiacum for Aqua vitae and calcined Vitriol are singular medicins for a Gangrene Or â„ž acet optmi lb j. mel ros â„¥ iiij syrup acetosi â„¥ iij. salis com â„¥ v. lulliant simul adde aqua vitae lb. s Let the part be frequently washed with this medicine for it hath much force to repress Gangrenes After your Lotion lay Aegyptiacum for a Liniment and put it into the Incisions for there is no medicine more powerful against putrefaction for by causing an Eschar it separates the putrid flesh from the sound But we must not in
palat must be quickly and carefully dressed for there is danger lest being the part is hot and moist the bone which lies under which is rare and humide may be corrupted by the contagion and fall away and the voice or speech be spoiled If the ulcer be pocky omitting the common remedies of ulcers you must speedily betake your self to the proper antidote of that disease to wit quick-silver Fistulous ulcers often take hold on the Gums whence the root of the next tooth becomes rotten and so far that the acrimony of the Sanies oft-times makes its self a passage forth on the outside under the chin which thing puts many into a false conceit of the scrophula or Kings-evil and consequently of an uncurable disease In such a case Aetius and Celsus counsel is to take out the rotten tooth Aetius Lib. 6. cap. 3. Celsus lib. 6. cap. 13. for so the Fistula will be taken away the Gum pressing and thrusting its self into the place of the tooth which was taken forth and so the cause nourishing the putrefaction being taken away that is the tooth the rest of the cure will be more easie The ulcers of the tongue may be cured by the same remedies by which the rest of the mouth yet those which breed on the side thereof endure very long and you must look whether or no there be not some sharp tooth over against it which will not suffer the ulcer in that place to heal which if there be then must you take it away with a file CHAP. XVI Of the Ulcers of the Ears ULcers are bred in the auditory passage both by an external cause as a stroak or fall as also by an internal as an abscess there generated They oft-times flow with much matter not there generated Their causes for such ulcers are usually but small and besides in a spermatick part but for that the brain doth that way disburden its self For the cure the chief regard must be had of the antecedent cause which feeds the ulcer and it must be diverted by purging medecins The cuure Masticatories and Errhines This is the form of a Masticatory â„ž Mastich Ê’j staphisagr pyreth an ℈ j. cinam caryoph an Ê’ ss fiant Masticatoria utatur mane vesperi A masticatory But this is the form of an Errhin â„ž succi betonic mercurial melissa an â„¥ ss An Errhin The composition of Andronius his trochisces vini alli â„¥ j. misce frequenter naribus attrahatur For topick medicins we must shun all fatty and oily things as Galen set down in Method medendi where he finds fault with a certain follower of Thessalus who by using Tetrapharmacum made the ulcer in the ear grow each day more filthy than other which Galen healed with the Trochisces of Andronius dissolved in Vinegar whose composure is as followeth â„ž baulast Ê’ij alumin. Ê’j atrament sutor Ê’ij myrrhaeÊ’j thur aristolâ—ch gallarum an Ê’ij salis Ammon Ê’j excipiantur omnia melicrato fiant trâ—chisci Galen in the same place witnesseth that The figure of a Pyoulcus or Matter-drawer he hath healed inveterate ulcers and of two years old of this kind Scales of Iron with the scales of Iron made into powder and then boiled in sharp Vinegar untill it acquired the consistence of Honey Moreover an Oxes gall dissolved in strong Vinegar and dropped in warm amends and dryes up the putrefaction wherewith these ulcers flow Also the scales of Iron made into powder boyled in sharp Vinegar dryed and strewed upon them But if the straitness of the passages should not give leave to the matter contained in the windings of the ears to pass forth Of the Pyoulcos Galen makes mention 2 ad Glauconem then must it be drawn out with an Instrument thereupon called a Pyoulcus or matter-drawer whereof this is the figure CHAP. XVII Of the Ulcers of the Wind-pipe Weazon Stomach and Guts THese parts are ulcerated either by an external cause as an acrid medicine The Causes or poyson swallowed down or by an internal cause as a malign fretting humor which may equal the force of poyson generated in the body and restrained in these parts Signs If the pain be encreased by swallowing or breathing it is the sign of an Ulcer in the Weazon or windpipe joining thereto But the pain is most sensibly felt when as that which is swallowed is either four or acrid or the air breathed in is more hot or cold than ordinary But if the cause of pain lye fastned in the stomach more grievous symptoms urge for sometimes they swound have a nauseous disposition and vomiting convulsions gnawings and pain almost intolerable and the coldness of the extream parts all which when present at once few scape unless such as are young and have very strong bodies The same affect may befall the whole stomach but because both for the bitterness of pain and greatness of danger that Ulcer is far more grievous which takes hold of the mouth of the Ventricle honoured by the Ancients with the name of the Heart therefore Physitians do not make so great a reckoning of that which happens in the lower part of the stomach Now we know that the Guts are ulcerated if Pus Gal. lib. 5. de loc affect cap. 5. or much purulent matter come forth by stool if blood come that way with much griping for by the Pus staying and as it were gathered together in that place there is as it were a certain continual Tenesmus or desire to goe to stool Now all such Ulcers are cured by meats and drinks Lib. 4. 5. Method The cure rather than by medicins according to Galen Therefore you must make choice of all such meats and drinks as are gentle and have a lenitive faculty shunning acrid things for Tutia Lytharge Ceruse Verdigreece and the like have no place here as they have in other Ulcers But when as the Ulcer shall be in the Gullet or Weazon you must have a care that such things may have some viscidity or toughness and be swallowed by little and little and at divers times otherwise they will not much avail because they cannot make any stay in these common wayes of breath and meat therefore they presently slip down and flow away How to take medicins for Ulcers of the throat wherefore all such things shall be used in form of an Eglegma to be taken lying on the back and swallowed down by little and little opening the muscles of the throat lest the medicin passing down suddainly and in great quantity cause a Cough a thing exceeding hurtfull to these kindes of Ulcers When they must be cleansed you shall have crude honey which hath a singular faculty above all other detergent things in these kinde of Ulcers But when they can conveniently swallow you shall mix Gum Tragaganth dissolved in some astringent decoction In Ulcers of the stomach Why acrid things
to the side opposite to that towards which the bone fell that so also in some measure it may be more and more forced into its place In the mean time you must have a care that you do not too straitly press the great and large tendon which is at the heel This kinde of dislocation is restored in forty days unless some accident happen which may hinder it CHAP. LIII Of the dislocation of the Heel Causes and differences WHosoever leaping from an high place have fallen very heavy upon their heel have their heel dislocated and divided from the pastern-bone This dislocation happens more frequently inwardly then outwardly because the prominencie of the lesser Focile embraces the pastern-bone whence it is that there it is more straitly and firmly knit It is restored by extension and forcing it in which will be no very difficult matter The Cure unless some great defluxion or inflammation hinder it For the binding up it most be straitest in the part affected that so the blood may be pressed from thence into the neighbouring parts yet using such a moderation that it may not be painful not press more straitly than is fit the nerves and gross tendons which runs to the heel This dislocation is not confirmed before the fortieth day though nothing happen which may hinder it Yet usually it happeneth that many symptomes ensue by the vehemencie of the contusion Wherefore it will not be amiss to handle them in a particular chapter CHAP. LIV. Of the Symptoms which follow upon the contusion of the Heel Why blood-letting necessary in the fracture of a heel IT happeneth by the vehemencie of this contusion that the veins and arteries do as it were vomit up blood both through the secret passages of their coats as also by their ends or orifices whence an Ecchymosis or blackness over all the heel pain swelling and other the like ensue which implore remedies and the Surgeons help to wit convenient diet Hip. sect 3. de fracturis and drawing of bloud by opening a vein of which though Hippocrates makes no mention yet it is here requisite by reason of the Feaver and inflammation and if need require purgation principally such as may divert the matter by causing vomit and lastly the application of local medicines chiefly such as may soften and rarifie the skin under the heel otherwise usually hard and thick such as are fomentations of warm water and oil so that divers times wee are forced to scarifie it with a lancet shunning the quick flesh For so at length the blood poured forth into the part and there heaped up is more easily attenuated and at length resolved But these things must all bee performed before the inflamtion seiz upon the part otherwise there will bee danger of a convulsion For the blood Why the heel is subject to inflammation when it fall's out of the vessels readily putrifie's by reason the densitie of this part hinder's it from ventilation dispersing to the adjacent parts Hereto may bee added that the large and great tendon wich cover's the heel is endued with exquisite sens and also the part it self is on every side spred over with many nervs Besides also there is further danger of inflammation by lying upon the back and heel as wee before admonished you in the Fracture of a leg Therefore I would have the Surgeon to bee here most attentive and diligent to perform these things which wee have mentioned left by inflammation a Gangrene and Mortification for here the sanious flesh presently fall's uppon the bone happen together with a continued and sharp Fever with trembling hicketting and raving For the corruption of this part first by contagion assail's the next and thence a Fever assail's the heart by the arteries pressed and growing hot by the putrid heat and by the nervs and that great and notable tendon made by the concours of the three muscles of the calf of the leg Gal. ad sent 23. sect 2. lib. de fract the muscles brain and stomach are evilly affected and drawn into consent and so caus convulsions raving and a deadly hicketting CHAP. LV. Of the dislocated Pastern or Ancle-bone THe Astragalus or pastern bone may bee dislocated and fall out of its place to every side Wherefore when it fall's out towards the inner part Sign the sole of the foot is turned outwards when it flie's out to the contrarie the sign is also contrarie if it bee dislocated to the foreside on the hinde side the broad tendon coming under the heel is hardned and distended but if it bee luxated backards the whole heel is as it were hid in the foot neither doth this kinde of dislocation happen withou much violence It is restored by extending it with the hands and forcing it into the contrary part to that from whence it fell Beeing restored it is kept so by application of medicins and fit ligation The patient must keep his bed long in this case Cure lest that bone which sustain's and bear's up the whole bodie may again sink under the burden and break out the sinews beeing not well knit and strengthned CHAP. LVI Of the dislocation of the In-step and back of the foot THe bones also of the In-step and back of the foot may bee luxated and that either upwards or downwards or to one side though seldom sidewise for the reason formerly rendred speaking of the dislocation of the like bones of the hand Cure If that they stand upwards then must the patient tread hard upon som plain or even place and then the Surgeon by pressing them with his hand shal force them into their places on the contrary if they stand out of the sole of the foot then must you press them thence upwards and restore each bone to its place They may bee restored after the same manner if they bee flown out to either side But you must note that although the Ligatures consist but of one head in other dislocations yet here Hippocrates would have such used as have two heads for that the dislocation happen's more from below upwards Sent. 14. sect 2. lib. de fract or from above downwards then sidewise CHAP. LVII Of the dislocation of the Toes NOw the Toes may bee four wais dislocated even as the fingers of the hand The differences The and they may bee restored just after the same manner that is extend them directly forth and then force eath joint into its place and lastly binde them up as is fitting The restitution of all them is easie for that they cannot far transgress their bounds To conclude Cure the bones of the feet are dislocated and restored by the same means as those of the hands but that when as any thing is dislocated in the foot the patient must keep his bed but when any thing is amiss in the hand hee must carrie it in a scarf The patient must rest twenty daies that is until hee
oil to drink but it did him no good The caustick force of sublimate for it came too late Wherefore at length he died with great torment and exclamation the seventh hour from the time that he took the poyson being scarcely passed I opened his body in the presence of the Jaylor and four others and I found the bottom of his stomach black and dry as if it had been burnt with a Cauterie whereby I understood he had sublimate given him whose force the Spanish Bedezahar could not repress wherefore the King commanded to burn it CHAP. XXXVII Of Mineral Poysons MInerals or metals are either so taken forth of the bowels of the earth The symptoms of such as have taken sublimate or else from fornaces Of these many are poisonous as arsenick sublimate plaster ceruss litharge verdegrease orpiment filings of Iron brass the load-stone lime and the like Such as have taken sublimate the tongue and jaws become straitned and rough as if they had drunk the juice of unripe services you cannot amend this asperity with lenitive gargarisms but with labour and time for assoon as it descends into the stomach it sticketh to it Therefore presently after it frets and exulcerates it causeth unquenchable thirst and unexplicable torments the tongue is swoln the heart faints the urine is supprest the chest can scarce perform the office of breathing the belly is griped and so great pains happen to other extreme parts that unless they be helped the patient will die for presently will grow upon them unless it be speedily hindered the devouring and fiery fury of the poyson rending or eating into the guts and stomach as if they were feared with an hot iron and blood floweth out of the ears nose mouth urinary passage and fundament and then their case is desperate These and who else soever shall take any corroding poyson shall be cured with the same remedies as those that have taken Caentharides Verdegreas so stops the instruments of respiration that it strangles such as have taken it Verdegreas The cure is performed by the same remedies as help those that have taken Arsenick Litharge causeth a heaviness in the stomach suppresseth urine Litharge makes the body swelled and livid We remedy this by giving a vomit presently then after it pigeons-dung mixed in strong wine and so drunken Peter Aponensis wisheth to give oil of sweet almonds and figs. Also it is good to give relaxing and humecting glysters and to annoint the belly with fresh butter or oil of lillies The scales of Brass drunk by troubling the stomach cause a casting and scouring The remedy is The scales of Brass if the patient forthwith vomit if he enter into a bath made of the decoction of Snails if he annoint his belly and brest with butter or oil of lillies and inject laxative and humecting glysters The Load-stone makes them mad that take it inwardly The Loadstone The Antidote thereof is the powder of gold and an emerald drunk in strong wine and glysters of milk and oil of sweet almonds The filings of Lead and the scales or refuse of Iron Filings of Lead and scales of Iron cause great torment to such as take them down The which we help with much milk and fresh butter dissolved therein or with oil of sweet almonds drawn without fire with relaxing and humecting glysters used untill the pain be perfectly asswaged Risagallum Rose-aker or Rats-bane because it is of a most hot and dry nature Arsenick Rose-aker or Rats-bane induces thirst and heat over all the body and so great colliquation of all the humors that although the patients by medicines speedily given escape death yet can they not during the residue of their lives use their members as they formerly did being destitute of their strength by reason of the great driness and contraction of the joints The Antidote thereof is oil of Pine-kernels speedily given and that to the quantity of half a pinte then procure vomit then give much milk to drink and glysters of the same and let them sup up fat broths Unquencht Lime and Auripigmentum or Orpiment drunk Unquenched Lime and Orpiment gnaw the stomach and guts with great tormenting pain and cause unquenchable thirst an asperity of the jaws and throat difficulty of breathing stopping of the urine and a bloody flux They may be helped by oil fat humecting and relaxing things which retund the acrimony by lenitive potions and such as lubricate the belly as also by creams and the mucilages of some seeds as with a decoction of the seeds of Line mallows marsh-mallows and other such things set down at large in the cure of Cantharides These exceeding acrid and strong waters wherewith Gold-smiths and Chymists separate gold from silver being taken into the body are hard to cure Aqua foriâ— because they are forthwith diffused over all the body first burning the throat and stomach Yet it may be helped by the means prescribed against unquenched Lime and Orpiment Ceruss causeth hicketting and a cough makes the tongue dry Ceruss and the extreme parts of the body numme with cold the eies heavy to sleep The patients very often in the midst of the day see some vain phantasie or apparition which indeed is nothing they make a black and oftentimes bloody water they die strangled unless they be helped The Antidote in the opinion of Aetius and Avicen is Scammony drunk in new wine or hony and wine and other diuretick things and such things as procure vomit and purge by stool Plaster Plaster because it concreteth and becommeth stony in the stomach causeth strangulation by straitning and stopping the instruments that serve for breathing The patients receive cure by the same remedies as those who have eaten mushroms or drunk Ceruss you must add Goos-grease in glysters and annoint the belly with oil of lillies and butter CHAP. XXXVIII Of Quick silver The reason why it is so called QUick-silver is so called because it resembleth silver in the colour and is in perpetual motion as if it had a spirit or living soul There is a great controversie amongst authors concerning it For most of them affirm it hot among whom is Galen Halyabas Rhasis Lib 4. simp in 2 practic c. 148. 3 ad alman 4. Meteor Aristotle Constantine Isaac Plattarius Nicholas Massa they maintain their opinion by an argument drawn from things helping and hurting besides from this that it is of such subtill parts that it penetrates dissolves and performeth all the actions of heat upon dense and hard metalls to wit it attenuateth incideth drieth causeth salivation by the mouth purgeth by the stool moveth urine and sweat over all the body neither doth it stir up the thinner humors only but in like sort the gross tough and viscous as those which have the Lues Venerea find by experience using it either in ointments or Plasters Others affirm it very cold and moist for that put into
garlick have not their heads troubled Garlick good against the Plague nor their inward parts inflamed as Country-People and such as are used to it to such there can be no more certain preservative and Antidote against the pestiferous fogs or mists and the nocturnal obscurity then to take it in the morning with a draught of good wine for it being abundantly diffused presently over all the body fills up the passages thereof and strengthneth it in a moment For water if the Plague proceed from the tainture of the Air we must wholly shun and avoid Rain-water What water to be made choice of in the plague-time because it cannot but be infected by the contagion of the Air. Wherefore the water of Springs and of the deepest Wells are thought best But if the malignity proceed from the vapors contained in the Earth you must make choice of Rain-water Yet it is more safe to digest every sort of water by boyling it and to prefer that water before other which is pure and clear to the sight and without either taste or smell and which besides suddenly takes the extremest mutation of heat and cold CHAP. VII Of the Cordial Remedies by which we may preserve our Bodies in fear of the Plague and cure those already infected therewith SUch as cannot eat without much labour exercise and hunger and who are no lovers of Break-fasts having evacuated their excrements before they go from home must strengthen the heart with some Antidote against the virulency of the infection Amongst which Aqua Theriacalis Aqua Theriacalis good against the Plague both inwardly taken and outwardly applied or Treacle-water two ounces with the like quantity of Sack is much commended being drunk and rubbing the Nostrils Mouth and Ears with the same for the Treacle-water strengthens the heart expells poyson and is not only good for a preservative but also to cure the disease it self For by sweat it drives forth the poyson contained within It should be made in June at which time all simple medicines by the vital heat of the Sun ate in their greatest efficacy The composition thereof The composition whereof is thus Take the roots of Gentian Ciperus Tormentil Diptam or Fraxella Elecampane of each one ounce the leaves of Mullet Carduus Benedictus Divels-bit Burnet Scabious Sheeps-sorrel of each half a handful of the tops of Rue a little quantity of Mittle-berries one ounce of red Rose-leaves the flowers of Bugloss Borage and S. Johns wott of each one ounce let them be all cleansed dried and maceâ—ated for the space of twenty-four hours in one pound of white wine or Malmsie and of Rose-water or Sorrel-water then let them be put in a vessel of glass and add thereto of Treacle and Mithridate of each four ounces then distill them in Balneo Mariae and let the distilled water be received in a Glass-Viol and let there be added thereto of Saffron two drams of Bole-Armenick Terra Sigillata yellow Sanders shavings of Ivory and Harts-horn of each half an ounce then let the glass be well stopped and set in the Sun for the space of eight or ten dayes Let the prescribed quantity be taken every morning so oft as shall be needful It may be given without hurt to sucking children and to Women great with childe But that it may be the more pleasant it must be strained through an Hippocras-bag adding thereto some sugar and cinnamon Some think themselves sufficiently defended with a root of Elecampane Zedoary or Angelica rowled in their mouth or chawed between their teeth Others drink every morning one dram of the root of Gentian bruised being macerated for the space of one night in two ounces of white wine Others take Worm-wood-wine Others sup in a rare egg one dram of Terra Sigillata or of Harts-horn with a little Saffron and drink two ounces of wine after it There be some that do infuse Bole-Armenick the roots of Gentian Tormentil Diptam the berries af Juniper Cloves Mace Cinnamon Saffron and such like in aqua vitae and strong white wine and so distill it in Balneo Mariae This Cordial water that followeth is of great vertue A cordial water Take of the roots of the long and round Aristolechia Tormentil Diptam of each three drams of Zedoary two drams Lignum Aloes yellow Sanders of each one dram of the leaves of Scordium St. Johns-wort Sorrel Rue Sage of each half an ounce of Bay and Juniper-berries of each three drams Citron-feeds one Dram Cloves Macc Nutmegs of each two drams of Mastich Olibanum Bole-Armenick Terra Sitillata shavings of Harts horn and Ivory of each one ounce of Saffron one scruple of the Conserves of Roses Bugloss-flowers water-lillies and old Treacle of each one ounce of Champhire half a dram of aqua vitae half a pinte of white wine two pints and a half make thereof a dissillation in Balneo Mariae The use of this distilled water is even as Treacle water is The Eâ—ectuary following is very effectual Take of the best Treacle three ounces A Cordial Electuary Juniper-berries and Carduus-seeds of each one dram and a half of Bole-Armenick prepared half an ounce of the powder of the Electuary de Gemmis and Diamargariton frigidum the powder of Harts-horn and red Coral of each one dram mix them with the syrup of the rindes and juice of Pome-Citrons as much as shall suffice and make thereof a liquid Electuary in the form of an Opiate let them take every morning the quantity of a Filberd drinking after it two drams of the water of Scabious Cherries Carduus Benedictus and of some such like cordial thing or of strong wine The following Opiate is also very profitable which also may be made into tablets An Opiate Take of the roots of Angelica Gentian Zedoary Elecampane of two drams of Citron and Sorrel-seeds of each half a dram of the dried rindes of Citrons Cinnamon Bay and Juniper-berties and Saffron of each one scruple of conserve of Roses and Bugloss of each one ounce and fine hard Sugar as much as is sufficient make thereof Tablets of the weight of half a dram let him take one of them two hours before meat or make thereof a Opiate with equal parts of conserves of Bugloss and Mel Anthosatum and so adding all the rest drie and in powder Another Or take of the roots of Valerian Tormentil Diptam of the leaves of Rue of each half an ounce of saffron Mace Nutmegs of each half a dram of Bole-Armenick prepared halfe an ounce of conserve of Roses and syrup of Lemmons as much as will be sufficient to make thereof an Opiate liquid enough Another Or take of the roots of both the Aristolochiaes of Gentian Tormentil Diptam of each one dram and a half of Ginger three drams of the leaves of Rue Sage Mints and Penny-royal of each two drams of Bay and Juniper-berries Citron-seeds of each four scruples of Mace Nutmegs Cloves Cinnamon of
Saffron the roots of Angelica and Lovage and such like which must be macerated one night in sharp Vineger and Aqua vitae and then tied in a knot as big as an egg or rather let it be carried in a sponge made wet or soaked in the said infusion For there is nothing that doth sooner and better hold the spirituous virtue and strength of aromatick things then a sponge Wherefore it is of principal use either to keep or hold sweet things to the nose or to apply Epithems and Fomentations to the heart Of what nature the medicines outwardly used ought to be Those sweet things ought to be hot or cold as the season of the year and kinde of the pestilence is As for example in the Summer you ought to infuse and macerate Cinnamon and Cloves beaten together with a little Saffron in equal parts of vineger of Roses and Rose-water into which you must dip a sponge which rowled in a fair linnen cloth you may carry in your hand and often smell to Take of Worm-wood half a handful ten Cloves of the roots of Gentian and Angelica of each two drams of vineger and Rose-water of each two ounces of Treacle and Mithridate of each one dram beat and mix them well all together and let a sponge be dipped therein and used as above said They may also be inclosed in boxes made of sweet wood as of Juniper Cedar or cypress and so carried for the same purpose But there is nothing more easie to be carryed then Pomanders the form of which is thus Take of yellow Sanders Mace Citron-pills Rose and Mirtle-leavs of each two drams of Benzoin Ladanum Storax of each half a dram of Cinnamon and Saffron of each two scruples of Camphire and Amber-Greece of each one scruple of Musk three grains Make thereof a Pomander with Rose-water with the infusion of Tragacanth Or take red-Rose-leavs Pomanders the flowers of Water-lillies and Violets of each one ounce of the three Sanders Coriander-seeds Citron-pills of each half an ounce of Camphire one dram let them all be made into powder and with Water of Roses and Tragacanth make a pomander In the Winter it is to be made thus Take of Storax Benzoin of each one dram and a half of Musk half a scruple of Cloves Lavander and Ciperus of each two drams of the root of Orris i.e. Flower-de-luce and Calamus aromaticus of each two drams and a half of Amber-Greece three drams of Gum-Tragacanth dissolved in Rose-water and aqua vitae as much as shall suffice make thereof a Pomander And for the same purpose you may also use to carry about with you sweet powders Sweet powders made of Amber-Greece Storax Orris Nutmegs Cinnamon Mace Cloves Saffron Benzoin Musk Camphire Roses Violets Juncus odoratus Marjarum and such like of which being mixed together Powders may be compounded and made Take of the roots of Orris two drams of Cyperus Calamus aromatïcus red Roses of each half an ounce of Cloves half a dram of Storax one dram of Musk eight grains mix them and make a powder for a bag or take the roots of Orris two ounces red Rose-leavs white Sanders Storax of each one dram of Cyperus one ounce of Calamus aromaticus one ounce of Marjarum half an ounce of Cloves three drams of Lavander half a dram of Coriander-seeds two drams of good Musk half a Scruple of Ladanum and Benzoin of each a dram of Nutmegs and Cinnamon of each two drams Make thereof a fine powder and sow it in a bag It will be very convenient also to apply to the region of the heart Bags a bag filled with yellow Sanders Mace Cloves Cinnamon Saffron and Treacle shaken together and incorporated and sprinkled over with strong vinegar and Rose-water in Summer and with strong wine and Muskadine in the Winter The sweet Aromatick things that are so full of spirits smelling sweetly and strongly have admirable vertues to strengthen the principal parts of the body and to stir up the expulsive faculty to expel the poyson Contrarywise those that are stinking and unsavory procure a desire to vomit Unsavory things to be eschewed and dissolution of the powers by which it is manifest how foolish and absurd their perswasion is that counsel such as are in a pestilent constitution of the Air to receive and take in the stinking and unsavory vapours of sinks and privies and that especially in the morning But it will not suffice to carry those preservatives alone without the use of any other thing but it will be also very profitable to wash all the whole body in Vinegar of the decoction of Juniper and Bay-berries the Roots of Gentian Marigolds S. Johns-Wort and such like with Treacle or Mithridate also dissolved in it For vinegar is an enemy to all poysons in general whether they be hot or cold for it resisteth and hindereth putrefaction Neither is it to be feared that it should obstruct the pores by reason of its coldness if the body be bathed in it for it is of subtil parts and the spices boiled in it have virtue to open Whosoever accounteth it hurtful to wash his whole body therewith let him wash only his arm-holes the region of his heart his temples groins parts of generation as having great and marvellous sympathy with the principal and noble parts If any mislike bathing let him annoint himself with the following Unguent An Unguent Take oyl of Roses four ounces oyl of Spike two ounces of the powder of Cinnamon and Cloves of each one ounce and a half of Benzoin half an ounce of Musk six grains of Treacle half a dram of Venice-Turpentine one dram and a half of Wax as much as shall suffice make thereof a soft Unguent You may also drop a few drops of oyl of Mastich of Sage or of Cloves and such like into the ears with a little Civet or Musk. CHAP. IX Of other things to be observed for prevention in fear of the Plague VEnery is chiefly to be eschewed for by it the powers are debilitated Why Venery is to be shunned the spirits dissipated and the breathing places of the body diminished and lastly all the strength of nature weakned A sedentary life is to be shunned as also excess in diet for hence proceeds obstruction the corruption of the juices and preparation of the body to putrefaction and the pestilence Women must be very careful that they have their courses duely for stopping besides the custom they easily acquire corruption and draw by contagion the rest of the humors into their society Such as have fistuloes or otherwise old ulcers must not heal them up in a pestilent season Running ulcers good in time of pestilence for it is then more convenient rather to make new ones and these in convenient and declining places that as by these channels the sink of the humors of the body may be emptied The Hemorhoids bleedings and other the like accustomed evacuations must
whilst sundry persons go about their usual business walk in the places of common resort and through the streets they suddenly fall down and die no sign of the disease or harm appearing nor any pain oppressing them for the malignity of the corrupt air is quick and very speedy in infecting our spirits overthrowing the strength of the heart and killing the Patient The Patients are not troubled with great agitation because the spirits dissipated by the rapid malignity of the poyson cannot endure that labour Why they have no sores besides they are taken with frequent swoundings few of them have Buboes few have Blains come forth and by the same reason their urines are like to those of found men CHAP. XVI Signs of the Plague drawn into the body by the fault and putrefaction of humors FOrmerly we have reckoned up the causes of the corruption of humors from plenitude obstruction distemper and the ill juyce of meats Now must we deliver the signs of each corrupt humor which reigns in us that it may be reduced to soundness and perfection of nature by the opposition of its contrary or else be evacuated by Physick Signs of choler Therefore if the body be more yellow then usual it is a sign of choler offending in quantity and quality If more black then of melancholy if more pale then of phlegm if more red with the veins swoln up and full then of bloud Also the colour of the rising blains tumors and spots express the colour of the predominant humor as also the excrements cast forth by vomit stool and otherwise the heaviness and cheerfulness of the affected body the manner of the present Fever the time of the year age region diet Such things as have a cutting penetrating attenuating and cleansing faculty take away obstruction By means of obstruction Fevers oft-times accompany the Plague and these not only continual but also intermitting like tertians or quartanes Therefore that Plague that is fixed in the infection or corruption of a cholerick humor shews it self by the forementioned signs of predominating choler to wit the heat of the skin blains and excrements as also in the quickness of killing and vehemency of the symptoms bitterness of the mouth a painful and continual endeavour of going to stool by reason of the acrimony of choler stimulating and raking the guts in the passage forth That which resides in the corrupt substance of gross humors as of bloud sheweth it self by many and plentiful sweats by a scouring by which are avoided many and various humours and oft-times also bloudy matter that proceeds from corrupt phlegm it invades with more sound sleep and causless weariness of all the members when they are awakened out of their sleep they are not seldom troubled with a trembling over all their joynts the entrance and way of the spirits into the members being obstructed by the grosness of the humors That which is seated in the corruption of a melancholick humor is accompanied with heaviness and pain of the head When the urine is to be looked upon much pensiveness a deep and small pulse But the most certain sign of the Plague residing in the corruption of the humors is to be taken from the urine For the signs of the vitiated humors cannot but shew themselves in the urines therefore troubled urines and such as are like those of carriage-beasts as also black and green give certain notice thereof Why some are much troubled with thirst others not at all But some are much troubled with thirst others not at all because choler or phlegm sometimes only putrefie in the stomach or orifice of the ventricle sometimes besides they will weaken the government of the natural faculties of the part as of the appetite But if the fever happen by the default and infection both of the air and humors then will there be a great confusion of the forementioned signs and symptoms CHAP. XVII Of the Prognostication that is to be instituted in the Plague YOu may well fore-tell the future motions and events of diseases when you throughly know the nature of the disease and accidents thereof and the condition function and excellency of the body and grieved parts Although that this may be spoken in general That there is no certain prediction in pestilent diseases No certain prediction in the Plague either to health or death for they have very unconstant motions sometimes swift and quick sometimes slow and sometimes choaking or suffocating in a moment while one breaths in the venomous air as he is going about any of his necessary affairs having pustles rising in the skin with sharp pain and as though the whole body was pricked all over with needles or the stings of Bees Which I have seen with mine eyes in the Plague that was at Lions when Charles the French King lay there It many times cometh to pass that the accidents that were very vehement and raging a little before are suddenly asswaged and the patients do think themselves better An history or almost perfectly sound Which happens to Mary one of the Queen-mother her maids in that notable pestilent constitution of the air that year when Charls the French King lay at the Castle of Rossilion for when she was infected a great tumor or Bubo arose in her groin and suddenly it went in again so that the third day of her sickness she said she was without any grief or disease at all but that she was troubled with the difficulty of making water and I think it was because the bladder was enflamed by the reflux of the matter that she was sound in mind and bodie and walked up and down the chamber on the same day that she died The strangeness of which thing made the King so fearful that he hasted to depart thence Why young men sooner take the Plague then old Although this disease doth spare no man of what age temperature complexion diet and condition soever yet it assaulteth young men that are cholerick and sanguine more often then old men that are cold and dry in whom the moisture that is the nourisher of putrefaction by reason of their age is consumed and the wayes passages and pores of the skin whereby the venomous air should enter and pierce in are more strait and narrow And moreover because old men do always stay at home but young men for their necessary business and also for their delight and pleasure are always more abroad in the day-time in the air where-hence the pollution of the Pestilence cometh more often What Plague most contagious That pestilence that comes by the corruption of the humors is not so contagious as that which cometh by the default of the air But those that are Phlegmatick and Melancholick are most commonly grieved with that kind of Pestilence because in them the humors are more clammy and gross and their bodies more cold and less perspirable for which causes the humors sooner and more
speedily putrefie Men that are of an ill juyce are also most apt to this kind of Pestilence for in the naughty quality of the juyce there is a great preparation of the humors unto putrefaction You may know it by this that when the Pestilence reigneth there are no other diseases among the common people which have their original of any ill juyce but they all degenerate into the Plague Therefore when they begin to appear and wander up and down it is a token that the Pestilence will shortly cease or is almost at an end But here also I would have you to understand those to be of an ill juyce which have no pores in their skin by which as it were by rivers the evil juyce which is contrary to nature may be evacuated and purged Who least subject to take the Plague And I have noted and observed that those are less in danger of the Pestilence which have Cancerous Ulcers and stinking sores in their Noses and such as are infected with the French-Pox and have by reason thereof tumors and rotten Ulcers or have the Kings-evil running upon them the Leprosie or the Scab and to conclude all those that have Fistulaes and running in their bodies I think those that have quartane Fevers are the better priviledged for the same because that by the fit causing sweat that cometh every fourth day they avoid much of the evill juyce that was engendred This is more like to be true then to think that the poyson that cometh from without may be driven away by that which lurketh within Contrariwise women that are great with childe as I have noted Who subject thereto because they have much ill juyce being prohibited from their accustomed evacuations are very apt to take this disease and so seldom recover after they are infected Black or blew Impostumes and spots and pustles of the same colour dispersed over the skin Signs the disease is incurable A good sign argue that the disease is altogether incurable and mortal When the swelling or sore goeth or cometh before the Fever it is a good sign for it declareth that the malignity is very weak and feeble and that nature hath overcome it which of it self is able to drive so great portion thereof from the inner parts A deadly sign But if the sore or tumor come after the Fever it is a mortal and deadly sign for it is certain that it cometh of the venomous matter not translated but dispersed not by the victory of nature but through the multitude of the matter with the weight whereof nature is overcome When the Moon decreaseth those that are infected with the Pestilence are in great doubt and danger of death because then the humors that were collected and gathered together before the Full of the Moon through delay and abundance do swell the more and the faculties by which the body is governed become more weak and feeble because of the imbecillity of the native heat which before was nourished and augmented by the light and so consequently by the heat of the Full Moon For as it is noted by Aristotle the Wainings of the Moon are more cold and weak and thence it is that women have their menstrual fluxes chiefly or commonly at that time In a gross and cloudy air the pestilent infection is less vehement and contagious In what air most contagious then in a thin and subtil air whether that thinness of the air proceed from the heat of the Sun or from the North winde and cold Therefore at Paris where naturally and also through the abundance of filth that is about the City the air is dark and gross the pestilent infection is less fierce and contagious then it is in Province for the subtilty of the air stimulates or helps forward the Plague But this disease is mortal and pernicious wheresoever it be because it suddenly assaulteth the heart which is the Mansion or as it were the fortress or castle of life but commonly not before the signs and tokens of it appear on the body and yet you shall scarce find any man that thinketh of calling the Physician to help to preserve him from so great a danger before the signs thereof be evident to be seen and felt but then the heart is assaulted And when the heart is so assaulted what hope of life is there or health to be looked for What effects fear and confidence produce in the Plague Therefore because medicines come oft-times too late and this malady is as it were a sudden and winged messenger of our death it cometh to pass that so many die thereof And moreover because of the first suspicion of this so dire and cruel a disease the imagination and mind whose force in the diversly much stirring up of the humors is great and almost incredible is so troubled with fear of imminent death and despair of health that together with the preturbed humors all the strength and power of nature falleth and sinketh down This you may perceive and know by reason that the keepers of such as are sick and the bearers which are not fearful but very confident although they do all the basest offices which may be for the sick are commonly not infected and seldom die thereof if infected CHAP. XVIII How a pestilent Fever comes to be bred in us THe Plague oft-times findeth fuel in our bodies and oft-times allurements to wit the putrefaction of humors or aptness to putrefie but it never thence hath its first original for that comes alwayes from the defiled air therefore a pestilent Fever is thus bred in us The pestilent air drawn by inspiration into the lungs The original of the Plague alwayes from the air and transpiration into the utmost mouths of the veins and arteries spread over the skin the bloud or else the humors already putrefying or apt to putrefie therein are infected and turned into a certain kind of malignity resembling the nature of the agent These humors like unquench't lime when it is first sprinkled with water send forth a putrid vapor which carryed to the principal parts and heart especially infecteth the spirituous bloud boyling in the ventricles thereof and therewith also the vital spirits and hence proceeds a certain feverish heat This heat diffused over the body by the arteries together with a malign quality taints all even the solid parts of the bones with the pestiferous venom and besides causeth divers symptoms according to the nature thereof and the condition of the body and the hâ—mors wherein it is Then is the conflict of the malignity assailing and nature defending manifest in which if nature prevail it using the help of the expulsive faculty will send and drive it far from the noble parts either by sweats vomits bleeding evacuation by stool or urine buboes carbuncles pustles spots and other such kinds of breakings out over the skin Signs that nature is oâ—â—come But on the contrary if the malignity prevail
and nature be too weak and yield and that first he be troubled with often panting or palpitation of the heart then presently after with frequent faintings the patient then at length will die For this is a great sign of the Plague or a pestilent Fever if presently at the first with no labour nor any evacuation worth the speaking of their strength fail them and they become exceeding faint You may find the other signs mentioned in our preceding discourse CHAP. XIX Into what place the Patient ought to betake himself so soon as he finds himself infected Change of the Air conduceth to the cure of the Plague WE have said that the perpetual and first original of the Pestilence cometh of the Air therefore so soon as one is blasted with the pestiferous Air after he hath taken some preservative against the malignity thereof he must withdraw himself into some wholesome Air that is clean and pure from any venomous infection or contagion for there is great hope of health by the alteration of the Air for we do most frequently and abundantly draw in the Air of all things so that we cannot want it for a minute of time therefore of the Air that is drawn in dependeth the correction amendment or increase of the poyson or malignity that is received as the Air is pure sincere or corrupted There be some that do think it good to shut the patient in a close chamber shutting the windows to prohibit the entrance of the Air as much as they are able But I think it more convenient that those windows should be open from whence that wind bloweth that is directly contrary unto that which brought in the venomous Air Air pent up is apt to putrefie For although there be no other cause yet if the Air be not moved or agitated but shut up in a close place it will soon be corrupted Therefore in a close and quiet place that is not subject to the entrance of the Air I would wish the Patient to make winde or to procure Air with a thick and great cloth dipped or macerated in water and vinegar mixed together and tied to a long staff that by tossing it up and down the close chamber the winde or air thereof may cool and recreate the Patient The Patient must every day be carryed into a fresh chamber and the beds and the linnen cloaths must be changed there must alwayes be a clear and bright fire in the Patients chamber and especially in the night whereby the air may be made more pure clean and void of nightly vapors and of the filthy and pestilent breath proceeding from the Patient or his excrements In the mean time lest if it be in hot weather the Patient should be weakned or made more faint by reason that the heat of the fire doth disperse and wast his spirits the floor or ground of his chamber must be sprinkled or watered with vineger and water or strowed with the branches of Vines made moist in cold water with the leaves and flowers of Water-lillies or Poplar or such like In the fervent heat of Summer he must abstain from Fumigations that do smell too strongly because that by assaulting the head they increase the pain If the Patient could go to that cost it were good to hang all the chamber where he lyeth and also the bed with thick or course linnen cloaths moistned in vineger and water of Roses Those linnen cloaths ought not to be very white but somewhat brown because much and great whiteness doth disperse the sight and by wasting the spirits doth increase the pain of the head for which cause also the chamber ought not to be very lightsome Contrariwise on the night season there ought to be fires and perfumes made which by their moderate light may moderately call forth the spirits The materials for sweet fires Sweet-fires may be made of little pieces of the wood of Juniper Broom Ash Tamarisk of the rind of Oranges Lemmons Cloves Benzoin Gum-Arabick Orris-roots Myrrh grosly beaten together and laid on the burning coals put into a chafing-dish Truly the breath or smoak of the wood or berries of Juniper is thought to drive serpents a great way from the place where it is burnt Lib. 16. cap. 13. The virtue of the Ash-tree against venom is so great as Pliny testifieth that a Serpent will not come under the shadow thereof no not in the morning nor evening when the shadow of any thing is most great and long but he will run from it I my self have proved that if a circle or compass be made with the boughs of an Ash-tree and a fire made in the midst thereof and a Serpent put within the compass of the boughs that the Serpent will rather run into the fire then through the Ash-boughs There is also another means to correct the Air. You may sprinkle Vinegar of the decoction of Rue Sage Rosemary Bay-berries Juniper-berries Ciprus-nuts and such like on stones or bricks red hot and put in a pot or pan that all the whole chamber where the Patient lyeth may be perfumed with the vapor thereof Perfumes Also Fumigations may be made of some matter that is more gross and clammy that by the force of the fire the fume may continue the longer as of Laudanum Myrrh Mastich Rosin Turpentine Stâ—rax Olibanum Benzoin Bay-berries Juniper-berries Cloves Sage Rosemary and Marjerom stamped together and such like Sweet candles Those that are rich and wealthy may have Candles and Fumes made of Wax or Tallow mixed with some sweet things A sponge macerated in Vineger of Roses and Water of the same and a little of the decoction of Cloves and of Camphire added thereto ought alwayes to be ready at the Patients hand that by often smelling unto it the animal spirits may be recreated and strengthned A sweet water to smell to The water following is very effectual for this matter Take of Orris four ounces of Zedoary Spikenard of each six drams of Storax Benzoin Cinnamon Nutmegs Cloves of each one ounce and half of old Treacle half an ounce bruise them into gross powder and macerate them for the space of twelve hours in four pound of white and strong wine then distil them in a Lembick of glass on hot ashes and in that liquor wet a sponge and then let it be tied in a linnen cloth or closed in a box and so often put into the nostrils Or take of the vinegar and water of Roses of each four ounces of Camphire six grains of Treacle half a dram let them be dissolved together and put into a vial of glass which the Patient may often put into his nose This Nodula following is more meet for this matter Take of Rose-leaves two pugils A Nodula to smell to of Orris half an ounce of Calamus aromaticus Cinnamon Cloves of each two drams of Storax and Benzoin of each one dram and a half of Cyprus half a dram beat them
tree neither is it easie to be consumed or wasted for when the boughs or branches of trees are broken torn or cut away they live nevertheless and will grow again when they are set and grafted neither is there any seat for the heart rightly prepared in them from whence the hear must necessarily run and disperse it self continually into all the parts thereof But contrariwise the separated parts of more perfect living creatures as of men are incontinently deprived of life because they have their nourishment life sense and whole sustentation not of themselves by faculties flowing or comming unto them from some other parts neither are they governed by their own heat as plants but by a borrowed heat so that above or beside the natural faculty of the liver another vitall faculty cometh unto it from the heart Wherefore in stead of the Nose cut away or consumed it is requisite to substitute another made by art because that nature cannot supply that defect this Nose so artificially made must be of gold silver paper or linnen clothes glewed together it must be so coloured counterfeited and made both of fashion figure and bigness that it may as aptly as is possible resemble the natural Nose it must be bound or stayed with little threds or laces unto the hinder part of the head or the hat Also if there be any portion of the upper lip cut off with the nose you may shadow it with annexing some such thing that is wanting unto the nose and cover it with the hair on his upper lip that he may not want any thing that may adorn or beautifie the face Therefore I have thought it necessary to set down the figure or form of both these kinds The form of a nose artificially made both alone by it self and also with the upper-lip covered as it were with the hair of the beard A strange cure for a cut-off nose There was a Surgeon of Italy of late years which would restore or repair the portion of the nose that was cut away after this manner He first scarified the callous edges of the maimed noâ—e round about as is usually done in the cure of hare-lips then he made a gash or cavity in the muscle of the arm which is called Biceps as large as the greatness of the portion of the nose which was cut away did require and into that gash or cavity so made he would put that part of the nose so wounded and bind the patients head to his arm as if it were to a post so fast that it might remain firm stable and immoveable and not lean or bow any way and about forty daies after or at that time when he judged the flesh of the nose was perfectly apglutinated with the flesh of the arm he cut out as much of the flesh of the arm cleaving fast unto the nose as was sufficient to supply the defect of that which was lost and then he would make it even and bring it as by licking to the fashion and form of a nose as near as art would permit and in the mean while he did feed his patient with panadoes gellies and all such things as were easie to be swallowed and digested And he did this work of curing the place where the flesh was so cut out only with certain balms and agglutinative liquors An historie A younger brother of the family of St. Thean being weary of a silver-nose which being artificially made he had worn in the place of his nose that was cut off went to this Chirurgion into Italy and by the means of the sore-named practice he recovered a nose of flesh again to the great admiration of all those that knew him before This thing truly is possible to be done but it is very difficult both to the patient suffering and also to the Chyrurgion working For that the flesh that is taken out of the arm is not of the like temperature as the flesh of the nose is also the holes of the restored nose cannot be made as they were before CHAP. III. Of the placing of Teeth artificially made in stead of those that are lost or wanting IT oftentimes happeneth that the fore-teeth are moved broken or stricken out of their places by some violent blow which causeth deformity of the mouth and hinders plain pronunciation Therefore when the jaw is restored if it were luxated or fractured and the gums brought into their former hardness other teeth artificially made of bone or Ivory may be put in the place of those that are wanting and they must be joined one fast unto another and also so fastned unto the natural teeth adjoining Sect. 2 lib. de art senâ— 15. that are whole and this must chiefly be done with a thred of gold or silver or for want of either with a common thred of silk or flax as it is declared at large by Hippocrates and also described in this figure following The figure of Teeth bound or fastened together CHAP. IV. Of filling the hollowness of the Palat. MAny times it happeneth that a portion or part of the bone of the Palat The causes and hurt that ensues of the lost palat being broken with the shot of a gun or corroded by the virulency of the Lues Venerea falls away which makes the patients to whom this happeneth that they cannot pronounce their words distinctly but obscurely and snuffling therefore I have thought it a thing worthy the labor to shew the means how it may be helped by art It must be done by filling the cavity of the Palat with a plate of gold or silver a little bigger then the cavity it self is But it must be as thick as a French Crown and made like unto a dish in figure and on the upper side which shall be towards the brain a little sponge must bâ— fastened which when it is moistened with the moisture distilling from the brain will become more swoln and puffed up so that it will fill the concavity of the Palat that the artificial Palat cannot fall down but stand fast and firm as if it stood of it self This is the true figure of those instruments whose certain use I have observed not by once or twice but by manifold trials in the battel 's fought beyond the Alps. The figure of plates to fill or supply the defects of the Palat. The figure of another Plate of the Palate on whose upper side there is a button which may be turned when it is put into the place with a small Ravens bill like this whose figure is here expressed CHAP. V. How to heâ—â— such as cannot speak by reason of the loss of some part of the tongue A remedy found out by accident CHance gave place and authority to this remedy as to many other in our Art A certain man dwelling in a village named Yvoy le Chaestean being some twenty four miles from Bourges had a great piece of his tongue cut off by which occasion he
concoct the same as may be seen in the ejaculatory spermatick vessels for which use also the length of the navel is half an ell so that in many infants that are somewhat grown it is found three or four times doubled about their neck or thigh As long as the child is in his mothers womb he taketh his nutriment only by the navel The childe in the womb taketh his nutriment by his navel not by his mouth and not by his mouth neither doth he enjoy the use of eyes ears nostrils or fundament neither needeth he the functions of the heart For spirituous blood goeth unto it by the artertes of the navel and into the Iliack arteries and from the Iliack arteries unto all the other arteries of the whole body for by the motion of these only the infant doth breath Therefore it is not to be supposed that the air is carried or drawn in by the lungs unto the heart in the body of the child How the childe breatheth but contrariwise from the heart to the lungs For neither the heart doth perform the generation or working of blood or of the vital spirits For the issue or infant is contented with them as they are made and wrought by his mother Which untill it hath obtained a full perfect and whole description of his parts and members cannot be called a child but rather an embryon or an imperfect substance CHAP. IX Of the ebullition or swelling of the seed in the womb and of the concretion of the bubbles or bladders or the three principal entrails IN the six first dayes of conception the new vessels are thought to be made and brought forth of the eminences or cotyledons of the mothers vessels and dispersed into all the whole seed as they were fibres or hairy strings Those as they pierce the womb so do they equally and in like manner penetrate the tunicle Chorion And it is carried this way being a passage not only necessary for the nutriment and conformation of the parts but also into the veins diversly woven and dispersed into the skin Chorion For thereby it cometh to pass that the seed it self boileth and as it were fermenteth or swelleth not only through occasion of the place but also of the blood and vital spirits that flow unto it and then it riseth into three bubbles or bladders like unto the bubbles which are occasioned by the rain falling into a river or channel full of water These three bubbles or bladders are certain rude or new forms The three bladders or concretions of the three principal entrails that is to say of the liver heart and brain All this former time it is called seed and by no other name but when those bubbles arise it is called an embryon or the rude form of a body untill the perfect conformation of all the members When the seed is called an embryon on the fourth day after that the vein of the navel is formed it sucketh grosser blood that is of a more full nutriment out of the Cotyledons And this blood because it is more gross easily congeals and curdles in that place where it ought to prepare the liver fully and absolutely made For then it is of a notable great bigness above all the other parts and therefore it is called Parenchyma Why the liver is called Parenchyma because it is but only a certain congealing or concretion of blood brought together thither or in that place From the gibbous part thereof springeth the greater part or trunk of the hollow vein called commonly vena cava which doth disperse his small branches which are like unto hairs into all the substance thereof and then it is divided into two branches whereof the one groweth upwards the other downwards unto all the particular parts of the body In the mean season the arteries of the navel suck spirituous blood out of the eminences or Cotyledons of the mothers arteries whereof that is to say of the more fervent and spirituous blood the heart is formed in the second bladder or bubble being endued with a more fleshie sound and thick substance as it behooveth that vessel to be which is the fountain from whence the heat floweth and hath a continual motion In this the virtue formative hath made two hollow places one on the right side another on the left In the right the root of the hollow vein is infixed or ingraffed carrying thither necessary nutriment for the heart in the left is formed the stamp or root of an artery which presently doth divide it self into two branches the greater whereof goeth upwards to the upper parts and the wider unto the lower parts carrying unto all the parts of the body life and vital heat CHAP. X. Of the third Bubble or Bladder wherein the head and the brain is formed THe far greater portion of the seed goeth into this third bubble that is to say Why the greater portion of seed goeth into generation of the head and brain yeelding matter for the conformation of the brain and all the head For a greater quantity of seed ought to go unto the conformation of the head and brain because these parts are not sanguine or bloody as the heart and liver but in a manner without blood bony marrow cartilaginous nervous and membranous whose parts as the veins arteries nerves ligaments panicles and skin are called spermatick parts because they obtain their first conformation almost of seed only although that afterwards they are nourished with blood as the other fleshie and musculous parts are But yet the blood when it come unto those parts degenerateth and turneth into a thing somewhat spermatick by virtue of the assimulative faculty of those parts All the other parts of the head form and fashion themselves unto the form of the brain when it is formed and those parts which are situated and placed about it for defence especially are hardened into bones Why the head is placed on the top of the body The head as the seat of the senses and mansion of the minde and reason is situated in the highest place that from thence as it were from a lofty tower or turret it might rule and govern all the other members and their functions and actions that are under it for there the soul or life which is the rectress or governess is situated and from thence it floweth and is dispersed into all the whole body Nature hath framed these three principal entrals as props and sustentations for the weight of all the rest of the body for which matter also she hath framed the bones The first bones that appear to be formed or are supposed to be conformed are the bones called ossa Ilium conneâ—ed or united by spondyls that are between them then all the other members are framed and proportioned by their concavites and hollownesses which generally are seven that is to say two of the ears two of the nose one of the mouth and in the parts beneath the
womb There are women that bear the childe in their womb ten or eleven whole moneths and such children have their conformation of much quantity of seed wherefore they will be more big great and strong and therefore they require more time to come to their perfection and maturity for those fruits that are great will not be so soon ripe as those that are small But children that are small and little of body do often come to their perfection and maturity in seven or nine moneths if all other things are correspondent in greatness and bigness of body it happeneth for the most part that the woman with childe is not delivered before the ninth moneth be done A male will be born soonner then a female or at the leastwise in the same moneth But a male childe will be commonly born at the beginnâ—ng or a little before the begining of the same moneth by reason of his engrafted heat which causeth maturity and ripeness Furthermore the infant is sooner come to maturity and perfection in a hot woman then in a cold for it is the property of heat to ripen CHAP. XXXI How to preserve the infant in the womb when the mother is dead IF all the signes of death appear in the woman that lieth in travel and cannot be delivered there must then be a Surgeon ready and at hand which may open her body so soon as she is dead whereby the infant may be preserved in safety neither can it be supposed sufficient if the mothers mouth and privie parts be held open for the infant being inclosed in his mothers womb Why it is not sufficient to preserve life in the childe to hold open the mouth and privie parts of the mother so soon as she is dead and the childe alive in her body and compassed with the membranes cannot take his breath but by contractions and dilatations of the artery of the navel But when the mother is dead the lungs do not execute their office function therefore they cannot gather in the air that compasseth the body by the mouth or aspera arteria into their own substance or into the arteries that are dispersed throughout the body thereof by reason whereof it cannot send it unto the heart by the veiny artery which is called arteria venalis for if the heart want air there cannot be any in the great artery which is called arteria aorta whose function it is to draw it from the heart as also by reason thereof it is wanting in the arteries of the womb which are as it were the little conduits of the great artery whereinto the air that is brought from the heart is derived and floweth in unto these little ones of all the body and likewise of the womb Wherefore it must of necessity follow that the air is wanting to the cotyledons of the secundines to the artery of the infants navel the iliack arteries also and therefore unto his heart and so unto his body for the air being drawn by the mothers lungs is accustomed to come to the infant by this continuation of passages How the bellie of the woman that dieth in travel must be cut open to save the childe Therefore because death maketh all the motions of the mothers body to cease it is far better to open her body so soon as she is dead beginning the incision at the cartilage Xiphoides or blade and making it in a form semicircular cutting the skin muscles and peritonaeum not touching the guts then the womb being lifted up must first be cut lest that otherwise he infant might perchance be touched or hurt with the knife You shall oftentimes finde the childe unmoveable as though he were dead but not because he is dead indeed but by reason that he being destitute of the accesse of the spirits by the death of the mother hath contracted a great weakness yet you may know whether he be dead indeed or not by handling the artery of the navel for it will beat and pant if he be alive otherwise not but if there be any life yet remaining in him How it may be known whether the infant be aâ—ive or not shortly after he hath taken in the air and is recreated with the access thereof he will move all his members and also all his whole body In so great a weakness or debility of the strength of the childe by cutting the navel string it must rather be laid close to the region of the belly thereof that thereby the heat if there be any jot remaining may be stirred up again But I cannot sufficiently marvel at the insolency of those that affirm that they have seen women whose bellies and womb have been more then once cut and the infant taken out when it could no otherwise be gotten forth and yet notwithstanding alive which thing there is no man can perswade me can be done without the death of the mother by reason of the necessary greatness of the wound that must be made in the muscles of the belly and substance of the womb for the womb of a woman that is great with childe by reason that it swelleth and is distended with much blood must needs yield a gread flux of blood which of necessity must be mortal And to conclude when that the wound or incision of the womb is cicatrized it will not peâ—mit or suffer the womb to be dilated or extended to receive or bear a new birth For these and such like other causes this kinde of cure as desperate and dangerous is not in mine opinion to be used CHAP. XXXII Of superfetation SUperfetation is when a woman doth bear two or more children at one time in her womb What superfetation is and they be enclosed each in his several secundine but those that are included in the same secundine are supposed to be conceived at one and the same time of copulation by reason of the great and copious abundance of seed and these have no number of daies between their conception and birth but all at once For as presently after meat the stomach which is naturally of a good temper is contracted or drawn together about the meat to comprehend it on every side though small in quantity as it were by both hands so that it cannot rowl neither unto this or that side so the womb is drawn together into the conception about the seeds assoon as they are brought into the capacity thereof and is so drawn in unto it on every side that it may come together into one body not permitting any portion thereof to go into any other region or side so that by one time of copulation the seed that is mixed together cannot engender more children then one which are divided by their secundines A womans womb is not distinguished into diverse cells And moreover because there are no such cells in the wombs of women as are supposed or rather known to be in the wombs of beasts which therefore bâ—ing forth many
or breadth so much is wanting in their length The cause of the divers turnings of the womb into divers parts of the body and therefore it happeneth that the womb being removed out of its seat doth one while fall to the right side towards the liver sometimes to the left towards the milt sometimes upwards unto the midriff and stomach sometimes downwards and so forwards unto the bladder whereof cometh an Ischury and strangury or backwards whereof cometh oppression of the straight gut and suppression of the excrements and the Tenesmus But although we acknowledge the womb to decline to those parts which we named yet it is not by accident only as when it is drawn by the proper and common ligaments and bands when they are contracted or made shorter The womb is not so greatly moved by an accident but by it self being distended with fulness but also of it self as when it is forced or provoked through the grief of something contrary to nature that is contained therein it wandreth sometimes unto one side and sometimes unto another part with a plain and evident natural motion like unto the stomach which embraceth any thing that is gentle and milde but avoideth any thing that is offensive and hurtfull Whereof come such divers accidents of strangulation of the womb yet we deny that so great accidents may be stirred up by the falling of it alone unto this or that side for then it might happen that women that are great with childe whose wombs are so distended by reason that the childe is great that it doth press the midriff might be troubled with a strangulation like unto this but much rather by a venemous humor breathing out a malign and gross vapor not only by the veins and arteries but also by the pores that are invisible which pollutes the faculties of the parts which it toucheth with its venemous malignity and infection and intercepts the functions thereof Neither doth the variety of the parts receiving only but also of the matter received cause variety of accidents For some accidents come by suppression of the terms others come by corruption of the seed but if the matter be cold The cause of sleepiness in the strangulation of the womb it brinketh a drowsiness being lifted up unto the brain whereby the woman sinketh down as if she were astonished and lieth without motion and sense or feeling and the beating of the arteries and the breathing are so small that sometimes it is thought they are not at all but that the woman is altogether dead If it be more gross it inferreth a convulsion if it partipate of the nature of a gross melancholick humor it bringeth such heaviness fear and sorrowfulness that the party that is vexed therewith shall think that she shall die presently and cannot be brought out of her minde by any means or reason The cause of drowsie madness if of a cholerick humor it causeth the madness called furor uterinus and such a pratling that they speak all things that are to be concealed and a giddiness of the head by reason that the animal spirit is suddenly shaken by the admixtion of a putrified vapour and hot spirit but nothing is more admirable then that this disease taketh the patient sometimes with laughing and sometimes with weeping for some at the first will weep and then laugh in the same disease and state thereof But it exceedeth all admiration which Hollerius writeth A history usually happened to two of the daughters of the Provost of Roven For they were held with long laughter for an hour or two before the fit which neither for fear admonition nor for any other means they could hold and their parents chid them and asked them wherefore they did so they answered that they were not able to stay their laughter The ascention of the womb is to be distinguishâ—d from the strangulation The ascention of the womb is diligently to be distinguished from the strangulation thereof for the accidents of the ascention and of the strangulation are not one but the woman is only oppressed with a certain pain of the heart difficulty of breathing or swouning but yet without fear without raving or idle talking or any other greater accident Therefore oftentimes contrary causes inferr the ascention that is overmuch driness of the womb labouring through the defect of moisture whereby it is forced after too violent and immoderate evacuations of the flowers and in childe-bed and such like and laborious and painfull travel in childbed through which occasion it waxeth hot contrary to nature and withereth and turneth it self with a certain violence unto the parts adjoyning that is to say unto the liver stomach and midriff if haply it may draw some moisture there-hence unto it I omit that the womb may be brought unto its place upwards by often smelling to aromatick things yet in the mean while it inferrs not the strangulation that we described before CHAP. XLV The signs of imminent strangulation of the Womb. BEfore that these fore-named accidents come the woman thinks that a certain painfull thing ariseth from her womb unto the orifice of the stomach and heart and she thinketh her self to be oppressed and choaked she complaineth her self to be in great pain and that a certain lump or heavy thing climbs up from the lower parts unto her throat and stoppeth her winde her heart burneth and panteth And in many the womb and vessels of the womb so swell that they cannot stand upright on their legs but are constrained to lie down flat on their bellies that they may be the less grieved with the pain and to press that down strongly with their hands The womb it self doth not so well make the ascention as the vapor thereof that seemeth to arise upwards although that not the womb it self but the vapor ascendeth from the womb as we said before but when the fit is at hand their faces are pale on a sudden their understanding is darkned they become slow and weak in the leggs with unableness to stand Hereof cometh sound sleep foolish talking interception of the senses and breath as if they were dead loss of speech the contraction of their legs and the like CHAP. XLVI How to know whether the woman be dead in the strangulation of the womb or not I Have thought it meet because many women not only in ancient times Women living taken for dead but in our own and our fathers memory have been so taken with this kind of symptom that they have been supposed and laid out for dead although truly they were alive to set down the signs in such a case which do argue life and death Therefore first of all it may be proved whether she be alive or dead by laying or holding a clear and smooth looking-glass before her mouth and nostrils For if she breath although it be never so obscurely the thin vapor that cometh out How women that have the
suffocation of the womb live only by transpiration without breathing will stain or make the glass duskie Also a fine downish feather taken from under the wing of any bird or else a fine flock being held before the mouth will by the trembling or shaking motion thereof shew that there is some breath and therefore life remaining in the body But you may prove most certainly whether there be any spark of life remaining in the body by blowing some sneesing powders of pellitory of Spain and Elebore into the nostrils But though there no breath appear yet must you not judge the woman for dead for the small vital heat by which being drawn into the heart she yet liveth is contented with transpiration only and requires not much attraction which is performed by the contraction and dilatation of the breast and lungs unto the preservation of it self For so flies gnats pismires and such like How flies gnats and pismires do live all the winter without breathing because they are of a cold temperament live unmoveably inclosed in the caves of the earth no token of breathing appearing in them because there is a little heat left in them which may be conserved by the office of the arteries and heart that is to say by perspiration without the motion of the breast because the greatest use of respiration is that the inward heat may be preserved by refrigeration and ventilation Those that do not mark this fall into that error which almost cost the life of him who in our time first gave life to Anatomical administration that was almost decayed and neglected For he being called in Spain to open the body of a noble woman which was supposed dead through strangulation of the womb behold at the second impression of the incision-knife A history she began suddenly to come to her self and by the moving of her members and body which was supposed to be altogether dead and with crying to shew manifest signs that there was some life remaining in her Which thing struck such an admiration and horror into the hearts of all her friends that were present that they accounted the Physicâ—an being before of a good fame and report as infamous odious and detestable so that it wanted but little but that they would have scratched out his eyes presently wherefore he thought there was no better way for him if he would live safe then to forsake the Country But neither could he so also avoid the horrible prick and inward wound of his conscience from whose judgment no offendor can be absolved for his inconsiderate dealing but within few dayes after being consumed with sorrow he died to the great loss of the Common-wealth and the art of Physick CHAP. XLVII How to know whether the strangulation of the wombe comes of the suppression of the Flowers or the corruption of the seed The signs of suffocation of the womb comming of corrupt seed THere are two chief causes especially as most frequently happening of the strangulation of the womb but when it proceedeth from the corruption of the seed all the accidents are more grievous and violent difficulty of breathing goes before and shortly after comes deprivation thereof the whole habit of the body seemeth more cold then a stone the woman is a widow or else hath great store or abundance of seed and hath been used to the company of a man by the absence whereof she was before wont to be pained with heaviness of the head to loath her meat and to be troubled with sadness and fear but chiefly with melancholy Moreover The signs when it comes of the suppression of the flowers when she hath satisfied and every way fulfilled her lust and then presently on a sudden begins to contain her self It is very likely that she is suffocated by the suppression of the flowers which formerly had them well and sufficiently which formerly had been fed with hot moist and many meats therefore engendring much blood which sitteth much which is grieved with some weight and swelling in the region of the belly with pain in the stomach and a desire to vomit and with such other accidents as come by the suppression of the flowers The signs of one recovering of or from the suffocation of the womb Those who are freed from the fit of the suffocation of the womb either by nature or by art in a short time their colour cometh into their faces by little and little and the whole body beginneth to wax strong and the teeth that were set and closed fast together begin the jaws being loosed to open and unclose again and lastly some moisture floweth from the secret parts with a certain tickling pleasure but in some women as in those especially in whom the neck of the womb is tickled with the Midwives finger instead of that moisture comes thick and gross seed which moisture or seed when it is fallen the womb being before as it were raging is restored unto its own proper nature and place Why the suppression of the seed is not perilous or deadly to men and by little and little all symptoms vanish away Men by the suppression of their seed have not the like symptoms as women have because mans seed is not so cold and moist but far more perfect and better digested and therefore more meet to resist putrefaction and whiles it is brought or drawn together by little and little it is dissipated by great and violent exercise CHAP. XLVIII Of the cure of the Strangulation of the Womb. The pulling of the hairs of the lower parts are profitable both for this malady and for the cause of the same SEeing that the strangulation of the womb is a sudden and sharp disease it therefore requireth a present and speedy remedy for if it be neglected it many times causeth present death Therefore when this malady cometh the sick woman must presently be placed on her back having her breast and stomach loose and all her cloaths and garments slack and loose about her whereby she may take breath the more easily and she must be called on by her own name with a loud voice in her ears and pulled hard by the hairs of the temples and neck but yet especially by the hairs of the secret parts that by provoking or causing pain in the lower parts the patient may not only be brought to her self again but also that the sharp and malign vapour ascending upwards may be drawn downwards the legs and arms must be bound and tied with painfull ligatures all the body must be rubbed over with rough linnen clothes besprinkled with salt and vineger untill it be very sore and red and let this pessary following be put into the womb A Pessary â„ž succi mercurial artemis an â„¥ ii in quibus dissolve pul bened Ê’ iii. pul radic enula camp galang minor an Ê’ i. make thereof a pessary Then let the soals of her feet be anointed with oil of bayes
of water adding thereto cinnamon Ê’ ii in one pint of the decoction dissolve after it is strained of the syrup of mugwort and of hyssop an â„¥ ii diarrhâ—d abbat Ê’i let it be strained through a bag with Ê’ ii of the kernels of Dates and let her take â„¥ .iiii in the morning Let pessaries be made with galbanum ammoniacum and such like mollifying things beaten into a mass in a mortar with a hot pestel and made into the form of a pessary and then let them be mixed with oil of Jasmine euphorbium an ox-gall the juice of mugwurt and other such like wherein there is power to provoke the flowers as with scammony in powder let them be as big as ones thumb six fingers long and rowled in lawn or some such like thin linnen cloth of the same things nodula's may be made Also pessaries may be prepared with hony boiled adding thereto convenient powders as of scammony pellitory and such like Neither ought these to stay long in the neck of the womb least they should exulcerate and they must be pulled back by a thred that must be put through them and then the orifice of the womb must be fomented with white wine of the decoction of penniroyal or mother-wort What causes of the stopping of the flowers must be cured before the disease it self But it is to be noted that if the suppression of the flowers happeneth through the default of the stopped orifice of the womb or by inflammation these maladies must first be cured before we come unto those things that of their proper strength and virtue provoke the flowers as for example if such things be made and given when the womb is inflamed the blood being drawn into the grieved place and the humors sharpned and the body of the womb heated the inflammation will be increased So if there be any superfluous flesh if there be any Callus of a wound or ulcer or if there be any membrane shutting the orifice of the womb and so stopping the flux of the flowers they must first be consumed and taken away before any of those things be administred But the opportunity of taking and applying of things must be taken from the time wherein the sick woman was wont to be purged before the stopping or if she never had the flowers The fittest time to provoke the flowers Why hot houses do hurt those in whom the flowers are to be provoked in the decrease of the Moon for so we shall have custom nature and the external efficient cause to help art When these medicines are used the women are not to be put into baths or hot houses as many do except the malady proceed from the density of the vessels and the grosness and clamminess of the blood For sweats hinder the menstrual flux by diverting and turning the matter another way CHAP. LIV. The signs of the approaching of the menstrual flux WHen the monthly flux first approacheth the dugs itch and become more swoln and hard then they were wont the woman is more desirous of copulation by reason of the ebullition of the provoked blood and the acrimony of the blood that remaineth her voice becommeth bigger her secret parts itch burn swell and wax red If they stay long What women do love and what women do loath the act of generation when the months are stopped With what accidents those that are marriageable and are not married are troubled The cause of so many accidents she hath pain in her loins and head nauseousness and vomiting troubleth the stomach notwithstanding if those matters which flow together in the womb either of their own nature or by corruption be cold they loath the act of generation by reason that the womb waxeth feeble through sluggishness and watery humors filling the same and it floweth by the secret parts very softly Those maids that are marriageable although they have the menstrual flux very well yet they are troubled with headach nauseousness and often vomiting want of appetite longing an ill habit of body difficulty of breathing trembling of the heart swouning melancholy fearful dreams watching with sadness and heaviness because that the genital parts burning and itching they imagine the act of generation whereby it commeth to pass that the seminal matter either remaining in the testicles in great abundance or else poured into the hollowness of the womb by the tickling of the genitals is corrupted and acquireth a venemous quality and causeth such like accidents as happen's in the suffocation of the womb Maids that live in the country are not so troubled with those diseases because there is no such lying in wait for their maiden-heads and also they live sparingly and hardly and spend their time in continual labor You may see many maids so full of juice that it runneth in great abundance as if they were not menstrual into their dugs and is there converted into milk which they have in as great quantity as nurses as we read it recorded by Hippocrates Aph. 36 sect 5. If a woman which is neither great with childe nor hath born children hath milk she wants the menstrual fluxes whereby you may understand that that conclusion is not good which affirmeth that a woman which hath milk in her breasts either to be delivered of childe or to be great with childe Lib. 2. de subt for Cardanus writeth that he knew one Antony Buzus at Genua who being thirty years of age had so much milk in his breasts as was sufficient to nurse a childe The efficient cause of the milk is to be noted for the breeding and efficient cause of milk proceeds not only from the engrafted faculty of the glandulous substance but much rather from the action of the mans seed for proof whereof you may see many men that have very much milk in their breasts and many women that almost have no milk unless they receive mans seed Also women that are strong and lusty like unto men which the Latines call Viragines that is to say whose seed commeth unto a manly nature when the flowers are stopped concoct the blood and therefore when it wanteth passage forth by the likeness of the substance it is drawn into the dugs and becommeth perfect milk those that have the flowers plentifully and continually for the space of four or five daies are better purged and with more happy success then those that have them for a longer time CHAP. LV. What accidents follow immoderate fluxes of the flowers or courses IF the menstrual flux floweth immoderately there also follow many accidents for the concoction is frustrated the appetite overthrown then follows coldness throughout all the body exolution of all the faculties an ill habit of all the body leanness the dropsie an hectick fever convulsion swouning and often sudden death By what pâ—res the flowers do flow in a woman and in a maid The causes of an unreasonable flux of blood if any have them too exceeding
Christ and love toward his neighbors with hope of life everlasting left that he being carried away by favor or corrupted with money or rewards should affirm or testifie those wounds to be small that are great and those great that are small for the report of the wound is received of the Surgeon according to the Civil Law Wounds termes great for three respects It is recorded in the works of antient Physicians that wounds may be called great for three respect The first is by reason of the greatness of the dissolved Unity or resolution of Continuity and such are these wounds which made by a violent stroke with a back-sword have cut off the arm or leg or overthwart the breast The second is by reason of the dignity or worthiness of the paâ—t now this dignity dependeth on the excellency of the action therefore thus any little wound made with a bodkin knife in any part whose substance is noble as in the brai Heart Liver or any other part whose action and function is necessary to preserve life as in the Weasant Lungs or Bladder is iudged great The third is by reason of the greatness and ill habit or the abundance of ill humors or debility of all the wounded body so those wounds that are made in the nervous parts and old decayed people are said to be great But in seaching of wounds let the surgeon take heed that he be not deceived by his probe For many times it cannot go into the bottom of the wound but stoppeth and sticketh in the way either because he hath not placed the patient in the same posture wherein he was when he received his hurt or else for that the stroke being made down right slipt aside to the right or left hand or else from below upwards or from above downwards and then he may expect that the wound is but little and will be cured in a short time How long a Surgeon must suspend his judgment in some cases when it is like to be long in curing or else mortal Therefore from the first day it behooveth him to suspend his judgment of the wound until the ninth for in time the accidents will shew themselves manifestly whether they he small or great according to the condition of the wound or wounded bodies and the state of the air according to his prinitive qualities or venemous corruption General signs whereby we judg of diseases But generally the signs whereby we may judg of diseases whether they be great or small of long or short continuance mortal or not mortal are four For they are drawn either from the nature and essence of the disease or from the cause or effects thereof or else from the similitude proportion and comparison of those diseases with the season or present constitution of the times Therefore if we are called to the cure of a green wound whose nature and danger is no other but a simple solution of Continuity in the musculous flesh we may presently pronounce that wound to be of no danger and that it will soon be cured But if it have an Ulcer annexed unto it that is if it be fanious then we may say it will be more difficult and long in curing and so we may pronounce of all diseases taking a sign of their essence and nature But of the signs that are taken of the causes let this be an example A wound that is made with a sharp-pointed and heavy weapon as with an halberd being stricken with great violence must be accounted great yea and also mortal if the accidents be correspondent But if the patient fall to the ground through the violence of the stroke if a cholerick vomiting following thereon if his sight fail him together with a giddiness if blood come forth at his eyes and nostrils if distraction follow with loss of memory and sense of feeling we may say that all the hope of life remaineth in one small sign which is to be deduced from the affects of the wound But by comparing it unto the season that then is and diseases that then assault mans body Wounds deadly by the fault of the air we may say that all those that are wounded with Gun-shot are in danger of death as it happened in the skirmishes at the siege of Rean and at the battle of Saint Denis For at that time whether it were by reason of the sault of the heavens or air through the evil humors of mans body and the disturbance of them all wounds that were made by Gun-shot were for the most part mortal So likewise at certain seasons of the year we see the small-pocks and meazles break forth in children as it were by a certain pestilent contagion to the destruction of children only inferring a most cruel vomit and lask and in such a season the judgment of those diseases is not difficult Signs of a fractured scull But you by the following signs may know what parts are wounded If the patient fall down with the stroke if he lye â—ensless as it were asleep if he avoid his excrements unwittingly if he be taken with giddiness if blood come out at his ears mouth and nose and if he vomit choler you may understand that the scull is fractured or pierced through by the defect in his understanding and discourse You also may know when the scull is fractured by the judgment of your external senses as if by feeling it with your finger you finde it elevated or depressed beyond the natural limits if by striking it with the end of a probe when the Perictanium or nervous film that investeth the scull is cut cross-wise and so divided there from it it yield a base and unperfect sound like unto a pot-sheard that is broken or rather like to an earthen-pitcher that hath a cleft or rent therein But we may say that death is at hand if his reason and understanding fail him Signs of death by a wound on the head if he be speechless if his sight forsake him if he would tumble head-long out of his bed being not at all able to remove the other parts of his body if he have a continual fever if his tongue be black with driness if the edges of the wound be black or drye and cast forth no sanions matter if they resemble the colour of salted-flesh if he have an apoplexy phrensie convulsion or palsie with an involuntary excretion or absolute suppression of the urine and excrements Signs that the throat is cut You may know that a man hath his throat that is his weason and winde-pipe cut First by the sight of his wound and next by the abolishment of the function or office thereof both wayes for the patient can neither speak nor swallow any meat or drink and the parts that are cut asunder divide themselves by retraction upwards or downwards one from another whereof cometh sudden or present death You may know that a wound hath pierced into the brest or
was forced to forego it he was so infamous amongst all men during the rest of his life as one banished or forlorn and losing his freedom he shall become a servant yea scorned and reviled of all men he should be accounted unworthy to enjoy the light and society of men And certainly the Egyptians understanding the life which we here lead to be of short continuance comparison being made with that which we are to live after separation of the soul from the body they were more negligent in building their houses they dwelt in but in rearing the Pyramids which should serve them in stead of sepulchres The reason of building of the Egyptians Pyramids they were so beyond reason sumptuous and magnificent that for the building of one of these edifices so renowned over all the world which King Cheopes begun a hundred thousand men were every three months for twenty years space there kept at work It was five furlongs and being square each side was 800. foot long and so much in height Almost all the pieces of marble went to the building thereof were thirty foot long engraven and carved with various workmanship as Heredotus reports Lib. 2. But before the bodies were committed to these magnificent Sepulchres they were carrried to the Salters and Embalmers who for that purpose had allowance out of the publick stock These besmeared them with Aromatick and Balsamick ointments and sewed up the incisions they made then strewed them over with salt and then covered them with brine for 70. dayes which being expired they washed them being taken thence and all the filth being taken off they wrapped then in Cotton-Cloths glued together with a certain gum then their kinsmen placed them thus ordered in a wooden Coffin carved like to a man This was the sacred and accustomed rite of Embalming and Burying dead bodies amongst the Egyptians which were of the richer sort Our country-men the French stirred up with the like desire embalm the bodyes of their Kings and Nobles with spices and sweet ointments Which custom they may seem piously and Christianly to have taken from the Old and and New Testament and the antient and laudable custome of the Jews for you may read in the Nest Testament that Joseph bought a fine linnen cloth John 19.39 and Nicodemus brought a mixture of myrrh and Aloes about 100. pound weight that they might embalm and bury the body of Jesus Christ our Saviour for a sign and argument of the renovation and future integrity which they hoped for by the resurrection of the dead Which thing the Jews had received by tradition from their ancestors For Joseph in the old Testament commanded his Physicians Gen. 50.2 The manner of embalming for a long continuance that they should enbalm the dead body of his father with spices But the body which is to be Embalmed with spices for very long continuance must first of all be embowelled keeping the heart apart that it may be embalmed and kept as the kinsfolks shall thing fit Also the brain the scull being divided with a saw shall be taken out Then shall you make deep incisions along the arm thighs legs back loins and buttocks especially where the greater veins and arteries run first that by this means the blood may be pressed forth which otherwise would putrifie and give occasion and beginning to putrefaction to the rest of the body and then that there may be space to put in the aromatick powders the whole body shall be washed over with a spunge dipped in aqua vitae and strong vinegar wherein shall be boyled wormwood aloes coloquintida common salt and alum Then these incisions and all the passages and open places of the body and the three bellies shall be stuffed with the following spices grosly powdered â„ž pul rosar chamaem melil balsami menthae anethi salviae lavend. rorismar marjoran thymi absâ—nthii cyperi calami aromat gentianae ireos florent assae odoratae caryophyll nucis moschat cinnamomi styracis calamitae benjoini myrrhae aloes santal omnium quod sufficit Let the incisions be sowed up and the open spaces that nothing fall out then forthwith let the whole body be annointed with Turpentine dissolved with oyl of Roses and Camomil adding if you shall think it fit some Chymical oyls of spices and then let it be again strewed over with the fore-mentioned powder then wrap it in a linnen-cloth and then in sear-cloths How to embalm bodies when as we want spices Lastly let it be put in a Coffin of Lead sure sondered and filled up with dâ—ye sweet herbs But if there be no plenty of the fore-mentioned spices as it usually happens in besieged towns the Surgeon shall be contented with the powder of quenched lime common ashes made of oke-wood For thus the body being over and above washed in strong vinegar or Lye Why the bodies of our Princes how well soever embalmed corrupt in a few daies shull be kept a long time if so be that a great dissolving heat do not bear sway or if it be not put in a hot and moist place And this condition of time and place is the cause why the dead bodies of Princes and Kings though enbalmed with Art and cost within the space of six or seven dayes in which they are kept to be shewed to the people after their embalming do cast forth so greivous a sent that none can indure it so that they are forced to be put in a leaden Coffin For the air which incompasseth them groweth so hot by reason of the multitude of people flowing to the spectacle and the burning of lights night and day that the small portion of the native heat which remaineth being dissipated they easily putrifie especially when as they are not first moistened and macerated in the liquor of aromatick things as the Aegyptians antiently used to do steeping them in brine for 70 dayes as I formerly told you out of Herodotus I put in minde hereby use that so the embalming may become the more durable to steep the bodies being embowelled and pricked all over with sharp bodkins that so the liquor hindering putrefaction may penetrate the deeper into them in a wooden tub filled with strong vineger of the decoction of aromatick and bitter things as Aloes Rue Wormwood and Coloquintida and there keep them for twenty dayes pouring thereinto eleven or twelve pintes of Aqua vitae Then takâ—ng it forth and setting it on the feet I keep it in a clear and drye place I have at home the body of one that was hanged which I begged of the Sheriff embalmed after this manner which remains sound for more then 25 years so that you may tell all the muscles of the right side which I have cut up even to their heads and plucked them from those that are next them for distinctions sake that so I may view them with mine eyes and handle them with my hands as often as I please that by renewing my
souldiers not to be so rash and foolish to be willing to hold such places against so great an Army Now all the said souldiers of the Castle seeing our people comming with a most violent fury did all their endeavor to defend themselves they killd and hurt a great company of our souldiers with pikes muskets and stones where the Surgeons had good store of work cut out Now at that time I was a fresh-water souldier I had not yet seen wounds made by gun-shot at the first dressing It is true I had read in John de Vigo Counsel of de Vigo in the first book of Wounds in General the eighth Chapter that wounds made by weapons of fire did participate of Venenosity by reason of the powder and for their cure he commands to cauterize them with oyl of Elders scalding-hot in which should be mingled a little treacle and not to fail before I would apply of the said oyl knowing that such a thing might bring to the patient great pain I was willing to know first before I applyed it how the other Surgeons did for the first dressing which was to apply the said oyl the hottest that was possible into the wounds with tents and setons insomuch that I took courage to do as they did At last I wanted oil and was constrained in stead thereof to apply a digestive of yelks of eggs oyl of roses and turpentine In the night I could not sleep in quiet seâ—ting some default in not cauterizing that I should finde those to whom I had not used the burning oyl dead impoysoned which made me rise very early to visit them where beyond my expectation Experienceâ— of a bold mans happy success I found those to whom I had applyed my digestive medicine to feel little pain and their wounds without inflammation or tumor having rested reasonable well that night the other to whom was used the said burning-oyl I found them feverish with great pain and tumor about the edges of their wounds And then I resolved with my self never so cruelly to burn poor men wounded with gun-shot Being at Thurin I found a Surgeon who had the same above all others for the cuâ—ing of wounds of gun-shot into whose favor I found means to insinuate my self to have the receit of his Balm as he called it wherewith he dressed wounds of that kinde and he held me off the space of two years before I could possible draw the Receit from him In the end by gifts and presents he gave it me which was this To boil young whelps new pupped in oyl of Lillies prepared earth-worms with Turpentine of Venice Then was I joyful and my heart made glad that I had understood his remedy Receit of an excellent balm for wounds with gun-shot which was like to that which I had obtained by great chance See then how I have learned to dress wounds made with gun-shot not by books My Lord Marshal of Montain remained Lieutenant-General for the King in Piedmont having ten or twelve thousand men in garrison through the Cities and Castles who often combated with swords and other weapons as also with muskets and if there were four hurt I had alwaies three of them and if there were question of cutting off an arm or a leg or to trepan oâ— to reduce a fracture or dislocation I brought it well to pass The said Lord Marshal sent me one while this way another while that way for to dress the appointed Souldiers which were beaten as well in other Cities as that of Thurin insomuch that I was alwayes in the country one way or other Mounsieur the Marshal sent for a Physician to Milan who had no less reputation in the medicinal Art then the diseased Mounsieur le Grand to take him in hand for an hepatical flux whereof at last he dyed This Physician was a certain while at Thurin to deal with him and was often called to visit the hurt people where he alwaies found me and I consulted with him and some other Surgeons and when we had resolved to do any serious work of Surgery t was Ambrose Pare that put his hand thereto where I did it promptly and with dexterity and with a great assurance in so much that the said Physician admired me to see me so ready in the operation of Surgery seeing the small age which I had Wiâ—ness of the dexterity of the Author One day discoursing with the said Lord Marshal he said to him Signor tu hai un Chirurgico giovane di anni me eglie vecckio di sapere e di esperientia Guardae lo bene perche egli ti fara servicio honore That is to say Thou hast a young Surgeon of age but he is old in knowledg and experience preserve him well for he we will do thee service and honor But the old man knew not that I had dwelt three years in the Hospital of Paris there to dress the diseased In the end Mounsieur Marshal died with his hepatical flux Being dead The death of Marshal Mountain the King sent Mounsieur the Marshal of Annebaut to be in his place who did me this honor to pray me to dwell with him and he would use me as well or better then Monsieur the Marshal Montain which I would not do for the grief I had for the loss of my Master who loved me intimately and I him in the like manner and so I came back to Paris The Voyage of Marelle and of low Britany 1543. I Went to the Camp of Marolle with the diseased Monsieur de Rohan The Voyage of Marolle and of low Britany 1543. where King Francis was in prison and I was Surgeon of the company of the said Mounsieur de Rohan Now the King was advertised by Monsieur de Estampes Governor of Britany that the English had hoist sail to Land in Low Britany and prayed him that he would send Monsieur de Rohan and Monsieur de Laval for succour because they were the Lords of that Country and for their sakes those of that Country would beat back the enemy and keep them from landing Having received this advertisement his Majesty dispatched to send the said Lords for the relief of their Country and to each was given as much power as to the Governor in so much that they were all three the Kings Lieutenants they took willingly this charge upon them and speedily they went away in Post and led me with them to Landrenean there where we found every one in arms the Alarum-bells sounding on every side yea five or six leagues about the Harbors that is to say Brest Conquet Crozon Le Fou Dalac Laudanas each of them well furnisht with Artillery as Cannons Demy-Cannons Culverins Sakers Serpentines Falcons Harquebuses in brief there was nothing wanting in Artillery or Souldiers as well Britains as French to hinder that the English made no landing as they had resolved at their parting from England The enemies Army came unto the very
Savoy with six other Surgeons following the Army to see the hurt of the said Lord of Martigues and to know of me how I had dressed him and with what medicines The Emperors Physician bid me declare the essence of the wound and how I had drest it Now all the assistants had a very attentive ear to know if the wound were mortal or not I began to make a discourse that Monsieur de Martigues looking over the wall to perceive them that did undermine it received a shot from an Arquebus quite through the body presently I was called to dress him I saw he cast out blood out of his mouth and his wounds Moreover he had a great difficulty of breathing and cast out winde by the said wounds with a whistling in so much that it would blow out a candle and he said he had a most sharp pricking pain at the entrance of the bullet I do beleive and think it might be some little pieces of bones which prickt the Lungs When they made their Systole and Diastole I put my finger into him where I found the entrance of the bullet to have broken the fourth Rib in the middle and scales of bones which the said bullet had thrust in and the out-going of it had likewise broken the fifth Rib with pieces of bones which had been driven from within outward I drew out some but not all because they were very deep and adherent I put in each wound a Tent having the head very large tied with a thred lest by the inspiration it might be drawn into the capacity of the Thorax which hath been known by experience to the detriment of the poor wounded for being faln in it cannot be taken out which is the cause that engenders putrefaction a thing contrary to nature The said Tents were annointed with a medicine composed of yelks of eggs Venice-turpentine with a little oyl of Roses My intention for putting the Tents was to stay the flux of blood and to hinder that the outward air did not enter into the brest which might have cooled the Lungs and by consequent the heart The said Tents were also put to the end that issue might be given for the blood that was spilt within the Thorax I put upon the wound great Emplasters of Di acolcitheos in which I had relented oyl of Roses and Vineger to the avoiding of the inflammation then I put great stupes of Oxycrate and bound him up but not too hard to the end he might have easie respiration that done I drew from him five porrengers of blood from the Basilisk vein of the right arm to the end to make revulsion of the blood which runs from the wounds into the Thorax having first taken indication from the wounded part and chiefly his forces considering his youth and sanguine temper He presently after went to stool and by his urine and sieg cast great quantity of blood And as for the pâ—â—n which he said he felt at the entrance of the bullet which was as if he had been pricked with a bodkinâ— that was because the Lungs by their motion beat against the splinters of the Broken Rib. Now the Lungs are covered with a coat comming from the membrane called Pleura interweâ—ved with nerves of the sixt Conjugation from the brain which was cause of the extreme pain â—e self likewise he had great difficulty of breathing which proceededd from the blood which was spilt in the capacity of the Thorax and upon the Diaphragm the principal instrument of respiration and from the dilaceration of the muscles which are between each Rib which help also to make the expiration and the inspiration and likewise because the Lungs were torn and wounded by the bâ—llet which hath caused him ever since to spit black and putrid blood in coughing The fever seised him soon after he was hurt with faintings and swoonings It seemed to me that the said fever proceeded from the putredinous vapors arising from the blood which is out of his proper vessels which hath falln down and will yet flow down The wound of the Lungs is grown great and will grow more great because it is in perpetual motion both sleeping and waking and is dilated and comprest to let the air to the heart and cast fuliginous vapors out by the unnatural heat is made inflammation then the expulsive vertue is constrained to cast out by cough whatsoever is obnoxious unto it for the Lungs cannot be purged but by coughing and by coughing the wound is dilated and grows greater from whence the blood issues out with great abundance which blood is drawn from the heart by the vein arterial to give them nourishment and to the heart by the vena cava his meat was barly broath stued prunes somtimes Panado his drink was Ptisan He could not lye but upon his baâ—k which shewed he had a great quantity of blood spilt within the capacity of the Thorax and being spread or spilled along the spondyls doth not so much press the Lungs as it doth being lain on the sides or â—itting What shall I say more but that the said Lord Martigues since the time he was hurt hath not reposed one hour only and hath alwaies cast out bloody urines and stools These things then Messieres considered one can make no other prognostick but that he will dye in a few dayes which is to my great grief Having ended my discourse I â—rest him as I was wont having discovered his wounds the Physicians and other assistants presently knew the truth of what I had said The said Physiciâ—ns having felt his pulse and known his forces to be almost spent and abolished they concluded with me that in a few dayes he would dye and at the same instant went all toward the Lord of Savoy where they all said that the said Lord Martigues would dye in a short time he answered it were possible if he were well drest he might escape Then they all with with one voice said he had been very well drest and sollicited with all things necessary for the curing of his wounds and could not be better and that it was impossible to cure him and that his wound was mortal of necessity The Monsieur de Savoy shewed himself to be very much discontented and wept and asked them again if for certain they all held him deplored and remediless they answered yes Then a certain Spanish impostor offered himself who promised on his life that he would cure him and if he failed to cure him they should cut him in an hundred pieces but he would not have any Physicians Surgeons or Apoâ—hecaries with him And at the same instant the said Lord of Savoy told the Physicians and Surgeons they should not in any wise go any more to see the said Lord of Martigues And he sent a Genâ—leman to me to forbiâ— me upon pain of life not to touch any more the said Lord of Martigues which I promised not to do wherefore I was very glad seeing he
joyned by Anastomosis or ineculation 10. 10. The second called Pudenda 11. spent upon the privy parts 11. The third Coxalis 12 upon the Muscles of the Hip. 12. Here the outer Iliacal vein having past through the Peritoneum or rim of the Belly enters the Crus and begins to be called the Crural Trunk Γ Γ. that is undivided as far as to the two lower heads of the Thigh But it reaches forth four propagations before its division The first 13 13. is called Saphena which creeps through the inside of the Leg under the skin as far as to the ends of the Toes 14. Another 14 called Ichia is spread out into the skin upon the Hip-bone The third 15 named Muscula is sent to the Muscles 15. which extend the Leg. 16. The fourth 16 named Poplitea is distributed into the Calf of the Leg. 13. The vein Saphena also scatters from it self four surcles 17 the first 17 into the upper part of the skin of the inside of the Thigh 18. the second 18 about the middle of the Thigh 19. the third 19 into the Knee the fourth 20 is carried forward and backward to the middle of the Leg. 20. Δ. The division of the Crural Trunk near to the two lower heads of the Thigh into an inner branch Θ Θ. and an outer one Λ. Λ. Θ. The inner distributes little branches to the Muscles of the Calf 21 12. and then runs down under the inner ankle to the great Toe 22. 22. Λ. The outer presently is cleft into two branches an inner one Ξ Ξ. and an outer Π. That is spent wholly upon the Muscles of the Calf Π. this passes on near to the Fibula or lesser bone of the Leg through the outer and back-side of the Leg. The second Treatise Concerning The ARTERIES CHAP. I. Shews the upper or ascendent Trunk of the great Artery with its propagations that are distributed through the Head THere is no controversie among writers of Anatomy concerning the number and original of the Arteries The Original of the great Artery but an unanimous consent that all the propagations which are scattered throughout the body take their rise from one which they call Aorta and that this is derived out of the Heart But the Heart consisting of two sinus or cavities a right and a left one this great Artery grows out of the left sinus or ventricle A where it is largest and more hard and griestly then elswhere But as soon as it is grown out and before it fall out of the Pericardium or purse of the Heart Arteriae Coronariae the Crown-Arteries it presently propagates two small sprigs a a one of each side which they call Arteriae Coronariae the Crown-Arteries because together with the vena Coronalis or Crown-vein they compass the basis of the Heart in manner of a Crown and from these many propagations are scattered downward all along the Heart But they are more and greater about the left then the right ventricle as we have also formerly said concerning the vein because the Heart needs a greater plenty of blood on that side as which beats with a perpetual and more violent motion wherein more blood is digested then the right sinus or ventricle does yet that propagation is bigger and longer which arises on t of the right side of the Artery sometimes also there is only one at whose orifice a little valve is found Those propagations being thus disseminated the Artery ascends somewhat under the Trunk of the vena Arteriosa The divisions of the great Artery into two Trunks or Arterial vein and pierces through the Pericardium and having got above it is cleft B into two branches which because of their natural greatness we will call Trunks and because one ascends C and the other runs downward Q that shall be the Ascendent Trunk this the Descendent Yet the Descendent and lower one is bigger by much then the upper What parts both the Trunks nourish The order of that which is to be said because that serves more parts then this For the Ascendent one goes only to some parts of the Chest to the Head and Arms but the lower to very many parts of the Chest to all the lowest belly and the Legs That therefore we may treat of the great Artery with more perspicuity we will first shew the Ascendent Trunk and its progress through the Chest and Head and after that its branches distributed through the Arms. Then we will fall upon the Descendent one add explain the manner of its distribution through the Chest and lowest belly and lastly through the Legs The Ascendent therefore or upper Trunk of the Aorta C being fastened to the Oe sophagus or Gullet climbs upward betwixt the rough Artery and Hollow-vein and the mediastinum or partition of the Chest Which situation of it they ought diligently to observe who desire to know the reason of that Aphorism which is the four and twentieth of the fifth Section in Hippocrates For sayes he cold things as snow and ice are enemies to the Breast provoke coughs and cause eruptions of blood and distillations Truly they are enemies to the Breast because whilest they are swallowed down through the Gullet they cool the rough Artery that lyes next to it together with the Gullet which part being of it self cold does easily take harm from so violent a cold hence the cough and other diseases of the Brest follow one another in a long row But issues of blood happen in like manner the great Artery being cooled whereby the vital Spirits and the blood are driven back to the Heart and from thence are sent up forcibly to the Head which being stuft eruptions of blood are caused by its dropping forth at the Nostrils as also catarrhs and distillations it being driven down undigested to the inferiour parts And hence also a reason may be rendered why some upon drinking of cold water after vehement motions and exercise of body have presently been suffocated the passion of the heart and grievous swoundings following thereupon For the Artery being vehemently coold the blood is congealed as well that which was in the Aorta or Great artery as that which abides in the heart from whence happen at first fearful symptoms and then suddain death But we have seen in these men that a vein being opened the blood hath come out thick and cold and with very great difficulty whence also we have not found a more present remedy for them then such things as by reason of the thinness of their parts have a power of dissolving the clots of blood Hence also a reason may be given why in burning fevers the tongue becomes black the diseased can hardly swallow For although it be true which is the cause commonly assign'd that many vapors are sent up from the whole body to the head yet we may ascribe a main
midriff the Coeliacal one then the upper Mesenterick the two emulgents as many spermatical ones at last the lower Mesenterick and the Lumbares or arteries of the loins Of these the Intercostals are scattered whilst the trunk is yet in the chest the rest whilst it passes on through the lowest belly But some of them accompany the branches of the gate-vein as the Coelicacal and both the Mesenterical arteries others those of the hollow vein as the rest Now we will treat of these in order beginning from the Intercostals or arteries between the ribs which are placed uppermost Presently therefore after the Descendent trunk Q is issued forth from its back-side it sends over little branches on both sides to the distances of the eight lower ribs which they call Intercostales inferiores Intercostales inferiores the arteries between the lower ribs the lower arteries between the ribs uuu in respect of the upper Intercostal of which we have spoken above These associating themselves with the veins and nerves of the same name go straight on by the lower side of the ribs where peculiar sinus or channels are cut out for them But as the Intercostal veins reach in the true ribs only to the gristles but in the bastard ones somewhat farther to wit to the sides of the abdomen so also the arteries end in them together with the bony parts of the ribs but in these run out a little farther And these arteries send over some propagations through the holes of the nerves to the spinal marrow and to the muscles that lye upon the rack-bones of the back just as we have said the Intercostal veins were propagated Their use But the use of them is to diffuse the vital spirit and the blood to the muscles betwixt the ribs besides which they have also another notable office to wit of carrying down the water and purulent matter that is gathered together in the chest into the great artery and from thence by the Emulgent branches to the bladder Although I am not ignorant that the most learned Fallopius and others who have read before me in this most famous University of Padua have shewn another way to their Auditors by which either purulent matter or water might be conveyed forth by help of the kidneys to wit the vein sine pari or without a companion a little branch whereof in the left side goes into the Emulgent of the left kidney But this way which we shew through the Intercostal arteries is by much the shorter that I pass by this that any matter heaped together may be more easily dispatcht away through the arteries then the veins Nor needs any one here to be afraid lest the vital spirits should be infected from these excrementitious and ill humurs whereby the heart may incurre fearful symptoms when we willingly grant which experience also hath often taught us that whilst the corrupt matter is emptied out by the urine the sick parties have often faln into fits of swounding and other diseases sometimes also have died suddenly when the peccant humor has been of too great a quantity or too bad a quality and has offered so much violence to nature that the heat and spirits have been over come therewith The explanation of a place in Hippocrates But here a certain place in Hippocrates calls upon me to explain it which has long and often troubled my minde The place is in Coacis praenotionibus where he says They who together with the heart have their whole lungs inflamed so that it falls to the side are deprived of motion all over and the parties so diseased lye cold senseless and dye the second or third day But if this happen to the lungs without the heart they live not so long Yet some also are preserved I have often thought with my self what should be that sympathy of the heart lungs with the brain and nerves that from the inflammation of those parts the patient should be so deprived of sense and motion all over when the same Hippocrates teacheth in the same place that the diseased suffer such deprivation in that part livid spots appear on the outside about the rib where-about the Aortae so he seems to call the lobes or division of the lungs being inflamed fall to the sides But if they be not much inflamed so that they fall not down to the side he sayes that there is a pain indeed all over but no deprivation of sense or motion nor any spots appear Having deliberated often with my self at length I came to be of this opinion that there was no other cause but the sympathy betwixt these Intercostal arteries and the marrow in the back-bone This sympathy arises from those propagations which we told you past through the holes of the rack-bones of the chest into the back-bone Wherefore if the lungs and heart be so mightily inflamed that great plenty of blood rush into the great artery whereupon it swels as also these vessels betwixt the ribs and consequently those surcles which go to the marrow of the back-bone truly it cannot be but that both the marrow and the nerves which issue out of it be comprest from whence what else can follow but the resolution of those parts into which those nerves are implanted to which they impart the faculty of motion This opinion seems to me to be wonderfully confirmed by a certain pretty observation which the learned Cornelius Gemma has in his book de hemititraeo pestilenti A certain studious young man sayes he through the whole course of his disease had his left eye less then the other He was paind in the left side especially all the time the fit raged but about the crisis or judication thereof the artery of his left leg being swoln up was moved according to its length that being to be seen by us it seemed to be turned upward and downward like a rope pull'd back Who will not here willingly confess that this matter was in the arteries when the crisis was made by them But from this that hath been said a reason may be also given of another observation of Galen which is l. 4 de locis affect c. 4. where he sayes thus In a certain man who was troubled with a vehement inflammation of the lungs as wel the outer as the inner parts of his arm from the cubit to the very ends of his fingers labour'd with difficulty of sense and their motion also was somewhat empair'd In the same man also the nerves which are in the first and second distances betwixt the ribs sustained harm And a little after This man was quickly restored to his health to wit a medicine being applyed to the place from whence the nerves issue forth near to the first and second spaces betwixt the ribs By reason of the same branches betwixt the ribs John Valeriola the son of that Physitian whose observations we have being yet a boy suffered Convulsion-fits in a grievous Pleurisie The arteries
others to the pericardium or puâ—se of the heart and to the heart it self it descends farther within the duplication of the mediastinum and near to the rack-bones is divided into two branches which make the right nerve of the left orifice of the stomach are carried obliquely and theâ— piercing through the midriff together with the gullet to which for all that they afford â—â—ver a branch are consumed upon the leâ—t orifice of the stomach with many branche◠〈◊〉 a little net and so encompass it together with the left nerve Whence the sympathy is betwixt the stomach heâ— t. Propagations of the inner branch that it seems wholly to 〈◊〉 of nerves Hence there is so great a sympathy of the stomach not only with the bâ—a◠〈◊〉 with the heart also that such diseases as pain the upper orifice seem to be of the â—t and indeed so they are the same heart suffering pain because of this nerve being â—â—ined And this is the true cause to wit the communion of this nerve not the ne◠〈◊〉 of both the entrails as others say The inner branch goes to the inner side of the â—oâ—â— of the first â—ib of the chest and cleaving to the rack-bones under the Pleura runs down through the roots of the rest of the ribs taking to it a little branch from every one of the Intercostal nerves that issue out of the back-bone then passing through the midriff with the Descendent trunk of the great artery it is carried as far as to the Os sacrum or great bone at the region whereof it issues out three propagations which are distributed into the natural inner parts The first goes to the lower membrane of the Kall and descending through it is parted into three little branches of which one is distributed to the right side of the same membrane and to that part of the Colique Gut that is joyned into it another the least of them and a very small one to the guts duodenum and the Jejunum about its beginning the third to the bottom of the stomach on the right side and to the upper membrane of the Kall which is something the larger That which remains of this propagation is spent upon the hollow part of the Liver and the bladder of Gall. The second goes into the right kidney and the membrane thereof The third which is greater then either of the former descending to the first rack-bone of the loins reaches into the right side of the mesentery and into the Guts that are tyed thereto entring the center of the mesentery in company of an artery and a vein The remainder goes into the bladder and in women into the right side of the bottom of the womb But the outer branch of the left nerve The outer branch of the left nerve saving that in its descent it has offered sprigs both to the Pleura or membrane investing the rib and to the coat of the lungs and that outwardly as also to the purse of the heart and heart it self inwardly at that part of the Descendent Trunk of the great artery where it first issues out of the heart and is bowed to the back-bone it sends forth three surcles which returning to the said artery close together into one nerve Its propagations The left recurrent nerve which is called sinister recurrens nervus the left returning nerve and in like manner as the right one takes its progress upward and is propagated into the muscles of the Larinx or throttle After this it issues out a small sprig which is distributed through the basis of the heart and coat of it in manner of hairs Afterward the remainder descends inclining it self obliquely to the right and goes to the upper orifice of the Stomach in the right side whereof it is diffused as the right branch was before into the left side being divided into many little branches in manner of a net From this a surclo is carried down along the upper part of the stomach to the pylorus or lower orifice which when hath as it were interwoven with some sprigs it goes into the hollow of the Liver Propagations of the inner branch of the left nerve The inner branch first of all takes to it propagations from the intercostal nerves and then passing through the midriff is divided into three The first of them goes overthwart to the spleen and in the way shoots out two sprigs one which is likewise sent into the lower membrane of the Kall and part of the colick-gut which is tyed thereto another into the left side of the bottom of the stomach and into the upper membrane of the Kall The second propagation goes into the left side of the Mesentery and the guts of that place sometimes also it issues sprigs which run out with the seminary vessels through the processes of the Peritoneum or rim of the belly to the testicles The third goes to the left Kidney and the fat membrane thereof The remainder of the branch passes to the left side of the bladder and of the bottom of the Womb. The use of this pair is manifest enough Use as being very notorious when the outer branch bestows little boughs upon the middle bowels but the inner upon all those of the lowest belly and the right branch upon those of the right side the left on those of the left Besides this use it conduces by the returning branches also to the framing of the voice by imparting the faculty of motion to the muscles of the throttle The seventh pair arises in the utmost part of the nowl bone The seventh pair It s original where the marrow of the brain is ready to go out of the skull and so is counted the hardest of all the nerves that have their original within the skull But it arises in some roots separated from each other which joyning together on both sides into one it goes out of the skull through the fourth and fifth holes of the nowl-bone which are planted betwixt that greatest one which opens a way for the descent of the spinal-marrow and that at which the sixth pair goes out and presently after its egress is involved in one common membrane with the sixth pair whence some not so diligently observing it have believed that they were mixt one with another and thus they descend together When it comes to the root of the tongue it distributes surcles into all the muscles thereof sending over some also to certain muscles of the bone hyoides and of the throttle as also to those which take their beginning from the appendix called styloides It s use The use of this conjugation is to carry down the faculty of sense and motion from the brain to the muscles of the tongue To these seven pairs which are commonly so numbred The eighth pair we add an Eighth which makes the nerves of smelling by which a faculty is derived from the brain of apprehending the odors of things without These are commonly
thereof ibid. Paracentesis and the reasons for and against it 214 The place where and manner how 215 Parassoupi a strange beast 681 Parastates their substance c. 83 Paronychia what 223 The cure ibid. Paâ—â—tides their site and use 132 Their difference prognostick cure c. 206 Patridg their care of their young 39 Parts similar 54 Organical ibid. Instrumental 55 Things consiperable in each part ibid. Principal parts which and why so called ibid. Of generation ibid. 576. distinguished into three 65 The conteining parts or the lower belly 59 Of the chest 95 Passions of the minde their force 26 They help forward putrefaction 528 Pastinaca marina or the sting-ray 516 Patella what 164 Pectoralis musculus 169 Pedium what 167 Pediosus musculus 169 Pelvis the site and the uses thereof 117 Pericaâ—dium and the history thereof 100 Pericranium what and the uses thereof 111 112 Perinaeum what 87 Periostium 112 Peritonaeum the substance and quality thereof 96 The figure composure site use c. ibid Perone 164 Peroneus musculus 164 Perturbations of the minde See Passions â—â— Pessaries their form and use 704 Pestilence See Plague Pestilent fever how bred 539 Pharinx what 136 Phlebotomy the invention thereof 36 Necessary in a Synochus putâ—ida 186 The use scope c. thereof 141 How to be performed ibid. See Blood letting Phlegm the temper thereof 7 Is blood half concocted 8 Why it hath no proper receptacle ibid The nature consistence color taste and use ibid. The effects thereof 9 Not natural how bred and the kindes thereof 10 How many wayes it comes so 190 Phlegmatick persons their manners and diseases 11 In fasting they feed upon themselves 451 Phlegmon what kinde of tumor 180 What tumors may be reduced thereto ibid. How different from a phlegmonous tumor ibid. How generated 181 The causes and signs thereof ibid. The cure 182 The cure when it is ulcerated 184 Phrenica Arteria 78 Phâ—hisis oculi 706 Phymasis paraphymosis what 418 c. Physick the subject thereof 54 Physitians to have care of such as have the plague how to be chosen 535 Physocele 216 Pia mater the consistence use c. 114 Pigeons see Doves Pilot-fish 44 Pine glandule 117 Pinna auris which 132 Pinna pinnoter 676 Pilmire See Ant. Pith of the back 122 Plague what 525. How it comes to kill ibid. Divine causes thereof 526. Natural causes ibid. Signs of the air and earth that prognosticate it 528. Cautions in air and diet to prevent it 529. Preservatives against it 530 531 532 c. Others observations for prevention 533. Such as dye thereof quickly putrifie 534. How such as undertake the cure thereof must aim themselves 535. Signs of infection 536. Mortal signs 537. Signs thereof without fault or the humoâ—s ibid. with the putrefaction of them ibid. Prognosticks therein 538. What to be done when one findes himâ—elf infected 540. Diet 541 542. c. Antidotes 543 c. Epithemes to strengthen the principal parts 545. Whether purging and bleeding be necessary at the beginning ibid. What purges fit 547. c. Symptoms accompanying the disease 548. Spots or tokens 549. Their cure 550. Sores 551. c. See Bubos and Carbuncles Sundry evacuations 557 c. How to cure infants and children thereof 561 Plaster and the hurtful quality thereof and the cure 522 Plasters see Emplasters Plantaris musculus 168 Pleura what the original magnitude figure c. 97 98. Plurisie what 212 Plexus choroides 117 Pneumatocele 222 Polypus the reason of the name 206 The differences ibid. The cure ibid. Popliteus musculus 165 Porus liliaris 76 Potential cauteries 712 c. Pox French-Pox See Lues Venerea Small Pox what their matter 485 Whet pernitious symptoms may follow upon them ibid. Prognosticks 485 The cure 486 What parts to be armed against and preserved therefrom 487 Poysons the cause of writing them 497 What they are ibid. Their differences ibid. All of rhem have not a peculiar Antipathy wth the heart ibid. How in small quantities they may work great alterations by touch only 498 The reason of their wondrous effects ibid. None of them kill at a set time ibid. How they kill sooner or latter ibid. Whether things feeding on poysons be poysonous ibid. General signs that one is poysoned 499. How to shun poyson 500. The general cure of poysons ibid. Whether vapors arising from things burnt may poyson one 501. Each poyson hath its proper effects ibid. Their effects and prognosticks 502. The cure of poysonous bites 503 Poyson of Adders Asps Toads c. See Adders Asps Toads c. Poysonous plants and the remedies against them 517 c. Poysons of minerals and their remedies 521 Praeputium 87 to help the shortness thereof and such as have been circumcised 418. the ulcers thereof are worse then those of the Glans 471 c. Preparations of simple medicines and the divers kindes thereof 693 c. Preservatives against the plague 530 c. Principal parts which and why so called 55 Processus mammillares 117 Processes of the Vertebrae right oblique transverse 138 c. that called the tooth ibid. Acromion and Coracoides 147 Prodigy what 642. divers of them 643 c. Prognosticks in Impostumes 129. in an Erisipelas 189 in an Oedema 191. in a Scirrhus 198. in a quartain Ague 202. in an Ancurisma 204. in the Parotides 206 in the Diopsie 213. in a Sarcocele 222. in wounds 229. in fractures of the scull 250. in wounds of the liver and guts 280. in a gangrene 320. in ulcers 329. in fractures 349. in Dislocations 370. in a dislocated jaw 373. in the dislocated Vertebrae 378. in a dislocated Hip in the stone 421. in suppression of the urine 435. in the ulcerated reins and bladder 437. in the Gout 448. in the Lues Venerea 464. c in a virulent strangury 473. in the small pox 485. in the leprosie 496. concerning poysons 502. in the bite of a mad dog 505. in the plague 538. in plague sores 554 c. Pronatores musculi 157 Properties or a good Surgeon 2 Proptosis oculi 405 Prostrates 83 c. Proud-flesh in ulcers how helped 331 Psilothra their form and use 724 Pudendae Venae 81 Pulse the triple use thereof 14 Pulsation in a Phlegmon how caused 181 Pultisses how different from Cataplasms 710 Punctus aureus 219 Puncture of a nerve why deadly 282 Purging whether necessary in the beginning of pestilent diseases 545 Purple spots or tokens in the plague 549 Their cure 550 Pus or quitture the signs thereof 183 How it may flow from the wounded part and be evacuated by urine and stool 435 Putrefaction in the plague different from common putrefaction 527 Three causes thereof ibid Pies may be taught to speak 48 Pylorus 71 Pyramidal muscles 68 Pyroticks their nature kindes and use 700 Q. QUadrigemini musculi 163 Quartane ague or fever the causes signs symptoms 220 Prognosticks and cure ibid. Quicksilver why so called 522 Whether hot