foure geuing vnto euery quarter part threé houres At the rysyng of the Sunne which was the fyrst houre of the fyrst quarter they called the fyrst houre and thrée houres passed they called the thyrd houre and syxe houres passed of the day they called the syxth houre which was the midday or noone tyde Also the nienth houre they named at niene houres past of the day And the Sunne set or goyng downe of the Sunne they called the Euening as sayth the Poet Uirgil in this verse Ante diem clausam componet vesper olimpo And according to this computation is to be vnderstoode that wryteth Saint Matthewe That the labourers came to the Uineyarde at the eleuenth houre whereby is meant the fyfth houre one houre before the Sunne was set And when we reade in S. Iohn The ague left hym the seuenth houre c. By this accompt it was one houre after noone when Christ healed the sonne of the Ruler that was diseased in Capernaum In lyke maner by these houres the auncients deuided the nyght into foure quarters geuing threé houres to euery quarter And in these foure partes of the nyght were Souldiers appointed to watche In the fyrst quarter whiche they call Canticinium and we the fyrst sleépe they watched all In the second which they called Intempestiuum being the turne of midnyght the young men watched In the thyrd which they called Gallicinium of the crowing of Cockes watched the Souldiers of middle age In the fourth and last quarter called Matutinum or Antilucanum that is the spring of the day the old Souldiers watched And thus is vnderstood the fyrst the seconde and thyrde watch of the nyght in lyke maner ought the Mariners to keépe watch and warde to auoyde aswell the peryll of the sea as also the daungers of Rouers and to deuide the nyght by quarters after the maner of Souldiers as dyd also the Mariners in olde tyme. The xv Chapter of the making and vse of an vniuersall Dyal for the day WHereas in the Chapter before we haue intreated of houres and theyr differences we entend héere to describe the making of an Instrument general to know the houres of the day by the beames of the Sunne which is done in this maner Take a round plate of Laton and let it be called the Equinoctiall circle the circumference whereof you shall deuide into 24. equall partes by both the sydes and from the center to euery of these partes you shall drawe a right lyne one of the which shal be a Meridian And in the one part of that write twelue whiche shall be the houre of the mydday or Noone And in the other part write other twelue which shall be for Mydnyght In the highest part turnyng vpon the center towarde the ryght hande write one two three foureâ— c. In the lower or neather part you shall count towarde the left hande turnyng it vppon the center so that the one houre of the one parte come vppon the lyne of the one houre of the other parte in lyke maner two vppon two threé vppon threé and so foorth of the other And note that in the lyne of syxe at after Noone and at the lyne of syxe in the Morning there remayne certayne rounde péeces corners or endes after the maner of Axis of the thicknesse of the selfe same plate Then make a halfe circle of the same mettall as bygge as the halfe circumference of the plate and of the thicknesse of a peéce of foure ryalles of Plate or somewhat more euen as the plate it selfe and of the breadth of halfe a fynger if the instrument shal be great or lesse if the instrument shal be lesse This halfe circle shall you graduate or diuide into 180. degrées beginning at the one ende one two threé and so foorth vnto 90. in the myddest and the lyke shall you doo from the other ende vnto the same 90. Also you must number them in the breadth of the same halfe circle and this halfe circle shall you make fast on the neather part of the instrument so that the endes thereof may be fixed in the endes of the Meridian line Then through the center of the plate or Equinoctiall circle shal passe a rounde steéle or wyre of the same mettall made fast or sodered in it so that it rise and come foorth equally from euery side of the plaâ—e the fourth part of the Diameter of the same and this shal be called the Axis or exiltrée of the world The instrument being thus made you shall place it or set it in a frame hauing two armes standards or arches so that it change betweéne the sayd arches borne vp by the ronnde peéces or endes of the plate left therof at the endes of the line of the syxe houres aforesayd in such sort that being thus stayed it may be directly turned And in the middest betweéne these two armes beneath in the foote of them or where they are placed you shal rayse a prick or poynt so that the plate which signifieth the Equinoctial being perpendiculer the brimme or edge thereof may fall vpon the poynt or pricke and consequently the plate standing playne or flatte the nientie degreés of the halfe circle must shew or touche the sayde prick as shal also the end or extremitie of the Axis of the world and the other ende shall shewe the Zenith or vertical poynt This instrument must be so placed that the Meridian line be North and South which you shall finde in this maner In an open and playne place where the Sunne shyneth for the most part of the day you shall make a circle with a payre of compasses in the middes whereof you shall set a steéle or wyre so vpright that it declyne not or bend not eyther one way or other and the same no longer then the fourth part of the Diameter of the circle Then in the morning when the Sunne ryseth the shadowe shall be very long and as it ryseth hygher and hygher so the shadowe waxeth shorter and shorter Then must you obserue the tyme when the extremitie or ende of the shadowe toucheth in the circumference of the Circle and where it toucheth you shall make a pricke Then goeth the shadowe shortnyng vnto the mydday or noone tyde and as from thence the Sunne declineth so doeth the shadowe encrease and wheÌ„ it shall come aâ—aine to the circumference of the Circle you shal make another prycke Then shall you part in the myddest the arke that is betweéne the one pricke and the other and from the middle prickeâ— draw a ryght lyne to the center of the Circle And that shall be the Meridian line whereupon you shal set the instrument Furthermore in the foote of the frame of the instrument you shall set a compasse or Dyal which shall shewe the Meridian lyne This done vpon the arches of the frame and corners of the sixe houres you shall turne the Equinoctiall so far that it passe so much of
as to the couering of a boxe that it may be easely taken off and put on to haue often recourse to touche the irons with the sâ—one which they call feéding when neéde shall be that the vertue of the compasse fayle not Also in the middest of the ground or floore of the boxe you must set a sharpe poynt or pricke made of a wyre of laton this must stande ryght vp and vpon the pricke or poynt thereof you shall seâ— the bored hole of the Capitel and that the wynde enter not aboue you shall couer the boxe with a glasse And thus being touched with the stone and set vpon the poynt it shall shewe the true part of the North and consequently all the other wyndes And heere is to be noted that after the irons or neédle of the compasse hath béen touched in any of these maners if you bryng the North part of the stone to the North of the neédle or compasse then wyll the North of the neédle come to it And yf you bryng the North part of the stone to the South parte of the néedle it will flée from it And contrariwise yf you bryng the South part of the stone to the South of the neédle it wyl come to it and yf to the North it wyll fleé from it This is vnderstoode the neédle or compasse standing as it should be And this also is a good signe to know which is the North part and South part of the stone Moreouer this boxe must be put within another boxe in the which it must hang vpon two circles of laton annexed the one within the other whiche serue that the compasse sway not or hang not toward the one syde or the other although the Shyp sway and this boxe also must haue his couer of wood to keépe the other You shall lykewyse obserue that the poynt of the Capitell and the hole thereof and also the poynt or prick vpon the which it resteth by vprigâ—t and lykewyse the Rose that it declyne not to one part or other And if it be quicker then it ought to be then make the poynt that it goeth vpon somewhat blunter ¶ The v. Chapter of the effect or propertie that the compasse hath to the Northeasting or Northwesting whereby is knowen the variation of the Compasse MAny and dyuers are the opinions that I haue hearde and also read in certayne wryters of latter dayes as touching the Northeasting and Northwesting of the Compasse and yet meé seemeth that none dooth touche the prycke and fewe the whyte They call it Northeasting when the neédle sheweth or poynteth from the North which is his true marke toward the Northeast and Northwesting when from the North it declyneth towarde Northwest For the better vnderstanding of these differences whereby the neédles differ or vary from the pole you must being in the Meridian where the compasses shewe the pole imagine a poyâ—t vnder the pole of the world and this poynt to be without all the heauens conteyned vnder the fyrst moueable The which poynt or part of heauen hath a vertue attractiue y t draweth vnto it Iron touched with the part of the lode stone correspondent to that certayne part of heauen imagined without or vnder al the heauens moued by y e fyrst moueable For if it were imagined to be moued within any of the moued heauens then the attractiue point by the mouing of the first moueable consequently â—he compasse should make the selfe same mouing in 24. houres which is neuer seéne And therefore this poynt is not in the moueable heauens neither in y e pole For if it were in it the compasse should not vary Northeasting and Northwesting Therfore the cause of Northeasting or Northwesting or departing from the pole of the world is that being in the sayd Meridian the attractiue poynt and the pole are in the selfe same or in one Meridian and the compasse shewing the attractiue poynt sheweth directly the pole And departing from the same Meridian toward the East the worlde being round the pole of the world remayneth to vs on the left hand and the poynt of the attractiue vertue shal be on the right hand which is toward the Northeast winde And in how much more we shall sayle toward the East the distaunce shall appeare greater vnto vs vntill we come vnto the 90. degrées and there shal be the most and greatest Northeasting And passyng from thence further forward it shall appeare vnto vs y t the attractiue poynt commeth neérer neérer vnto the Meridian line and so much shall the compasse go bettering or amending the Northeasting vntil it returne to the self same meridian in the opposite or contrary part from whence they came or where they began then shall the attractiue point be to them directly vpoÌ„ or against the pole of the world the compasse shall shew or point directly toward it And againe passing further forward the pole of the woâ—lâ— shâ—l remâ—ine to the right hand and the point attractiue to the left hand and so shall the compasse begin Northwesting increasing it vntil it come from thence to the 90 degreés there shal be the most of his Northwesting For turning towarde the Meridian from the attractiue point it shall go amending or bettering vntil it returne to the selfesame Meridian from whence it departed there shal the compasse shew the pole of the world directly by or ouer against the attractiue point which is perpendiculerly vnder the pole And if froÌ„ thence they should turne to passe toward the West the pole should rest to the right hand the attractiue point to the left so shall the variation be to the Northwest and this is the cause of the Northeasting Northwesting or variation of the compasse Also it is not to be vnderstooâ—e that this Northeasting Northwesting is vniforme as is the departing or according to the departure from the Meridian where the compasse sheweth perfectly but rather before at the beginning of the departing from the sayd Meridian it maketh differeÌ„ce or variation in a certaine quantitie the increase that is afterward is litle and so much the lesse in how much y â— more the departing is froÌ„ the said Meridian For it is a passion of y e circles deuiding or cutting them selues in y e sphere so that these differences are as are they of the declinatioÌ„s of the Sun which neére vnto the Equinoctials are great neére to the solstitials are litle All the which shal euidently appeare in y e figure folowing which is a circle deuided by two Diameters into 4. equal parts cutting theÌ„ selues in y e center in right angles And from the center point called the pole coÌ„meth foorth a moueable Meridian in it goeth a compasse likewise moueable about the circle The attractiue poynt is somwhat distant from the pole of the world from it commeth foorth a threéde which must euer passe by the North
by some of the other lynes But there are more degreés that correspond the way that the Ship maketh then the degreés that vary the altitudes of the Equinoctial and the pole And this difference shal be greater in how much the lyne shal draw neare to the East and West And how muche it shall draw néere to North and South it shal be lesse Of the degreés or leagues that aunswere to euery degreé of the variation of the altitude we will entreate héereaâ—ter in the xii Chapter These altitudes are knowen many wayes but especially by two as by the Meridian altitude declination of the Sunne as we haue sayd is knowen the altitude of the Equinoctiall and by it the altitude of the Pole The second way they are knowen by the altitude of some fixt Starre of those that are not hid And among many other the North Starre is taken because it is nearest to the Pole To know the altitudes by the Sun threé things are necessarie that is to say an instrument the declination of the Sun and rules The instrument to know the Meridian altitude shal be the Astrolabie â—ecause it is most commodious for this purpose whereof we wyll entreate in the Chapter folowing The declination of the Sunne which is to take it away or to ioyne it with the Meridian altitude we haue alredy described in the third Chapter of the second part The rule to knowe when the declinations must be ioyned with the Meridian altitude or taken from it we will geue in the viii Chapter To knowe the altitudes of the Pole by the altitudes of the North Starre two things are necessarie that is an instrument and rules The instrument wherewith the Mariners are accustomed to take the altitudes of the North they call Balestilia which is a crosse staffe whereof we will write heéreafter in the nienâ—h Chapter And the rules of the Turne or compasse which the North Starre maketh about the Pole we wil declare in the tenth Chapter ¶ The vii Chapter of the making and vse of the Astrolabieâ— with the which the maryners take the altitude of the Sunne TAke a plate of copper or latton which for this purpose is better then any other mettall of the biggenesse â—hat you desire to make the Astrolabiâ— and is commonly of the biggenesse of a spanne of the Diameter and let it be of the thicknesse of halfe a finger at the least for the waightier that it shal be so much shall it be more steadie to make the altitude This place must be made round by a circle leauing comming foorth of the circle or corner in the which you shall put a ring or handel with a hole whereby you may hang the Astrolabie by a threéd or liâ—e to take the altitude After it is thus made with y â— ring or handle annexed thereto make it bryght and smoothe publlyshed on both the sydes and all of one equall thicknesse that one syde be not heauier then another which yâ—u shall try in this maner hang the plate by the ryng or hole that you haue made and from the same hole hang a plomet of leade fasted to a heere or fyne threéde of silke The Astrolabie thus hanging frée and at libertie with the plomet if then the threéd fal vpon the center of the Astrolabie it is wel but yf the thréede doo leane or swarâ—e to the one side or to the other from the center then is that side thicker and heauier then the other and must therefore be made thynner vntyll the thréed fall iustly vpon the center This doone make a circle vpon the sayde centerâ— a litle within the circumference of the Astrolabie Then draw a Diameter froÌ„ the center of the hole in the which the ring or handle is vnto y e center of the Astrolabie trauersing or ouerthwarting the whole Circle And this shal be called the line of the Zenith or Uertial poynt which also shal be cut with an other Diameter vpon the center making right angles with it And this Diameter shal be called the Horizontall line These two Diameters shal deuide the circle into foure equall partes After this you shall make another circle so much more within the second that betwene the circumferences of both the circles may bée conteyned the numbers of the degrées Then the Astrolabie hanging before you you shall deuide the one part being the superiour and leaft part fyrst into thrée equall partes and euery part shall conteyne 30. degrées Then shall you deuide euery part of these into threé other equall partes and they shall conteyne 10. degreés and euery of these deuide into two partes and they shall conteyne 5. degrâ—és This doone put a ruler vpon the center of the Astrolabie applying it to euery of the poyntes that deuide the sayde partes and drawe certayne lynes that passe from the circumference of the first circle vnto the lesse circumference and in the spaces of the lesse circle write the numbers of the degreés beginning in the Horizontall lyne and in that space put fiue and in the second tâ—n and so foorth of the other vntyll the 90. degrées ende in the lyne of the Zenith then shal you deuide the spaces that are betweéne the fyrst circle and the second euery space into fyne which shall make the 90. degreés The Astrolabie thus made you shall make the Alhidada or Label For the whiche you shall take a plaâ—e of laton of the breadth of scarcely two fingers and as thicke as the Astrolabie also as long as the Diameter of the Astrolabie and make a lyne in the myddest thereof by the longitude in the middest of this lyne make a circle so great that it may touch in the sides of the plate then cut off this plate on the onâ— side that which it hath from the lyne to the ryght hande and on the other syde that it hath from the lyne to the leaft hand leauyng the circle whole This lyne that shall passe by the center of the circle is called Linea fiduciae that is the lyne of confidence which is that that sheweth in the degreés the altitude that is taken Then shall you take away the endes or corners of the Alhidada that are without the lyne so that you touche not the lyne This doone you shal make two litle rysing or raised tables or plates of the same metal whereof the Astrolabie is made and of the self same thicknesse that is the Alhidada or lytle lesse and of the breadth of the Diameter of the circle of the Alhidada and let them be a thumbe in heyght or breadth In the myddest of these two places by the heigth you shal make a lyne When these are made equal and al thâ—yr angles right in euery lyne of these that you haue made you shal also make two holes â—qually distaunt from the sydes or edges of the sayd plates or tablettes And of the two holes of euery of these little plates
ryght lyne from one poynt to another so that this be a lyne of 47. Degreés and as muâ—◠〈◊〉 at â—â—e other end of the sayde Equinoctiall Upon euery one of these right lines you shall make a haâ—â—e â—ircle and â—euide â—uâ—ry of them into syxe equall partes whiche may aunsweâ—re to sixâ— signes and euery signe into threâ— partes which may 〈◊〉 to the tenthes or tenth partâ—â—f dâ—gâ—â—és and if the 〈◊〉 be great you shall deuide euâ—ry signe into fiâ—â— or 〈◊〉 parâ—es so that you may make it perfect and precise This 〈◊〉 from the points or prickes of the one halfe circle to the pointes of the other draw certaine lynes whiche shal be equidiâ—â—nâ— to the Equinoctiall In the endes of these lynes betweéâ—e the lesse circle and the edge of the rundell drawe also certayne lynes whiche may reache vnto the beginninges and endes of the signes and in the â—oppe of the endes or ouer the endes of these lynes make an Arke so farre distaunt from the lesse circle as is the thicknesse of the edge of a peéce of foure ryals of plate And in the space that is left graduate the signes from tenne to tenne or as the diuision shal be The space that remayneth from thence to the edge of the rundel you shal deuide by the halfe and in it shal be made twelue spaces where you shall set the signes with their names or caractes orderly so that Aries be next vnto the Equinoctiall then Taurus towarde the part of the Index then Gemini and turning towarde the Equinoctiall Cancer Leo Uirgo Likewise on the other parte of the Equinoctiall Libra Scorpio Sagittarius And turnyng to the Equinoctiall Capricornus Aquarius Pisces And thus hauing signed the Zodiacke you shall also signe or marke the houres in manner as followeth Deuide the lesse circle of this rundel into foure equal parts so that euery quarter may haue sixe partes Reduce this diuision to the Diameter putting the ruler vpon the poynts equally distant from the Horizon And where it toucheth the Equinoctial make pricks or poynts so that the Equinoctial remayne deuided into twelue partes Then vpon one of the Tropykes giue a circle which may haue the same Tropike for his Diameter Deuide this circle into 24. equall partsâ— reduce these diuisions to the Tropike as is done in the Equinoctial from one Tropike to another then the Equinoctial and the Tropikes being thus deuided with this pricks or poynts you shall passe with a payre of compasses by euery poynt equally ordered from the Horizon to the one and the other part and these shal be called houres wryting in the ends of them theyr numbers beginning the one part in one and ending it in twelue On the other part begin the one in thopposite part and end in twelue This done these rundels shal be brought to their perfection Moreouer you shal make a triangle with a right angle hauing two equal sides that may make the right angle Euery of these sides must be as long as is the Semidiameter of the greatest rundel also vpon and about the ryght angle you shall make a litle circle whiche shall haue the same angle for his center on the one side of this tryangle set two raysed plates as in the Astrolabie on the contrary side of these raysed plates must be a hole so farre distant from the ceâ—ter or angle as is the Semidiameter of the circle of the lesse rundel In this hole you must put a threéd hanging thereat a little wayght or plommet only sufficient to hold the threéd straight so that it cause nothing of the rundels to turne or the instrument to decline Furthermore in a circle as bigge as the lesse of the lesse rundel you shal deuide into 32. parts the eyght wyndes and halfe wyndes and quarters of winds And being thus redused to their Diameters as is done in the Equinoctial you shal translate them in the sides of the triangle in the which by the center of his little circle and by the center of the rundels all the three peéces must be made fast with an axes or a nayle so that they may be turned about close and very iuste Then put a ring in the handle of the instrument wherby it may hang as in the Astrolabie and so shall the Instrument be â—ynished and brought to perfection This is the trace or draught of the Instrument To knowe at what hourâ— the Sunne ryseth and falleth by the Instrument folowyng you shall put the Pole of the lesse rundel which is the index to the left hand in the greatest rundell in so many degrees aboue the Horizon in how many degrees the Pole is raysed in that lande or place Then put the tryangle which is the Horizon in his place that is to say yf the Sunne shal be in the North signes put it to the left hand and if it shal be in the South signes to the ryght hand and then the triangle shal cut the paralel where the Sunne goeth in .10 or .20 or .30 degreés or proportionally where it is and there shall you see in the sydes of the Zodiacke the houres when the Sunne ryseth and falleth And lykewyse at what wind the Sunne ryseéth and falleth to vs you shall seé in the wynds of the tryangle To know by the eleuation of the Sunne the houre that is put the Pole or Index so farre distant from the Zenith or handle of the Instrument as it is in that place or paralel aboue the Horizon then turne the triangle towarde the Sunne vntill the beames thereof enter in at the raysed plates and then the threéd with the plomet shall cut the paralell of the Sunne by the houre that shal be and consequently the triangle shal be distant from the Zenith the degreés that the Sunne shall be raysed that houre about the Horizon This is the Demonstration FINIS ¶ Heere beginneth the Table of this Booke The contentes of the Chapters of the first part THe generall distinction of Creatures Folio iiii The definition of the World Fol. v. The definition of the Sphere Fol. eodem The diuision of the World Fol. eodem The number order and propertie of the Elementes and Heauens Fol. vi The immutabilitie or immobilitie of the Earth Fol. viii The roundnes of the Earth and Water Fol. viii The motion of the Heauens and Elements Fol. x. The diuision of the Sphere into formall partes Fol. eod The Equinoctiall circle Fol. xii The Zodiacke Fol. eodem The circle called Coluri Fol. xiii The Meridian circle Fol. xiiii The Horizontall circle Fol. eod The foure lesse circles Fol. xv The fiue Zones Fol. xvi The Longitude and Laâ—itude And of the proportion which the lesse circles haue to the great circle Fol. xviii The circuite or compasse of the earth and water according to the opinions of the auncient later auctours Fol. xix The vii Climates Fol. eod Certayne principles of this science Fol. xxi The Contentes
according to the forme or paterne thereof make the wyre of Iron and cause the same to be set in all sortes of Dials as is before The xvii Chapter of the composition and vse of an instrument generall for the houres of the nyght WHere as in the Chapters past I haue described the manner and forme to make two Dials for the houres of the day me séemeth that for the more perfection of this worke it would be conuenient héere to teach the making of a Dyal to knowe the houres of the nyght by the Circle which the two Starres called the Guardians or the mouth of the horne doo describe by the moouing of the fyrste mooueable But for as much as it is a common opinion that in the myddest of Apryll it is mydnyght when the Guardes be in the head whereof they take the begynnyng of the yeare I wyll declare how it ought to beé vnderstoode Certayne it is that to be mydnyght is none other thyng but the Sunne to beé by the moouing of the fyrst moueable to euery one in that part of his Meridyan that is to hym vnder the earth euen as is to hym mydday or noone when to hym it is in that parte of the Meridyan that is aboue the earth And in this present yeére of 1545. to be out of doubt heéreof I made experience with a precise Astrolabie so that the fyrst or foremost Guard Starre beyng perpendiculerly ouer or aboue the North Starre I found in the Meridyan where the Sunne maketh mydnyght the ix degreé of Taurus whereby it foloweth that the Sunne being in thys degreé which is at the xix of Apryl the same Guard Starre shall be perpendiculerly ouer the North starre which is the lyne of the head and consequently the Sunne beéing in the nienth degreé of Scorpio which is at the xxii of October the guard starre shal be in the lyne of the féete and by thys calculation may be knowen when it shal be in the ryght or in the leaâ—t and in all the other lynes so that they manyfestly erre that accompt the mydnyght at the xv of Apryll when the fyrst guard starre is in the lyne of the head accompting a terce or thyrde parte of an houre sooner and more then they should doo Hâ—uing thus geuen principles for the instrument you shall procâ—éde in the making thereof as foloweth In paste or on a plate of â—aton make a circle of the quantitie of a spanne or of the bignesse that you desyre the instrument or Dyal to be then make an other circle somewhat lesse so farre distaunt from the greater that betweéne the one and the other may be a space in the which may be signed or marked the dayes and monethes Likewyse shall you make another lesse circle leauing space to set the numbers of the dayes of euery moneth And vnder this circle shal you make an other leauing space to write the names of the moneths then shall you deuide the first and greatest circle into eyght equal partes so that the xix of Apryl may be in the highest or vppermost part of the instrument which is where they say the lyne of the head to be and the xxii of October must be in the neather part Also the xiii of Ianuarie in the ryght arme and in the leaft arme the xvii of Iuly and so the other dayes that doo fall to the other lynes accordyng as they answeare to the ryght assension of the Sunne as you may sée in this figure This being done vpon the outward part of the great circle you shal cut downe the paper paste or plate of laton leauing of the same for a signe or marke a floure Deluce vpon the 19. of Apryl for that it must be the head and lykewyse at the 22. of October may be left a handel to holde it by Then must you make a rundel to the same paste or laton of the bignesse of the lesse circle without the circumference whereof shal be left a tooth or index in the which you shall wryte Tyme And from the one syde of this index towards the left hand you shal draw a ryght lyne that may passe through the center to the circumference and this shal be the Meridian lyne Also to this rundel you shal geue a circle so muche lower from the circumference that there may be left a space where the number of the dayes may be written And this rundel you shall deuide into 24. equall partes begynnyng at the Meridian lyne of the index at the twelfth houre of the nyght Then in the next space towarde the left hand you shal make the number of one Likewise in the second space the number of two in the thyrde the number of threé and so foorth of the residue vnto the other twelue of the day in the opposite or contrary part of the index So consequently proceeding i. ii iii. c. vnto the twelue of the index which shall be the xxiiii houres of the naturall day Furthermore also you must make another peéce of the same substaunce of past or metal in maner of a horne in forme and order as are in heauen the seuen starres whiche make the lesse beare And this of such quantitie that the first or formost guarde starre may reach without the great rundell close to the circumference thereof hauyng the North starre his center with the center of the instrument And from this starre or center vnto the fyrst and formost guard starre must be a right lyne by the whiche the horne must be cut néere from the center vnto the discouering or shewing of the houres Also from the fyrst guarde to the seconde must be two partes of niene of that that is from the Starre whiche signifieth the North to the fyrst guarde Agayne the second last guarde must be toward the left hand ouer or aboue the fyrst threé quarter partes of one halfe Circle which hath for the Semidiameter the two partes of niene whereof we haue spoken before geuen vpon the right line that goeth from the North to the fyrst guard These two guarde Starres must be boared through with holes of the bygnesse of an Aglet of a poynt and lykewyse the North Starre with also the two rundelles through the center and by that al threé peéces annexed so that there remayne a hole in the myddest lyke the holes of the guardesâ— so that by it and by the other of the guardes may be seéne the Starres in heauen in suche sorte that the lesse rundell and the horne may be turned round about the Axis as doth appeare in the demonstration folowing The instrument thus ended and brought to perfection when you desire to know the houre you shal turne the index of the lesse rundell in the which is written Time to that part of the great rundell where is marked the day in the whiche you desyre to knowe the houre and directing your face towarde the North you shal make the head
altitudes And if the Carde haue no graduation you shall take with the compasse in the trunke of the leagues seuen spaces of 12. leagues and a halfe which are 87. leagues and a halfe And these must be deuided into fiue partes which come foorth at 17. leagues and a halfe for a part and the foure partes taken with the compasse make foure degreés and deuided into foure partes euery part is a degrée and is marked thus ° And yf you wyll make the degreés at 16. leagues and two terces or more you shall geue to euery degreé so much space as the leagues comprehend This graduation must be begun from some one cape whose altitude of the Pole is well knowen And the whole Carde being thus graduate you must begin the number of the degrées from the Equinoctiall lyne one two thrâ—e c. toward the one Pole and the lyke toward the other so that to the knowne Cape may answeare the number of his altitude And so shall you doo to the whole Carde Also the Equinoctiall lyne shall be marked in his proper place And in lyke maner shal you marke the Tropikes according as they are in y e sphere But forasmuch as in Spayne Cape saint Uincent is the principall they begin there to make graduation number it in 37. degreés And from thence towarde the Pole Artike the degrées doo encrease And from thence towarde the Equinoctial line they deminish and from that lyne to the pole Antartike they encrease againe as we haue sayd as is conteined in the Carde and as appeareth in this demonstration following And if the paterne haue neyther leagues nor degreés you must take or know the altitudes of two Capes that are North and South of the degreés and the difference of the degreés of the eleuation that is from the one Cape to the other ye shall deuide all that space in so many partes and so eche one parte shal be seuenteéne leagues and a halfe as answereth to one degreé Or accordyng to the opinion of the leagues of the roundnesse of the earth as we haue sayde as touchyng this in the eyghteénth Chapter of the fyrst part In Spayne they vse with the compasse to take the space that is from Cape saint Uincent to the myddest of the greatest Ilande of Berlinga whiche they account threé degrées so that after seuenteéne leagues and a halfe for a degreé they are 52. leagues and a halfe and so much do they put in this space Other put fiftie leagues accompting after syxteéne leagues and two terces for a degrée and in this maner they make of leagues degreés and of degrées leagues The sayling Cards haue no certayne bignesse limitted them because they onely represent the description of the water and earth and not the quantitie and for this cause some are paynted in great space and other in lyttle They that are in great space are more manyfest and more precise and these the Maryners call Cards of the lâ—rgest pricke or draught Some desire rather to haue them in lesse space because they are brieffer and conteyne much in litle roome and these thâ—y call Cardes of the lessâ— prycke And if for any consyderation aforesayde you desire to reduce any Câ—rde from the greatest pricke to the least or contrarywyse yâ—u must paynt onely the coast and Ilands on a paper in maner as you did in the ruled Carde of the lynes or wyndes I say let it be drawen vpon paper for destroying or rasing the paterne And when it is traced onely with ynke then vpon that draught shall you drawe certayne ryght liâ—es equidistaunt made all by one compasse according to the length of the Carde and other lynes that may cut them in ryght angles and lykewyse equidistaunt and of the same compasse that the fyrst are These two orders of lynes shall deuide all the superficiall part of the Carde into perfect squares or quadratures And it is to be noted that the nearer the lynes are ioyned togeather and the squares the leâ—se so muche the more perfectly may it be reduced and more easily Then shall you take another paper greater or lesse then the Carde accordyng to the poynt that you desyre to reduce it vnto and in the length and breadth thereof you shall deuide so many spaces as are betweene the lynes of the other paper and yf it bee greater the squares shal be greater and if lesse lesse To keâ—pe order in the correspondence of the squares which shal be a great lyght to translate the one from the other you shall number the orders of the squares as those of the longitude by the â—ronte or vppermost part and those of the latitude by the syde as well in the one paper as in the other conformable also those of the front from the left hand to the ryght and those of the side from aboue downeward Then beholde the coast how it goeth by the squares of the first paper and likewise the tracting or drawing in the squares of the seconde in the selfe same order and proportion as it is there and so shall it remayne reduced to the poynt whiche you desyre And this shal serue for a paterne to set in the ruled Carde Heere foloweth the maner of the translating of the Card from one fourme into another greater or lesse Here foloweth a similitude of the Mariners Carde ¶ The iii. Chapter of the vertue and propertie of the Lodestone called in Latine Magnes and in Spanish Pâ—edraymon THe Lode stone as writeth Cardinall Cusanus hath substance vertue and operation His verâ—ue is engendred of his substance essence or being and of his essence vertue proceedeth this operation and effect in such sort that this stone communicating his vertue to iron by reason thereof causeth the iron to moue although betweéne the one and the other be a cuppe or plate of syluer or a table or any other lyke thing The attractiue or drawing force of the Lode stone causeth the nature of iron to be and rest in it and that so fyrmely and quietly that being naturally heauy and ponderous it descendeth not because his nature resteth not in hym self but is vnite with the nature of the stone which seémeth to extende it selfe and as it were to cast â—oorth a liuely spirit of enchaunting vertue Insomuch that as we sée by experience by the sayde vnion it not onely distributeth his vertue to one iron but that iron likewyse to another and that other againe to another and so foorth vntill of many ryngs or lynkes of iron be made a chayne Saint Augustine as he writeth in his bookes De ciuitate Dei did maruayle that he sawe an iron mooue it selfe vpon a vâ—ssell by mooâ—ing the Lode stone vnder the vessel It is called Magnes because the inuentour or fynder therof was so named who as Plinâ—e writeth keéping cattell in East Iâ—dia had his shoes soled with plates of iron and iron nayles such as they
froÌ„ one paralel to another The other number shal be the leagues parâ—es of lâ—agues that such degreés and minutes do amount vnto after the rate of 17. leagues and a halfe for a degrée In like maner in the paralell where the lynes of the wyndes do concurre shal be set ioyntly to euery lyne the degreés minutes of the distaunce from the lyne of North and South and leagues partes of leagues that such degreés and minutes amount vnto And so it is that sayling by the lyne wynd or point of North and South vntil the altitude of the pole vary one degrée is run another degreé which conteineth leagues 17. and a halfe And by the next line for one dâ—greé of the variation of the altitude of the pole is run one degreé one minute 17. leagues and 5. syxe partes And thâ—y that run vpon that lyne or poynt depart from the lyne of North and South or Meridian line 12. minutes leagues 3. and a halfe By the second lyne is runne one degrée 5. minutes and leagues 19. scant and in this course they part from the Meridian 25. minutes leagues 17. and a quarter By the third line is runne one degrée 12. minutes leagues 21. and a 20. part of a league and depart from the Meridian lyne 40. minutes leagues 11. and two terces By the fourth lyne is run one degreâ— minutes 25. leagues 24. and threé quarters and depart from the Meridian one degrée iustly leagues 17. and a halfe By the fyfth lyne is runne one degreé minutes 48. leagues 31. and a halfe and depart from the lyne one degreé 30. minutes leagues 26. and one quarter By the syxth lyne is runne two degreés minutes 37. leagues 45. and of the 45. partes of one league the 11. part and depart from the lyne two degreés minutes 25. leagues 42. and a quarter By the seuenth lyne is runne â—yue degrées minutes 8. leagues 29. and two terâ—es and depart from the lyne fyue degreés minuâ—s 2. which are leagues 88. accompting 17. lâ—agues and a halfe for a degreé of the greater circle And yf for euery lyne you desire to know this câ—mputation of leagues after 16. leagues and two terces for a degreé or for more or lesse leagues or myles multiply those such degrâ—es by the number of the leagues or myles which â—nter into euery degreé likewise shall you number the minutes that are more then the degreés by the same number of the leagues that â—nter in euery degreé deuiding them by sixtie and that that shall come of the diuision you shall ioyne with the multiplication of the degrées and that shall amount thereof shal be the leagues and parts of leagues that was in those such degreés The xiii Chapter how to set or make a prycke in the Carde of Nauigation THe Mariners call the pricking of a poynt in the Carde to seé and appoynt in it in what poynt or part of the Sea the Ship is in Nauigation For the perfourming whereof it shall be requisite that the Pilot knowe from what degreé or how many degreés of the altitude of the Pole heé departed and with what wynde heé sayleth And when heé desyreth to knowe where he is let hym knowe the altitude of the Pole by some of the aforesayde rules And if taking the altitude he fynd him selfe in the same degreés where he was when he departed his Nauigation hath beén from the East to the West and what he hath gone can not be knowen but by the iudgement of a wyse and expert man according to the sâ—yâ—â—nesse or goodnesse of his Ship with consideration of the more or lesse time he hath had as we haue sayd before in the sixth Chapter But if â—e fynde him selfe in more or lesse degreés let him take two payre of compasses and put the foote of one in the poynt or plate where his Ship was when he departed and the other in the line or wind by the which he sayleth and likewise let him set the one poynt of the other compasse in the graduation of the Card in that number of degreés that he findeth the altitude of â—hâ— Pole and the other poynt of the same compasse in the next line oâ— East West and so with both the compasses one in the one hand and the other in the other hand let hâ—m goe ioyning them togeather taking good heéde that the poynt of the compasse do â—ot swarue frâ—m the wynde whereby he hath sayled neythâ—r the pâ—ynt of the other compasse from the lyne of East and West where he set it And folowing those two compasses by these two lynes vntyll the poynts of the two compasses ioyne that is to meane the poynt that was set in the place from whence he departed and the other that was set in the degrees that were found then where these two poynts do ioyne is the poynt where the Ship is But as we haue sayd in the syxth Chapter they must haue great respect to the wyndes and seas and other things which experience sheweth them to knowe yf they haue gone directly by that lyne or yf they haue fallen from it and to what part the which I remit to the iudgement of men of good experience From thence forward they shall returne to keépe the same accompt as when they departed from the hauen especially when they change their course ¶ The xiiii Chapter of the making and vse of the Instrument generll to knowe the houres and quantities of the day and at what winde the Sunne ryseth and falleth MAke a rounde plate wyth a ryng or a handle aboue as in the Astrolabie drawing a lyne from the ring downeward passing through the center and another lyne that may cut it in ryght angles throngh the center And this last lyne shall be called the Horizon Then shall you geue a circle vppon the center leauing so much space betweéne it and the edge of the plate that therein may be written the numbers of the degrees then also make another circle somewhat more within leauing lykewyse a space where the graduations may be deuided This done deâ—ide one of the highest quadrants towarde the left hand into 90. partes whiche shall be called the degrees of latitude beginning the number of them from the ring and ending the same in the Horizon Then make another rundell somewhat lesse then this in such maner that the degrees and numbers of the greater remayne vncouered And deuid this lesse by two Diameters into four equal parts And at the one end of the one Diameter leaue a poynt coÌ„myng foorth of the lesse rundell cut directly with the same Diameter by the one part and this shal be called the index or shewer In this rundell you shall make a circle half a fynger lesse then the rundel Then with a compasse take 23. Degrées and a halfe from the Diameter which signifieth the Equinoctiall and where as end the. 23. degreés and a halfe for euery part make a