therfore iudge the same to haue a certeyne lykenes with the heauenly nature And as the world hath two notable lyghtes to gouerne the same namely the Sonne and the Moone so hath the body of man planred lykewyse in the hyghest place twoo lyghtes called eyes whiche are the lyghtes of the body as the Sonne and the Moone are the lyghtes of the worlde And it is also wrytten of some doctors that the brayne hath .vii. concauites being instrumentes of the wyttes which answere vnto the .vii. spheres of the planetes And to be briefe it is a worlde â—o beholde and a wonderful wonder to thynke that as great merueyles maye bee seene wrought by God in nature in this litle worlde man his body as ther is to be considered in any thyng in the vnyuersall great worlde aboue or benethe at any tyme. Secondly it is called a common weale for as muche as there is therin conseyned as it were a ryghteous regiment betwene a prynce and this subiectes as for example Let vs call the harte of maÌ„ a king the brayne and the lyuer the chiefe gouernours vnder hym the stomache and the guttes with other aperteinyng to nutrymente the officers of his courte and all the members vniuersally his subiectes And then let vs see if any man can deuyse any necessary instrument of a common weale nedefull for the wealth of the same from the hyghest to the lowest that the lyke shall not be founde in the body of man as it is so well knowne to all those that trauel in the knowledge of Anatomie that I nede not here muche therof to wryte Can it be perceyued that the hande or the fote or any part of them or such lyke which we may lyken to the labourers or as some call them vyle meÌ„bers of a common weale at any tyme to resiste or rebel against the harte their soueraigne lorde or any other officer vnder hym their superiors no truly The body of man is a common weale without rebellion the kyng so louyng his subiectes and the subiectes so louyng their kyng that the one is euer redy to mynister vnto the other all thynges nedefull as if the harte by any occasion susteyne damage as we may see in the disease called Sincope or swoundyng At suche a tyme I saye the face the handes and the fete are founde colde and without felynge strengthe or lyfe and what proueth it but that as louynge and obedient subiectes they thynke nothyng theyr own wherof the harte hath nede whiche is their lorde and gouernor yea they vtterly depryue theÌ„ selues of altogether to serue and please theyr lord Immediatly as the swoundyng ceaseth the bloude resorteth to the face she handes and the feete are warme agayne as it were benefites done rendered agayne with thankes and ioye And is not suche a lorde and kyng worthye of good subiectes that for the helpe of one of the leaste of them wyl spend all that he hath so long as lyte endureth as if a meÌ„ber be hurte wherby any veyne or artery is cutte the bloud or spirite will issue in suche wyse that it wyll not cease commyng thyther so longe as any is lette if it be not in tyme preuented Oh kynd and gentyll gouernour oh wel wyllyng and obedient subiectes Thirdly the body of man is called in greeke Anthropos in latin by interpretation Arbor euersa as we myght saye in Englysh a tree turned vpside downe For as a tree hath his roote in the earth growyng with his body and branches from the earth vp towardes the heauens so contrariwyse man hath his roote whiche is the head vpwarde towardes the heauens all other partes descendyng downwards to the earth which standeth by good reason that for this cause man of al otherthinges vnder heauen should be most excellent by the vse of reason receiued of the soule and of the same immortalitie most like vnto god Consideryng therfore that the body of man is so precious it shoulde seme that the science that serueth to kepe the same in healthe or to restore health beyng loste to the same should be a thyng of no smal value but rather of great regarde Therfore as I iudge they erre not that esteme the medicinall arte next vnto diuinitie for as muche as diuynitie is the meane wherby the soule is saued chirurgery the meane to saue the body whiche is next in value vnto the soule Wherfore as they which lytle esteme that arte wherof the office is so precious seme very vnwyse and to wante vtterly the vse of reason so is it a great enormitie for any to enterpryse to vse that arte not able to coÌ„prehende the knowledge of the same For the which cause that I myght partly helpe younge studentes as I am one my selfe to the ataynyng of some perfectioÌ„ I haue here gathered a lytle worke conteynyng three shorte treatyses of the Anatomy or dissection of the partes of man his body Wherin I wyl not he so curious as to take vpon me the precise numberyng of euery smal and difficulte parte nor to be exquisite in the dyuersitie of names but only shewyng suche number and names briefly as serue moste to the commodities of the chyrurgiens intelection with an order of conducible notes howe to vse our handy worke of medicine called in greke Chirurgia vpon the body of man or any parte therof whether it be â—ncisions cauterizations bloudlettyng called phlebotomy or ventosing called also cuppyng or boxyng scarification or openyng of apostemes on what parte of the body so euer it be that none error be committed in the same For of the contrary as of the vncunnyng doynges of any of these commeth dyuers dangers as the depriuation and losse both of members and lyfe And as it may euidently apeare for that cause was the cutting out of dead bodies first put in vse and the large volumes wrytten therof by auncient authors declare their intent to be chiefly for that thing So that as Guido affirmeth Anatomy is .ij. wayes to be learned The first and beste by cuttyng of dead bodyes The seconde by doctrine wrytten in bookes Of this later maner we shall by the grace of God in this short treatyse saye a lytle as occasion serueth and as the smalnes of the volume wyll geue me leaue Beyng therto somwhat encouraged by the example of good maister Uâ—carie late sargeante chyrurgien to the queâ—nes highnes Who was the firste that euer wrote a treatyse of Anatomie in Englyshe to the profite of his brethren chirurgiens and the helpe of younge studentes as farre as I can learne Wherin I haue omytted narracion by tables or payntyng out of pyctures thinkyng it more profitable for learners to exercyse the cuttyng out of bodyes them selues then to beholde the grauyng or paynting of others For Galen sayeth in his seconde boke of the vse of partes that whosoeuer wyll be a dyligent beholder of the workes of nature It behoueth hym not to beleue only bokes of Anatomie but rather his owne
vse thy creatures to the helpe of my christen brethren and neighboures in that arte that I throughe thy prouidence haue from my youthe vp bene trained and instituted vnto that not onlye I for the prosperous successe of mine arte but my poore pacientes also and all other together maye praise and honor thy holy and blessed name which liuest and reignest one God in Trinitye and Trinitye in vnitye world wythout end Amen Another O Lorde God euerlasting and almighty chirurgien who only art the Lord that healest Israell that is thine elect And hast created medicin out of the earth of no wise man to be abhorred so that bitter water was made swete by the vertue of a tree that men mighte learne therby to knowe that thou haste geuen vertue to all thinges and hast geuen wisdome and knowledge vnto men froÌ„ time to time that thou maist be honored in thy wonderous workes For Salomon spake of all rotes and trees euen from the Cedar that groweth in Libanon vnto the Hisope that springeth out of the wall Ye he spake also of beastes foules wormes and of fishes I reade also O Lorde that by a little meale the bitternesse of Colocinthis was cured in the potage pot of the prophets children And by a plaster of figges kinge Ezechias was healed of his sicknesse sore I also remember that by the gaule of a fyshe the blindnesse was taken from olde Tobies eyes Innumerable O Lorde are the testimonies of scripture beside dailye experience whiche prouoketh and stirreth me to laud and praise thy moste glorious name I beseche thee therfore oh moste mercifull Lord that I maye so vse and all my patientes so receiue thy creatures that thou so graciously haste ordeined for medicine that health may be obteined and thy name for the same euerlastingly honored Graunt this oh lorde holy and euerliuyng god for the merites of thy dere sonne our only sauiour and mercye seate thy holy wisdome Jesus Christ in whom is all vertue to cure all thynges worlde without ende Amen A praier to be vsed of the good Chirurgien before he conclude to take in hande the curation of any harde and difficulte thing at any mans importunate sute and requeste O Almightie lorde God heauenly father who by thy diuine prouidence forseest and disposest all thinges to thy glory and the profite of thy churche Thou seest all thinges before they come to passe and thinges that yet are not are with thee as though they were but man thou hast inclosed within metes boundes of knowyng thinges after they are chanced so that we only iudge of thinges present as for thynges to come we can not before hande certenly decerne them Not withstanding for so much as thou hast mercifully decreed through our lorde Jesus Christe that all thinges turne to the beste to those thy chosen chyldren who rightly loue and feare thee Thy strengthe supplieth our weakenes thy wysdome our folye thy knowledge our ignorance And causest vs neuerthelesse to fele by faithe in our soules that whiche our carnall senses can in no wyse taste My prayer therfore oh mercifull lorde is that of thy gracious goodnes and merciful benignitie thou wilt so forsee and prouide for me most vnworthy and wretched sinner yet thy seruant through Christe that I neuer take vpon me to cure either this or any other thing vnles thy godly will be that I may through thy grace so ende the same that not only I may thereby attayne an honest fame and the partie greued ioye gladnes and health But chiefly that we both and all other good people the same consideryng may remember thee with thankes lande honor and prayse for thyne abundant mercie grace and vertue to our lyues ende Graunt this O Lorde God eternall and omnipotent for the sake of thy euerlasting word thy dere sonne our only sauiour and mediatour by whome thou workest all in all thynges who lyueth and reigneth with thee and the holy ghost one God in Trinitie and Tinitie in vnitie worlde without ende Amen ¶ Nowe that after my symple skill I haue formed praiers mete for Chirurgiens I thinke it mete to shew also an example howe to prayse God for the good successe of the chirurgiens busines as foloweth O Eternall father almyghtie God maker of al things howe great glorious are all thy woÌ„derous workes thy louyng kyndnes and mercies to mankynde excedyng them all for thy benefites bestowed on mankynde are infinite and incomparable Among whiche thy creatures and workes of thy handes I moste poore vnworthy man and wretched sinner haue endlesse cause to acknowledge thy grace and mercies If oh lord I should once imagin to gratifie thy goodnes beholde what hath mortal man to geue vnto God or what hath man that is not Gods neyther hast thou O God any nede of man or ought that man hath But not withstandyng thy sonne our sauiour by diuyne prouidence hath satisfied for vs thy wyll and apeased thy wrath iustly bente on vs for our manifold sinnes And through the holy ghoste thy spirite of truthe who leadeth vs vnto all truthe we are informed that thou askeste of vs from henceforthe no more but a lyuely sacrifice of thankes geuyng and prayse of thy holy name Wherfore not withstaÌ„ding mine vnworthines through Christe I am boldened fully hopyng that of thy great mercye thou wilt fatherly accepte the same moste hartily to thanke thee with all my harte and soule for the good successe that thou haste geuen to the exercise of my handes to brynge euen wonderfull thinges to passe Wherfore O Lorde holy and iust all possible thankes honour glory and prayse be geuen vnto thee Beseching thee for Jesus Christes sake to geue me grace that I neuer forgette or put out of mynde for any thynge whyle I lyue to remember styll to offer thee this sacrifice so that I receyue not this thy great graces vnthankefully vnto my lyues ende and after this lyfe that I may with the holy patriarkes prophetes Apostles Euangelistes Martyrs Confessors Angels and Archangels synge with incessant voyce before thy throne holy holy holy Lorde God of Sabaoth for euer and euer Amen Finally see that ye ascribe al honor vnto the holy Trinitie and seke not in any wyse your owne prayse and vayne glorie least ye therein displease GOD and iustely prouoke hym to withdrawe his grace frome you whose instrumentes ye are whyle ye dooe well as is the hammer in the hande of the woorke manne For as sayeth the prophete Esaie Cap. 10. Num gloriabitur securis aduersus eum qui â—asecat aut serra magnificabitur aduersus eum qui se tractat Quod perinde esset ac si uirga sese eleuaret coÌ„tra euÌ„ qui ipsam fert et baculus sese extolleret quasi lignum non esset That is Shall the axe boste it selfe against him that heweth therwith or shall the sawe bragge against him that haÌ„dleth it Which were euen lyke as if the rodde did exalte it selfe against hym
Olei Rosati vncias quatuor Cerussae Cerae ana vnciam vnam Incorporate all together addinge in the ende Albumina ouorum duo Caphurae drachmam vnam Another good Consoliditatyue Rec. ResinaÌ„ Albam and boyle it in â—ceto acerimo and powre it oute all together into a bason of coulde water throughe a strainer Then malaxe and laboure it wyth handes fyrst anoynted cum Oleo Rosato vntill it be whyte and reserue it to your vse But in the Sommer adioyne Cerae partis dimidi Of the sayde symple medicines if one parte be takeÌ„ wel powdered and de Cera resina ana pars media de Oleo Rosato partes quatuor a good sigillatyue vnguente may be made A verye good Consolidatyue medicyne whiche consouÌ„deth broken bones and confirmeth luxations being reduced by cunninge hande Rec. Farinae Cicerum vel volaticae Molendini librae semissem Mastiches Tragacanthae Gummi Arabici ana vnciam vnam Mummiae Armeniae glebae ana vnciae dimidium Make them in fine pouder and mixe them wyth the fyne meale incorporatynge them alltogether cum albumine Oui to the thicknes of honye Of medicynes supplynge stiffe members Chapi viii WHen in anye member beynge healed after fracture luxation or vlceration there remayne harde or stiffe mouyng then shall suche medicynes be proffitable as haue power to mollifye to comforte the sinewes and to coÌ„sume the mater receiued and conteined in and amonge the synewes Wherof this ensuinge is a verye good one whiche I haue often vsed Rec. Bdelii Opopanacis ana vnciam vnam vel sem Mollifye them in Vino and melte it at the fyer Pinguedinis Porci vncias tres Anseris Anatis Galinae ana vnciam vnam So mixinge wyth them the Gummes Or otherwyse this Rec. Terebinthinae Cerae ana vnciam vnam addynge therto Farinae foenograeci Farinae seminis lini ana vnciam vnam Mastiches Thuris sing â–ª drachmas quatuor VnguentuÌ„ de adipibus also is very good to mollify the hardnesse and helpeth Phthisin Tussim aridam if the brest be anoynted therwith and is thus made Rec. Pinguedinis Anseris Anatis Galinae Porci omnium recentium insalitarum Cerae Citrinae ana Melte them all and strayne them whiche beinge coled wyll be a good resumptyue vnguente profytable for manye thynges Radices Altheae Cucumeris asinini Also boyled cum partibus tribus Olei parte Vna Cerae wyll make a good mollificatyue And if thou adde Euforbii parte duodecimam it wil be a profitable vnguente for a Spasmate member and this of Mollificatiues sufficeth But note this that as often as thou wilte mollify with these vnguentes Thou muste firste foment the member cum aqua Calida decoctionis Radicum Bismaluae Foliorum Maluae Florum Chamaemeli Foenograeci Seminis Lini And after vse the vnguentes Of medicynes vlceratiues Cap. ix Symple medicines vlceratiues and Cauteries are these Cortices viticellae ApiuÌ„ Haemorhoydarum Pes milui Thapsia Cantarides AlliuÌ„ mundatuÌ„ Cepa Scilla Mel anacardi Alumen fecum Realgar Calx viua Vitriolum Virideaes Flamula Apium risus and many other Of compound medicines that open apostemes wythout instrumentes Note these insuynge Rec. Mellis anacardi Picis naualis ana partes aequales If thou haue not Mel anacardi thou maiste thus make it If thou wilte put Anacardos into a whotte payer of smithes tonges and binde them Ther will sweate oute of them a honye which is a Cauterye Or else Rec. Saponis nigri liquidi and corporate it cum Calce Viua and thou shalte haue a ruptorie vnguente Also incorporate Ventres Cantaridum cum fermento pauco aceto so shalte thou haue a good vlceratiue medicyne An other medicine whiche valientlye but not violentlye corrodeth and wasteth superfluous fleshe Rec. Hermodactilorum Floris aeris Aristolochiae rotnndae ana Make them in pouder An other stronger Corrosiue medicyne and is very profitable in veterate crustous Ulcers and Fistules and in some Cancers Rec. Succi Asphodeli vnc sex Calcis viuae vncias duas Auripigmenti vnciam vnam Of these make Trochisces and dry them in the shadow The best time of makinge them is in August to be kepte And when nede is to mundifye putrefied fleshe or crustous vlcers breake one of them to poulder and apply it to the vlcer And note that as often as thou vsest these medicynes they oughte not to be remoued but suffered vntill it wyth also the eschare therby made doe of it selfe lose and falle awaye And farther if all the corrupted fleshe be taken awaye or the Orifice sufficientlye inlarged it is well and maye be mundifyed But if thy medicyne haue not at full wrought thy will in maner aforsaid Then Iterate thyne Intention so that thy later medicyne be lesse forcible or of lesse quaÌ„tity then the former Althoughe we knowe manye other medicynes of thys kinde and also of other sortes aboue sayde yet sparynge to lengthen tyme nowe we omitte them puttinge here but fewe lighte and onlye proued thinges accordinge to my promise in the beginninge of this worke Of supplyng or losynge medicynes Cap. x. MEdicines symples to be layde on the eschare made by Cauteries actuall or potenciall to souple or lose the same are these Axungia Vetera porcina Butirum insalitum Lardum And all maner of vnctuouse thinges Compounde medicynes of this kinde are made ex Brassâ—ca Rubea baked cum axungia Vetera and also Cataplasmata made ex Oleo pinguedine aqua Allbeit that thys laste wryten of supplynge or losyng medicines as well as the Chapiter of Oyles folowinge be not founde in the coÌ„mon prynted Latine bokes yet because I haue found theÌ„ in other wrytten copyes bothe English and Latine I thoughte it not good to omitte them namelye the former because it is promysed before in the Chapiter of the Fistula that folowing for the necessarye vtilitye therof whyche I translated oute of a Latine wrytten copy lent to me by my verye good and benigne frende master Bacter as followeth The maner of makynge Oyles Cap xi THe manner of makynge generalle oyles is variable for they are of diuers sortes as Oleum de Ligno OleuÌ„ de Fructibus OleuÌ„ de Semiâ—ibus and Oleum de Floribus c. And firste Oleum de Ligno is thus made Cutte your wodde in peces somwhat small and gette you a potte made fulle of holes in the bothome and fille it full wyth your wodde so cutte Then gette you an other whole potte and set it so depe into the earth that the other potte whiche conteineth the wodde beynge set righte vpon it maye be wyth hys vpper parte euen wyth the earthe Then couer your vppermoste potte as close as you can cum luto Figuli and then make a greate fyre ouer them vpon the claye continuinge the same by the space of a daye or a nighte This done take vppe your pottes reseruinge to your vse all that you fynde in the lower potte Oleum de Floribus You maye
make thus Rec. Florum vncias quatuor Olei libram vnam Boyle them together a longe tyme in duplice Vase then straine them throughe a clothe and putte your Oyle in a glasse addinge therto newe flowers as manye as before Then set it in the Sunne the space of .xl. daies And farther if you woulde haue youre oyle coulde oyle you must put to it a litle water of a stronge springe and so lette it stande a longe time in the Sunne Oleum de fructibus vel de Baccis Maye be made sunderye wayes wherof thys is one Take a good quantitye of berryes and bruse them wel puttinge them in Aqua Tepida and make them softe wyth your handes put then your water and beries together in a Caulderne and boyle them a longe time after straine all throughe a cloth into a broade vessel and flete that cleane off whiche swimmeth aboue kepinge it for your vse Oleum de Seminibus Is otherwyse made thus Rec. Seminis Sinapii or of some other sedes a good quantitye Bruse them smalle layinge them in a vessell betwene ii clothes the space of .ix. daies then putte them in a little bagge and lette the Oyle be strained oute Of the manner of making specialle Oyles take these fewe examples Oleum Laurinum Is good for the vehemente coulde of Feuers if you annoynte the patiente therwyth on the reynes of the backe and other exteriore partes of the bodye againste a fyer whether it be the Oyle of it selfe or of the beryes whyche is otherwyse made as thus Gather first your beryes boyle them in Tribus libris Vini then strayne oute your liquore of beryes and wyne and put therto Olei libras tres lettyng it boyle together agayne tyll the wyne be consumed Oleum Sabinae Rec. Sabinae librastres Bruse it small and boyle it in libris Tribus Olei till a third parte be wasted and that the Oyle waxe grene Then strayne it throughe a clothe and reserue it Oleum de Absinthio Is a soueraigne Oyle as well for feuers as all other doloures and paynes Rec. Absinthii mundissimi optimi libraÌ„ vnam Bruse it and put it into as muche Oyle as by reason you thinke sufficient make it vp as in Oleo Sabinae is said Oleum ex Ruta Whiche is good for peynes of the eares also for peine and ache of the heade and is made as is Oleum Sabinae Oleum Sinapis Is good ad Paralisn and suche other maladyes Rec. Sinapii libram vnam Bruse it and infuse it .iii. daies in libris duabus Olei after boyle it well and straine it c. Oleum Hederae Whiche is profitable ad Phrenitidem and for the hedache Take the beries therof bruse them boyle them in sufficiente quantity of oyle effectuallye and straine it c. Oleum ex ouis Formicarum An oyle verye profytable againste deafnesse and payne in the eares Rec. Ouorum Formicarum ad libitum Put them in a glasse cum Oleo ad quantitatem sufficientem lettinge it so stande the space of .ix. daies After that set an other vessell ouer the fyre wyth water into whiche water when it is whot put in your glasse of oile that by the boilynge of the water in the greater vessell the Oyle in the glasse maye also boyle and this is called Diploma id est Vas duplex and of some Balneum Mariae When they haue thus boyled a sufficient space strayne your oyle from the egges throughe a clothe Thus endeth the Antidotary The Conclusion WIth good will therfore take in good parte this litle worke and by the doctrine therin wryten doe thou surelye worke For in it are conteined allthough it be short many good sure proffitable and aproued thinges But if thou desire to obteine the perfection of this science learne the principles of Phisike as the knowledge of thinges naturalle thinges not naturall and thinges againste nature Learne also the Anatomy which teacheth the formes and natures of compositions In all the body of all the members of the same and also of theyr helpes namelye the offices whiche they haue in the bodye and to what vtilitye almighty God created them such and so And moreouer frequent the multitude of sicke persons and of their diseases and meditate diligentlie the exquisite workes of men learned and experte Note also the causes and the endes of diseases with also their accidentes in the beginnynge state and declination And so by good reason and longe experimente thou mayste at the laste become a worthy Chirurgien otherwise not excepte allmightye God worke it by pouringe on thee hys speciall grace Whome I beseche to geue thee hys grace and me the forgeuenesse of my synnes to whome be all honor and glory eternally Amen Here endeth Lanfrankes briefe A necessarye Table leadinge redilye by the number of the Page to any thinge that thou shalt desyre to fynde in thys presente booke of Lanfranke A. AGgregatiue medicins 61 Albula 42 Algebra 36 Almondes to be refused in woundes of the heade 13 Amphemerina continua 19 Antecedente cause 17 Anthrax 22. 29. 58 Antidotarie 48 Apostemate woundes 14 Apostemes and the cause of them 17 Apostemes cholericke 18 Apostemes colde 27. 31 Apostemes the cure of them 25. 26 Apostemes made of an outeward cause 25 Apostemes melancholike 19 Apostemes of choler and melancholy aduste 24 Apostemes of compound humores 22 Apostemes Phlegmatike 19 Apostemes sanguine 17 Apostemes watery 20 Apostemes whotte 26 Apostemes windy 21 Aschachilos 24 B. Botium 21. 31 Bothor 42. 44 Bubones 59 Bloud fluxe of bloud 8 Broken bones 38 C. Cancer 19 20. 33 Cancrena 24 Carbunculus 18. 29. 58 Caro Poroides 8 Catarecta 46 Cause antecedente 17 Cause materialle 17 Cause Procatarctike 17 Cause of apostemes 17 Causon 18 Cauteries 67 Cholerike apostemes 18 Ciâ—atrizatiues 61. 64 Colde apostemes 27. 31 Collyrium Album 43 Collyrium Corrosiuum 45 Collyrium de fellibus 46 Collyrium de Mirobalanis 44. 45 Collyrium de stercore lacerti 45 Collyrium de Thure 43 Complexio elementalis 30 Composition of the eyes 40 Confectio Helesir 44 Conglutinatyues 61 Connexions of bones 36 Consolidation 3. 4 CoÌ„solidatiue medicins 61. 64 Consolidatiues for luxations and broken bones 65 Contusion 15 Corrosiues 67 Cure of apostemes 25. 26 D. Desensiues 5. 12. 26 Diachilon 54 Diazingiber 51 Diete general for the wounded 13 Diminution 9 Diseases of the eies 40 Dislocation 36 Dyscrasia 4. 15 E. Emplastrum resolutiuum 53 Ephemera 18 Erysipelas nothum 18 Erysipelas phlegmoâ—odes 22 Erysipelas Verum 18 Exiture what it is 19 Experimentes of a fracture in the sculle 9 Experymentes to knowe a venemous wound by 16 Eyes theyr composition and diseases 40 F. Fermentum 58 Fistula 35 Fleshe a sangu in member 4 Fluxe of bloud in wounds 8 Formica 25 Fractura 38 G. Gangrena 24 Generall diete for the wounded 13 Glandulae 23 Gouernance of the wounded in the head 12 Grosse and whot meates 34 H. Herisipula 18 Herpes 24 Hidropsies 19.
said hurtes by qualifyfying the hurtfull proprety of the medicyne It may please you therfore to leaue your blamyinge of Uigo or elsse if his doinges like you not set your pen to the booke and make a more perfecte woorke So shall the common weaâ— geue you thankes Otherwise we must necessarily iudge that ye speake suche vprobrious wordes against Uigo out of the mouth of enuye In the meane season Jexhort all my brethren Chirurgiens that they after due trauels taken in the former partes moste diligently studye the knowledge of symples and the natures of them from the most to the least so shall you haue perfect knowledge how to worke whether it be with symples or compoundes many or fewe For though Diogines threwe away his drinking dishe as a superfluous thinge when he sawe an other poore man drinke in his bare hande yet is it not euell a man to haue in hys house pottes and glasses yea goblets of siluer cuppes of gould for his hand is neuer the farther from him wherin he may drinke if he lift or when nede constreigneth him for lacke of an other vessell What if Diogenes had seene a man lye alonge by a riuer side drinking of the water onlye wyth his mouth as dothe a beast woulde he also trowe ye haue throwne awaye hys hande The laborynge man the poore ploughe man lyueth as long in good health wyth martelmasse beffe bakon homely cheese course breade and â—hin drynke as the richest noble man withall his deintye fare he can deuise Is it necessarye that prynces and noble men therfore shall be driuen to that fare because pore men can so liue There are diuers barbarous nacions of people that liue only with herbes rootes is it necessarye therfore that we shall leaue oure fleshe and fish and holsome bread It is an olde sayinge that store is no sore and pleÌ„ty no deinty Is it not better to know so much that I may take and leaue then to know so litle that I shal many times lacke Hinder not the diligent mindes therfore of such as wold learne for though some thinke it a thinge vnmete for theyr age to learne yet wherfore shuld they discourage youÌ„g meÌ„ for whose estate and age it is most meete to seke for knowledge For whyche cause Aristotle councelled men in theyr youthe to learne ye saythe he allthough it be painfull for it is lesse peyne for a man to learne in hys youthe then in age to be vncunninge Oh worthy saying Thys sentence of Aristotle I wish rather to be weyed and folowed then that any mannes minde should be remoued from study and diligence to learne with fonde perswasions Some will saye I am an olde man and haue done great cures and neuer knewe so muche and my master before me was an auncient man and was neuer so curious Surely science at some time florisheth whych in time to come is darkened againe by ignorance so that time maketh all thinges old and after bringeth forth that olde thynges againe causing them to be called newe The frutefull bookes of Dioscorides Hippocrates Galen and Plini are olde and auncient thinges ye they were counted so old that some of them wyth most men were worne oute of minde and the goodly doctrines also conteined in them Yet time bringing forthe the same thinges againe in other men they are called new lerning ye of some newe faÌ„gles though it be the very same auncient thinges no thing elsse Such an enemy vnto knowledge is ignorance euermore murmuring and grudging therat with hainous reproche Therfore let all men that minde to haue perfection of any good science arme them selues with patience and constaÌ„cy and regard not such vaine iangling but goe forth to your businesse not caring for their bablinge euen as you may see the very great and stout horsses shewing the like example which passe forth on their way not once regarding the barking of curres nor shewing anye token of reuengment for euen suche iangling wil time weare and wast and consume also suche enuious disdaine Accept my good will therfore I moste hartelye desyre you all ye that loue to learne for as I loke at your handes to finde good report and loue whych is the frute of a good gentle inclination so I loke at the hands of the enuious ignorant for none other but the frutes of theyr beastly nature So that in fyne it semeth that of them I may thus iustly conclude LIke as the flye that fedeth styll In vile corrupte degre Dothe still despise and hate as ill All herbes that holsome be And as the man whose trade was aye To scoure the fylthye gonge Of spicers shoppes was wonte to saye They stinked very stronge Or as the swynes filthye desyre Dothe flee eche holsome place And for to walow in the myre More gladlye dothe embrace In wicked men so wickednes Wil alway haue a sway Dispraising still throughe hatefulnesse Eche good and perfect way Fare ye well Thomas Halle to the gentle Readers that thirste for science wisheth the increase of knowledge in good thinges and as to hym selfe a Christian felicitye SEing that dere brethreÌ„ to publish these gestes to the prospect and iudgment of the rude multitude from whose face then it can not be kepte is an enterprise no lesse dangerous then to commit a skiffe or small whirey charged to horryble tempestes on the raginge seas howe greate cause hath my brother had to detracte or delaye the time of publishing the same yea how lyttle maruel had it bene if when it was finyshed he had neuer doen it So it might otherwise haue ioinde to oure handes for whose sakes he bothe tooke the paynes and is content to beare the bitter woundes of scornfull sclaunders dartes shotte alwaies by the arme of ignorance Not doubtinge thy good nature to be euer prest to thinke and saye the best and to take all thynges tollerable in good parte wherby thou mayste render to hym his hartes desire whyche is also no more then duetye for of mere good wyll I ensure thee he hathe done it Thoughe perhaps it maye more please some man to iudge with lesse loue that vaine glory was hereof the efficient cause to whome I saye that vayne in dede are all men and theyr thoughtes nether is there anye thinge as the Apostle saythe wherin we shoulde reioyce or whereof we shoulde boaste but onlye the crosse of Christe that is hys pacieÌ„t death giltlesse sufferaÌ„ce for vs wretches In respect wherof all other things are very vain And Gloria sayth Seneca vanuÌ„ volatile quiddâ est auraâ— mobilius That is glory is a vain and fletyng thing and more wauering then the winde Whiche vaine glorye in deede as he also noteth in an other Epistle couplinge it wyth ambition hathe doubtlesse caused diuers hyghe potentates to attempt manye dangerous yea and sometime most wicked enterpryces And is no doubte at this daye one vice cleauinge almoste in euery mannes bosome so large is follyes reigne But as
the Grekes name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 heateth either soÌ„what beyoÌ„d that secoÌ„d degre or within the third drieth either in the ende of the first degre or in the beginninge of the second And therfore being boiled in Oyle it deuideth asswageth paine causeth sleape digesteth raw humores Antimonium CAlled also Stibium and Stiâ—â—i is a veyne of earth fouÌ„d in siluer mines like in colour vnto leade but it differeth from leade whiche wil melt not be pouldered AntimoniuÌ„ wil be pouldered but rather wil it burn theÌ„ melt otherwise theÌ„ by a certein art then not easily as lead wil. It hath saith Galen with his desiccatiue facultye beinge vnwashed a mighty adstriction which by washing is made wel nere vtterly wythout biting it is necessarily vsed with medicines for the eies for his vertues therin obteined to he called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it openeth the eyes Anthrax ALthough many haue ignoraÌ„tly deuided AnthraceÌ„ from Carbunculo as though they were sondry and seueral tumores it is moste euident that it is one thinge that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is the same in greke wherof Carbunculus is that name in Latyne â–ª and signifyeth a burnyng cole whyche thys tumore dothe verye muche resemble in the augmentation bothe in colour and nature hauing also in the declination a blacke crustons eschare made by aduâ—â—ion representinge a quenched cole whiche euidentlye sheweth howe excessyue heat ioyned for the moste part wyth venemous matter is cause of this tumore Yet is it notwythstandynge deuided into kyndes wherof the greatest and most dangerous sort appeareth commonlye in the time of Pestilente infection and consysteth as saythe Galen of melancholye aduste The other sort beinge not so fearfulle and comminge at other tymes is made of whotte boylinge or burned bloude â–ª whiche semeth to be made or turned into Melancholy or as he sayth in an other place of whotte bloude turned by adustion into the nature of Melancholye And surelye thus is Lanfrancus and other wryters of his time to be vnderstanded when they speake of Anthrax or Carbunculus for so shall they in the reste agree wyth Galen and other aunciente wryters Apium Palustre Risus Haemorrhoidum APium is of diuers kindes But where Apium is founde in Receptes or otherwyse wythoute anye other addition in the name it is onlye mente of Persly thoughe Smalache haue abusiuelye bene vsed for it And for the better vnderstaÌ„ding of Apium hys kindes take this note 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apium Hortense Persley or gardin persley 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apium Syluestre Wylde Persley 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apium MoÌ„tanum uel Montapium Mountaine Perslye 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apium Palustre Paludapium Siue Apium Rusticum Smalache Marche or Marshe Persley 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apium AquaticuÌ„ Water Persley 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ApiuÌ„ Saxatile uel SaxeuÌ„ SaxapiuÌ„ aut Petrapium Stone Persley 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apium equinum Equapium siue Olus atrum Alexanders or greate Persley 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apium sepis uel Apium sepiculare Hedge Persley And whersoeuer thou fyndest anye kinde of Apium disagreinge whether in sense or InterpretatioÌ„ to this order holde it for false As for Apium Haemorrhoidum and Apium Risus It is but an abuse and confusion to recken them emonge the kindes of Apium amonge whome either in forme or faculties they can haue no place But are kyndes of Ranunculus called in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in English Crowfote and Frogmarche wherof also ther are very manye kindes and all of whotte and blistering property wherof loke more in Flâ—nula Apium saythe Galen is so whotte Vt Vrinam menses câ—eat It breaketh wynde but that dothe the sede more then the herbe and is to the mouthe of the stomacke moste acceptable The seade of Oreoselinum and Hipposelinum are of lyke vertues but Oreoselinum is the stronger hitherto Galen Apium is whotte in the seconde degre and dry in the middes of the thirde Apostema AS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hoc est Spatium siue interuallum whyche signifyeth distance or space is the same whyche the Latines caule Abscessum of Abscedo And Galen calleth it Particularum diductionem and are certayne dispositions wherin suche bodyes as before touched together are nowe distante and seuered one from an other Wherof saythe Galen there must nedes be made a void space contening some substance eyther flatuous or moyste or compound of bothe Whiche if it hange or tarye longe therin receiueth diuers alterations Wherof the greater is vsuallye called Apostema and the lesse Pustula So is for Exitura in LaÌ„franke and others of that age and also of a Auicenna to be vnderstaÌ„ded Tumor suppuratus that is a suppurate aposteme or riped tumore But of these I nede here make the lesse declaration for so muche as master Gale hathe so worthilye and moste exquisitly in his Institution of a Chirurgien opened these thinges at large Where thou maist bothe in thys many other maters be right sufficiently satisfied Aqua WAter is of temperament cold contrarye to fier and of all other thinges saithe Galen the moistest and that as it is vtterly without qualities as wythoute taste without sauor and moste cleare so is it moste pure And as it beÌ„deth from this so receiueth it qualities to heat or coole according to the thinges therwith mixed Aristolochia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is of .iii. kindes as Dioscorides saith obteineth that name of the precious helpe that women receiue therby in their hard labours of children which doctor Turner hathe therfore moste aptly called in English Birthworte The first is called Aristolochia rotunda The second Aristolochia longa The thirde Clematitis bisyde these Plinius addeth a fourthe kinde called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Apothecaries haue of longe time erred in sellinge Holoworte for Aristolochia rotunda but some of late haue in the selues reformed this euel doe sel the true thing But surely many women midwiues do erre muche more greuously in my iudgment who plaÌ„t in their gardens vse in womens laboures Bistorta in the stead of Aristolochia calling it Astrologia whyche is of a coolynge and verye astringente nature therfore causeth rather retention theÌ„ expulsion I aduertise all good women therfore that are willynge to helpe them selues and others to seke for the true thynge whiche they maye be sure to obteine by the aduise of some learned Phisicien or experte Chirurgien at the trusty Apothecaries hand It groweth plentiouslye in Italye and Aristolochia longa or at the leasre Clematitis groweth nowe in diuerse gardens in Englande as in London in a garden of master Holande late Chirurgien to the Quenes highnesse of whome I had rotes whiche growe nowe in my gardeÌ„ at Maidstone Of Aristolochia and
chaunce vnto them The ende of the first Treatise The second treatyse OF ANATOMIE VVHICHE compendiouslye declareth the necessitye and necessarye vse of .ix. knowledges to be consydered in the Anatomy of members throughout the whole body The argumente of the seconde Treatise BECAVSE THAT IN the ende of my collection of symple meÌ„bers or fyrste treatice I resited .ix. thinges to be considered in Anatomye leauynge the same wythout farther declaration I thinke it good nowe to proue the necessity of those .ix. knowledges in a short treatâ—se by it self before I enter any farther into the Anatomy generally For if the meaninge of thinges be wel discussed and declared before haÌ„d it shall make the matter manifest and void of obscurity when a man shall talke of those thinges in tyme place requisyte The which thing to doe it is nedeful that I craue the gentle pardon of those that in this thing are my betters in bearing with mine imbecillity or weaknes For truely I came but latelye oute of the shell euen as a birde that is not fully fledge nor able to fly trusting yet hereafter to haue my winges better fethered that nowe be so stobbed and vnapte to serue the turne In the meane season to shewe you what I am willynge to doe if I coulde brynge it aboute Loe here is the collection that I haue gathered of these .ix. thinges to be considered in Anatomy That is to say the composition the complexion the substance the quantitye the number the fygure the operation and the vtility of meÌ„bers and finally what dyseases may chaunce to anye of them Of the composition of members or Combination The fyrste Chapiter FIrste the composition of members in Anatomye is nedefull to be knowne whiche some calle combination or knitting together of members And thys combination is as well vnderstaÌ„ded in the composing together of qualities or temperamentes in the symple members as in the coÌ„position of diuers symple members in makynge a compound member Therfore although this word composition belonge chieflye to the compounde members yet is there also a composition or combination to be sought in the symple member Althoughe not in substance yet in quality as for example When we saye whot and moiste whotte and drye or cold and moyst cold and dry For when there is more then one qualitye named in a member then is there in that member combination or couplinge together of qualityes So that we maye saye thoughe the member be symple in matter substance yet is it of a compound complexion for otherwyse it must be called hotte only cold onlye drye or moiste onlye Whiche we fynde in no wryter of Anatomye Therfore it muste folow that in euery member there is a composition to be soughte thoughe not as I sayde in substance yet in temperament of complexion And howe necessarye bothe these compositions or combinatioÌ„s are to be considered of the Chirurgien I thincke there be none so ignorante but that he doothe perceyue if euer he redde or sawe Anatomye or hathe heard it redde And the composition of euerye member in substance is so euydente in euerye worke of Anatomye that to prolonge the tyme therwyth in thys place should be bothe vaine and tedious therfore we leaue thys matter aus wyll speake of the complexions of members Of the complexion of members The .ii. Chapiter SEcondlye the complexion of euery member is muche to be noted whether it be hotte colde drye or moiste But truely I haue redde of no member symply so estemed but rather of a compounde complexion as I sayde before As cold and moist as is the brayne hotte and moyst as the lyuer and so forthe as ye maye reade in anye wryten Anatomye and as I intende by the grace of God to declare in myne And the complexion of all the symple members I haue sufficiently declared in my firste treatise But heare note that when we calle any member cold and moyste or colde and drye it is not for anye peculier or precise facultye therein as in the fyrste Elementes but onlye by comparison of one member wyth an other or one parte wyth an other For we can not calle the brayne cold and moiste simplye or absolutelye but in comparynge it wyth the liuer or heart whiche in respect of it are hotte and not otherwyse for as Guido saythe all members be naturallye whotte The complexion of euery member thus knowne it shal be the easier to cure diseases in them For what auaileth it that we reade in Galen that whot members must haue hotte medicines for the preseruation of theyr natural temperature and likewise that colde members muste haue colde medicines If I vnderstande not whyche member is hotte and whiche is colde whiche is drye and whyche is moyste For who can preuente the daunger that he suspecâ—eth not or take awaye the enormitie that he knoweth not or howe shall the Chirurgien cure the excesse of any distemperature as excesse of colde or heate drinesse or moistnesse by coolinge the heate heatinge the colde moisting the dry or dryinge the moysts as Galen teacheth If be vnderstand â—ether the temperature nor distemperature of anye meÌ„ber I maye therfore conclude that it is necessarye that a Chirurgien knowe the complexion of euery member in the bodye of man Whiche body of man is the subiecte of hys science as Guido saythe Of the substance of members The .iii. Chapter THirdlye in order foloweth the substance whiche in euery meÌ„ber is muche to be regarded Of the substance of symple members I haue allredy sufficieÌ„tly spoken in my first treatise whether they be hard or softe or meane betwene harde and softe and when these wordes hard soft or meane be spoken of in any meÌ„ber by order of Anatomy it is alway meÌ„t of the substaÌ„ce And truly it is very necessary for the exact knowledge of euery disease the redye curation of the same to coÌ„sider the substance Foreuery member when it is diseased the sayd diseases therof receaue their names accordinge to the substance as I wyll in the ende of thys treatise shewe when I speake of the diseases that may chance vnto the members And as the disease receiueth a name accordinge to the substance of the member so euery member receiueth diuerslye diuers remedyes accordinge to their substance For the bones whose substance is hard requireth remedies alltogether diuers froâ— any of the other members whose substance is eyther softe or meane betwene hard and softe Whiche members also whether they be soft or meane require remedies also according to their substance I meane here by remedies handye operations for as medicynes are made accordynge to complexion so muste handâ—e worke be done accordinge to the substance Whether it be in bynding rowlyng bolstering or anye other worke For if I knowe not what remedye euerye member in the bodye accordynge to hys substance maye susteyne or rather dothe necessarily require howe can I anye otherwyse doe but erre for if I shall
is necessarye to breake the aer and to make diuers voyces And sometime it happeneth that it excedeth his due forme by diuers affectes by the whyche also it varyeth by names as when it excedeth in lengthe it is of that forme called Columella and when in roundnesse like a grape it is called Vuea or Vuula Upon these pipes are ordeined diuers synewes greate small open and priuye whiche come from the syxte and seuenth payre of synewes of the braine and they are medled with the muscles of the necke and throte with the thyrde and fourthe paire of synewes of Nucha Upon the righte side and vpon the lefte side of the pype of the longes called Arteria aspera are certeine greate and manifest black veines called Guidegi Iugulares and vnder them are ii arteryes of whose cuttinge and persynge the bloude runneth from the hearte and lunges from whence they come Wherby the lunges are diseased and hurte and theyr naturall poure hindered and let and also it bryngeth diseases to the hearte whervpon often times sodaine death foloweth And therefore all the incisions that be made in the throte oughte to be done after the lengthe wherefore it is necessarye that we eschue the veines of the throte and especiallye those that be greate and those that â—e called Iugulares or Guidegi For vnder euerye veine of the throte is hid an arterye in the which there procedeth spirite of life and natural heat immediatlye from the heart and the lunges And therefore it openly apeareth that all cuttings of thys place are dreadfull and perillous Understande that the throte is fastened to the furcle of the brest in the place called Iugulum or Pixis Gulae â–ª whyche is the boxe or holownesse of the throte and the necke is fastened wyth the hynder parte of the seuenthe spondill whych is the fyrste spondill of the brest and also it is fastened with the spade bone of the shoulder that it maye moue the better and the more mightilye when nede requireth That the shape and forme thereof maye also be sene the fayrer and the better And betwene the shoulders behynde at the nether ende of the necke are ventoses vsed for diuers diseases of the heade and the partes therof both wyth scarification and wythoute scarification as in good authors ye shal rede as the experte Chirurgien knoweth by experience THE SECONDE PARTE OF the Anatomy treatinge of the forme and shape of the shoulder and the adiutory of the arme the hande and the fyngers The .i. Chapiter ☞ Of the shoulder and the chanâ—ll bone AFter the neck and the throte as wel on the righte side as on the lefte is ordeined a shoulder called Humerus in greke Omos and of some BrachioÌ„ Wherin there are .iii. bones knyt that by the meanes of that forme and shape the makinge therof may be the more noble and fayre and also the more profytable to mouynge and workynge The firste of these bones is the broade bone of the shoulder whyche manye learned men calle Scoptulum opertum and the Grecians Oâ—oplatan i. humerum latuni and we vulgarlye Spatulam whose forme and fashion in the hynder ende or parte towarde the necke is broade lyke a bakers pele And in hys lengthe he hathe an edge that stretcheth to the heade of thys bone towarde the shoulder passynge endlynge to the broade ende whiche is towarde the necke In whiche brode ende is knit a gristle whiche spreadeth a longe besyde the spondilles of the brest vnto the seuenth spondill of the necke And on the other ende towarde the shoulder this bone waxeth greate in the ende whereof is a holownesse whiche is called the boxe of the shoulder bone Wherein the rounde heade of the adiutorye turneth as it accordeth to necessitye in the workinge of thys member Thys bone was made in this manner that the bones of the brest and of the necke shoulde be the stronger and surer in the shoulder and that the adiutorye shoulde not be dislocate or put oute of ioynte for euerye lyghte cause And by this it manifestlye appeareth that the bone of the adiutory can not be dislocated backwarde In the former parte of the shoulder is ordained a bone called Clauis or Iugulum in greke Cleis and in English the furcule or canel bone which is tyed with the broade bone beinge the seconde of the .iii. bones of the shoulder and it is there sette that this member maye abide the better in hys strengthe and to beare vp that place that it goe not oute forwarde by anye small or lyghte occasion And thys bone is lesse then the broad bone of the shoulder in his knitting that the shape of that place maye be the fairer and the more formable and also that it shoulde not let the mouynge of the adiutorye And so it plainlye appeareth by reason of the beinge lesse of thys bone in that parte that the roundnesse of the adiutorye maye be dislocate forwarde And after these bones there are insensible ligamentes whyche binde and knit those bones together And there is a certeine lygature in the middle of the aforesayde boxe or holownesse entering the round end of the adiutory whych knytteth the said round end with the aforesayde boxe Of the breakinge and ouer stretchinge of whyche succedeth a continuall departinge so that therby the restoringe of the dislocation is letted or hindered In so much that other whyle when the bone is reduced and broughte agayne to hys situation and being after the restoringe therof it will leape or springe oute agayne And vnder the shoulder betwene the arme and the bodye is the place emunctory wheras the hearte dothe sende forthe in the time of Pestilence or other venemous feuers suche thynges as are vnto hym noious and contrarye as experience proueth of the filthye Apostemes that there come forthe at suche tymes in that place The .ii. Chapiter Of the bone adiutorium then of the elbow the arme the hand wyth the number figure and offyces of the bones and other partes in these conteyned THe thirde bone of the shoulder is the adiutory which is rounde wythout and holow within called Brachion .i. humerus â–ª and commonlye Aditorium os Thys bone is greate thyn and in hys holownesse full of marowe of whiche marowe he receiueth necessary moystnesse And his vpper ende is rounde goinge into the bore of the shoulder bone where it is knytte and turneth aboute holdeÌ„ betwene his ligatuues wyth the other two bones in that place as it is a boue sayde The other ende of the adiutorye is fastened wyth the ii cubite bones or fociles whereas he hathe .ii. knottes in forme like pullyes whiche enter into the holowe cuppes and cauities of the two Focilles per Enarthrosin whose names are beneth wrytten wherof the vpper focil or cubite bone is the lesse and stretcheth from the thumbe vnto the ioynte of the elbowe But the
or turnynge ioynte of the necke is called in latine Ceruix and the foreparte of the necke whych reacheth from the face to the beginnyng of the breast or canell bones is called Collum the throte is called Gula the shoulders are called Humeri the vpper parte of the shoulder is lugulum and the shoulder blades Scapulae The vpper parte of the arme continuinge the lengthe of the adiutorye bone from the shoulder to the elbow is called Brachlum the boughte of the arme Gibber the elbowe Cubitus â–ª The part betwene the elbow the wrest which we call in English the cubite is called in latine Vlna the wrest Carpus the hands Martus the palme of the hand Palma the thumbe is called in latine Pollex the forefinger Index the middle finger Medius the ring fynger whych is also called the wedding finger is called Medicus the litle finger or ear fiÌ„ger is called â—uricularis The arme holes are called in latine Axillae the breast Pectus the sides Latera the pappes or dugges MaÌ„mae the nepples or tetes Papillae the back Dorsum the nether parts wher of next vnto the hippes are called in latine Lumbi in greke Lagone in Englishe the loynes The bellye is called Venter the nether parte thereof Imus Venter the nauell Vmbilicus and the side betwene the bellye and the back vnder the ribbes is called Hypochondria which we may call in Englishe the waste The grinde or share is called Pubes betwene the whyche are sette the priuye members vnder the bothome of the bely whiche some call the genitales wherof that part which we call the yarde is called in latine Virga â–ª or Caulis the fleshye head wherof is called Glans and the skin couerynge the same Praeputium the coddes or balock purs Scrotum and the stones Testiculi The buttockes are called Nates the fundament Anus the hippes Coxendices the thighe Femur the knee Genu the hammes Poplites the shinnes Tibiae and the caulfe of the legge Sura Then folowe the feete whyche are set vnder the legges as the handes are vnder the armes and they are called in latine Pedes the sides wherof which we call in English ancles are called in latine Malleoli and the hinder part whych we cal the hele is named Calx or Calcaneus The holow of the foote is called Planta the treading place is named VestigiuÌ„ then procede there forth the toes as in the handes there do fingers which bothe are called in latine Digiti the toes being called Digiti Pedis And as wel on the toes as on the fingers are nailes growing which are called in latin Vngues Thus to the honor and glory of God that so wonderfully hath wroughte in natnre I haue shewed suche thinges as in the bodye of man is to be considered in order of Anatomye as farre as my simple knowledge was then able to collecte partly as I haue obserued by experience and partly as I could gather of good authores euen suche auncient wryters as in this worke I haue by occasion aleaged and also some newe wryters of Anatomy of oure time as Vesalius Carolus Stephanus c. as wel of the inwarde as of the outwarde partes that yong studentes maye haue therof some profite as I my self haue learned and profited in gathering of the same Desiering all those to whoÌ„e any thing herein wrytten shall seme vnperfect grosse or vntrue that of their gentlenesse they wil bestowe their laboure and sette forthe the frutes of their good and laudable studies in amendyng that to them shal seme amysse euen as I haue bene to shew my good wil in doing of this briefe and symple thyng and wil also be most glad at their handes to receaue wyth condinge thankes and laud suche learning as may amend my fault or redresse mine error that the truthe maye also in these thinges be published to the contentation of all geÌ„tle wel willing mindes wherat some mighte seme astoned through the variety of opinion in wryters whych neuerthelesse shot al at one marke for the most part and vtter their seÌ„tences the seme so variable to one end purpose if they be in differentlye wayed and vnderstande though yet euery one sawe not all no not the moste autentike That is to saye that by the knowledge of the situation of all members in the bodye there maye be a safe and cunning workynge in Chirurgery vpon the bodye of man to auoyde error and offence For the whyche cause I haue in thys worke rather vsed that order then to be precise in numbers or curiouse in names The Conclusyon of the whole worke NOw to conclude this general and third treatise and so of thys whole worke confessynge mine imbesility and want of perfection thus muche I saye that the bodye of man wherof we haue brieflye treated is as all other creatures are made and compacte of the foure Elementes That is to saye Fyre Aire Water and Earthe As their verye properties maye be perceiued in the foure humores in manne namelye bloude Phlegme Choler and melancholye For the whyche cause the sayde .iiii. humores are called of the learned sort the sonnes of elementes For as the fire is hot and drye so is choler and as the ayre is hotte and moyste so is bloude as the water is colde and moyste so is Phlegme and as the earthe is colde and drye so is melancholye And of those foure humores are the foure complexions named as Sanguine Cholericke Phlegmatike and Melancholike Yet not wythstanding we call no man so because he is made of one onlye elemente or that he is indued wyth one onlye humore But contrarye as I sayde before euerye person is made of foure elementes and hathe in hym foure humores but not euerye man in a lyke temperature And that is the cause that one man is named of one humore and an other of an other As when bloude excedeth or surmounteth in anye bodye the rest of the humores that person is called a Sanguine man not because he is all of bloude but because bloude beareth in the bodye moste domination And so likewyse it is to be vnderstand of all the other three to be called of choler cholerike of Phlegme Phlegmatike of Melancholye Melancholike And also I vnderstande that in the complexions is a deuision of nyne temperamentes of the whyche fyrste there be .iiii. symple That is to saye hotte colde drye and moyste whereof there are two actiues that is to say workers and the other two bene passiues that is to saye sufferers And brieflye to saye hotnesse and coldnesse be actiues drinesse and moystnesse be passiues And by the combination or bindinge together of two of the aforesayde foure the one alwayes beinge actiue the other passiue are the other foure made that is to saye the compounde complexions as hot and moyste colde and moyste hotte and drye colde and dry The ninthe whyche differeth from all these is the verye true temperamente
sodainlye was gone wyth manye a poore mannes monye whyche he had taken before hande promisinge them helpe whiche onlye he recompensed wyth â—he winge of hys heles Fourthlye in the yeare of oure Lorde a thousande fyue hundred and three score One Ualentyne came into a Paryshe in the welde of Kentâ— called Staplehurste wheras he changed hys name callynge hym selfe master Wynkfylde affirmynge hym selfe to be the sonne of a worshipful Knight of that name Thys abhominable deceauer made the people beleue that he could tel all thinges present past and to come And the very thoughtes of men and theyr diseases by onlye lokinge in theyr faces When anye came to him wyth vrines whyche commonlye in the countrye they bring in a stone cruse he made them beleue that onlye by feling the weight therof he would tell them all theyr diseases in their bodies or wythout And other while made them beleue that he went to aske councel of the deuel by going a litle asyde and muâ—â—blyng to him selfe and then comming agayne would tell them all and more to For what care or shame of euell haue these hell houndes who see theyr abhomination but euen as the Ape tourneth his filthye partes to euery mannes syghte so shame they not to acknowledge theÌ„ selues to haue conference with the diuell that so yet all wyse men may know theyr dedes to be all diuellish wherin the vaine opinion of some though not of the wysest sort helpeth theÌ„ not a litle â–ª who esteme those dampnable artes to be hygh poyntes of learnyng Oh Ethâ—ike madnesse This beastlye beguyler so incensed in shorte space the vayn myndes of the rude and wauerynge multitude of people that he was sought vnto and estemed more a greate deale theÌ„ God oh Heathenish and Idolatrous people not much vnlyke this was their outragious madnes to their peuysh pilgrimages wherwith in times past they were most miserably bewiched Yea suche a wonderfull fame and brute wente abroade of his doynges that some of the verie worshipfulles of those partes were striken with admiration and desyre to seke to him to knowe manie good morowes Wherof also he would not a lytle bragge and boaste But as tyme reuealeth all thynges so this deulyshe beaste in short tyme was knowne in his righte kynde and name and that he had .iii. wyues lyuing at that present of which the fyrst lyued very porelye and myserably in Canturbury The second after she knewe his wickednes departed from him and maried after with a preste The third whiche he at that present had he maried at Westmynster as I was credible informed beyng there a riche widowe But nowe after this vylaynie was knowne by his fyrst wyse coÌ„ming to Staplehurst he ran awaye from hyr also leauynge hyr desolate vndone and in muche miserie for he had spent all her substaunce by riotous fare For he was reported to fare at his table lyke a Lorde and was serued as fynelye as a Prynce but suche shamefull dedes can neuer be withoute wicked ende at the leaste at Gods hande thoughe it be neglected of the Magistrates This laste wyfe beynge sente on his errande to Maydstone to an Apothicaries wydowe for certeyne drougges chaunced to forgette some of their names wherewith the women beyng bothe not a lytle troubled the Apothecaries wydowe asked whye her husbande dydde not wryte for hys thynges wherunto his womanne answered that Mayster Wynkfylde was a ryght Latynist for he coulde wryte no Englyshe By this ye maye perceaue he was a well learned manne This woman beyng as I saide lefte desolate maried after with one Thomas Riden who was his man who went together to Westminster there to dwell whither not loÌ„g after this Winkefield came minding agayn to seduce the woman to folowe hym as before she had Who so detested his late beastly vsance that she complayned him so to the Archebyshop of Canturbury other of the quenes maiesties honorable councell that he was long imprysoned in the gate house and for his wickednes sore punyshed Yet in the ende beyng delyuered he ceased not any whit to vse his olde practise for he came immediatly to Robardesbridge in Sussexe where he wrought the lyke wickednesse as afore and beyng there espied within a whyle with diuers wycked factes he remoued puttyng on a brasen face came again into Kente â–ª to Staplehurst wher he freshly renewed the vse of his odiouse feates for the which maister Bisley person of Staplehurste caused him to be ascited of the ordinary to the spirituall courte as an adulterer and a woorker by diulishe and magicall artes Wherfore he remoued two myles from thence to a paryshe called Marden thynkinge him selfe therby the more salfe but the lawe notwithstaÌ„ding proceded so against him that he was ther vpon his contempte excommunicated and yet neuer lefte his olde fashions He spent in his house weekely sixe pound as dyuerse honeste menne reported in meate and drynke with suche resorte and banketyngee as it was a wonder to see whereby he not a little augmented his fame the people resorting to him farre and nyghe for he woulde tell them suche wonders that all had hym in admiration But especially he was cunnyng to inchaunte women to loue and did for rewardes dyuerse feates in suche cases lastly he began to worke properly for himself as foloweth At a paryshe called Loose in the hundred of Maydstone a certayne blynde man called blynde Orgar hadde a wyfe who was sycke of dyuerse aches and swellynges who hearyng of this marueilous monster sente hir daughter vpon a wednesday downe to Marden with hir water to this maister Wynkfelde who so inchaunted hir that she forgate hyr waye home to hyr father and mother in so muche that hyr mother thoughte hyr losse for she taried there tyll the saturdaye folowyng Then takynge hyr waye homewarde and beyng come halfe waye hyr mynde was so intoxicate that she retourned backe agayne to hyr louer who louyngly fearynge leaste hyr frendes shoulde make exclamation therof accompanied hir tyll she was nyghe at home and then returnyng he promysed hyr to come to hir mother by a certayne daye whiche he in deede performed And so fylled he the symple woman with suche flatteryng and craftie perswasions and fayre promyses of healthe that she thoughte nothynge to whotte or to heauy for him no not hyr daughter as it apeared for he forsoke Marden where he was .xii. pounde in debte vpwarde and came to inhabite at Loose in this poore blynde mans house in so muche that in a whyle all people theraboute spake muche shame that it was suffered The whiche reporte at suche tyme as it came to the eares of the worshipfull Justices thereaboutes with also the trade of his former lyfe the complaynte of dyuerse honest men whose money he had taken and deceaued them and the clamour of his creditours to whom he ought as is aforesayde They sent out their warrante to all Constables of that hundred chargynge them to aprehende and brynge hym before
perfectlye digest to thine owne vse anye thinge in them except thou be able to ioyne by comparison that which thou haste sene in other mennes workes before thine eies and in the practise of thine owne handes wyth that whiche thou findest wrytten in olde authors for lyttle profit swetenesse or vnderstandinge shall one gette of authores except he see the same also put in practise Therfore when thou haste sene proued by cunning masters the whych thou haste red thou arte truelye learned in thine arte and therfore apte to worke and vse experience thy selfe And this regarde to experience in learninge made Socrates say that lerning ought not to be wrytten in bokes but rather in mennes mindes For this excellent Philosopher well perceiued that the committinge of cunnyng to wrytten bookes made men to neglect the practise and experience of their wittes by meanes whereof they became vncunninge Galen also hathe frendly admonished vs that we ought nor if we will be perfectlye cunninge to trust onlye to doctrine wrytten in bokes but rather oure propre eyes which are to be trusted aboue all other authores ye before Hippocrates and Galen For wythout the eyes consent saith Socrates the eares oughte not to be trusted for the eares are subiectes and often deceiued but the eyes are iudges bothe true and certaine As I woulde therfore that all Chirurgiens shoulde be learned so woulde I haue no man thinke him selfe lerned otherwise then chiefly by experieÌ„ce for learning in chirurgery coÌ„sisteth not in speculation only nor in practise only but in speculation well practised by experience Therfore when we saye that a chirurgien muste firste be learned and then worke It is not ment that any man by the reading of a booke or bokes onlye may learne how to worke for truelye that hathe caused so many deseiuinge abusers as there are at this daye Good chirurgien therfore haue a regard to these things euen as thou wilte answer for the same at the dredful day when the eternall Lord and almighty master shall call for accompt of eche mannes talent whether they haue gained therwith accordinge to his will or whether they haue abused or vainlye hid the same Furthermore these thinges considered obserued it is expedient chiefly before all thinges that thou haue Goddes feare alwaies before thine eies that thou leade a vertuous life and as nere as God shal geue thee grace vnsported to the world doing iust vertuous dedes abhorring abstaining from all viciousnesse Let wicked pride be farre from thy hart and rather with all humility confesse that thou canst doe nothing of thy selfe as thou canste not in deede but through the grace and mercifull fauoure of God Likewise auoide enuye and wicked wrathe be neyther wrathfull nor enuyous that an other man of thyne Arte hathe better successe then thy selfe but rather endeuoure thy self in the feare and seruice of God to learne to doe better and to excede others For to a diligente and willynge minde there is nothing to harde ne impossible Let charitye surmounte couetise so that it haue no place in thy harte otherwise then it shall be requisite for thee to liue like a man of science with a decent and honest maintenance of necessaryes Let no slouthe cause thee to neglecte thy cures wherof thou haste takeÌ„ charge least through thy negligence they pearishe and their bloud call for vengance on thee at the handes of God In anye wise be thou no lechoure but adorne thy life wyth honest chaste and sober manners for that vncleane and filthye vice is muche to be abhorred in a Chirurgyen consideringe the secretes of manye honest folkes that to hys charge and cure muste be committed Lastlye and aboue all these beware of dronkennesse a vyce that was neuer more vsed then it is of manye at thys tyme. For when hathe this vile reporte or rather reproche gone of so manye as it dothe at this daye he is a good chirurgyen in the forenone O abhomination of all other in a chirurgien to be detested But how vnmete suche are to be chirurgiens I haue touched more at large in my preface Let vertue therfore I saye be thy guide let hir be bothe thy rule and compasse wherby to frame all thy doinges And consider that chirurgerye is aâ— arte to heale dyseases whyche is a vertuous exercise ye a gifte of Goddes spiryte as saythe S. Paule and therfore can neuer be well vsed of vicious personnes althoughe they haue neuer so much lerninge For vice and vertue can neuer accorde but alwayes one is expelled by the other for two contraries can neuer agree in one subiecte Consider also howe by vertuous and holye lyfe and by faithfull prayer the very angelles at Goddes appoyntment haue descended from heauen to aid and helpe men in theâ—e nede teachinge them remedies for diuers griefes as holye Raphaell was sent to Tobye And as thou mayste reade in the .xxxviii. chapiter of Jesus the sonne of Sirache wher he treatinge of the Phisitien saythe The houre maye come that the sycke maye be healed throughe them when they praye vnto the Lorde that he maye recouer and get health to lyue longer Loe here mayste thou see that thy duety is to praye vnto God for thy pacient and for helpe and grace to heale him Praye therefore faithfully vnto God serue hym deuoutlye call rightlye vpon his holy name day and night wyth an holye abstinence as scripture teacheth not omyttinge dedes of almes the frutes of perfecte faythe Moreouer be not ingrate nor vnthankefull vnto God when he sendeth good successe to thy businesse good lucke to thy handes and graunteth thee thy hartes desyre For vnthankfulnesse many times is the cause that our prayers are not heard Praise God therfore for his benefites pray faithfullye to hym in all thy streightes of nede and this doinge be sure that God will prosper all thy wayes and geue good successe to all thy workes Take here therefore an example of prayer whiche thou mayste vse I trust to the glorye of God A prayer necessarye to be sayde of all Chirurgiens O Almightye eternall impassible and incomprehensible Lorde God whiche haste created all thinges of nothinge and man out of the slime of the earthe settinge him in paradyse to liue euer in felicitye from whiche he most disobedientlye fell into this worlde of infyrmities Whiche infirmities yet neuerthelesse thou haste of thy greate mercye so pityed that for the helpe and curaâ—ion of them thou haste by thy speciall grace geuen vertue vnto trees herbes rootes beastes foules fishes wormes stones and metalles And in fyne hast left nothing among all that thou haste made wythout a propre vertue for man his vtilitye and helpe in tyme of neede and haste also moste graciouslye geuen knowledge vnto men for to vse and minister thy creatures to the helpe of their griefes Graunte vnto me moste mercifull God that as I truely beleue and faithfully trust that all healthe and vertue commeth from thee I maye so knowe and