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aid_n of_o king_n sigismond_n who_o quick_o beat_v the_o moscovian_a out_o of_o his_o hold_n and_o create_v gothard_n duke_n of_o curland_n annex_v the_o rest_n of_o liefland_n to_o his_o own_o dominion_n but_o he_o find_v this_o country_n be_v easy_o conquer_v than_o keep_v for_o the_o revalians_n find_v themselves_o unable_a to_o withstand_v the_o daily_a incursion_n of_o the_o moscovian_o commit_v their_o land_n to_o the_o protection_n of_o eric_n king_n of_o sweden_n whereupon_o this_o king_n think_v his_o title_n to_o liefland_n be_v as_o good_a as_o the_o polander_n especial_o since_o ferdinand_n the_o emperor_n have_v give_v he_o the_o sole_a charge_n of_o defend_v it_o upon_o these_o pretension_n he_o present_o rout_v the_o pole_n out_o of_o habsal_n lehale_n parnow_n and_o other_o place_n and_o put_v into_o they_o garrison_n of_o his_o own_o beside_o the_o polish_v interest_n receive_v at_o the_o same_o time_n another_o fatal_a blow_n upon_o this_o occasion_n john_n duke_n 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dolgoi_n it_o be_v ancient_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o nagai-tartar_n and_o build_v by_o one_o of_o their_o king_n call_v astra-chan_a it_o lie_v in_o 46_o deg_fw-la 22_o min._n and_o the_o needle_n vary_v westward_o 13_o deg_fw-la 40_o min._n other_o say_v that_o it_o lie_v in_o 47_o deg_fw-la 9_o min._n yet_o be_v the_o winter_n which_o last_v but_o two_o month_n so_o cold_a that_o the_o river_n be_v freeze_v hard_o enough_o to_o bear_v sleds_o the_o island_n be_v sandy_a and_o barren_a except_o some_o garden_n cultivate_v by_o the_o rich_a citizen_n the_o country_n also_o thereabouts_o be_v marshy_a and_o desert_a yet_o do_v the_o inhabitant_n make_v a_o great_a profit_n by_o their_o salt_n which_o the_o sun_n bake_v upon_o the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n about_o a_o finger_n thick_a the_o inhabitant_n cast_v it_o up_o into_o great_a heap_n and_o transport_v it_o to_o other_o country_n the_o river_n also_o be_v mighty_o store_v with_o fish_n and_o there_o be_v great_a plenty_n 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invite_v merchant_n thither_o from_o all_o part_n even_o from_o the_o indies_n so_o that_o the_o custom_n though_o very_o low_a amount_v to_o 25000_o crown_n per_fw-la ann_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o country_n tartar_n of_o crim_n and_o nagaia_n be_v not_o permit_v to_o live_v in_o the_o city_n as_o neither_o to_o build_v city_n or_o fortify_v to_n but_o for_o the_o most_o part_n they_o live_v in_o hut_v of_o reed_n or_o cane_n like_v to_o our_o hen-coops_a which_o in_o cold_a weather_n they_o cover_v with_o a_o course_n cloth_n the_o summer_n they_o spend_v in_o ramble_a up_o and_o down_o to_o find_v pasture_n for_o their_o cattle_n in_o winter_n time_n retire_v under_o astracan_a for_o their_o security_n against_o the_o calmuk_n and_o jaick_n tartar_n the_o grand_a tzar_n lend_v they_o arm_n which_o they_o restore_v at_o such_o a_o time_n they_o pay_v no_o tribute_n but_o be_v oblige_v to_o serve_v he_o in_o his_o war_n which_o they_o do_v very_o willing_o in_o hope_n of_o prey_n 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knight_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n have_v make_v their_o master_n in_o the_o year_n 1525_o it_o be_v agree_v upon_o that_o the_o teutonick_n order_n shall_v be_v whole_o extirpate_v and_o that_o part_n of_o prussia_n which_o to_o this_o day_n be_v call_v ducal_z prussia_n shall_v be_v govern_v by_o the_o say_a marquis_n with_o the_o title_n of_o duke_n of_o prussia_n and_o the_o rest_n or_o regal_a prussia_n remain_v still_o subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n but_o with_o this_o proviso_n that_o the_o duke_n shall_v always_o pay_v homage_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n and_o as_o a_o member_n of_o that_o kingdom_n be_v precedent_n of_o the_o king_n council_n last_o john_n casimir_n the_o late_a king_n of_o poland_n grant_v first_o in_o the_o year_n 1657_o and_o again_o 1663._o full_a and_o absolute_a power_n and_o dominion_n over_o ducal_z prussia_n to_o the_o present_a elector_n of_o brandenburg_n on_o this_o condition_n that_o the_o dukedom_n upon_o defect_n of_o 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and_o prince_n of_o other_o nation_n who_o have_v challenge_v the_o crown_n of_o poland_n upon_o as_o good_a ground_n but_o to_o omit_v the_o many_o conquest_n obtain_v by_o the_o russian_n bohemian_o hungarian_n and_o other_o over_o the_o pole_n enough_o to_o entitle_v any_o potent_a prince_n to_o their_o kingdom_n the_o strong_a pretension_n to_o this_o crown_n be_v those_o of_o the_o emperor_n for_o the_o most_o of_o the_o polish_v historian_n tell_v we_o that_o boleslaus_n i._o be_v create_v king_n of_o poland_n by_o the_o emperor_n otto_n iii_o before_o which_o time_n the_o prince_n of_o that_o nation_n be_v only_a duke_n this_o story_n be_v confirm_v by_o beside_o the_o testimony_n of_o the_o most_o considerable_a writer_n of_o poland_n a_o ancient_a epitaph_n find_v in_o the_o cathedral_n at_o posen_n in_o which_o among_o other_o commendation_n of_o boleslaus_n i._o be_v the_o follow_a rhythm_n tu_fw-la possedisti_fw-la velut_fw-la athleta_fw-la christi_fw-la regnum_fw-la slavorum_n gothorum_fw-la seu_fw-la polonorum_fw-la caesar_n praecellens_fw-la a_o te_fw-la ducalia_n pellens_fw-la and_o again_o ob_fw-la famam_fw-la bonam_fw-la tibi_fw-la contulit_fw-la otto_n coronam_fw-la propter_fw-la luctamen_fw-la sit_fw-la tibi_fw-la salus_fw-la amen_n however_o though_o the_o historian_n of_o poland_n grant_v that_o boleslaus_n receive_v the_o title_n of_o king_n at_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o emperor_n yet_o they_o deny_v stubborn_o that_o this_o kingdom_n be_v ever_o subject_a or_o tributary_n to_o the_o roman_a empire_n but_o conringius_n a_o ingenious_a and_o learned_a german_a physician_n in_o his_o book_n entitle_v de_fw-fr finibus_fw-la germanici_fw-la imperii_fw-la c._n 18._o have_v demonstrate_v the_o contrary_a for_o not_o to_o take_v notice_n of_o charles_n the_o great_a who_o it_o be_v more_o than_o probable_a conquer_a poland_n as_o well_o as_o silesia_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o miecislaus_fw-la the_o first_o christian_a prince_n of_o poland_n pay_v tribute_n to_o the_o imperial_a crown_n and_o the_o polish_v writer_n be_v force_v to_o confess_v that_o otto_n iii_o remit_v all_o homage_n due_a otherwise_o to_o boleslaus_n chrobri_n when_o he_o create_v he_o king_n after_o boleslaus_n death_n miecislaus_fw-la ii_o his_o successor_n be_v compel_v to_o pay_v the_o usual_a tribute_n to_o the_o emperor_n conrade_n ii_o after_o this_o several_a of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n very_o willing_o submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o emperor_n and_o other_o be_v force_v out_o of_o their_o obstinate_a refusal_n at_o last_o in_o the_o long_a vacancy_n of_o the_o imperial_a throne_n soon_o after_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o thirteen_o century_n during_o which_o richard_n earl_n of_o cornwall_n be_v one_o of_o the_o four_o elect_a emperor_n whilst_o the_o empire_n of_o germany_n be_v in_o a_o confuse_a distraction_n the_o polander_n take_v occasion_n to_o shake_v off_o the_o german_a yoke_n to_o which_o they_o can_v never_o since_o be_v reduce_v this_o be_v part_n of_o the_o relation_n which_o conringius_n give_v we_o of_o the_o ancient_a state_n of_o poland_n in_o reference_n to_o the_o german_a empire_n found_v chief_o upon_o the_o testimony_n of_o dithmarus_fw-la mersburgensis_n and_o helmoldus_n man_n of_o unquestionable_a veracity_n in_o their_o history_n hartknoch_n endeavour_v to_o evade_v the_o force_n of_o his_o argument_n by_o say_v that_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o the_o polander_n have_v former_o pay_v some_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n to_o the_o emperor_n by_o who_o it_o be_v demand_v under_o the_o notion_n of_o a_o tribute_n yet_o this_o do_v not_o necessary_o suppose_v any_o dependence_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n upon_o the_o empire_n of_o germany_n for_o it_o be_v ordinary_a even_o with_o the_o emperor_n themselves_o to_o buy_v peace_n with_o money_n and_o thus_o the_o english_a buy_v their_o peace_n of_o the_o dane_n and_o make_v lewis_n xi_o king_n of_o france_n pay_v for_o he_o but_o 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be_v absolute_a lord_n of_o our_o land_n for_o 26_o and_o make_v almost_o continual_a incursion_n into_o it_o for_o the_o space_n of_o 250_o year_n dane-gelt_a which_o perhaps_o hartknoch_n as_o some_o of_o our_o own_o historian_n have_v do_v mistake_v for_o a_o tribute_n or_o composition-money_n pay_v the_o dane_n upon_o any_o invasion_n be_v at_o first_o only_o a_o subsidy_n gather_v for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o a_o stand_a army_n to_o oppose_v the_o danish_a fury_n afterward_o indeed_o the_o word_n be_v use_v to_o denote_v a_o tribute_n sometime_o amount_v to_o 72000_o pound_n levy_v yearly_a in_o england_n and_o pay_v to_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n upon_o the_o refusal_n of_o which_o payment_n the_o english_a be_v sure_a to_o feel_v the_o weight_n of_o that_o king_n displeasure_n this_o tribute_n be_v certain_o a_o sign_n of_o a_o true_a and_o real_a subjection_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n which_o may_v have_v last_v long_o have_v not_o the_o saxon_a and_o danish_a line_n be_v peaceable_o unite_v in_o the_o pious_a king_n
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so_o that_o he_o dare_v not_o land_n among_o they_o that_o they_o discourse_v with_o he_o many_o thing_n concern_v their_o country_n whether_o true_a or_o false_a he_o know_v not_o but_o suppose_v that_o they_o speak_v the_o same_o language_n with_o the_o finni_n that_o near_o this_o country_n be_v the_o great_a fish_n for_o whale_n and_o sea-horse_n which_o we_o call_v morse_n who_o tooth_n be_v then_o account_v of_o great_a value_n but_o there_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v another_o more_o general_a migration_n of_o these_o finns_n into_o lapland_n about_o the_o year_n 1150_o and_o till_o this_o time_n we_o never_o find_v they_o call_v lappi_n or_o loppi_n and_o the_o occasion_n of_o this_o name_n seem_v to_o be_v about_o that_o time_n ericus_n sanctus_n king_n of_o sweden_n subdue_v the_o finlander_n and_o bring_v they_o under_o the_o swedish_n government_n and_o also_o plant_v among_o they_o the_o christian_a religion_n whereupon_o they_o be_v subject_v to_o stranger_n and_o force_v to_o be_v of_o a_o religion_n different_a from_o that_o of_o their_o ancestor_n many_o of_o they_o retire_v from_o their_o own_o country_n and_o seek_v out_o a_o place_n where_o they_o may_v live_v more_o free_a and_o according_a to_o their_o own_o manner_n and_o those_o that_o stay_v and_o submit_v to_o the_o swede_n and_o embrace_v christianity_n look_v upon_o the_o departer_n as_o deserter_n of_o their_o country_n who_o fear_n of_o a_o good_a government_n and_o better_a religion_n have_v make_v exile_n especial_o when_o the_o king_n have_v put_v forth_o a_o edict_n that_o all_o shall_v be_v account_v banish_v that_o will_v not_o renounce_v pagan_a superstition_n be_v thus_o force_v out_o of_o their_o native_a country_n firâ—_n their_o 〈◊〉_d mannâ—â—_n of_o liviâ—â—_n at_o firâ—_n they_o live_v for_o a_o age_n or_o more_o upon_o the_o bothnic_a coast_n and_o in_o the_o wood_n of_o tavastia_n as_o a_o straggle_a and_o miserable_a people_n neither_o have_v law_n nor_o governor_n till_o the_o year_n 1272_o at_o which_o time_n they_o be_v make_v tributary_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n under_o magn._n ladulaos_n than_o king_n who_o to_o bring_v they_o under_o his_o subjection_n promise_v any_o one_o that_o can_v effect_v it_o the_o government_n of_o they_o which_o the_o birkarli_n i._n e._n those_o that_o live_v in_o the_o allotment_n or_o division_n of_o birkala_n undertake_v and_o have_v for_o a_o great_a while_n cunning_o insinuate_v themselves_o into_o their_o conversation_n under_o a_o pretence_n of_o friendship_n at_o last_o set_v upon_o they_o unaware_o and_o quite_o subdue_v they_o and_o for_o their_o pain_n according_a to_o ladulaos_n promise_n they_o alone_o have_v the_o privilege_n to_o traffic_v with_o they_o and_o receive_v tribute_n from_o they_o which_o they_o constant_o do_v till_o about_o ann._n 1554_o when_o they_o be_v entire_o unite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n and_o in_o 1600_o better_a discover_v and_o more_o certain_o know_v to_o the_o swede_n then_o former_o they_o have_v be_v and_o this_o be_v effect_v by_o the_o care_n of_o charles_n the_o nine_o then_o king_n who_o send_v two_o famous_a mathematician_n m._n aron_n forsius_n a_o swedish_n professor_n and_o hieron_n birckholten_a a_o german_n with_o instrument_n and_o all_o necessary_n to_o make_v what_o discovery_n they_o can_v of_o this_o lapland_n this_o country_n 〈◊〉_d â—â—emâ—â—_n the_o 〈…〉_o the_o 〈◊〉_d lie_v under_o divers_a clime_n have_v the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n and_o likewise_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o soil_n very_o different_a in_o those_o part_n that_o be_v most_o northerly_a and_o within_o the_o artickcircle_n the_o air_n be_v extreme_a cold_a and_o the_o ground_n barren_a but_o without_o the_o circle_n the_o heaven_n be_v somewhat_o more_o mild_a and_o benign_a and_o the_o earth_n more_o liberal_a in_o her_o production_n afford_v in_o those_o place_n near_o bothnia_n some_o few_o sort_n of_o potherb_n as_o colewort_n raperoot_n parsnip_n etc._n
divide_v former_o the_o dukedom_n of_o holstein_n from_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n before_o the_o invention_n of_o gun_n and_o other_o terrible_a engine_n of_o war_n now_o use_v by_o all_o the_o european_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o know_a world_n the_o only_a fortification_n and_o rampart_n be_v strong_a wall_n and_o ditch_n which_o the_o ancient_n fancy_v as_o indeed_o they_o be_v sufficient_a to_o defend_v they_o from_o the_o arrow_n and_o battleax_n the_o only_a weapon_n then_o in_o use_n of_o their_o barbarous_a neighbour_n hence_o it_o be_v that_o the_o chinois_n think_v their_o empire_n secure_v from_o the_o incursion_n of_o their_o bloody_a neighbour_n the_o tartar_n when_o their_o famous_a king_n tzinzow_n have_v hedge_v they_o in_o with_o a_o wall_n of_o some_o hundred_o of_o mile_n in_o length_n thus_o the_o best_a expedient_a the_o roman_n can_v find_v of_o put_v the_o border_n of_o their_o british_a dominion_n in_o a_o posture_n of_o defence_n against_o the_o daily_a revolt_n of_o the_o native_n who_o they_o have_v drive_v into_o scotland_n be_v the_o build_n of_o pict_n wall_n and_o severus_n rampire_n which_o reach_v from_o sea_n to_o sea_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n have_v their_o territory_n continual_o infest_a by_o the_o daily_a inroad_n of_o the_o german_n think_v it_o high_o requisite_a to_o block_n up_o their_o passage_n by_o wall_v up_o that_o neck_n of_o land_n which_o lie_v between_o hollingsted_a and_o gottorp_n it_o be_v hard_o to_o determine_v from_o the_o account_n give_v by_o historian_n when_o this_o work_n be_v first_o begin_v paulus_n aemilius_n a_o curious_a french_a historian_n say_v gothofr_v king_n of_o denmark_n who_o the_o danish_a writer_n call_v gothric_a be_v the_o first_o that_o make_v use_v of_o this_o stratagem_n to_o exclude_v the_o army_n of_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o great_a about_o the_o year_n 808._o the_o same_o story_n be_v tell_v we_o by_o aimoinus_n and_o christianus_n cilicius_fw-la but_o saxon_a grammaticus_n crantzius_n and_o the_o whole_a class_n of_o the_o northern_a historian_n tell_v we_o unanimous_o that_o queen_n thyra_n daughter_n of_o ethelred_n king_n of_o england_n and_o wife_n to_o gormo_n gamle_n king_n of_o denmark_n be_v the_o authoress_n of_o this_o fortification_n and_o that_o thence_o she_o have_v the_o surname_n of_o danebode_v i.e._n the_o mistress_n builder_n of_o the_o danish_a nation_n bestow_v on_o she_o i_o can_v scarce_o allow_v the_o latter_a part_n of_o the_o story_n to_o to_o be_v truth_n since_o we_o find_v that_o this_o surname_n be_v give_v she_o long_o before_o she_o have_v do_v any_o thing_n either_o towards_o the_o building_n or_o repair_v of_o the_o danewirk_n as_o they_o call_v this_o fort._n for_o upon_o a_o monument_n erect_v by_o king_n gormo_n gamle_n in_o honour_n of_o his_o queen_n thyra_n we_o find_v the_o follow_a inscription_n gurmr_n kunugr_n gerdi_fw-la kubl_n dusi_fw-la eft_o turui_fw-la kunu_n sina_fw-la tanmarkur-bat_n i.e._n gormo_n the_o king_n erect_v this_o tomb_n for_o thyra_n his_o queen_n danebode_v or_o repairer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n this_o inscription_n can_v be_v a_o epitaph_n write_v after_o queen_n thyra_n death_n see_v all_o the_o danish_a writer_n assert_v positive_o that_o she_o outlive_v her_o husband_n gormo_n many_o year_n and_o after_o his_o death_n take_v the_o danewirk_n in_o hand_n so_o that_o its_o more_o than_o probable_a the_o surname_n of_o danebode_v be_v give_v she_o for_o the_o many_o good_a office_n she_o have_v do_v the_o nation_n in_o repair_v several_a old_a decay_a castle_n and_o fort_n and_o build_v a_o great_a many_o new_a one_o king_n eric_n the_o eight_o in_o his_o danish_a chronicle_n say_v thyra_n build_v the_o fort_n of_o wood_n which_o witfield_n understand_v of_o the_o fence_a the_o rampire_n with_o stake_n as_o bulwark_n be_v guard_v in_o our_o modern_a fortification_n other_o make_v harald_n blaatand_v queen_n thyra_n son_n the_o first_o author_n of_o this_o work_n after_o he_o have_v drive_v the_o emperor_n otho_n out_o of_o jutland_n which_o erasmus_n laetus_n the_o danish_a virgil_n allude_v to_o when_o speak_v of_o this_o king_n harald_n he_o say_v hic_fw-la ille_fw-la est_fw-la solido_fw-la primn_v qui_fw-la cimbrica_n vallo_fw-la munijt_fw-la arva_fw-la solique_fw-la ingens_fw-la e_fw-la corpore_fw-la dorsum_fw-la eruit_fw-la immani_fw-la quod_fw-la se_fw-la curvamine_fw-la longos_fw-la incitat_fw-la in_o tractus_fw-la mediumque_fw-la perambulat_fw-la isthmum_fw-la et_fw-la maris_fw-la eoi_fw-fr ripas_fw-la cum_fw-la littore_fw-la jungit_fw-la hesperio_fw-la ac_fw-la tenuem_fw-la sleswici_fw-la respicit_fw-la urbem_fw-la king_n eric_n decide_v this_o controversy_n by_o tell_v we_o that_o thyra_n build_v a_o wooden_a fortification_n and_o afterward_o advise_v her_o son_n to_o strengthen_v the_o work_n by_o trench_n and_o rampire_n of_o earth_n notwithstanding_o all_o these_o relation_n of_o other_o historian_n both_o pontanus_n and_o wormius_n agree_v that_o it_o be_v most_o likely_a the_o rude_a draught_n of_o this_o fort_n be_v first_o draw_v by_o king_n gothric_n and_o only_o repair_v and_o improve_v by_o queen_n thyra_n king_n harald_n and_o other_o succeed_a prince_n waldemar_n the_o first_o build_v a_o wall_n of_o brick_n seven_o foot_n broad_a and_o eighteen_o high_a to_o strengthen_v it_o after_o so_o many_o improvement_n the_o fort_n be_v reckon_v impregnable_a for_o soon_o after_o king_n waldemar_n reparation_n when_o henry_n duke_n of_o saxony_n surname_v the_o lion_n intend_v to_o have_v endeavour_v a_o breach_n through_o this_o fort_n into_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n dominion_n he_o be_v dissuade_v from_o the_o enterprise_n by_o his_o chief_a counsellor_n bernhard_n razburg_n who_o represent_v the_o undertake_n as_o a_o thing_n impossible_a to_o be_v effect_v assure_v he_o danewirkae_n custodium_fw-la danorum_fw-la sexaginta_fw-la millibus_fw-la mandatum_fw-la esse_fw-la i.e._n that_o danewirk_n be_v defend_v by_o a_o garrison_n of_o sixty_o thousand_o dane_n hence_o king_n sueno_n find_v himself_o unable_a to_o force_v his_o way_n through_o so_o strong_a and_o so_o well_o mane_v a_o rampire_n endeavour_v to_o work_v his_o passage_n by_o corrupt_v the_o keeper_n of_o wiglesdor_n the_o only_a gate_n lead_v through_o this_o wall_n into_o jutland_n at_o this_o day_n there_o remain_v but_o slight_a mark_n of_o so_o great_a a_o work_n at_o schubuge_a and_o hesbuge_a two_o small_a village_n upon_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o wall_n the_o inhabitant_n find_v relic_n of_o old_a furnace_n and_o brick-kiln_n whence_o the_o danish_a antiquary_n conclude_v that_o king_n waldemar_n have_v his_o brick_n burn_v here_o though_o he_o be_v force_v to_o fetch_v mortar_n as_o far_o as_o gothland_n joh._n cypraeus_n tell_v we_o at_o dennenwirch_n a_o inconsiderable_a village_n in_o these_o part_n may_v still_o be_v see_v the_o ruin_n of_o a_o old_a castle_n where_o queen_n thyra_n lodge_v the_o same_o author_n say_v wiglesdor_n be_v ancient_o call_v kaelgate_n because_o place_v in_o a_o open_a and_o plain_a part_n of_o the_o country_n where_o the_o enemy_n can_v have_v no_o shelter_n nor_o be_v in_o any_o probability_n of_o suprize_v the_o defendant_n holstein_n ancient_o the_o whole_a territory_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o holstein_n contain_v at_o present_a in_o the_o province_n of_o holstein_n proper_o so_o call_v ditmarss_n wagerland_n and_o stormar_n go_v under_o the_o general_a name_n of_o nortablingia_n or_o the_o country_n beyond_o the_o elb_n northwards_o adam_n bremensis_n and_o helmoldus_n be_v the_o first_o that_o mention_n holsatia_n which_o the_o former_a derive_v from_o holts-geseten_a i.e._n seat_v in_o a_o wood_n or_o forest_n ducatus_fw-la holsatiae_fw-la descriptio_fw-la novissima_fw-la excudebant_fw-la janssâ—â—io-waesbergii_a et_fw-la moses_n pitt_n the_o fruitfulness_n of_o the_o soil_n convenience_n of_o trade_n in_o the_o baltic_a and_o british_a sea_n and_o industry_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n render_v holstein_n the_o rich_a country_n in_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n dominion_n and_o make_v the_o income_n of_o some_o of_o the_o nobility_n exceed_v the_o treasure_n of_o many_o prince_n in_o germany_n the_o chief_a city_n and_o great_a town_n in_o holstein_n be_v 1._o kyel_n chilonium_fw-la seat_v on_o the_o baltic_a shore_n in_o a_o corner_n of_o land_n shut_v in_o betwixt_o the_o mouth_n of_o two_o river_n whence_o some_o have_v fetch_v its_o name_n from_o the_o german_a word_n kiel_n which_o signify_v a_o wedge_n it_o be_v furnish_v with_o a_o large_a and_o commodious_a haven_n which_o be_v continual_o throng_v with_o merchant-ship_n from_o germany_n liefland_n sweden_n and_o all_o the_o isle_n on_o the_o baltic_a sea_n there_o be_v yearly_a in_o this_o town_n a_o meeting_n of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o nobility_n of_o holstein_n who_o come_v hither_o to_o consult_v about_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o dukedom_n especial_o the_o concern_v of_o the_o mint_n and_o value_n of_o money_n the_o castle_n which_o be_v seat_v on_o the_o
top_n of_o a_o hill_n command_v the_o town_n and_o haven_n be_v first_o build_v by_o adolph_n of_o schaumburg_n the_o first_o earl_n of_o holstein_n earl_n adolph_n iv_o found_v a_o monastery_n of_o franciscan_a minorite_n in_o this_o city_n which_o upon_o the_o bring_n in_o of_o the_o augsburg_n confession_n into_o this_o country_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o danish_a territory_n be_v change_v into_o a_o hospital_n 2._o rensborg_n or_o reinholsburg_n found_v by_o one_o reinold_n of_o who_o we_o have_v no_o further_o account_v then_o that_o he_o be_v either_o a_o prince_n of_o the_o blood_n or_o some_o great_a nobleman_n this_o be_v the_o best_a fortify_v town_n in_o the_o dukedom_n environ_v with_o the_o byder_n and_o defend_v by_o a_o strong_a castle_n build_v by_o earl_n gerhard_n the_o great_a 3._o wilster_n a_o neat_a and_o well_o build_v city_n seat_v on_o a_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n which_o soon_o after_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o stor_n 4._o nieumunster_n seat_v on_o the_o north-west_n of_o the_o stor_n not_o far_o from_o the_o head_n of_o it_o the_o earldom_n of_o holstein_n be_v only_o a_o province_n of_o the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o saxony_n until_o lotharius_n great_a duke_n of_o saxony_n afterward_o emperor_n of_o germany_n bestow_v it_o upon_o adolph_n earl_n of_o schaumburg_n or_o schouwanburg_n about_o the_o year_n 1114._o since_o which_o time_n we_o have_v the_o follow_a account_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o holstein_n 1._o adolph_n of_o schouwenburg_n the_o first_o absolute_a prince_n of_o holstein_n on_o who_o the_o earldom_n be_v bestow_v as_o a_o recompense_n for_o the_o service_n he_o have_v do_v the_o duke_n of_o saxony_n in_o his_o german_a and_o danish_a war_n 2._o adolph_n ii_o son_n to_o adolph_n the_o i._o have_v obtain_v his_o father_n earldom_n cast_v out_o the_o slavonian_n who_o a_o little_a before_o his_o time_n have_v overrun_v all_o this_o part_n of_o saxony_n and_o plant_v in_o their_o room_n colony_n of_o german_n frisian_n and_o nether_a saxon_n in_o the_o quarrel_n among_o the_o three_o pretender_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n sueno_n canutus_n and_o waldemar_n he_o side_v with_o canutus_n and_o have_v settle_v he_o in_o the_o throne_n have_v not_o king_n sueno_n by_o fair_a mean_n and_o promise_v prevail_v with_o he_o to_o lay_v down_o his_o arms._n he_o leave_v the_o earldom_n to_o his_o son_n 3_o adolph_n iii_o who_o after_o many_o skirmish_n and_o battle_n with_o waldemar_n ii_o king_n of_o denmark_n be_v at_o last_o vanquish_v and_o keep_v close_a prisoner_n by_o that_o king_n who_o by_o the_o intercession_n of_o andrew_n bishop_n of_o lunden_n and_o some_o other_o grant_v he_o his_o liberty_n upon_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v disclaim_v all_o right_a and_o title_n which_o he_o and_o his_o predecessor_n have_v hitherto_o pretend_v to_o the_o earldom_n of_o holstein_n or_o any_o other_o place_n former_o subject_a to_o henry_n surname_v the_o lion_n duke_n of_o saxony_n and_o quiet_o retire_v to_o the_o inheritance_n of_o his_o ancestor_n at_o schouwenburg_n but_o these_o article_n though_o at_o the_o first_o secure_v by_o hostage_n be_v not_o long_o observe_v by_o his_o son_n 4._o adolph_n iu._n who_o associate_a to_o himself_o henry_n earl_n of_o zurin_n gerhard_n bishop_n of_o bremen_n and_o some_o other_o petit_fw-fr prince_n begin_v a_o rebellion_n against_o king_n waldemar_n and_o succeed_v so_o well_o in_o the_o undertake_n that_o within_o a_o very_a short_a time_n he_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o all_o the_o territory_n his_o father_n have_v be_v beat_v out_o of_o and_o renounce_v his_o son_n 5._o gerhard_n enjoy_v peaceable_o the_o dominion_n leave_v he_o by_o his_o father_n he_o be_v for_o some_o time_n keep_v prisoner_n at_o imsburg_n by_o the_o folchung_n a_o noble_a family_n in_o sweden_n for_o be_v in_o company_n with_o one_o ingemar_n a_o upstart_n gentleman_n but_o great_a favourite_n of_o their_o king_n magnus_n who_o they_o slay_v in_o a_o rage_n and_o cast_v his_o companion_n into_o prison_n 6._o henry_n gerhards_n son_n be_v the_o first_o that_o set_v up_o a_o custom-house_n in_o hamburg_n which_o bring_v in_o no_o small_a portion_n of_o the_o revenue_n of_o his_o successor_n 7._o gerhard_n the_o second_o son_n of_o henry_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o christopher_n the_o second_o king_n of_o denmark_n be_v make_v protector_n of_o the_o danish_a kingdom_n and_o tutor_n to_o the_o young_a king_n waldemar_n the_o three_o by_o these_o advantage_n his_o power_n grow_v so_o great_a that_o he_o venture_v to_o style_v himself_o duke_n of_o jutland_n and_o by_o degree_n will_v in_o all_o probability_n have_v aspire_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n if_o not_o timely_o take_v off_o by_o one_o ebbo_n a_o danish_a nobleman_n who_o murder_v he_o in_o his_o bed_n at_o randerhusen_n 8._o henry_n the_o second_o son_n to_o gerhard_n ii_o refuse_v the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n when_o it_o be_v offer_v he_o by_o ambassador_n send_v from_o that_o court_n a._n d._n 1363._o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v a_o prince_n of_o great_a courage_n and_o candour_n courteous_a in_o his_o behaviour_n and_o exceed_o chaste_a and_o temperate_a in_o the_o whole_a course_n of_o his_o life_n in_o short_a a_o man_n that_o have_v in_o he_o all_o the_o royal_a virtue_n that_o may_v deserve_v a_o kingdom_n and_o the_o modesty_n to_o refuse_v one_o when_o offer_v 9_o gerhard_n the_o three_o henry_n the_o second_o be_v son_fw-it after_o he_o have_v get_v the_o dukedom_n of_o sleswic_n annex_v to_o the_o earldom_n of_o holstein_n by_o margaret_n queen_n of_o denmark_n be_v slay_v by_o the_o man_n of_o dithmarss_n who_o he_o have_v require_v to_o do_v he_o homage_n his_o son_n 10._o henry_n the_o three_o be_v deny_v that_o right_n to_o the_o dukedom_n of_o sleswic_n which_o his_o father_n have_v enjoy_v make_v war_n against_o eric_n the_o eight_o king_n of_o denmark_n in_o which_o at_o the_o siege_n of_o flensburg_n he_o be_v slay_v 11._o adolph_n v._o common_o call_v the_o twelve_o by_o those_o that_o reckon_v all_o the_o earl_n of_o young_a house_n succeed_v his_o brother_n henry_n and_o be_v the_o last_o earl_n of_o this_o house_n in_o the_o year_n 1440_o he_o receive_v the_o dukedom_n of_o sleswic_n at_o the_o hand_n of_o christopher_n the_o three_o king_n of_o denmark_n swear_v fealty_n to_o that_o crown_n christian_n earl_n of_o oldenburg_n son_n of_o hedvigis_fw-la sister_n to_o henry_n and_o adolph_n the_o two_o last_o earl_n of_o holstein_n succeed_v his_o uncle_n adolph_n in_o the_o earldom_n of_o holstein_n which_o in_o his_o time_n be_v enlarge_v by_o the_o addition_n of_o dithmarss_n and_o change_v into_o a_o dukedom_n by_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n the_o three_o a._n d._n 1474._o when_o this_o christian_a be_v advance_v to_o the_o throne_n of_o denmark_n the_o dukedom_n of_o holstein_n become_v a_o part_n of_o that_o kingdom_n yet_o so_o that_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n as_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n upon_o the_o late_a accession_n in_o germany_n to_o their_o crown_n be_v reckon_v prince_n of_o the_o empire_n as_o duke_n of_o holstein_n though_o not_o oblige_v to_o repair_v to_o any_o diet._n afterward_o the_o title_n of_o duke_n of_o holstein_n together_o with_o a_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o country_n be_v give_v to_o adolph_n christian_n the_o three_o brother_n create_v knight_n of_o the_o garter_n by_o our_o queen_n elizabeth_n a._n d._n 1562_o who_o govern_v it_o interchangeable_o with_o the_o king_n his_o brother_n by_o turn_n upon_o the_o decease_n of_o this_o duke_n and_o his_o issue_n male_a the_o title_n be_v confer_v on_o vlric_n king_n christian_n the_o four_o brother_n since_o his_o day_n there_o have_v be_v several_a house_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n as_o sunderburg_n norburg_n gluckburg_n arnsbeck_n gottorp_n and_o ottingen_n among_o who_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n gottorp_n be_v chief_a and_o challenge_v the_o same_o power_n in_o govern_v and_o administration_n of_o justice_n which_o be_v at_o first_o confer_v upon_o duke_n adolph_n king_n christian_n the_o three_o brother_n in_o the_o late_a war_n between_o the_o two_o northern_a crown_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n jealous_a of_o the_o great_a power_n of_o the_o present_a duke_n of_o gottorp_n force_v this_o prince_n to_o quit_v his_o dukedom_n and_o leave_v his_o majesty_n in_o full_a possession_n of_o the_o whole_a country_n of_o holstein_n but_o at_o the_o sign_v of_o the_o treaty_n between_o the_o king_n of_o france_n sweden_n and_o denmark_n at_o fountenblaeu_o on_o the_o second_o of_o september_n 1679_o the_o danish_a minister_n promise_v their_o master_n shall_v at_o the_o desire_n of_o his_o most_o christian_n majesty_n restore_v to_o the_o say_a duke_n all_o his_o country_n town_n and_o place_n in_o the_o state_n they_o be_v and_o the_o sovereignty_n thereof_o all_o which_o he_o
he_o mention_n yet_o upon_o examination_n we_o shall_v find_v that_o this_o wisimir_n if_o ever_o there_o be_v any_o such_o man_n must_v have_v slay_v siward_n about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 340_o and_o we_o never_o hear_v of_o duke_n lechus_n in_o poland_n before_o the_o year_n 550_o nay_o some_o say_v he_o begin_v his_o government_n in_o the_o year_n 644._o wherefore_o omit_v these_o impertinent_a contradiction_n and_o anticronism_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o wismar_n have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o convenience_n of_o its_o situation_n wis-mee_a signify_v no_o more_o than_o a_o safe_a and_o secure_a part_n of_o the_o ocean_n such_o a_o one_o as_o that_o be_v upon_o which_o this_o city_n be_v now_o seat_v nor_o be_v the_o town_n so_o ancient_a as_o they_o will_v make_v it_o but_o first_o build_v or_o at_o least_o make_v a_o city_n out_o of_o the_o ruin_n of_o mecklenburg_n which_o as_o have_v be_v already_o say_v be_v once_o the_o metropolis_n of_o this_o whole_a dukedom_n about_o the_o year_n 1250_o or_o as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o 1238_o by_o gunceline_n ii_o earl_n of_o swerin_n afterward_o henry_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n for_o his_o great_a performance_n in_o the_o holy_a land_n surname_v hierosolymitanus_n bring_v hither_o the_o statute_n and_o ordinance_n observe_v in_o the_o government_n of_o the_o city_n of_o lubec_n and_o new_o model_v wismar_n about_o the_o year_n 1266._o from_o which_o time_n it_o grow_v so_o extravagant_o great_a and_o populous_a that_o within_o a_o very_a short_a time_n it_o be_v reckon_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a hans-town_n and_o be_v make_v the_o harbour_n for_o all_o the_o man_n of_o war_n belong_v to_o that_o society_n this_o engage_v the_o whole_a community_n to_o contribute_v towards_o its_o fortification_n insomuch_o that_o within_o the_o compass_n of_o a_o very_a few_o year_n it_o become_v almost_o impregnable_a by_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n the_o city_n and_o haven_n of_o wismar_n with_o the_o castle_n of_o wallfrisch_n and_o the_o peninsula_n of_o pole_n except_v the_o village_n of_o schedorff_n weitendorff_n brandenhusen_n and_o wangeren_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o hospital_n of_o the_o holy_a ghost_n in_o lubec_n as_o also_o newen-clost_a be_v give_v up_o to_o the_o swede_n since_o which_o time_n the_o king_n of_o sweden_n have_v always_o style_v himself_o lord_n of_o wismar_n but_o in_o these_o late_a war_n between_o the_o two_o northern_a crown_n the_o city_n of_o wismar_n among_o many_o other_o be_v take_v by_o the_o present_a victorious_a king_n of_o denmark_n christian_a v._n although_o it_o be_v agree_v by_o the_o eight_o article_n of_o the_o treaty_n of_o peace_n sign_v at_o fountainblaeu_n on_o the_o second_o day_n of_o september_n in_o the_o year_n 1679_o by_o the_o french_a and_o danish_a minister_n that_o wismar_n and_o rugen_n shall_v be_v restore_v to_o the_o swede_n within_o three_o week_n after_o the_o ratification_n of_o the_o say_a treaty_n yet_o in_o a_o second_o treaty_n sign_v on_o the_o twenty-sixth_a day_n of_o the_o same_o month_n at_o lunden_n in_o schonen_fw-mi it_o be_v agree_v that_o wismar_n shall_v remain_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n as_o a_o surety_n for_o the_o arrear_n of_o certain_a contribution_n due_a from_o that_o king_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n this_o obligation_n it_o seem_v be_v not_o yet_o cancel_v for_o the_o dane_n to_o this_o day_n keep_v possession_n of_o this_o great_a town_n and_o be_v not_o like_a to_o be_v force_v in_o any_o short_a time_n to_o yield_v it_o up_o iii_o rostock_n rostock_n rostock_n a_o city_n of_o great_a antiquity_n if_o we_o believe_v the_o story_n which_o some_o of_o the_o german_a antiquary_n report_v of_o it_o for_o they_o tell_v we_o that_o this_o be_v the_o very_a place_n which_o several_a of_o the_o ancient_a roman_a writer_n point_v at_o when_o they_o report_v great_a thing_n of_o lacinium_n rhodopolis_n and_o laciburgium_n all_o which_o name_v the_o modern_a historian_n appropriate_v to_o rostock_n but_o how_o its_o name_n come_v at_o last_o to_o be_v change_v for_o there_o seem_v to_o be_v but_o little_a affinity_n betwixt_o lacinium_n or_o laciburgium_n and_o rostock_n although_o rhodopolis_n come_v something_o near_o to_o the_o modern_a name_n they_o can_v so_o easy_o determine_v some_o think_v the_o word_n rostock_n or_o rostzogz_v a_o compound_n of_o two_o old_a wendish_n monosyllable_n signify_v as_o much_o as_o a_o confluence_n of_o two_o river_n so_o that_o this_o city_n according_a to_o this_o derivation_n have_v its_o name_n at_o first_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n that_o several_a great_a town_n in_o france_n be_v at_o this_o day_n name_v confluent_a the_o polish_v writer_n say_v the_o name_n be_v first_o give_v it_o by_o some_o of_o their_o countryman_n in_o who_o language_n rostock_n signify_v a_o moist_a or_o boggy_a place_n p._n lindebergius_n in_o his_o chronocle_n of_o rostoch_n prove_v from_o inscription_n upon_o the_o seal_n of_o the_o city_n and_o other_o ancient_a monument_n that_o the_o true_a name_n of_o the_o town_n be_v rotzstock_n and_o he_o guess_v that_o this_o name_n be_v first_o give_v it_o from_o a_o great_a red_a pillar_n von_fw-mi einem_fw-la rothen_fw-ge soul_fw-mi oder_fw-ge stock_n which_o in_o the_o day_n of_o paganism_n and_o idolatry_n be_v worship_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o these_o part_n and_o this_o conjecture_n seem_v most_o agreeable_a to_o the_o name_n of_o rhodopolis_n beforementioned_a not_o to_o mention_v its_o be_v back_v with_o the_o authority_n of_o a_o learned_a man_n and_o great_a antiquary_n but_o whatever_o grand_a conceit_n the_o mecklenburger_n may_v have_v of_o the_o antiquity_n of_o this_o city_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o in_o the_o year_n 329_o it_o be_v only_o a_o small_a inconsiderable_a village_n build_v by_o some_o poor_a fisherman_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o warna_n and_o consist_v of_o a_o few_o slender_a tent_n rather_o than_o house_n afterward_o it_o be_v advance_v into_o a_o small_a city_n by_o gotheschalk_n king_n of_o the_o heruli_n and_o by_o his_o successor_n primislaus_n the_o second_o notable_o enlarge_v about_o the_o year_n 1160._o at_o last_o burevinus_n primislaus_n son_n make_v it_o a_o complete_a city_n have_v be_v at_o the_o charge_n of_o wall_v it_o about_o and_o new_a model_v it_o according_a to_o the_o law_n and_o constitution_n of_o the_o city_n of_o lubeck_n burevinus_n charter_n which_o the_o citizen_n of_o rostock_n show_v to_o this_o day_n among_o other_o record_n of_o their_o corporation_n be_v sign_v in_o the_o year_n 1218._o at_o this_o day_n it_o consist_v of_o three_o part_n the_o old_a new_a and_o middle_a city_n in_o all_o which_o be_v reckon_v 140_o street_n and_o many_o thousand_o of_o high_a and_o stately_a citizen_n house_n the_o most_o memorable_a thing_n in_o rostock_n be_v usual_o by_o the_o mecklenburger_n in_o their_o saxon_a dialect_n reckon_v up_o in_o the_o follow_a rithm_n seven_o doren_n tho_o st._n marien-karcke_a seven_o straten_v van_fw-mi den_fw-mi grooten_a marckle_z seven_o thore_fw-la so_o der_fw-ge gahn_fw-ge tho_o land_n seven_o kopmans_n bruggen_n by_o they_fw-mi strande_fw-fr seven_o tear_v so_o up_o den_fw-mi radthuss_n staan_n seven_o klocken_n die_v daar_o daglycken_v slaan_n seven_o linden_fw-mi open_fw-mi den_fw-mi rosen-garden_n that_o sin_v die_v rostocker_n kennewarten_v i_o e._n there_o be_v seven_o time_n seven_o remarkable_a thing_n in_o rostock_n 1._o seven_o great_a door_n to_o the_o cathedral_n church_n of_o st._n mary_n 2._o seven_o large_a street_n lead_v to_o the_o chief_a marketplace_n 3._o seven_o gate_n of_o the_o city_n towards_o the_o land_n seven_o bridge_n over_o the_o warna_n which_o run_v through_o several_a place_n of_o the_o town_n 5._o seven_o tower_n on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o town_n hall_n 6._o seven_o great_a bell_n which_o chime_n at_o certain_a hour_n in_o the_o town_n clock_n 7._o seven_o vast_a linden_n tree_n in_o the_o common_a garden_n but_o of_o late_a year_n one_o of_o their_o bridge_n be_v decay_v with_o age_n fall_v down_o and_o because_o of_o no_o great_a use_n have_v not_o since_o be_v repair_v so_o that_o one_o of_o their_o septenaries_n be_v fail_v the_o most_o notable_a commodity_n of_o the_o town_n be_v beer_n which_o be_v here_o brew_v and_o carry_v into_o several_a part_n of_o germany_n and_o other_o nation_n a_o rostocker_n will_v tell_v we_o that_o yearly_a by_o the_o 250_o privilege_a brewer_n in_o this_o city_n there_o be_v at_o least_o so_o many_o thousand_o tun_n of_o beer_n brew_v beside_o the_o vast_a quantity_n which_o many_o of_o the_o private_a citizen_n man_n especial_o of_o the_o chief_a rank_n and_o repute_v must_v be_v suppose_v to_o brew_v for_o their_o own_o use_n the_o university_n at_o rostock_n which_o be_v now_o one_o of_o the_o large_a and_o best_a stock_v in_o the_o german_a empire_n be_v first_o found_v by_o john_n
italy_n itself_o beside_o these_o ornament_n the_o city_n be_v eminent_a for_o the_o great_a exchange_n in_o it_o of_o all_o manner_n of_o merchandise_n the_o plenty_n it_o have_v of_o all_o sort_n of_o fresh_a and_o salt_a fish_n wood_n either_o for_o fuel_n or_o timber_n corn_n and_o many_o other_o rich_a commodity_n the_o citizen_n have_v be_v always_o commend_v for_o their_o great_a civility_n to_o stranger_n and_o no_o less_o praise_v for_o their_o undoubted_a valour_n and_o resolution_n in_o oppose_v the_o violence_n of_o any_o foreign_a enemy_n a_o more_o sufficient_a demonstration_n of_o their_o courage_n can_v be_v expect_v than_o they_o give_v in_o defend_v their_o town_n so_o brave_o as_o they_o do_v against_o the_o force_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n in_o the_o year_n 1677._o which_o famous_a siege_n have_v possible_o be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o memorable_a piece_n of_o gallantry_n if_o we_o consider_v the_o resolution_n and_o courage_n of_o both_o party_n that_o these_o late_a age_n have_v produce_v will_v in_o this_o place_n merit_v a_o more_o particular_a relation_n then_o ordinary_a the_o elector_n have_v the_o year_n before_o make_v a_o attempt_n upon_o this_o city_n but_o be_v in_o too_o weak_a a_o condition_n consider_v the_o posture_n of_o the_o place_n and_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o garrison_n that_o defend_v it_o to_o pursue_v his_o intention_n any_o further_o whereupon_o he_o resolve_v for_o that_o time_n to_o withdraw_v his_o force_n and_o to_o provide_v himself_o better_a before_o he_o will_v venture_v upon_o a_o second_o onset_n according_o that_o winter_n be_v spend_v in_o raise_v new_a regiment_n and_o provide_v all_o manner_n of_o ammunition_n requisite_a for_o the_o carry_v on_o of_o this_o design_n the_o summer_n follow_v all_o thing_n thus_o in_o readiness_n on_o the_o five_o of_o july_n in_o the_o year_n 1677._o his_o highness_n part_v from_o berlin_n at_o the_o head_n of_o a_o army_n consist_v of_o twentyfour_o regiment_n whereof_o nine_o of_o horse_n ten_o of_o foot_n and_o five_o of_o dragoon_n besides-foot_n guard_n and_o the_o assistance_n of_o four_o thousand_o lunenburger_n under_o the_o command_n of_o major_a general_n enten_n by_o these_o force_n the_o city_n be_v close_o besiege_v from_o the_o seven_o of_o july_n to_o the_o twenty-sixth_a of_o december_n follow_v on_o which_o day_n the_o town_n be_v surrender_v upon_o the_o condition_n follow_v 1._o that_o all_o the_o swedish_n soldier_n shall_v march_v out_o with_o drum_n beat_v and_o colour_n fly_v and_o have_v safe_a conduct_n for_o themselves_o with_o their_o bag_n and_o baggage_n as_o far_o as_o liefland_n but_o all_o the_o german_n whether_o officer_n or_o common_a soldier_n quit_v the_o service_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n shall_v be_v list_v under_o the_o elector_n ii_o if_o any_o of_o the_o swedish_n good_n can_v not_o at_o present_a be_v carry_v off_o it_o shall_v be_v lawful_a for_o the_o owner_n to_o leave_v they_o behind_o he_o to_o be_v restore_v upon_o demand_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o frost_n be_v over_o and_o the_o river_n navigable_a iii_o a_o general_a pardon_n shall_v be_v grant_v to_o all_o partisan_n and_o forager_n except_v such_o as_o be_v know_v to_o have_v commit_v some_o notorious_a murder_n or_o other_o misdemeanour_n contrary_a to_o the_o law_n of_o arm_n in_o their_o sally_n iu._n all_o the_o wound_a and_o sick_a soldier_n shall_v have_v leave_n to_o lie_v in_o the_o city_n till_o they_o be_v cure_v v._o all_o the_o prisoner_n on_o both_o side_n shall_v be_v set_v at_o liberty_n vi_o that_o at_o the_o request_n of_o the_o swedish_n lieutenant_n general_n all_o fugitive_n shall_v be_v pardon_v and_o receive_v back_o to_o their_o respective_a regiment_n vii_o his_o electoral_a highness_n shall_v grant_v to_o the_o say_a lieutenant_n general_a wulfzen_n the_o liberty_n to_o carry_v off_o any_o two_o piece_n of_o cannon_n which_o he_o shall_v choose_v viii_o the_o wife_n widow_n and_o child_n of_o the_o swedish_n officer_n shall_v be_v permit_v to_o tarry_v in_o stetin_n if_o they_o think_v fit_a till_o easter_n and_o at_o their_o departure_n have_v passport_n grant_v they_o ix_o all_o officer_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n whether_o civil_a or_o military_a shall_v remain_v full_a proprietor_n of_o all_o their_o good_n movable_a and_o immovable_a pay_v the_o same_o homage_n to_o the_o elector_n as_o they_o have_v former_o do_v to_o the_o aforesaid_a king_n x._o provide_v always_o that_o if_o any_o of_o the_o say_a officer_n be_v willing_a to_o part_v with_o any_o such_o good_n he_o shall_v have_v a_o just_a price_n pay_v he_o and_o licence_n to_o carry_v of_o the_o same_o whither_o himself_o shall_v please_v xi_o the_o elector_n shall_v not_o make_v any_o alteration_n in_o religion_n xii_o the_o university_n and_o church_n of_o st._n mary_n shall_v enjoy_v their_o ancient_a privilege_n and_o revenue_n xiii_o his_o electoral_a highness_n shall_v take_v into_o his_o own_o protection_n all_o the_o priest_n and_o schoolmaster_n in_o the_o town_n defend_v they_o from_o all_o the_o insolence_n and_o injury_n of_o his_o soldier_n these_o with_o some_o few_o more_o less_o considerable_a article_n be_v sign_v by_o both_o party_n the_o elector_n enter_v the_o town_n a_o great_a part_n whereof_o lay_v miserable_o bury_v in_o its_o ruin_n the_o effect_n of_o the_o valour_n and_o prowess_n of_o its_o inhabitant_n during_o this_o siege_n the_o brandenburger_n be_v say_v to_o have_v spend_v thirty_o thousand_o granade_n 24000_o hand-granadoe_n a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o thousand_o canonshot_n and_o ninety-eight_a thousand_o pound_n of_o powder_n by_o the_o late_a treaty_n of_o nimeguen_n this_o town_n be_v again_o restore_v to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n ii_o â—â—â—min_fw-fr â—â—â—min_fw-fr cammin_n former_o a_o bishop_n see_v who_o prelate_n have_v the_o privilege_n of_o be_v invest_v and_o confirm_v immediate_o by_o the_o pope_n himself_o in_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n it_o be_v order_v that_o after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o then_o incumbent_a canon_n the_o bishopric_n of_o cammin_n shall_v be_v turn_v into_o a_o small_a principality_n and_o descend_v upon_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n iii_o â—â—â—â—â—g_v â—â—â—â—â—g_v colberg_n a_o strong_a town_n on_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o perceant_a annex_v former_o to_o the_o bishopric_n of_o cammin_n by_o barnimus_n i._o duke_n of_o pomeren_n and_o therefore_o give_v to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n by_o the_o westphalian_a treaty_n the_o convenience_n of_o the_o haven_n and_o plenty_n of_o good_a salt_n make_v here_o and_o send_v into_o other_o country_n have_v invite_v a_o considerable_a number_n of_o merchant_n to_o traffic_v and_o enrich_v the_o town_n iv_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d wollin_n at_o this_o day_n a_o poor_a town_n but_o the_o relic_n of_o one_o of_o the_o great_a city_n that_o these_o part_n afford_v adam_n bremensis_n assert_v positive_o that_o julinum_n which_o be_v the_o ancient_a name_n of_o this_o town_n turn_v afterward_o into_o wollin_n be_v once_o the_o large_a city_n in_o europe_n and_o no_o doubt_n it_o be_v a_o place_n extraordinary_a strong_a and_o populous_a that_o be_v alone_o able_a to_o maintain_v a_o war_n against_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o denmark_n and_o to_o bring_v home_o its_o monarch_n suenotto_n three_o several_a time_n prisoner_n in_o those_o day_n it_o be_v by_o all_o nation_n resort_v to_o as_o the_o great_a mart-town_n except_v perhaps_o constantinople_n in_o europe_n and_o the_o dane_n swede_n russian_n jew_n and_o several_a other_o people_n have_v here_o their_o peculiar_a street_n and_o house_n of_o exchange_n but_o within_o a_o while_n their_o apostasy_n from_o the_o christian_a religion_n bring_v god_n heavy_a wrath_n and_o vengeance_n upon_o they_o which_o destroy_v a_o great_a part_n of_o their_o city_n by_o lightning_n and_o fire_n from_o heaven_n and_o the_o rest_n by_o the_o hand_n of_o waldemar_n king_n of_o denmark_n who_o fall_v upon_o it_o unaware_o in_o the_o year_n 1170_o with_o a_o great_a army_n destroy_v the_o very_a ruin_n of_o the_o town_n and_o burn_v up_o what_o be_v only_o leave_v its_o ash_n never_o since_o have_v this_o place_n be_v any_o thing_n considerable_a scarce_o deserve_v the_o name_n of_o a_o city_n or_o great_a town_n be_v remarkable_a for_o nothing_o save_v that_o it_o give_v name_n to_o the_o whole_a isle_n where_o it_o be_v situate_a which_o from_o it_o be_v call_v das_n wollinsche_n werder_n v._o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d usedom_n this_o be_v once_o after_o the_o destruction_n of_o its_o neighbour_n julinum_n a_o town_n of_o good_a traffic_n which_o be_v chief_o occasion_v by_o the_o resort_n of_o the_o dane_n and_o pole_n who_o remove_v their_o trade_n hither_o in_o the_o year_n 1473_o the_o whole_a town_n with_o the_o town-hall_n and_o all_o the_o shop_n and_o good_n of_o the_o merchant_n be_v burn_v down_o after_o which_o time_n it_o
hardly_o recover_v any_o of_o its_o ancient_a riches_n and_o grandeur_n and_o be_v now_o mouldered_a into_o a_o seaport_n town_n of_o less_o note_n if_o possible_a than_o wollin_n city_n and_o great_a town_n of_o note_n in_o the_o low_a pomeren_n first_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d stralsund_n when_o this_o city_n now_o the_o large_a and_o wealthy_a in_o pomeren_n be_v first_o build_v be_v not_o certain_o know_v the_o most_o credible_a historian_n tell_v we_o it_o owe_v its_o first_o original_n to_o sunno_n ii_o king_n of_o the_o frank_n who_o lay_v the_o first_o foundation_n of_o this_o town_n in_o the_o year_n 145_o or_o 146_o call_v it_o from_o his_o own_o name_n sunnonia_n which_o be_v afterward_o corrupt_v into_o sunda_n and_o by_o the_o addition_n of_o strala_n a_o island_n situate_v no_o man_n know_v where_n turn_v at_o last_o into_o stralsund_n but_o i_o have_v rather_o believe_v it_o have_v the_o name_n sund_n as_o it_o be_v still_o sometime_o call_v from_o the_o narrow_a sea_n upon_o which_o it_o stand_v since_o this_o as_o well_o as_o the_o baltic_a strait_n betwixt_o helsingore_n and_o helsingborg_n will_v be_v proper_o name_v in_o the_o danish_a or_o gottish_a tongue_n de_fw-fr sund._n the_o other_o part_n of_o its_o modern_a name_n seem_v afterward_o add_v von_fw-mi den_fw-mi stralen_n other_o flussen_n from_o the_o interchangable_a portion_n of_o sea_n and_o land_n in_o this_o place_n the_o first_o undoubted_a truth_n we_o find_v relate_v of_o this_o city_n be_v that_o after_o some_o great_a spoil_n or_o utter_a destruction_n it_o be_v magnificent_o rebuilt_a enlarge_v and_o people_v with_o german_n by_o jaromar_n prince_n of_o rugen_n about_o the_o year_n 1209._o by_o this_o prince_n son_n its_o fortification_n be_v first_o begin_v in_o the_o year_n 1230_o and_o the_o city_n remove_v a_o little_a out_o of_o the_o place_n where_o its_o first_o foundation_n have_v be_v lay_v by_o his_o father_n for_o before_o jaromar_n have_v quite_o encompass_v his_o new_a build_a town_n with_o a_o slender_a wall_n which_o he_o fancy_v will_v have_v be_v sufficient_a to_o have_v defend_v it_o against_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o dane_n on_o the_o one_o hand_n and_o the_o pomeranian_o on_o the_o other_o the_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n break_v in_o upon_o he_o and_o overpower_v his_o small_a garrison_n burn_v up_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o intend_a city_n so_o that_o the_o stralsunder_n have_v good_a reason_n to_o reckon_v the_o age_n of_o their_o city_n no_o far_o then_o from_o the_o year_n 1230_o as_o they_o intimate_v from_o the_o follow_a distich_n engrave_v in_o several_a place_n of_o the_o town_n in_o golden_a letter_n annis_n ducentis_fw-la ter_z denis_fw-la mille_fw-la retentis_fw-la fit_a stralsundensis_n civitas_n cvi_fw-la nomen_fw-la ab_fw-la undis_fw-la since_o that_o time_n it_o have_v have_v almost_o as_o many_o fair_a privilege_n and_o immunity_n confer_v upon_o it_o as_o any_o city_n in_o the_o empire_n of_o its_o age_n as_o 1._o the_o magistrate_n of_o the_o town_n have_v power_n to_o determine_v all_o controversy_n as_o well_o in_o criminal_a as_o civil_a cause_n within_o their_o own_o court_n from_o whence_o lie_v no_o appeal_n to_o any_o superior_a judge_n or_o prince_n whatever_o 2._o they_o have_v power_n to_o coin_v money_n and_o raise_v force_n either_o for_o sea_n or_o land_n 3._o in_o case_n of_o a_o engagement_n of_o the_o whole_a german_a empire_n with_o some_o foreign_a nation_n in_o a_o sea-fight_n the_o stralsunder_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o venture_v any_o further_a abroad_o then_o be_v convenient_a for_o the_o defence_n of_o their_o own_o city_n 4._o they_o have_v have_v power_n to_o make_v league_n and_o confederacy_n for_o the_o advancement_n of_o their_o own_o trade_n and_o to_o choose_v their_o own_o patron_n and_o protector_n out_o of_o all_o the_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n at_o this_o day_n the_o city_n be_v in_o a_o flourish_a and_o splendid_a condition_n the_o house_n general_o stone_n and_o very_o uniform_a this_o last_o year_n 1680_o some_o part_n of_o the_o town_n be_v burn_v down_o by_o a_o unhappy_a accident_n but_o the_o plentiful_a purse_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n will_v be_v able_a quick_o to_o repair_v the_o damage_n of_o that_o fire_n the_o sea_n betwixt_o this_o town_n and_o the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n be_v about_o a_o english_a mile_n in_o breadth_n down_o to_o which_o from_o the_o wall_n there_o be_v six_o great_a gate_n and_o as_o many_o bridge_n lead_v thither_o to_o these_o bridge_n the_o merchantship_n of_o 150_o or_o 200_o tun_n which_o ride_v in_o the_o harbour_n be_v fasten_v towards_o the_o land_n it_o be_v fortify_v with_o regular_a bulwark_n and_o fishpond_n of_o twice_o a_o musket_n shot_n in_o breadth_n over_o which_o there_o be_v four_o dam_n and_o bridge_n lead_v from_o the_o four_o land-gate_n of_o the_o town_n the_o chief_a commodity_n of_o the_o town_n be_v corn_n which_o the_o merchant_n transport_v in_o great_a quantity_n into_o the_o low-countries_n scotland_n norway_n and_o many_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n in_o some_o of_o the_o northern_a nation_n the_o stralsund_a beer_n be_v reckon_v a_o choice_n commodity_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n many_o tun_n of_o that_o liquor_n be_v here_o yearly_o ship_v off_o stralsund_n have_v always_o so_o brave_o maintain_v its_o privilege_n and_o liberty_n that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o voluminous_a history_n to_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o many_o several_a proof_n its_o inhabitant_n have_v give_v of_o their_o valour_n in_o this_o kind_n historian_n will_v acquaint_v we_o that_o at_o once_o it_o withstand_v the_o unite_a force_n of_o two_o king_n of_o denmark_n and_o sweden_n and_o ten_o prince_n against_o the_o assault_n of_o all_o which_o it_o brave_o defend_v itself_o and_o in_o the_o engagement_n take_v eric_n duke_n of_o saxony_n prisoner_n after_o this_o exploit_n the_o city_n begin_v to_o be_v as_o terrible_a as_o before_o it_o have_v be_v impregnable_a and_o none_o of_o the_o neighbour_a prince_n dare_v offer_v either_o violence_n or_o any_o affront_n to_o the_o citizen_n of_o stralsund_n in_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o germany_n count_n walstein_n trust_v to_o fortune_n that_o have_v always_o favour_v his_o former_a enterprise_n lay_v close_a siege_n to_o the_o town_n but_o after_o a_o furious_a onset_n and_o a_o long_o but_o vain_a expectance_n of_o success_n be_v at_o last_o force_v shameful_o to_o retire_v within_o a_o while_n after_o the_o stralsunder_v put_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o gustavus_n adolphus_n the_o triumphant_a king_n of_o sweden_n who_o though_o at_o first_o design_v only_o for_o a_o titular_a patron_n prove_v in_o the_o end_n their_o real_a lord_n and_o master_n however_o the_o present_a elector_n of_o brandenburg_n be_v the_o only_a prince_n that_o can_v just_o brag_v of_o have_v fair_o conquer_v the_o city_n of_o stralsund_n which_o after_o he_o have_v take_v stetin_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o upper_a pomeren_n be_v by_o he_o besiege_v and_o take_v in_o the_o year_n 1678_o though_o afterward_o as_o he_o stand_v oblige_v by_o the_o five_o article_n of_o the_o treaty_n of_o peace_n sign_v by_o the_o minister_n of_o the_o king_n of_o france_n and_o sweden_n and_o the_o say_a elector_n at_o st._n germain_n en_fw-fr say_v the_o 29_o of_o july_n in_o the_o year_n 1679_o he_o resign_v it_o back_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swedish_n king_n ii_o bardt_n bardt_n barth_n or_o bardt_n this_o town_n not_o many_o age_n ago_o be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o upper_a pomeren_n and_o give_v name_n to_o all_o that_o part_n of_o the_o country_n wherein_o be_v now_o situate_a stralsund_n grimmen_n tribsees_n with_o many_o other_o city_n and_o great_a town_n of_o good_a note_n some_o fancy_n it_o derive_v its_o name_n from_o the_o longobardi_n who_o they_o make_v the_o undoubted_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o these_o part_n and_o in_o confirmation_n of_o this_o their_o conjecture_n produce_v the_o old_a arm_n of_o the_o town_n wherein_o it_o bear_v a_o man_n head_n with_o a_o long_a beard_n but_o the_o more_o probable_a opinion_n be_v that_o it_o be_v so_o call_v from_o the_o river_n barte_n or_o bartze_n on_o the_o mouth_n of_o which_o it_o be_v seat_v the_o field_n about_o this_o city_n be_v exceed_o fruitful_a and_o abound_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o grain_n whence_o be_v the_o haven_n here_o as_o deep_a and_o fit_a to_o harbour_v ship_n of_o a_o considerable_a burden_n as_o that_o at_o stralsund_n bardt_n will_v be_v capable_a of_o be_v as_o much_o advance_v by_o merchandise_n as_o any_o of_o its_o neighbour_a city_n but_o that_o small_a arm_n of_o the_o sea_n upon_o which_o this_o city_n stand_v be_v so_o shallow_a that_o neither_o merchantman_n nor_o almost_o any_o other_o vessel_n save_o only_a such_o as_o serve_v to_o convey_v passenger_n from_o hence_o into_o denmark_n or_o sweden_n
state_n nor_o any_o thing_n true_o great_a in_o the_o city_n 3._o speyer_n speyer_n speyer_n be_v subject_a to_o the_o elector_n palatine_n at_o the_o same_o rate_n with_o worm_n it_o be_v think_v to_o be_v the_o nemetum_n civitas_n or_o noviomagum_n mention_v by_o julius_n cesar_n although_o freherus_n prove_v that_o the_o whole_a country_n near_o this_o place_n be_v ancient_o conclude_v under_o that_o name_n it_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o plain_a on_o the_o western_a bank_n of_o the_o rhine_n a_o large_a and_o populous_a city_n which_o owe_v its_o security_n more_o to_o the_o number_n of_o its_o inhabitant_n then_o the_o strength_n of_o any_o fortification_n near_o it_o for_o gustavus_n adolphus_n the_o victorious_a king_n of_o sweden_n demolish_v its_o bulwark_n and_o rampire_n be_v unwilling_a to_o spare_v so_o many_o man_n out_o of_o his_o army_n as_o be_v requisite_a to_o garrison_n it_o and_o make_v it_o good_a against_o any_o future_a assault_n of_o the_o imperialist_n the_o citizen_n of_o worm_n and_o spire_n though_o lutheran_n swear_v fealty_n to_o their_o bishop_n who_o be_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o mentz_n there_o be_v in_o this_o town_n many_o stately_a house_n and_o fair_a church_n the_o chief_a of_o which_o be_v the_o cathedral_n beautify_v with_o four_o tower_n but_o the_o great_a glory_n of_o the_o town_n be_v the_o imperial_a chamber_n which_o be_v first_o place_v at_o worm_n by_o the_o emperor_n maximilian_n the_o first_o and_o not_o long_o after_o fix_v at_o speyer_n from_o whence_o it_o can_v be_v remove_v but_o by_o a_o general_a consent_n of_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o empire_n this_o fill_v the_o city_n with_o a_o constant_a concourse_n of_o people_n from_o all_o part_n of_o germany_n who_o repair_n hither_o for_o the_o final_a determination_n of_o such_o lawsuit_n as_o they_o fancy_n have_v not_o be_v well_o decide_v by_o inferior_a court_n of_o judicature_n in_o their_o own_o country_n for_o hither_o there_o lie_v a_o appeal_n from_o any_o prince_n court_n in_o the_o empire_n and_o the_o elector_n themselves_o may_v in_o some_o trial_n at_o law_n be_v summon_v to_o appear_v before_o this_o court_n 4._o zweybrucken_v zweybrucken_v zweybrucken_v call_v by_o the_o french_a deux-ponts_n have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o bridge_n over_o two_o river_n at_o the_o confluence_n whereof_o it_o be_v seat_v this_o city_n be_v signal_n for_o little_a more_o than_o its_o give_a name_n to_o a_o small_a principality_n in_o the_o neighbourhood_n which_o be_v enjoy_v by_o a_o young_a house_n of_o the_o count_n palatine_n who_o be_v common_o style_v principes_fw-la bipontini_fw-la or_o principes_fw-la gemini_fw-la pontis_fw-la these_o poor_a prince_n have_v pay_v dear_a for_o some_o of_o the_o french_a king_n be_v late_a victory_n especial_o his_o triumph_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o year_n 1677_o wherein_o their_o chief_a city_n zweybrucken_v be_v almost_o quite_o demolish_v so_o near_o be_v it_o to_o a_o utter_a overthrow_n that_o at_o this_o time_n there_o be_v hardly_o any_o thing_n more_o to_o be_v see_v then_o the_o skeleton_n of_o a_o city_n 5._o philipsburg_n vdenheim_n or_o philipsburg_n udenheim_n a_o town_n subject_n to_o the_o bishop_n of_o spire_n seat_v on_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o saltza_n and_o on_o the_o eastern_a bank_n of_o the_o rhine_n it_o be_v ancient_o a_o village_n but_o be_v wall_v round_o by_o gerhard_n bishop_n of_o spire_n who_o first_o make_v it_o a_o city_n and_o procure_v for_o it_o severallarge_v privilege_n it_o be_v convenient_o seat_v for_o the_o command_n of_o the_o most_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o adjacent_a country_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n well_o fortify_v by_o the_o bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n a_o little_a before_o the_o break_n out_o of_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o germany_n these_o new_a fortification_n begin_v in_o time_n of_o peace_n give_v ground_n to_o the_o neighbour_a prince_n to_o suspect_v that_o some_o more_o than_o ordinary_a design_n be_v carry_v on_o by_o this_o prelate_n whereupon_o frederic_n v._o the_o then_o elector_n palatine_n and_o prince_n in_o chief_a of_o vdenheim_n require_v he_o to_o desist_v from_o finish_v what_o he_o have_v begin_v which_o he_o refuse_v to_o do_v allege_v the_o emperor_n placaet_n for_o what_o he_o do_v upon_o this_o contempt_n the_o elector_n beat_v it_o down_o by_o force_n for_o this_o affront_n to_o the_o emperor_n authority_n the_o elector_n and_o his_o confederate_n be_v cite_v to_o appear_v before_o the_o imperial_a chamber_n at_o speyer_n wherein_o it_o be_v resolve_v that_o they_o shall_v be_v proceed_v against_o with_o all_o imaginable_a severity_n this_o hard_a usage_n be_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a motive_n which_o induce_v the_o unfortunate_a elector_n to_o accept_v the_o crown_n of_o bohemia_n and_o consequent_o a_o chief_a cause_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o germany_n in_o which_o unhappy_a juncture_n marquis_n spinola_n the_o spanish_a general_n think_v this_o town_n so_o capable_a of_o be_v improve_v into_o a_o strong_a hold_n that_o he_o repair_v the_o demolish_a fortification_n and_o have_v make_v the_o place_n almost_o impregnable_a give_v it_o the_o new_a name_n of_o philipsburg_n by_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n this_o town_n and_o castle_n be_v put_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o french_a and_o by_o the_o late_a treaty_n at_o nimeguen_n resign_v up_o to_o the_o imperialist_n in_o exchange_n for_o freyburg_n in_o brisgow_n the_o present_a king_n of_o france_n before_o the_o break_n out_o of_o the_o late_a bloody_a war_n cause_v this_o inscription_n to_o be_v write_v over_o the_o great_a gate_n at_o philipsburg_n tuendis_fw-la rheni_n finibus_fw-la ludovicus_n fourteen_o francorum_n &_o navarrae_n rex_fw-la christianissimus_a confecto_fw-la in_o utraque_fw-la germania_n bello_fw-la restaurata_fw-la ubique_fw-la pace_n munimentum_n hoc_fw-la suae_fw-la virtutis_fw-la assertaeque_fw-la libertatis_fw-la germaniae_fw-la monumentum_n firmari_fw-la isthoc_fw-la agere_fw-la muroque_fw-la regiis_fw-la sumptibus_fw-la extructo_fw-la fecit_fw-la anno_fw-la m._n dc_o lxvi_o perfecit_fw-la in_o terrorem_fw-la hostium_fw-la foederatorum_fw-la praesidium_n liliorum_fw-la subsidium_fw-la alterum_fw-la galliae_fw-la cis_fw-la rhenum_n propugnaculum_fw-la ac_fw-la germaniam_fw-la versus_fw-la ostium_n in_o ferius_fw-la situ_fw-la non_fw-la robore_fw-la quod_fw-la ille_fw-la claudit_fw-la nemo_fw-la aperit_fw-la idem_fw-la aperit_fw-la &_o nemo_fw-la claudit_fw-la but_o when_o afterward_o in_o the_o succeed_a war_n it_o have_v fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o imperialist_n the_o emperor_n raze_v out_o the_o former_a inscription_n and_o cause_v this_o follow_v one_o to_o be_v write_v in_o its_o stead_n leopoldus_n imperator_fw-la caesar_n pius_n faelix_fw-la augustus_n victor_n &_o triumphator_n suscepto_fw-la juvandis_fw-la sociis_fw-la tuendis_fw-la civibus_fw-la arcendis_fw-la hostibus_fw-la necessario_fw-la bello_fw-la restaurandae_fw-la ubique_fw-la paci_n munimentum_n hoc_fw-la vindicatae_fw-la ab_fw-la injectis_fw-la gallicae_n servitutis_fw-la compedibus_fw-la libertatis_fw-la publicae_fw-la futurum_fw-la ad_fw-la posteros_fw-la monumentum_fw-la expugnavit_fw-la germaniaeque_fw-la postliminio_fw-la restituit_fw-la anno_fw-la christianae_n salutis_fw-la mdclxxvi_o terrori_fw-la hostium_fw-la tutelae_fw-la civium_fw-la germaniae_fw-la praesidio_fw-la alterum_fw-la galliae_fw-la cis_fw-la rhenum_n receptaculum_fw-la ac_fw-la germaniam_fw-la versus_fw-la ostium_n auspicato_fw-la plura_fw-la pari_fw-la successu_fw-la recuperandi_fw-la augurio_fw-la gallis_fw-la clausit_fw-la germanis_fw-la reclusit_fw-la quod_fw-la gallus_n claudit_fw-la germanus_n aperit_fw-la there_o be_v some_o more_o well_o fortify_v town_n in_o the_o low_a palatinate_n such_o as_o manheim_n upon_o the_o confluence_n of_o the_o rhine_n and_o neccar_n coube_v franckenthal_n keysers-lautern_a simmeren_n etc._n etc._n but_o none_o of_o so_o good_a note_n as_o those_o already_o describe_v helvetii_n alsatia_n pal._n rheni_n arch_n mogun_n arch._n trevir_n arch._n colon._n clivia_n geldria_n vltrajectum_n hollandia_n apud_fw-la jâ—â—ssoâ—â—â—-waesbergios_a mosem_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-fr stephanum_n swart_a rhenus_n fluviorum_fw-la europae_n celeberrimus_fw-la cum_fw-la mosa_n mosella_n et_fw-la reliquis_fw-la in_fw-la illum_fw-la se_fw-la exonerantibus_fw-la fluminibus_fw-la apâ—â—_n jâ—â—ssâ—â—â—â—-waesbergios_a mosem_n pitt_n et_fw-fr stephanum_n swart_a palatinatus_n ad_fw-la rhenum_n apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a mosem_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-fr stephanum_n swart_a not._n explicatio_fw-la civitates_fw-la munite_fw-la urbes_fw-la vici_fw-la pagi_n arces_fw-la coenobia_n fortalitia_fw-la vera_fw-la totius_fw-la marchionatus_fw-la badensis_fw-la et_fw-la hochbergensis_n ceterorumque_fw-la ducatum_fw-la landgravionatuum_fw-la et_fw-la comitatuum_fw-la ad_fw-la princeps_fw-la huius_fw-la nominis_fw-la spectantium_fw-la geometr_v astro_fw-la calcu_fw-la delineatio_fw-la heic_fw-la domus_fw-la aeneae_n cunctis_fw-la dominabitur_fw-la oris_fw-la et_fw-la gnati_fw-la gnatorum_fw-la et_fw-la qui_fw-la nascentur_fw-la ab_fw-la illis_fw-la excudebant_fw-la janssonio-waesbergii_a moses_n pitt_n et_fw-fr stephanus_n swart_a explicatio_fw-la notarum_fw-la vrbs_fw-la oppidum_n pagus_n notabilis_fw-la pagus_n arx_n monasterium_fw-la pagê°_n not_o cum_fw-la arce_n arx_n et_fw-fr pagus_n monast_n cum_fw-la pago_n balneum_fw-la acidus_n fons_fw-la fodinae_fw-la aerarum_fw-la the_o marquisate_n of_o baden_n baden_n lie_v along_o
deserve_v that_o punishment_n or_o as_o have_v by_o any_o way_n fall_v under_o the_o tzars_n displeasure_n for_o these_o also_o he_o send_v thither_o with_o their_o wife_n and_o child_n and_o sometime_o give_v they_o there_o some_o small_a government_n to_o poor_a people_n it_o be_v now_o not_o terrible_a to_o be_v send_v into_o siberia_n as_o former_o it_o be_v because_o they_o find_v tolerable_a livelihood_n there_o but_o to_o the_o rich_a and_o noble_a it_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o send_v to_o the_o galley_n in_o france_n and_o other_o place_n only_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o bring_v in_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o sable_n upon_o pain_n of_o severe_a bodily_a chastisement_n nor_o be_v it_o a_o easy_a matter_n for_o any_o of_o they_o to_o escape_v one_o thing_n more_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o many_o learned_a man_n and_o among_o they_o olearius_n confound_v this_o siberia_n with_o another_o province_n near_o that_o name_n under_o the_o grand_a tzars_n dominion_n in_o the_o south_n border_v upon_o the_o dominion_n of_o poland_n which_o be_v almost_o as_o great_a a_o error_n as_o that_o of_o those_o who_o think_v samoiedia_n and_o samogitia_n to_o be_v the_o same_o this_o country_n be_v say_v to_o have_v yield_v in_o 1589_o a_o tribute_n of_o four_o hundred_o sixty-six_a timber_n of_o sables_n every_o timber_n contain_v forty_o skin_n five_z timber_n of_o martron_n a_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o case_n of_o black_a fox_n every_o case_n contain_v also_o forty_o skin_n beside_o other_o commodity_n to_o tobolsca_n which_o be_v almost_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o siberia_n be_v bring_v all_o the_o tribute_n and_o thence_o send_v by_o convoy_n to_o mosko_n but_o the_o chief_a governor_n of_o all_o these_o northern_a country_n reside_v at_o vergateria_n permia_n situate_v upon_o the_o river_n vischora_n or_o vistorna_n which_o be_v ten_o mile_n from_o weliki_n perme_n or_o great_a permia_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o this_o province_n permia_n permia_n and_o fall_v into_o the_o river_n cama_fw-la permski_n upon_o the_o east_n border_n upon_o tumen_n which_o be_v under_o the_o tartar_n where_o be_v a_o great_a trade_n from_o boghar_n and_o persia_n from_o tumen_n to_o tobolsca_n they_o travel_v in_o fourteen_o day_n from_o tobolsca_n to_o beresova_n another_o great_a trade_n town_n upon_o the_o ob_fw-la in_o nine_o day_n from_o beresova_n into_o the_o river_n ouse_n and_o down_o that_o into_o the_o petzora_n and_o so_o to_o pustozera_n in_o three_o week_n the_o permian_o pretend_v to_o be_v a_o ancient_a nation_n i_o suppose_v because_o they_o have_v a_o peculiar_a language_n and_o character_n yet_o till_o they_o submit_v to_o the_o muscovite_n they_o live_v no_o otherwise_o than_o the_o samoieds_fw-fr neither_o as_o yet_o have_v they_o much_o use_n or_o knowledge_n of_o bread_n nor_o do_v they_o plant_v or_o sow_v but_o live_v upon_o hunt_v and_o have_v their_o sled_n draw_v with_o deer_n or_o great_a dog_n which_o they_o bring_v up_o for_o that_o purpose_n and_o when_o the_o snow_n be_v hard_o freeze_v they_o have_v their_o nartes_n which_o the_o lap_n and_o fin_n call_v saksit_v other_o nation_n artach_v or_o long_a skeit_n make_v of_o thin_a wood_n or_o bark_n wherewith_o they_o glide_v over_o the_o snow_n with_o incredible_a swiftness_n but_o these_o be_v use_v in_o all_o northern_a country_n where_o they_o be_v accustom_a to_o much_o snow_n they_o be_v very_o zealous_a idolater_n insomuch_o that_o the_o first_o bishop_n who_o be_v send_v to_o convert_v they_o they_o flay_v alive_a yet_o do_v not_o this_o discourage_v his_o successor_n stephen_n who_o happy_o settle_a christianity_n and_o civility_n in_o a_o great_a part_n among_o they_o he_o also_o invent_v character_n for_o their_o peculiar_a language_n and_o be_v reckon_v among_o the_o saint_n in_o the_o russ-calendar_n yet_o among_o they_o as_o among_o the_o siberian_o samoieds_n and_o most_o of_o these_o northern_a country_n be_v secret_o still_o many_o idolater_n who_o frequent_v not_o their_o city_n but_o live_v in_o wood_n and_o among_o the_o marsh_n they_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o rich_a people_n for_o when_o ivan_n vasilowich_n seek_v for_o a_o aveny_n or_o pretence_n to_o fleece_v they_o he_o send_v to_o they_o for_o so_o much_o cedar_n to_o build_v he_o a_o palace_n they_o return_v answer_n that_o they_o have_v no_o such_o thing_n in_o their_o country_n nor_o do_v they_o know_v what_o it_o be_v he_o punish_v their_o obstinacy_n at_o twelve_o thousand_o and_o sixty_o rubble_n or_o mark_n whence_o we_o may_v gather_v that_o they_o be_v unite_v to_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o muscovite_n before_o that_o time_n and_o some_o say_v under_o vasilie_o his_o father_n this_o demand_n of_o the_o emperor_n may_v either_o take_v its_o reason_n from_o the_o report_n of_o cedar_n upon_o the_o mountain_n of_o siberia_n or_o that_o report_n from_o this_o message_n jugoria_n jugria_n hugria_n juhar_n juhria_n juharia_n jugâ—â—_n jugâ—â—_n jugra_fw-mi where_o it_o be_v situate_v i_o know_v not_o for_o some_o place_n it_o on_o the_o east_n other_o on_o the_o westside_n of_o ob._n h._n smith_n who_o live_v in_o petzora_n 1580_o say_v that_o it_o lie_v over_o against_o waygatz_n if_o it_o be_v true_a which_o the_o baron_n of_o herberstein_n say_v that_o this_o be_v the_o country_n whence_o attila_n with_o his_o huns_n overrun_v so_o much_o of_o europe_n and_o afterward_o settle_v in_o pannonia_n which_o from_o the_o name_n of_o their_o own_o country_n jugaria_n they_o call_v hungaria_n they_o shall_v seem_v to_o be_v west_n of_o ob_fw-la for_o dubravius_n who_o write_v the_o story_n say_v that_o they_o be_v a_o very_a barbarous_a and_o deform_a nation_n live_v among_o great_a lake_n and_o forest_n which_o agree_v well_o enough_o to_o the_o jugorsky_n and_o that_o some_o of_o they_o hunt_v a_o stag_n the_o beast_n take_v through_o the_o marsh_n and_o by_o that_o mean_v show_v they_o a_o way_n into_o a_o better_a country_n than_o their_o own_o which_o know_v no_o other_o till_o then_o content_v they_o very_o well_o but_o the_o hunter_n return_v and_o declare_v the_o pleasure_n and_o riches_n they_o have_v discover_v persuade_v they_o to_o leave_v that_o uncomfortable_a place_n and_o by_o their_o valour_n seek_v better_a habitation_n which_o they_o present_o put_v in_o execution_n the_o difficulty_n in_o this_o opinion_n be_v that_o the_o present_a juhria_n be_v not_o store_v with_o horse_n that_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v a_o very_a poor_a miserable_a and_o but_o few_o people_n much_o undisposed_a for_o such_o high_a and_o generous_a thought_n of_o conquer_a their_o neighbour_n yet_o be_v not_o the_o argument_n which_o the_o diligent_a and_o learned_a baron_n use_v to_o be_v despise_v which_o be_v that_o both_o the_o remainder_n of_o the_o ancient_a hungarian_n who_o live_v between_o the_o danow_n and_o tibiscus_n and_o these_o jugarians_n use_v the_o same_o language_n which_o be_v not_o know_v to_o be_v any_o where_o else_o speak_v but_o reserve_v this_o dispute_n to_o a_o proper_a place_n we_o have_v nothing_o more_o to_o say_v of_o they_o but_o that_o they_o live_v muchwhat_a after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o samoieds_fw-fr the_o same_o diet_n clothing_n tribute_n etc._n etc._n dwinae_fw-la fluvii_fw-la nova_fw-la descriptio_fw-la sumptibus_fw-la janssanio-waesbergiorum_a et_fw-la mosis_fw-la pitt_n to_o this_o of_o dwina_n vstiug_v vstiug_v we_o will_v subjoin_v vstiug_n ostium_n jugh_v fl._n that_o give_v name_n to_o a_o provice_n though_o but_o a_o poor_a one_o the_o native_n former_o have_v a_o language_n proper_a to_o themselves_o as_o well_o as_o divers_a other_o province_n before_o mention_v but_o the_o care_n of_o the_o emperor_n be_v such_o that_o he_o abolish_v they_o by_o degree_n and_o introduce_v the_o muscovitish_a which_o the_o people_n willing_o do_v find_v it_o much_o better_a for_o their_o commerce_n here_o and_o in_o dwina_n sables_n be_v not_o of_o so_o great_a reputation_n but_o they_o have_v the_o best_a black_a fox_n here_o be_v also_o very_o great_a and_o famous_a fair_n and_o mart_n west_n of_o dwina_n be_v corella_n carelia_n carelen_n corella_n corella_n and_o betwixt_o they_o both_o the_o island_n solowski_n famous_a for_o the_o abbey_n of_o st._n nicolas_n whereinto_o they_o permit_v not_o any_o woman_n to_o enter_v it_o be_v in_o 63_o deg_fw-la 50_o min._n the_o bank_n of_o the_o sea_n hereabout_o be_v white_a and_o shine_a with_o alabaster_n in_o this_o province_n be_v much_o salt_n boil_v the_o people_n live_v muchwhat_a like_o the_o laplander_n though_o not_o altogether_o so_o barbarous_a for_o they_o have_v some_o town_n as_o corelnburg_n nordenburg_n upon_o the_o mouth_n of_o a_o lake_n which_o by_o the_o river_n warfuga_n empti_v itself_o into_o the_o bay_n of_o st._n nicolas_n kexholm_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o suede_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o all_o this_o province_n pay_v tribute_n both_o to_o the_o russes_z and_o
rubble_n per_fw-la ann_n and_o for_o these_o and_o the_o like_a reason_n many_o of_o they_o at_o first_o secret_o favour_v afterward_o open_o join_v themselves_o and_o their_o power_n to_o demetri_fw-la particular_o peter_n basmaneuf_n entrust_v with_o a_o army_n by_o boris_n to_o fight_v against_o he_o go_v and_o carry_v with_o he_o all_o his_o army_n to_o demetri_fw-la and_o bring_v he_o to_o moskow_n in_o a_o manner_n without_o any_o bloodshed_n at_o which_o time_n boris_n first_o on_o april_n 13_o 1605_o and_o short_o after_o his_o wife_n and_o son_n die_v either_o by_o poison_n as_o most_o say_v or_o murder_v by_o some_o send_v from_o demetri_fw-la to_o that_o purpose_n and_o leave_v the_o throne_n void_a to_o that_o impostor_n which_o he_o enjoy_v not_o nine_o month_n before_o he_o be_v suspect_v as_o not_o sleep_v after_o dinner_n nor_o use_v stove_n and_o in_o divers_a other_o matter_n not_o conform_v to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o muscovite_n and_o when_o the_o russes_z see_v moreover_o that_o he_o have_v engage_v to_o marry_v the_o daughter_n of_o the_o palatine_a of_o sandomiria_n and_o to_o bring_v in_o the_o roman_a religion_n they_o form_v a_o conspiracy_n against_o he_o chief_o by_o the_o practice_n of_o vasilie_o zuisky_n they_o choose_v for_o the_o execution_n of_o their_o design_n the_o seventeen_o day_n of_o may_n 1606_o nine_o day_n after_o his_o marriage_n when_o zuisky_n with_o other_o boiar_n and_o the_o people_n after_o dinner_n find_v the_o guard_n asleep_a force_v their_o way_n into_o his_o chamber_n he_o affright_v with_o the_o noise_n leap_v out_o of_o a_o window_n and_o break_v his_o leg_n the_o boiar_n follow_v and_o there_o slay_v he_o and_o hurry_v his_o carcase_n into_o the_o marketplace_n where_o they_o also_o lay_v by_o he_o his_o great_a fautor_n basmaneuf_n expose_v they_o three_o day_n afterward_o they_o choose_v vasilie_o ivanowich_n zuisky_n grand_fw-fr tzar_n in_o his_o stead_n who_o be_v crown_v june_n 1_o 1606._o he_o have_v not_o reign_v long_o before_o another_o demetri_fw-la appear_v in_o poland_n and_o be_v by_o they_o assist_v raise_v very_o great_a trouble_n in_o muscovy_n after_o he_o also_o start_v up_o another_o demetri_fw-la in_o moskow_n itself_o who_o also_o find_v follower_n and_o abettor_n people_n who_o in_o the_o time_n of_o trouble_n and_o licentiousness_n take_v even_o a_o sorry_a pretence_n to_o rob_v and_o plunder_v meanwhile_o divers_a of_o the_o nobility_n bandy_v together_o against_o their_o lord_n zuisky_n pretend_v that_o he_o be_v unfortunate_a that_o victory_n seem_v to_o shun_v and_o trouble_v to_o follow_v he_o that_o as_o long_o as_o he_o govern_v there_o can_v be_v no_o hope_n of_o peace_n etc._n etc._n which_o silly_a story_n prevail_v so_o much_o upon_o a_o amaze_a people_n that_o they_o seize_v upon_o zuisky_n and_o shave_v he_o put_v he_o into_o a_o monastery_n meanwhile_o the_o pole_n be_v not_o idle_a in_o defend_v and_o assert_v their_o demetri_fw-la but_o come_v with_o their_o army_n before_o moskow_n the_o russes_z to_o heal_v all_o their_o wound_n and_o solder_v up_o their_o difference_n choose_v vladislaus_n son_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o be_v their_o grand_a duke_n upon_o certain_a condition_n whereof_o one_o be_v that_o zuisky_n and_o his_o family_n shall_v be_v put_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n which_o be_v according_o do_v and_o he_o imprison_v till_o death_n and_o bury_v in_o the_o highway_n the_o polish_v army_n before_o moskow_n understand_v the_o election_n of_o their_o prince_n behave_v themselves_o very_o peaceable_o for_o a_o while_n and_o the_o general_n with_o part_n of_o his_o army_n be_v admit_v into_o the_o castle_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o army_n be_v quarter_v in_o the_o village_n without_o but_o they_o by_o little_a and_o little_o get_v into_o the_o city_n where_o they_o have_v not_o long_o continue_v ever_o there_o happen_v a_o quarrel_n which_o among_o man_n use_v to_o drunkenness_n be_v not_o hard_a to_o find_v of_o the_o pole_n against_o the_o russes_z whereupon_o they_o fall_v upon_o the_o city_n and_o in_o despite_n of_o their_o general_n plunder_v and_o burn_v it_o they_o say_v that_o at_o that_o time_n perish_v two_o hundred_o thousand_o person_n the_o treasury_n also_o be_v pillage_v and_o all_o the_o wealth_n of_o the_o emperor_n scatter_v among_o the_o polish_v soldier_n some_o of_o who_o be_v say_v to_o have_v charge_v their_o pistol_n with_o pearl_n the_o russes_z be_v in_o this_o almost_o desperate_a condition_n and_o upon_o the_o very_a brink_n of_o ruin_n at_o length_n a_o butcher_n who_o name_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v zachary_n listpenow_n begin_v not_o to_o despair_v and_o to_o give_v out_o among_o the_o people_n that_o if_o there_o can_v be_v find_v a_o honest_a treasurer_n there_o will_v not_o want_v good_a officer_n and_o soldier_n of_o the_o russ_n nation_n to_o deliver_v they_o from_o their_o misery_n and_o settle_v peace_n and_o glory_n again_o in_o their_o country_n the_o people_n destitute_a of_o other_o hope_n catch_v hold_v upon_o this_o straw_n and_o bid_v he_o name_n who_o he_o think_v fit_a to_o be_v general_n which_o he_o do_v and_o propose_v to_o they_o a_o very_a worthy_a but_o poor_a and_o neglect_a gentleman_n call_v pozarskey_n the_o people_n approve_v his_o choice_n take_v he_o for_o commander_n and_o the_o butcher_n they_o make_v treasurer_n bring_v ready_o unto_o he_o all_o the_o money_n they_o owe_v unto_o the_o emperor_n and_o what_o they_o can_v spare_v of_o their_o own_o wherewith_o he_o present_o raise_v a_o army_n and_o join_v it_o with_o a_o body_n of_o cossack_n then_o in_o service_n of_o the_o muscovite_n they_o march_v to_o moskow_n besiege_v the_o pole_n in_o the_o castle_n and_o force_v they_o to_o surrender_v and_o to_o march_v out_o of_o the_o empire_n which_o they_o immediate_o perform_v hereupon_o the_o russ_n nobility_n convene_v at_o moskow_n and_o see_v their_o country_n free_a from_o stranger_n and_o a_o obedient_a army_n of_o their_o own_o they_o resolve_v upon_o elect_v of_o a_o new_a emperor_n which_o they_o put_v in_o execution_n ann_n 1613_o and_o make_v choice_n of_o a_o young_a man_n call_v michael_n federowitz_n and_o swear_v allegiance_n unto_o he_o his_o father_n have_v forsake_v his_o wife_n for_o god_n sake_n as_o they_o say_v i._n e._n quit_v she_o and_o betake_v himself_o to_o his_o devotion_n in_o a_o monastery_n he_o be_v of_o the_o house_n of_o romanove_n and_o when_o his_o son_n be_v choose_v tzar_n he_o also_o be_v elect_v patriarch_n and_o be_v a_o very_a wise_a and_o moderate_a person_n he_o put_v his_o son_n who_o be_v always_o obedient_a unto_o he_o upon_o secure_a and_o prudent_a counsel_n his_o name_n be_v change_v to_o philaretes_n nikiditz_n and_o he_o die_v ann_n 1633._o the_o first_o thing_n he_o do_v be_v to_o recover_v smolensko_n and_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o christian_a prince_n especial_o king_n james_n he_o make_v peace_n with_o the_o pole_n he_o also_o make_v a_o peace_n with_o the_o swede_n who_o have_v be_v the_o sore_a and_o heavy_a enemy_n to_o the_o russes_z and_o by_o the_o assistance_n also_o of_o king_n james_n a_o accord_n be_v make_v and_o all_o difference_n reconcile_v the_o swede_n be_v to_o render_v novogrod_v stara_n russa_n porkow_n lagda_n aydow_n with_o all_o their_o territory_n to_o the_o muscovite_n and_o the_o muscovite_n surrender_v ivanogrod_v jama_n coporia_n noteburg_n with_o their_o precinct_n to_o the_o swede_n and_o renounce_v all_o title_n to_o livonia_n which_o be_v no_o small_a prejudice_n to_o the_o russ_n who_o thereby_o lose_v the_o salt_n trade_n which_o have_v bring_v in_o no_o small_a revenue_n he_o die_v july_n 12_o 1645_o in_o the_o forty-seventh_a year_n of_o his_o age_n and_o thirty-third_a of_o his_o reign_n he_o be_v a_o prudent_a pious_a and_o valiant_a person_n endeavour_v by_o all_o mean_n to_o banish_v the_o memory_n of_o former_a tyranny_n and_o to_o make_v up_o the_o breach_n of_o his_o own_o people_n which_o he_o do_v very_o successful_o to_o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n alex_v michaelowitz_n a_o more_o martial_a but_o yet_o as_o mild_a a_o governor_n who_o action_n be_v so_o fresh_a in_o all_o man_n memory_n that_o i_o think_v it_o superfluous_a to_o write_v they_o but_o such_o have_v be_v these_o of_o the_o house_n romanove_n that_o if_o their_o successor_n continue_v to_o tread_v in_o the_o step_n of_o these_o their_o ancestor_n they_o need_v not_o doubt_v of_o both_o a_o last_a reign_n and_o glory_n to_o all_o posterity_n he_o die_v about_o the_o year_n 1676_o and_o leave_v his_o son_n a_o young_a prince_n of_o about_o sixteen_o year_n of_o age_n to_o succeed_v he_o the_o lake_n and_o river_n of_o muscovy_n concern_v the_o lake_n and_o river_n of_o muscovy_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v 1._o that_o almost_o all_o
old_a time_n among_o the_o german_n which_o name_v most_o proper_o agree_v to_o they_o for_o they_o be_v no_o other_o than_o a_o collection_n of_o thief_n and_o robber_n out_o of_o all_o nation_n and_o country_n live_v chief_o upon_o spoil_n pillage_n and_o piracy_n they_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n according_a to_o the_o place_n of_o their_o habitation_n which_o they_o choose_v in_o fastness_n desert_n and_o unknown_a place_n more_o for_o their_o security_n then_o other_o convenience_n those_o that_o live_v upon_o the_o boristhenes_n in_o the_o vkrain_n be_v call_v zaporousky_a but_o beside_o they_o there_o be_v another_o sort_n like_o those_o who_o because_o they_o live_v upon_o and_o about_o the_o don_n or_o tanais_n be_v call_v donsky_n and_o these_o be_v they_o of_o who_o we_o speak_v at_o this_o time_n they_o be_v in_o some_o degree_n subject_n to_o the_o grand_a tzar_n as_o the_o other_o be_v to_o the_o polander_n but_o they_o obey_v not_o much_o more_o than_o themselves_o please_v tribute_n or_o acknowledgement_n they_o pay_v none_o law_n and_o government_n such_o as_o it_o be_v they_o have_v of_o their_o own_o only_o when_o the_o grand_a tzar_n command_v they_o assist_v he_o with_o what_o number_n of_o soldier_n he_o please_v but_o he_o pay_v and_o protect_v they_o against_o their_o enemy_n i.e._n all_o the_o world_n but_o chief_o the_o crim-tartar_n their_o neighbour_n one_o of_o these_o be_v stenko_n or_o stepan_n radzin_n who_o to_o revenge_v his_o brother_n death_n that_o be_v hang_v for_o head_v a_o sedition_n of_o the_o cosack_n in_o the_o army_n of_o the_o grand_a tzar_n against_o the_o pole_n ann_n 1665_o by_o jury_n alexowitz_n dolgarowsky_n the_o russ_n general_n ann_n 1667_o after_o he_o have_v get_v so_o much_o into_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o cosack_v as_o to_o be_v acknowledge_v their_o general_n he_o begin_v to_o pillage_n upon_o the_o volga_n and_o the_o caspian_a sea_n as_o far_o as_o jaick_n which_o he_o plunder_v and_o burn_v he_o destroy_v all_o their_o fishery_n their_o village_n and_o whatever_o he_o can_v light_v upon_o bring_v a_o very_a great_a calamity_n upon_o all_o those_o nation_n thence_o he_o go_v to_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o caspian_a sea_n to_o terki_n etc._n etc._n and_o so_o into_o persia_n where_o in_o a_o certain_a city_n find_v great_a quantity_n of_o excellent_a wine_n himself_o and_o soldier_n of_o who_o he_o have_v five_o or_o six_o thousand_o be_v so_o drink_v that_o the_o persian_n fall_v upon_o they_o and_o slay_v they_o stenko_n with_o about_o five_o hundred_o of_o his_o cosack_n with_o great_a difficulty_n escape_v to_o their_o boat_n which_o they_o call_v stroog_n thence_o he_o come_v again_o to_o volga_n to_o recruit_v his_o loss_n both_o of_o man_n and_o spoil_n which_o he_o do_v in_o short_a time_n and_o one_o day_n entertain_v his_o officer_n upon_o the_o river_n with_o his_o mistress_n a_o very_a beautiful_a persian_a lady_n who_o he_o have_v take_v prisoner_n he_o drown_v she_o with_o his_o own_o hand_n and_o present_o upon_o that_o set_v up_o reformer_n against_o drink_v whore_v etc._n etc._n and_o get_v so_o much_o into_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o people_n that_o astracan_a be_v by_o the_o citizen_n and_o soldier_n surrender_v unto_o he_o where_o his_o cruelty_n upon_o the_o governor_n and_o the_o officer_n be_v not_o easy_o express_v beside_o other_o great_a mischief_n he_o do_v to_o the_o grand_a tzar_n but_o among_o his_o own_o cosack_n he_o be_v very_o humble_a and_o of_o easy_a address_n nor_o can_v any_o one_o know_v he_o from_o a_o ordinary_a cosack_n by_o his_o garb_n or_o outward_a appearance_n but_o only_o by_o the_o very_a great_a observance_n they_o give_v he_o bow_v to_o the_o ground_n when_o they_o come_v to_o he_o and_o by_o the_o compellation_n they_o use_v towards_o he_o which_o be_v batskie_n father_n which_o partly_o also_o show_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o cosack_v government_n which_o be_v that_o their_o general_n have_v no_o more_o power_n than_o the_o soldier_n give_v he_o voluntary_o which_o be_v common_o according_a to_o the_o advantage_n and_o success_n they_o get_v by_o he_o but_o as_o i_o say_v more_o of_o these_o when_o we_o come_v to_o the_o vkrain_n taurica_fw-la chersonesus_n hodie_fw-la przecopsca_fw-la et_fw-la gazara_n dicitur_fw-la crim-tartars_a the_o country_n of_o the_o crim-tartar_n contain_v precop_n and_o the_o taurica-chersonesus_n before_o we_o treat_v particular_o of_o this_o country_n it_o be_v necessary_a that_o we_o speak_v of_o the_o tartar_n in_o general_a and_o show_v the_o reason_n of_o their_o name_n and_o how_o they_o come_v into_o these_o place_n and_o because_o this_o discourse_n do_v more_o natural_o belong_v to_o asia_n we_o shall_v here_o only_o give_v a_o brief_a account_n of_o they_o reserve_v a_o large_a treatise_n to_o its_o proper_a place_n we_o must_v also_o premise_v that_o since_o historian_n do_v so_o much_o disagree_v especial_o the_o western_a from_o the_o eastern_a in_o their_o relation_n concern_v these_o people_n the_o reader_n must_v not_o here_o expect_v either_o the_o reconcile_n or_o set_v down_o all_o their_o difference_n much_o less_o the_o confutation_n of_o any_o but_o we_o shall_v brief_o and_o with_o the_o best_a judgement_n we_o have_v deliver_v that_o which_o seem_v to_o we_o most_o probable_a and_o that_o also_o chief_o out_o of_o the_o eastern_a writer_n who_o seem_v to_o have_v more_o exact_a knowledge_n of_o these_o matter_n than_o our_o own_o people_n martinius_n say_v that_o in_o the_o chinese_n history_n mention_n be_v make_v of_o the_o tartar_n four_o thousand_o year_n ago_o but_o i_o can_v find_v they_o name_v in_o our_o historian_n till_o about_o twelve_o hundred_o year_n after_o christ_n that_o the_o scythian_n ancient_o inhabit_v all_o the_o northern_a region_n i_o think_v be_v out_o of_o doubt_n as_o also_o that_o these_o tartar_n be_v a_o tribe_n of_o they_o which_o subdue_a all_o the_o rest_n abolish_v the_o former_a and_o introduce_v their_o own_o name_n they_o be_v by_o all_o the_o ancient_a historian_n call_v tatar_n and_o this_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v the_o general_a name_n of_o those_o nation_n that_o inhabit_v beyond_o imaus_n the_o north-east_n part_n of_o scythia_n and_o north_n of_o the_o wall_n of_o china_n build_v as_o some_o say_v a_o few_o year_n before_o our_o saviour_n time_n though_o our_o historian_n make_v no_o mention_n of_o it_o till_o the_o greatness_n of_o these_o tatar_n suggest_v to_o the_o chinois_n to_o secure_v themselves_o by_o this_o defence_n from_o their_o fury_n there_o be_v divers_a conjecture_n concern_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o name_n some_o derive_v it_o from_o a_o syriack_n word_n that_o signify_v abundance_n because_o of_o the_o populousness_n of_o that_o nation_n some_o from_o a_o word_n signify_v remainder_n i._n e._n of_o the_o twelve_o tribe_n other_o say_v that_o it_o be_v the_o name_n of_o the_o province_n they_o inhabit_v or_o of_o the_o river_n upon_o 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as_o emperor_n in_o we_o in_o the_o year_n of_o the_o hegira_n 559_o which_o be_v of_o our_o saviour_n 1202_o reign_v over_o these_o eastern_a tribe_n of_o scythia_n call_v tatar_n one_o vng-chan_n in_o who_o service_n be_v entertain_v or_o as_o some_o say_v bring_v up_o with_o he_o a_o young_a man_n call_v tamugin_n who_o become_v a_o person_n of_o very_a great_a prudence_n valour_n and_o good_a fortune_n and_o arrive_v at_o so_o great_a esteem_n for_o his_o military_a service_n that_o by_o the_o malicious_a suggestion_n of_o those_o who_o envy_v he_o vng-chan_n conceive_v a_o very_a great_a jealousy_n against_o he_o and_o resolve_v to_o apprehend_v imprison_v and_o proceed_v against_o he_o as_o there_o shall_v be_v reason_n the_o night_n appoint_v for_o this_o exploit_n be_v discover_v to_o tamugin_n by_o two_o of_o vng-chans_a servant_n who_o provide_v against_o it_o leave_v his_o tent_n
and_o vilna_n for_o the_o polonian_n believe_v that_o it_o very_o much_o avail_v both_o to_o the_o security_n of_o the_o governor_n and_o to_o confirm_v the_o allegiance_n of_o they_o that_o obey_v that_o the_o king_n shall_v be_v choose_v by_o the_o generality_n who_o can_v then_o have_v no_o pretence_n to_o complain_v of_o their_o own_o act._n the_o place_n of_o election_n be_v in_o a_o open_a field_n not_o far_o from_o warsaw_n near_o the_o village_n wola_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o multitude_n of_o they_o who_o have_v voice_n in_o the_o election_n it_o be_v mark_v out_o by_o the_o marshal_n of_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n when_o the_o day_n of_o election_n be_v come_v and_o the_o senator_n all_o meet_v the_o interrex_n ask_v the_o question_n three_o time_n whether_o it_o be_v their_o pleasure_n to_o command_v that_o such_o a_o one_o shall_v be_v declare_v king_n if_o by_o consent_n of_o voice_n they_o return_v for_o a_o answer_n it_o please_v we_o let_v he_o live_v then_o the_o 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possess_v the_o throne_n appoint_v thou_o by_o god_n let_v thy_o hand_n be_v strengthen_v and_o thy_o right_a hand_n exalt_v the_o solemnity_n be_v end_v the_o king_n repair_v to_o the_o grand_a assembly_n for_o the_o coronation_n where_o the_o interrex_n resign_v his_o authority_n and_o the_o senator_n together_o with_o the_o nobility_n and_o deputy_n of_o the_o city_n take_v their_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n to_o the_o new_a king_n the_o present_a power_n and_o authority_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n will_n more_o plain_o appear_v by_o a_o recital_n of_o the_o article_n to_o the_o observance_n whereof_o they_o bound_v themselves_o as_o well_o before_o as_o at_o their_o coronation_n for_o they_o contain_v all_o the_o essential_a property_n of_o regal_a dominion_n under_o the_o name_n of_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la as_o to_o their_o power_n in_o ecclesiastical_a affair_n the_o roman-catholick_n king_n of_o poland_n have_v be_v so_o kind_a as_o to_o part_v with_o their_o chief_a prerogative_n in_o that_o particular_a reserve_v only_o to_o themselves_o the_o collation_n of_o benefice_n the_o king_n swear_v to_o maintain_v peace_n between_o the_o dissenter_n in_o religion_n of_o which_o there_o be_v many_o in_o poland_n and_o to_o compose_v the_o cause_n and_o difference_n among_o person_n profess_v the_o greek_a religion_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la swear_v to_o by_o john_n the_o three_o now_o reign_v as_o for_o foundation_n of_o church_n and_o monastery_n whatsoever_o liberty_n the_o king_n may_v have_v to_o erect_v they_o be_v to_o be_v confirm_v by_o all_o the_o order_n at_o the_o general_a assembly_n of_o estate_n and_o thus_o the_o immunity_n and_o privilege_n grant_v by_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o the_o academy_n of_o vilna_n be_v also_o confirm_v the_o next_o prerogative_n be_v the_o legislative_a power_n concern_v which_o we_o find_v that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o lechus_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v a_o absolute_a authority_n of_o make_v law_n themselves_o as_o necessity_n require_v but_o afterward_o when_o they_o have_v receive_v the_o christian_a faith_n they_o begin_v to_o make_v law_n with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o peer_n insomuch_o that_o sigismond_n the_o three_o in_o the_o year_n 1570_o enact_v that_o no_o law_n shall_v be_v of_o public_a force_n till_o review_v and_o subscribe_v by_o such_o a_o number_n of_o deputy_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o senator_n who_o consent_n be_v to_o be_v require_v beforehand_o whether_o the_o law_n shall_v pass_v which_o law_n remain_v to_o this_o day_n the_o determination_n of_o controversy_n be_v likewise_o former_o in_o the_o breast_n of_o the_o king_n as_o supreme_a judge_n till_o vladislaus_n jagello_n grant_v this_o privilege_n to_o the_o nobility_n that_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v punish_v or_o imprison_v till_o convict_v by_o law_n after_o he_o bathor_n throw_v off_o the_o burden_n of_o hear_v cause_n from_o his_o own_o shoulder_n and_o erect_v several_a court_n of_o judicature_n in_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n reserve_v only_o to_o himself_o the_o judgement_n of_o such_o cause_n as_o concern_v his_o chequer_n and_o such_o city_n as_o be_v immediate_o under_o his_o jurisdiction_n but_o now_o the_o nobility_n create_v the_o chief_a judge_n or_o marshal_n with_o his_o assistant_n in_o those_o tribunal_n nor_o do_v the_o king_n sit_v alone_o upon_o cause_n that_o come_v before_o he_o by_o way_n of_o appeal_n beside_o the_o king_n swear_v to_o determine_v all_o court_n cause_v according_a to_o the_o advice_n and_o opinion_n of_o the_o senator_n and_o officer_n reside_v at_o court_n as_o also_o to_o call_v the_o cause_n in_o order_n as_o they_o be_v set_v down_o in_o the_o register_n and_o neither_o to_o retard_v nor_o further_o any_o cause_n for_o favour_n or_o interest_n the_o power_n of_o make_v war_n do_v former_o without_o doubt_n absolute_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n but_o casimir_n the_o three_o in_o the_o year_n 1454_o make_v a_o promise_n that_o he_o will_v undertake_v no_o war_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o senate_n at_o this_o day_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n by_o the_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la promise_v not_o to_o admit_v or_o call_v in_o any_o foreign_a assistance_n without_o the_o especial_a consent_n of_o the_o estate_n not_o to_o increase_v the_o number_n of_o the_o stand_a militia_n nor_o raise_v force_n private_o not_o to_o send_v aid_n to_o any_o other_o prince_n without_o consent_n as_o aforesaid_a nor_o to_o commit_v the_o trust_n of_o fort_n or_o castle_n to_o stranger_n or_o plebeian_n but_o to_o man_n of_o worth_n and_o land_a nobility_n beside_o all_o these_o engagement_n there_o be_v a_o council_n of_o war_n elect_v out_o of_o the_o senate_n and_o nobility_n to_o attend_v and_o advise_v he_o in_o the_o field_n according_a to_o the_o late_a constitution_n in_o the_o year_n 1676_o and_o several_a other_o before_o he_o be_v also_o
riches_n 1370_o lodowick_n king_n of_o hungary_n and_o nephew_n of_o casimir_n the_o great_a hitherto_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n be_v successive_a except_o when_o the_o king_n die_v without_o issue_n in_o the_o three_o class_n it_o begin_v to_o be_v elective_a vladislaus_n jagello_n be_v oblige_v to_o swear_v as_o hartknoch_n acquaint_v we_o that_o he_o receive_v it_o by_o election_n and_o not_o succession_n this_o class_n contain_v the_o king_n of_o the_o jagellonian_a family_n in_o the_o follow_a order_n 1386_o vladislaus_n jagello_n choose_a husband_n to_o heduiges_n second_o daughter_n to_o lodowic_n and_o therewith_o king_n of_o poland_n upon_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v unite_v to_o the_o crown_n his_o dominion_n of_o litvania_n samogitia_n and_o part_n of_o prussia_n become_v christian_n himself_o and_o endeavour_v the_o conversion_n of_o those_o nation_n and_o last_o pay_v two_o hundred_o thousand_o florin_n to_o william_n duke_n of_o austria_n forfeit_v by_o heduiges_n who_o be_v before_o contract_v to_o the_o say_a duke_n he_o be_v a_o pious_a prince_n and_o founder_n of_o the_o university_n at_o cracow_n 1434_o vladislaus_n iii_o 1447_o casimirus_n iu._n it_o be_v very_o memorable_a what_o loccenius_n report_v of_o this_o king_n how_o that_o meeting_n with_o charles_n king_n of_o swedeland_n at_o dantzick_n he_o be_v force_v to_o get_v a_o monk_n to_o talk_v latin_a with_o the_o say_a king_n who_o understand_v not_o polish_v but_o talk_v latin_a accurate_o hereupon_o casimir_n be_v ashamed_a of_o the_o ignorance_n of_o himself_o and_o his_o follower_n return_v home_n cause_v public_a proclamation_n to_o be_v make_v that_o from_o thenceforward_a no_o man_n shall_v be_v advance_v to_o any_o dignity_n except_o he_o be_v able_a to_o speak_v latin_n whence_o say_v the_o same_o author_n it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o polander_n have_v ever_o since_o excel_v in_o the_o latin_a tongue_n 1492_o johannes_n albertus_n in_o who_o reign_n the_o tartar_n lay_v waste_v rusia_n podolia_n and_o several_a other_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 1501_o alexander_n this_o king_n be_v report_v to_o have_v be_v such_o a_o prodigal_a that_o have_v he_o rule_v long_o he_o will_v have_v beggar_v the_o nation_n his_o queen_n helena_n be_v not_o suffer_v to_o be_v crown_v because_o be_v a_o greek_a she_o refuse_v to_o conform_v to_o the_o roman_a church_n 1507_o sigismond_n i._o reckon_v by_o paulus_n jovius_n one_o of_o the_o three_o worthy_n charles_n v._o emperor_n and_o francis_n i._o king_n of_o france_n be_v the_o other_o who_o have_v they_o not_o be_v contemporary_a prince_n deserve_v single_o to_o have_v rule_v the_o whole_a world_n beside_o the_o large_a endowment_n of_o his_o mind_n he_o be_v a_o person_n of_o such_o vast_a strength_n of_o body_n that_o it_o be_v ordinary_a for_o he_o in_o his_o youth_n to_o break_v asunder_o horse-shoe_n and_o strong_a rope_n 1548_o sigismundus_n augustus_n in_o his_o time_n the_o lutheran_n religion_n begin_v first_o to_o take_v foot_v in_o poland_n the_o four_o and_o last_o class_n contain_v a_o register_n of_o king_n elect_v out_o of_o divers_a family_n which_o occasion_v several_a interregna_fw-la the_o order_n of_o these_o prince_n be_v as_o follow_v 1574_o henry_n valois_n duke_n of_o anjou_n he_o flee_v from_o poland_n into_o france_n upon_o news_n of_o his_o brother_n charles_n death_n and_o be_v thereupon_o depose_v by_o the_o estate_n he_o reign_v five_o month_n 1576_o stephen_n bathor_n palatine_n of_o transylvania_n 1587._o sigismond_n iii_o prince_n of_o sweden_n who_o after_o the_o death_n of_o his_o father_n john_n iii_o be_v crown_v also_o king_n of_o sweden_n but_o depose_v again_o by_o his_o subject_n chief_o for_o attempt_v to_o introduce_v the_o roman_a religion_n among_o they_o in_o which_o he_o have_v be_v educate_v by_o his_o mother_n his_o uncle_n charles_n ix_o duke_n of_o sudermannia_n be_v choose_v in_o his_o place_n 1632_o vladislaus_n iu_o famous_a for_o his_o many_o conquest_n over_o the_o turk_n and_o subdue_a muscovy_n of_o which_o he_o be_v elect_v tzar_n in_o his_o father_n life-time_n 1648_o john_n casimir_n design_v for_o a_o religious_a and_o have_v live_v two_o year_n of_o probation_n among_o the_o jesuit_n but_o as_o hartknoch_n write_v nominate_v cardinal_n by_o innocent_a x._o before_o he_o take_v the_o vow_n of_o that_o order_n be_v elect_v king_n he_o marry_v his_o brother_n sigismund_n widow_n he_o lay_v down_o his_o diadem_n and_o retire_v into_o france_n 1669_o michael_n koributh_n duke_n of_o wisniowiec_n a_o unfortunate_a prince_n who_o lose_v caminiec_n to_o the_o turk_n 1674_o john_n sobieski_n former_o general_n against_o the_o turk_n now_o reign_v a._n d._n 1679._o the_o queen_n of_o poland_n except_o she_o be_v a_o roman_n catholic_n be_v never_o crown_v nor_o then_o unless_o the_o king_n himself_o request_v it_o who_o be_v always_o present_a at_o her_o coronation_n during_o his_o life_n the_o charge_n of_o her_o court_n be_v defray_v out_o of_o his_o exchequer_n but_o after_o his_o death_n she_o maintain_v herself_o out_o of_o the_o revenue_n of_o such_o land_n as_o the_o king_n with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o estate_n make_v over_o to_o she_o upon_o marriage_n the_o senate_n of_o poland_n be_v famous_a as_o well_o for_o the_o nobility_n as_o number_v of_o person_n among_o who_o he_o that_o precede_v all_o the_o rest_n both_o in_o dignity_n and_o place_n be_v the_o archbishop_z of_o gnesna_n who_o always_o sit_v next_o the_o king_n upon_o his_o right_a hand_n he_o have_v belong_v to_o his_o court_n a_o marshal_n who_o be_v also_o a_o senator_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o the_o rank_n of_o the_o castellane_n this_o marshal_n ride_v before_o the_o archbishop_n coach_n and_o when_o he_o go_v to_o court_n carry_v a_o staff_n before_o he_o upright_o till_o he_o come_v into_o the_o king_n chamber_n where_o he_o turn_v it_o downward_o his_o authority_n be_v so_o great_a that_o in_o the_o absence_n of_o other_o marshal_n he_o bear_v the_o staff_n of_o authority_n before_o the_o king_n when_o he_o go_v to_o the_o general_a assembly_n the_o archbishop_n have_v also_o a_o cross_n bear_v before_o he_o which_o the_o bearer_n hold_v upright_o behind_o his_o chair_n whilst_o he_o sit_v in_o the_o senate_n next_o to_o the_o marshal_n be_v the_o chancellor_n for_o the_o dispatch_n of_o public_a affair_n both_o in_o church_n and_o state_n the_o other_o officer_n of_o the_o archbishop_n court_n be_v the_o chamberlain_n master_n of_o request_n steward_n of_o his_o table_n treasurer_n chaplain_n library-keeper_n master_n of_o the_o horse_n and_o clerk_n of_o the_o kitchin_n as_o he_o be_v a_o prince_n while_o his_o meat_n be_v go_v up_o to_o table_n whether_o at_o home_n or_o abroad_o the_o drum_n beat_v when_o he_o come_v to_o court_n he_o go_v direct_o to_o the_o king_n never_o wait_v his_o majesty_n leisure_n or_o any_o prefix_a time_n and_o upon_o notice_n of_o his_o come_n he_o be_v meet_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o stair_n by_o the_o sub-chamberlain_n at_o the_o top_n by_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o court._n when_o he_o approach_v the_o royal_a presence_n the_o king_n himself_o go_v some_o pace_n to_o meet_v he_o the_o title_n which_o the_o king_n give_v he_o be_v to_o the_o most_o reverend_a father_n in_o christ_n by_o other_o he_o be_v style_v most_o high_a and_o most_o reverend_a lord_n lord_n n._n by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n and_o the_o apostolic_a see_v archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n legate_n bear_v primate_n and_o chief_a prince_n of_o the_o polonian_a nobility_n his_o prerogative_n be_v so_o great_a that_o he_o give_v not_o place_n to_o any_o cardinal_n for_o which_o reason_n no_o cardinal_n be_v ambitious_a of_o be_v send_v into_o poland_n next_o to_o he_o the_o archbishop_n of_o leopol_n take_v place_n after_o these_o two_o archbishop_n the_o bishop_n be_v seat_v in_o the_o senate_n according_a to_o their_o dignity_n in_o the_o follow_a order_n 1._o cracow_n 2._o cujavia_n who_o be_v also_o bishop_n of_o vladislow_n and_o pomerania_n 3._o vilna_n and_o 4._o posnania_n by_o turn_n 5._o polockzo_n 6._o varmia_n and_o 7._o luceorea_n by_o turn_n 8._o praemislia_n 9_o samogitia_n or_o mednic_n 10._o culmo_fw-la 11._o chelmo_n 12._o kiovia_n and_o zernichovia_n 13._o kamienieck_n 14._o smolensko_n these_o bishop_n sit_v on_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n of_o the_o king_n next_o the_o two_o archbishop_n concern_v the_o revenue_n and_o splendour_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o poland_n see_v cromer_n l._n 2._o descript_n pol._n pag._n 177._o and_o stanislaus_n lubienski_n in_o vita_fw-la angelotti_n fol._n 310._o bishop_n by_o the_o law_n be_v forbid_v to_o hold_v abbey_n in_o commendam_fw-la with_o their_o bishopric_n only_o the_o bishop_n of_o kiovia_n and_o kamienieck_n have_v lose_v their_o revenue_n be_v now_o permit_v that_o liberty_n for_o their_o subsistence_n next_o to_o the_o bishop_n sit_v
the_o palatine_n or_o woiwodes_n and_o castellanes_n the_o palatine_n be_v governor_n of_o dutchy_n or_o county_n commander_n of_o their_o militia_n in_o the_o general_a expedition_n of_o the_o kingdom_n appoint_v convention_n of_o the_o noble_n within_o their_o own_o palatinate_n and_o preside_v in_o they_o and_o in_o court_n of_o judicature_n and_o have_v the_o patronage_n of_o the_o jew_n who_o be_v very_o numerous_a in_o poland_n they_o be_v the_o first_o order_n of_o the_o secular_a senator_n the_o castellane_n be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o lieutenant_n of_o the_o palatine_n command_v in_o time_n of_o war_n the_o nobility_n under_o they_o there_o be_v divers_a of_o they_o belong_v to_o one_o palatine_n each_o of_o they_o have_v his_o district_n or_o castellanate_n and_o from_o hence_o his_o title_n and_o general_o some_o revenue_n but_o no_o jurisdiction_n in_o time_n of_o peace_n only_o as_o he_o be_v a_o senator_n the_o castellane_n of_o cracow_n be_v prefer_v before_o the_o palatine_a upon_o the_o rebellion_n of_o scarbimirus_n the_o palatine_a against_o boleslaus_n iii_o the_o castellane_n of_o vilna_n and_o troco_n together_o with_o the_o captain_n of_o samogitia_n the_o only_a captain_n in_o the_o senate_n have_v pre-eminence_n in_o consideration_n of_o their_o antiquity_n the_o palatine_n be_v seat_v thus_o 1._o the_o castellane_n of_o cracow_n the_o palatine_n of_o 2._o cracow_n and_o 3._o posnania_n by_o turn_n 4._o vilna_n 5._o sandomiria_n 6._o castellane_n of_o vilna_n the_o palatine_n of_o 7._o calistia_n 8._o troco_n 9_o sirad_n 10._o castellane_n of_o troco_n 11._o palatine_n of_o lenschet_fw-mi 11._o captain_n of_o samogitia_n palatine_n of_o 13._o bressic_n 14._o kiovia_n 15._o inouladislow_n 16._o russia_n former_o of_o leopol_n 17._o volhinia_n 18._o podolia_n former_o caminiecz_n 19_o smolensko_n 20._o lublin_n 21._o plockzow_n 22._o belze_n 23._o novogrod_n 24._o ploco_fw-la 25._o vitepz_n 26._o masovia_n former_o culmo_fw-la 27._o podlachia_n 28._o rava_n 29._o brzecienski_n 30._o culmo_fw-la 31._o mscislavia_n 32._o mariaeburgh_n 33._o breslow_n 34._o pomerania_n 35._o minsco_n 36._o czernichow_n after_o these_o palatine_n sit_v the_o castellane_n distinguish_v into_o great_a and_o lesser_a the_o great_a be_v these_o 1._o posnania_n 2._o sendomir_n 3._o calissia_n 4._o voynicz_n 5._o gnesna_n 6._o sirad_n 7._o lenschet_fw-mi 8._o samogitia_n 9_o brestie_n 10._o kiovia_n 11._o inouladislow_n 12._o leopol_n 13._o volhinia_n 14._o camieniecz_n 15._o smolensko_n 16._o lublin_n 17._o belze_n 18._o novogrod_n 19_o ploco_fw-la 20._o witepz_n 21._o czetne_v 22._o podlachia_n 23._o rava_n 24._o brzescia_n 25._o culmo_fw-la 26._o mscilow_n 27._o elbing_n 28._o breslow_n 29._o dantzic_n 30._o mirisco_n 31._o czernichow_n the_o lesser_a castellane_n be_v 1._o sandecia_n 2._o medirec_n 3._o wislick_n 4._o biecie_fw-la 5._o rogosnow_n 6._o radan_n 7._o zawichost_n 8._o lenden_n 9_o srim_n 10._o tarnow_n 11._o malagost_n 12._o vielun_n 13._o praemissia_fw-la 14._o halicie_n 15._o senoc_n 16._o chelmo_n 17._o dobrzin_n 18._o polaniecz_n 19_o premetenski_n 20._o krivin_fw-fr 21._o czechow_n 22._o nackle_n 23._o rospir_n 24._o biechow_n 25._o bidgost_n 26._o briesin_n 27._o kruswic_n 28._o oswiecz_n 29._o camienecz_n 30._o spicimiria_n 31._o inoulad_a 32._o kowale_n 33._o santoc_n 34._o sochaczow_n 35._o warsow_n 36._o gostinin_n 37._o visna_n 38._o raciecz_n 39_o sierpz_n 40._o wysogrogende_fw-la 41._o ripin_n 42._o zacochim_n 43._o ciechanon_n 44._o live_v 45._o slonsco_n 46._o lubaczow_n 47._o konar_n in_o sirad_n 48._o konar_n in_o lenschot_n 49._o konar_n in_o cujavia_n these_o be_v call_v the_o lesser_a as_o be_v more_o late_o admit_v into_o the_o senate_n to_o great_a castellane_n they_o give_v the_o title_n of_o wielmozni_n or_o magnifici_fw-la to_o the_o lesser_a that_o of_o vrodzeni_n or_o generosi_fw-la but_o by_o private_a person_n all_o castellane_n be_v call_v jasnie_n wielmozni_n or_o illustrissimi_fw-la it_o be_v establish_v by_o law_n that_o none_o may_v be_v either_o palatine_a or_o castellane_n in_o that_o province_n in_o which_o he_o have_v no_o land_n the_o low_a in_o degree_n among_o the_o senator_n be_v the_o officer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o great_a dukedom_n of_o lithvania_n in_o the_o follow_a order_n 1._o the_o supreme_a marshal_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 2._o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o lithvania_n 3._o the_o high_a chancellor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 4._o the_o chancellor_n of_o lithvania_n 5._o the_o pro-chancellor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 6._o the_o pro-chancellor_n of_o lithvania_n 7._o the_o treasurer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 8._o the_o treasurer_n of_o lithvania_n 9_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o court_n for_o the_o kingdom_n 10._o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o court_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o lithvania_n the_o office_n of_o the_o supreme_a marshal_n be_v to_o call_v the_o senate_n upon_o command_n of_o the_o king_n or_o interrex_n to_o command_v silence_n and_o give_v leave_v of_o speak_v therein_o to_o promulgate_v their_o act_n to_o the_o people_n and_o to_o pronounce_v and_o put_v in_o execution_n the_o king_n decree_n in_o all_o cause_n of_o infamy_n and_o death_n he_o prepare_v the_o place_n of_o the_o diet_n and_o have_v the_o chief_a management_n of_o matter_n in_o those_o assembly_n receive_v foreign_a prince_n and_o ambassador_n at_o their_o arrival_n provide_v they_o with_o lodging_n perform_v also_o most_o of_o the_o function_n belong_v to_o the_o lord_n steward_n of_o the_o king_n household_n in_o the_o public_a assembly_n or_o when_o he_o go_v before_o the_o king_n he_o carry_v a_o staff_n upright_o while_o the_o king_n reside_v in_o lithvania_n the_o marshal_n of_o lithvania_n have_v the_o same_o power_n there_o the_o chancellor_n be_v both_o secular_a person_n and_o the_o office_n of_o chancellor_n and_o pro-chancellor_n be_v the_o same_o only_o the_o chancellor_n keep_v the_o great_a and_o the_o pro-chancellor_n the_o lesser_a seal_n in_o short_a these_o two_o be_v the_o mouth_n and_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n in_o the_o dispatch_n of_o all_o business_n the_o treasurer_n be_v the_o steward_n of_o the_o public_a treasury_n and_o master_n of_o the_o mint_n when_o the_o king_n bestow_v this_o office_n upon_o any_o one_o four_o senator_n be_v appoint_v to_o deliver_v the_o treasury_n to_o he_o by_o a_o inventory_n of_o which_o there_o be_v three_o copy_n one_o with_o the_o king_n another_z with_o the_o treasurer_n and_o the_o three_o they_o keep_v themselves_o this_o by_o the_o way_n take_v notice_n of_o in_o reference_n to_o all_o the_o senator_n that_o none_o of_o they_o be_v permit_v to_o stir_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n without_o particular_a licence_n of_o the_o grand_a estate_n and_o upon_o some_o press_a occasion_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o officer_n about_o the_o court_n which_o be_v not_o of_o the_o senatorian_a order_n as_o the_o principal_a secretary_n master_n of_o request_n captain_n general_n etc._n etc._n i_o spare_v to_o mention_v be_v muchwhat_a the_o same_o as_o in_o other_o nation_n only_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o there_o be_v two_o of_o every_o sort_n one_o for_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n the_o other_o for_o the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o lithvania_n the_o master_n of_o request_n be_v always_o present_a when_o the_o king_n sit_v to_o determine_v controversy_n and_o difference_n among_o his_o subject_n at_o which_o time_n it_o be_v their_o duty_n to_o lay_v open_a the_o nature_n and_o ground_n of_o the_o controversy_n to_o the_o king_n they_o stand_v fair_a upon_o a_o vacancy_n to_o be_v admit_v senator_n the_o magistrate_n for_o the_o several_a district_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n that_o be_v land_n or_o camp-magistrate_n the_o land_n magistrate_n be_v 1._o the_o vice-chamberlain_n or_o judge_n of_o bound_n and_o limit_n 2._o the_o standard-bearer_n 3._o the_o land-judg_n 4._o the_o tribune_n 5._o the_o land-register_n 6._o the_o keeper_n of_o the_o treasury_n beside_o some_o other_o inferior_a officer_n the_o camp_n or_o military_a officer_n be_v 1._o the_o captain_n with_o jurisdiction_n who_o be_v governor_n of_o some_o town_n or_o castle_n 2._o the_o captain_n without_o jurisdiction_n 3._o the_o burggrave_n who_o be_v governor_n of_o some_o castle_n and_z takes_z care_n of_o the_o outguard_n 4._o the_o vice-captain_n 5._o the_o judg-advocate_n 6._o the_o field-register_n the_o council_n council_n council_n or_o parliament_n of_o poland_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n 1._o civil_a to_o which_o the_o counsellor_n come_v in_o their_o gown_n 2._o military_a to_o which_o they_o come_v in_o military_a habit_n the_o latter_a be_v only_o hold_v in_o the_o time_n of_o a_o interregnum_fw-la the_o former_a be_v frequent_o call_v and_o be_v 1._o ordinary_a which_o by_o the_o law_n be_v summon_v once_o in_o two_o year_n 2._o extraordinary_a which_o be_v assemble_v as_o the_o necessity_n of_o affair_n require_v when_o either_o ordinary_a or_o extraordinary_a council_n be_v to_o be_v convene_v the_o king_n by_o his_o letter_n summon_v
the_o lesser_a council_n or_o convention_n in_o the_o several_a palatinate_n large_a province_n and_o certain_a district_n these_o convention_n precede_v the_o general_a assembly_n of_o the_o kingdom_n six_o week_n unless_o upon_o some_o extraordinary_a accident_n and_o be_v hold_v in_o the_o proper_a city_n of_o the_o palatinate_v and_o province_n appoint_v for_o that_o purpose_n here_o after_o they_o have_v choose_v a_o marshal_n who_o seem_v to_o be_v much_o like_o our_o speaker_n as_o be_v the_o director_n of_o the_o convention_n they_o first_o consider_v of_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v propound_v to_o they_o by_o the_o king_n deputy_n dispatch_v away_o to_o every_o convention_n and_o of_o what_o other_o business_n be_v to_o be_v motion_v at_o the_o general_n session_n after_o that_o they_o choose_v the_o land_n deputy_n or_o provincial_a delegate_n for_o the_o general_a assembly_n every_o province_n send_v so_o many_o almost_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o our_o shire_n save_v only_o that_o they_o be_v not_o choose_v by_o the_o people_n till_o the_o whole_a number_n amount_v to_o about_o 300._o these_o deputy_n be_v general_o elect_v out_o of_o such_o magistrate_n as_o be_v not_o of_o the_o senatorian_a order_n exclude_v all_o judge_n and_o their_o assistant_n collector_n and_o all_o officer_n of_o the_o exchequer_n unless_o they_o have_v exact_a and_o full_a acquittance_n from_o the_o treasurer_n the_o delegate_n like_o our_o burgess_n have_v a_o certain_a allowance_n from_o their_o respective_a province_n during_o the_o sit_v of_o the_o general_a assembly_n the_o particular_a convention_n be_v break_v up_o which_o by_o the_o law_n be_v not_o to_o sit_v above_o four_o day_n three_o week_n before_o the_o senator_n and_o delegate_n repair_v to_o the_o grand_a session_n they_o meet_v at_o the_o general_a committee_n for_o the_o several_a province_n where_o they_o again_o read_v over_o the_o king_n command_n the_o instruction_n give_v to_o the_o delegate_n and_o what_o be_v think_v needful_a to_o be_v propound_v for_o the_o public_a good_a the_o grand_a assembly_n be_v meet_v the_o deputy_n repair_v to_o their_o chamber_n and_o choose_v their_o marshal_n or_o director_n which_o do_v they_o be_v all_o conduct_v to_o kiss_v the_o king_n hand_n and_o after_o that_o ceremony_n perform_v the_o chancellor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o dukedom_n in_o order_n declare_v to_o they_o the_o substance_n of_o those_o affair_n which_o be_v to_o be_v the_o subject_n of_o their_o debate_n before_o they_o depart_v they_o put_v the_o king_n in_o mind_n of_o supply_v such_o employment_n as_o be_v vacant_a with_o deserve_a person_n and_o desire_v a_o account_n of_o such_o law_n or_o ordinance_n as_o have_v be_v make_v by_o the_o resident_a senator_n since_o the_o sit_v of_o the_o last_o grand_a convention_n have_v so_o do_v they_o return_v to_o their_o chamber_n the_o power_n of_o these_o nuncii_fw-la or_o deputy_n be_v very_o great_a for_o when_o they_o send_v any_o of_o their_o number_n to_o the_o king_n they_o be_v present_o admit_v let_v the_o king_n be_v never_o so_o busy_a and_o have_v a_o immediate_a dispatch_n if_o they_o clash_v in_o their_o debate_n the_o king_n be_v careful_a to_o send_v some_o of_o the_o senator_n to_o reconcile_v they_o who_o then_o give_v they_o the_o title_n of_o mosci_n panovoie_n bracia_n or_o gracious_a lord_n brother_n they_o have_v also_o power_n to_o impeach_v any_o great_a officer_n of_o misdemeanour_n and_o to_o put_v the_o king_n himself_o in_o mind_n of_o his_o promise_n touch_v the_o law_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o kingdom_n neither_o be_v any_o constitution_n valid_a that_o have_v not_o its_o original_a from_o the_o chamber_n of_o the_o deputy_n and_o which_o be_v yet_o more_o if_o any_o one_o of_o the_o whole_a number_n of_o the_o nuncii_fw-la dissent_n nothing_o can_v be_v legal_o conclude_v so_o that_o upon_o the_o protestation_n and_o departure_n of_o one_o deputy_n the_o whole_a 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thief_n proscribe_v person_n
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sigismond_n the_o three_o but_o much_o beautify_v by_o his_o successor_n over_o against_o this_o on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o river_n which_o be_v passable_a by_o a_o stately_a wooden_a bridge_n sit_v the_o great_a parliament_n of_o poland_n in_o another_o of_o the_o king_n palace_n call_v viasdow_n seat_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o many_o and_o delicate_a grove_n and_o garden_n in_o the_o city_n be_v public_a building_n of_o good_a note_n the_o most_o remarkable_a of_o which_o be_v st._n john_n baptist_n church_n where_o divine_a service_n be_v perform_v by_o secular_a canon_n not_o far_o from_o viasdow_n in_o the_o suburb_n call_v cracow_n stand_v as_o a_o trophy_n of_o the_o victory_n obtain_v by_o the_o pole_n over_o the_o moscovite_n a_o small_a chapel_n build_v by_o the_o king_n command_n for_o the_o burial_n of_o demetrius_n suiscius_n great_a duke_n of_o moscovie_n who_o die_v a_o captive_a in_o the_o castle_n of_o gostenin_n the_o nobility_n of_o masovia_n which_o be_v 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finish_v herman_n de_fw-fr salza_n master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n give_v law_n and_o constitution_n die_v kulmsche_n handveste_n for_o its_o government_n a_o specimen_fw-la of_o which_o ancient_a canon_n be_v give_v by_o lambecius_n out_o of_o a_o old_a dutch_a manuscript_n in_o the_o emperor_n library_n at_o vienna_n the_o city_n at_o present_a look_n old_a and_o ruinous_a but_o be_v still_o a_o bishop_n sec._n the_o lutheran_n be_v permit_v the_o exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n in_o private_a house_n by_o a_o public_a edict_n sign_v and_o publish_v in_o this_o city_n by_o john_n malachowski_n bishop_n of_o the_o diocese_n the_o thirteen_o of_o march_n 1678._o 4._o thoorn_v build_v at_o the_o same_o time_n with_o culm_n by_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n for_o a_o post_n against_o the_o heathen_a prussian_n but_o not_o in_o the_o place_n where_o it_o now_o stand_v old_a thoorn_v be_v seat_v a_o mile_n westward_o from_o the_o new_a where_o to_o this_o day_n be_v find_v the_o ruin_n of_o a_o old_a castle_n and_o city_n by_o who_o and_o when_o new_o thoorn_v be_v first_o found_v be_v not_o easy_o determine_v for_o when_o in_o the_o year_n 1454_o this_o part_n of_o prussia_n deliver_v itself_o up_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n the_o old_a and_o new_a thoorn_v join_v interest_n and_o make_v up_o one_o entire_a corporation_n betwixt_o they_o whence_o it_o happen_v that_o the_o record_n of_o the_o new_a city_n be_v neglect_v and_o lose_v thoorn_v seem_v to_o have_v have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o german_a word_n thor_n a_o gate_n because_o build_v by_o the_o teutonic_n order_n as_o a_o gate_n to_o let_v in_o such_o force_n into_o prussia_n as_o they_o shall_v have_v occasion_n for_o hence_o the_o arm_n of_o thoorn_v be_v a_o castle_n and_o gate_n half_o open_a at_o present_v this_o city_n be_v the_o neat_a and_o best_a build_v in_o regal_a prussia_n the_o street_n be_v much_o broad_a and_o the_o house_n stately_a than_o at_o dantzig_n it_o owe_v much_o of_o its_o beauty_n to_o henry_n stroband_n burgomaster_n of_o the_o town_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1609._o he_o build_v the_o gymnasium_n here_o and_o endow_v it_o with_o a_o considerable_a revenue_n for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o several_a lecturer_n and_o poor_a scholar_n he_o found_v also_o the_o hospital_n and_o public_a library_n and_o build_v anew_o the_o town-hall_n which_o be_v it_o not_o of_o late_o outdo_v by_o the_o stadthuis_n at_o amsterdam_n may_v be_v reckon_v the_o stately_a in_o europe_n of_o its_o kind_n the_o rest_n of_o this_o country_n comprchend_v under_o the_o general_a name_n of_o ducal_z prussia_n be_v subject_a to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o therefore_o as_o a_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n shall_v be_v treat_v of_o in_o the_o description_n of_o germany_n the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o lithvania_n whence_o this_o large_a and_o noble_a country_n shall_v have_v its_o name_n be_v utter_o unknown_a lithvania_n lithvania_n it_o be_v ridiculous_a to_o bring_v the_o word_n from_o the_o latin_a lituus_fw-la a_o hunting-horn_n because_o forsooth_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v much_o addict_v to_o hunt_v erasmus_fw-la stella_fw-la a_o historian_n of_o good_a credit_n tell_v we_o some_o prussian_n under_o the_o command_n of_o litwo_n one_o of_o their_o king_n son_n come_v into_o these_o part_n about_o the_o year_n 573_o and_o call_v the_o land_n after_o their_o captain_n name_n litwania_n or_o litvania_n the_o polish_v historian_n agree_v general_o in_o this_o story_n that_o palaemon_n fly_v the_o fury_n of_o attyla_n leave_v rome_n and_o come_v with_o several_a italian_n into_o this_o country_n who_o give_v it_o the_o name_n of_o la_fw-fr italia_n which_o be_v afterward_o corrupt_v into_o lithvania_n the_o lithvanians_n themselves_o glory_n in_o this_o derivation_n of_o the_o name_n of_o their_o country_n and_o prove_v this_o story_n of_o palaemon_n true_a by_o the_o roman_a name_n of_o their_o noble_n vrsin_n column_n julian_n etc._n etc._n but_o this_o etymology_n seem_v too_o far_o fetch_v stella_n aim_v fair_a though_o he_o miss_v the_o mark_n a_o little_a for_o it_o be_v certain_a the_o prussian_n do_v conquer_v this_o land_n and_o seat_n themselves_o in_o it_o though_o the_o additional_a story_n of_o prince_n litwo_n seem_v feign_v more_o likely_a it_o be_v that_o the_o prussian_n not_o satisfy_v with_o their_o change_n call_v the_o country_n lithvania_n from_o litwo_n which_o in_o the_o ancient_a prussian_a language_n signify_v a_o vagabond_n or_o wanderer_n the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n be_v think_v to_o have_v be_v the_o alani_n inhabitant_n ancient_a inhabitant_n since_o the_o lithvanians_n do_v still_o retain_v some_o footstep_n of_o the_o name_n of_o these_o people_n in_o their_o lithalani_n and_o roxalani_n but_o he_o that_o shall_v compare_v the_o account_n which_o ammianus_n marcellinus_n give_v of_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o ancient_a alani_n with_o what_o the_o best_a author_n say_v of_o the_o old_a lithvanians_n will_v easy_o perceive_v that_o they_o be_v not_o both_o one_o nation_n their_o language_n sufficient_o prove_v they_o to_o be_v of_o the_o same_o original_n with_o the_o prussian_n and_o what_o that_o be_v we_o tell_v you_o before_o about_o the_o year_n 1235_o ringeld_n son_n of_o gimbut_n government_n alteration_n of_o government_n of_o the_o posterity_n of_o palaemon_n be_v say_v to_o have_v first_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o title_n of_o great_a duke_n of_o lithvania_n in_o the_o year_n 1319_o gedimin_n who_o first_o build_v vilna_n refuse_v to_o pay_v homage_n to_o the_o russian_a and_o enter_v novogrod_v with_o a_o army_n take_v volodimir_n and_o make_v all_o volhinia_n swear_v fealty_n to_o the_o magistracy_n of_o lithvania_n how_o large_a the_o dukedom_n be_v may_v appear_v from_o the_o vast_a territory_n he_o leave_v to_o each_o of_o his_o seven_o son_n at_o his_o death_n to_o montvid_n he_o give_v kiernova_n and_o slomin_v to_o narimund_n pinsko_n mozyr_n and_o part_n of_o the_o province_n of_o volodimir_n to_o olgierd_v creve_n and_o the_o country_n beyond_o as_o far_o as_o beresine_n to_o kieystut_n samogitia_n and_o the_o territory_n of_o troce_n lida_n vpide_v and_o subsylvania_n to_o coriat_n novogrod_n and_o volkowiski_n to_o lubart_n volodomir_n and_o volhinia_n to_o his_o young_a son_n jaunut_n vilna_n osmia_n and_o braslaw_n design_v he_o for_o great_a duke_n but_o soon_o after_o when_o the_o tartar_n begin_v to_o infest_v volhinia_n and_o kiow_n jaunut_n be_v depose_v and_o his_o brother_n olgierd_v make_v great_a duke_n in_o his_o place_n he_o in_o the_o year_n 1331_o fall_v upon_o the_o tartar_n and_o in_o a_o short_a time_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o podolia_n which_o they_o have_v keep_v for_o some_o year_n about_o the_o same_o time_n demetrius_n duke_n of_o moscovy_n send_v a_o ambassador_n into_o lithuania_n to_o demand_v a_o restitution_n of_o all_o those_o province_n which_o former_o belong_v to_o the_o dukedom_n of_o russia_n the_o great_a duke_n immediate_o upon_o his_o arrival_n commit_v he_o to_o close_a custody_n and_o march_v forthwith_o in_o the_o head_n of_o his_o army_n towards_o moscovy_n surprise_v the_o duke_n in_o his_o palace_n and_o force_v he_o to_o accept_v of_o a_o peace_n upon_o this_o condition_n that_o for_o the_o future_a the_o bound_n of_o lithuania_n shall_v reach_v as_o far_o as_o moscow_n and_o the_o river_n vgra_fw-mi when_o vladislaus_n jagello_n be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1386_o he_o promise_v that_o from_o thence_o forward_a the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o lithuania_n shall_v be_v annex_v to_o that_o crown_n at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o lithvanian_a and_o russian_a nobility_n take_v a_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n to_o the_o king_n and_o queen_n of_o poland_n which_o be_v repeat_v in_o the_o year_n 1401_o and_o 1414._o but_o this_o obligation_n they_o afterward_o shake_v off_o for_o when_o the_o polander_n desire_v to_o join_v volhinia_n podolia_n and_o some_o other_o province_n of_o russia_n to_o their_o own_o kingdom_n the_o lithuanian_n loath_a to_o part_v with_o so_o fair_a possession_n oppose_v they_o with_o that_o vehemence_n that_o for_o several_a year_n there_o be_v nothing_o but_o continual_a skirmish_n between_o the_o two_o nation_n at_o last_o in_o the_o year_n 1566_o difference_n begin_v to_o be_v compose_v which_o be_v final_o determine_v a._n d._n 1569_o by_o article_n draw_v up_o and_o subscribe_v to_o by_o both_o party_n in_o the_o presence_n of_o several_a ambassador_n of_o other_o nation_n the_o principle_n article_n agree_v upon_o be_v these_o that_o the_o lithuanian_n shall_v for_o the_o future_a disclaim_v all_o right_a and_o title_n to_o the_o province_n of_o podlachia_n and_o volhinia_n and_o the_o palatinate_n of_o kiow_n that_o they_o shall_v never_o by_o themselves_o elect_v a_o great_a duke_n but_o upon_o a_o vacancy_n repair_v to_o the_o place_n whither_o they_o
and_o charles_n ix_o who_o the_o swede_n have_v set_v up_o king_n in_o his_o place_n these_o gustavus_n adolphus_n continue_v and_o in_o they_o overrun_v almost_o all_o liefland_n till_o in_o the_o year_n 1629_o a_o truce_n be_v make_v for_o six_o year_n upon_o these_o term_n that_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o king_n of_o sweden_n shall_v enjoy_v all_o he_o have_v win_v this_o truce_n be_v again_o renew_v for_o 26_o year_n more_o a.d._n 1635._o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o ambassador_n from_o the_o king_n of_o england_n and_o france_n and_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n in_o the_o year_n 1654._o whilst_o a_o great_a part_n of_o lithvania_n be_v lay_v waist_n by_o the_o moscovite_n charles_n gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n before_o the_o 26_o year_n be_v expire_v proclaim_a war_n against_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n allege_v among_o other_o thing_n as_o a_o reason_n for_o his_o proceed_n that_o the_o polish_v ambassador_n at_o stockholm_n have_v protest_v against_o his_o succession_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n at_o the_o beginning_n the_o fortune_n of_o the_o war_n go_v much_o on_o his_o side_n but_o within_o a_o short_a while_o the_o dane_n make_v incursion_n into_o sweden_n force_v he_o to_o quit_v poland_n and_o be_v more_o concern_v to_o defend_v what_o he_o have_v at_o home_n then_o to_o seek_v for_o new_a conquest_n abroad_o however_o the_o war_n still_o continue_v till_o a.d._n 1660._o when_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o charles_n gustavus_n peace_n be_v establish_v between_o the_o two_o kingdom_n at_o oliva_n a_o monastery_n near_o dantzic_n of_o which_o these_o be_v some_o of_o the_o article_n that_o john_n casimir_n king_n of_o poland_n shall_v for_o ever_o renounce_v all_o pretension_n to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n and_o principality_n of_o finland_n that_o he_o shall_v only_o challenge_v the_o title_n of_o king_n of_o sweden_n for_o his_o life_n but_o not_o make_v use_n of_o it_o in_o any_o of_o his_o letter_n to_o the_o swedish_n king_n that_o he_o shall_v deliver_v up_o to_o the_o swede_n all_v that_o part_n of_o liefland_n which_o lie_v beyond_o the_o river_n duna_n and_o disclaim_v all_o right_a and_o title_n to_o esten_n and_o oesel_n and_o whatever_o on_o this_o side_n the_o duna_n be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swede_n during_o the_o truce_n that_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n shall_v still_o keep_v the_o southern_a liefland_n in_o which_o be_v reckon_v duneburg_n rositen_n luzen_n marienhusen_n etc._n etc._n this_o country_n be_v long_o subject_a to_o paganism_n and_o idolatry_n until_o about_o the_o year_n 1158_o it_o begin_v to_o be_v frequent_v by_o merchant_n from_o lubeck_n who_o get_v leave_v of_o the_o inhabitant_n to_o build_v a_o small_a chapel_n in_o a_o island_n upon_o the_o duna_n thence_o call_v kircholm_n for_o the_o exercise_n of_o christian_a worship_n afterward_o menard_n a_o monk_n of_o segeberg_n be_v consecrate_v bishop_n of_o liefland_n by_o the_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n and_o send_v over_o by_o the_o merchant_n to_o propagate_v christianity_n in_o these_o part_n his_o seat_n be_v at_o vxkel_n a_o small_a village_n upon_o the_o duna_n not_o far_o from_o riga_n bertholdus_n a_o monk_n of_o bremen_n of_o the_o order_n of_o st._n paul_n succeed_v he_o in_o his_o bishopric_n he_o be_v the_o first_o founder_n of_o riga_n whither_o he_o remove_v his_o see_n but_o live_v not_o long_o to_o enjoy_v it_o there_o for_o endeavour_v to_o promote_v christianity_n more_o by_o the_o sword_n than_o spirit_n he_o be_v overcome_v and_o slay_v by_o the_o pagan_n albertus_n bertholdus_n immediate_a successor_n fortify_v riga_n and_o make_v it_o a_o city_n that_o do_v he_o join_v himself_o to_o the_o order_n of_o the_o sword_n bearer_n a_o order_n of_o knighthood_n confirm_v by_o pope_n innocent_a the_o three_o about_o the_o year_n 1204_o hope_v thereby_o to_o be_v better_a able_a than_o his_o predecessor_n have_v be_v to_o oppose_v the_o rage_n of_o the_o heathen_a not_o long_o after_o when_o this_o order_n be_v change_v into_o the_o teutonic_n order_n the_o bishop_n of_o riga_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o society_n subject_v themselves_o to_o the_o teutonic_n order_n of_o prussia_n the_o master_n of_o which_o have_v power_n give_v he_o to_o appoint_v a_o provincial_n of_o liefland_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o prussian_a bishop_n of_o culm_n pomesen_n and_o sambland_n do_v though_o not_o at_o the_o same_o time_n as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o advance_v the_o power_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o riga_n make_v he_o a_o archbishop_n and_o themselves_o his_o suffragans_fw-la only_o the_o bishop_n of_o warm_a as_o have_v never_o be_v subject_n to_o the_o teutonic_n order_n will_v not_o yield_v to_o be_v reckon_v a_o member_n of_o the_o province_n of_o riga_n in_o this_o state_n the_o church_n of_o liefland_n continue_v for_o a_o long_a time_n till_o in_o the_o year_n 1513_o william_n plettenberg_n the_o xli_o provincial_n of_o liefland_n buy_v off_o all_o homage_n to_o the_o teutonic_n order_n in_o prussia_n and_o be_v himself_o make_v absolute_a prince_n of_o liefland_n his_o successor_n live_v and_o enjoy_v their_o dominion_n in_o peace_n till_o the_o day_n of_o sigismond_n augustus_n king_n of_o poland_n but_o afterward_o what_o with_o foreign_a and_o domestic_a war_n and_o the_o continual_a incursion_n of_o the_o moscovite_n polander_n swede_n and_o dane_n the_o country_n be_v bring_v to_o be_v a_o mere_a medley_n of_o man_n and_o religion_n at_o this_o day_n those_o part_n that_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o dane_n and_o swede_n do_v general_o profess_v the_o lutheran_n religion_n most_o of_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n adhere_v to_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n though_o some_o be_v lutheran_n in_o some_o part_n of_o esten_n the_o poor_a ignorant_a rustic_n be_v half_a pagan_n liefland_n be_v former_o divide_v into_o two_o part_n only_o let_v and_o esten_n to_o which_o the_o order_n of_o the_o sword_n bearer_n add_v curland_n some_o have_v divide_v the_o whole_a country_n into_o six_o part_n curland_n semigal_n esten_n let_v harland_n and_o virland_n but_o semigal_n be_v no_o more_o than_o a_o province_n of_o curland_n and_o harland_n and_o virland_n part_n of_o esten_n of_o these_o curland_n be_v immediate_o subject_a to_o its_o own_o duke_n who_o nevertheless_o pay_v homage_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n some_o part_n also_o of_o let_v which_o go_v under_o the_o name_n of_o south_n liefland_n be_v since_o the_o treaty_n at_o oliva_n in_o that_o king_n possession_n the_o curoni_n ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o curland_n and_o semigal_n be_v think_v by_o some_o to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o caryones_n mention_v by_o ptolomey_n there_o be_v not_o far_o from_o windaw_n a_o small_a village_n which_o still_o bear_v their_o memory_n in_o its_o name_n be_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n to_o this_o day_n call_v curon_n the_o most_o notable_a place_n in_o it_o be_v 1._o mitaw_fw-mi the_o seat_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n upon_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n mauss_n take_v by_o gustavus_n adolphus_n in_o the_o year_n 1621._o but_o restore_v a.d._n 1629._o the_o town_n be_v but_o mean_a and_o inconsiderable_a but_o the_o castle_n magnificent_o rebuilt_a by_o some_o of_o the_o late_a duke_n 2._o windaw_n or_o winden_n as_o the_o german_n write_v it_o though_o the_o inhabitant_n call_v it_o kies_n seat_v on_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n windaw_n whence_o it_o have_v its_o name_n here_o former_o be_v the_o residence_n of_o the_o provincial_n of_o liefland_n afterward_o the_o general_a parliament_n or_o great_a council_n of_o curland_n have_v their_o session_n in_o this_o city_n which_o make_v it_o exceed_o populous_a at_o this_o day_n there_o be_v little_a appearance_n of_o its_o ancient_a splendour_n nor_o be_v it_o frequent_v by_o any_o but_o a_o few_o dutch_a merchant_n who_o be_v here_o lade_v with_o tar_n pitch_n and_o wax_n it_o be_v a_o mistake_n very_o ordinary_a among_o the_o historian_n that_o write_v of_o this_o country_n to_o confound_v this_o city_n with_o wenden_n in_o let_v tell_v we_o that_o this_o too_o be_v call_v by_o the_o polander_v kies_n and_o the_o old_a dutch_a sea-cart_n mention_v a_o kind_n of_o castle_n with_o three_o tower_n upon_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o windaw_n but_o never_o take_v notice_n of_o of_o any_o sea-port-town_n in_o this_o place_n 3._o pilten_a or_o piltyn_n the_o seat_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o curland_n build_v by_o waldemar_n king_n of_o denmark_n a.d._n 1219._o the_o southern_a or_o polish_v liefland_n contain_v only_o a_o few_o small_a town_n or_o village_n among_o which_o there_o be_v nothing_o worth_a take_v notice_n of_o but_o duneburg_n a_o castle_n as_o its_o name_n intimate_v seat_v on_o the_o river_n duna_n volhinia_n podolia_n etc._n etc._n though_o the_o polish_v dominion_n reach_v former_o a_o considerable_a
of_o lechus_n the_o first_o other_o think_v it_o the_o same_o with_o ptolomey_n carodunum_fw-la corrupt_v into_o cracow_n this_o city_n as_o it_o be_v the_o large_a so_o it_o be_v the_o best_a build_v of_o any_o one_o in_o poland_n cromer_n set_v it_o in_o competition_n with_o the_o best_a build_v city_n of_o germany_n or_o italy_n but_o we_o must_v allow_v he_o to_o stretch_v a_o little_a more_o than_o ordinary_a in_o commendation_n of_o his_o own_o country_n the_o house_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o freestone_n and_o four_o or_o five_o story_n high_a but_o cover_v with_o board_n instead_o of_o slat_n there_o be_v in_o it_o a_o considerable_a company_n of_o italian_a and_o german_a merchant_n who_o bring_v in_o such_o foreign_a ware_n as_o the_o country_n stand_v in_o need_n of_o it_o consist_v like_a london_n and_o paris_n of_o three_o part_n 1._o cracow_n proper_o so_o call_v or_o the_o ancient_a city_n 2._o cazimiria_n join_v to_o the_o rest_n by_o a_o wooden_a bridge_n across_o the_o vistula_n 3._o stradomia_fw-la which_o lie_v between_o cracow_n and_o the_o bridge_n the_o king_n palace_n be_v seat_v on_o the_o top_n of_o a_o high_a hill_n whence_o it_o overlook_v both_o city_n and_o country_n it_o be_v rebuilt_a in_o the_o magnificent_a posture_n it_o now_o stand_v by_o sigismond_n the_o elder_a who_o add_v the_o gallery_n on_o the_o north_n side_n from_o whence_o you_o have_v one_o of_o the_o best_a prospect_n in_o europe_n the_o university_n of_o cracow_n be_v first_o begin_v by_o casimir_n the_o great_a finish_v by_o vladislaus_n jagello_n in_o performance_n of_o the_o last_o will_v and_o testament_n of_o his_o queen_n hedwig_n and_o have_v its_o privilege_n confirm_v to_o it_o by_o pope_n vrban_n in_o the_o year_n 1549_o the_o scholar_n of_o cracow_n by_o a_o general_a consent_n leave_v the_o university_n upon_o a_o affront_n put_v on_o they_o by_o the_o magistrate_n of_o the_o city_n who_o refuse_v to_o execute_v justice_n upon_o the_o servant_n of_o andrew_n czarnkowski_n when_o in_o a_o quarrel_n they_o have_v slay_v a_o great_a number_n of_o student_n and_o disperse_v themselves_o into_o several_a part_n of_o germany_n whence_o return_v lutheran_n they_o spread_v the_o reform_a opinion_n all_o poland_n over_o and_o get_v great_a number_n of_o proselyte_n upon_o the_o first_o plant_n of_o christianity_n in_o this_o kingdom_n miecislaus_fw-la the_o first_o who_o begin_v his_o reign_n in_o the_o year_n 964_o cracow_n be_v make_v a_o archbishopric_n but_o within_o a_o hundred_o year_n after_o lampert_n zula_n refuse_v to_o receive_v his_o pall_n from_o the_o pope_n of_o rome_n as_o his_o predecessor_n have_v do_v before_o he_o it_o degenerate_v into_o a_o bishopric_n afterward_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o boleslaus_n the_o chaste_a which_o begin_v a.d._n 1226_o asleep_o contest_v arise_v between_o jvo_n bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n and_o the_o bishop_n of_o vratislaw_n about_o precedency_n the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n upon_o his_o submissive_a appeal_n to_o the_o see_v of_o rome_n be_v again_o restore_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o a_o archbishop_n which_o only_o last_v during_o his_o life_n at_o this_o day_n the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n wear_v a_o archbishops_n pall_n set_v rich_o with_o jewel_n which_o be_v the_o only_a relic_n they_o have_v of_o their_o ancient_a honour_n the_o next_o palatinate_n of_o the_o lesser_a poland_n sendomir_n sendomir_n be_v that_o of_o sendomir_n the_o city_n be_v seat_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o vistula_n and_o fortify_v with_o wall_n and_o a_o castle_n both_o build_v by_o casimir_n the_o great_a who_o afterward_o die_v of_o a_o surfeit_n by_o eat_v too_o free_o of_o the_o fruit_n of_o this_o country_n which_o be_v reckon_v the_o fair_a and_o best_a in_o poland_n here_o be_v nothing_o else_o worth_a the_o take_a notice_n of_o save_o the_o monastery_n of_o dominican_n friar_n found_v by_o jvo_n archbishop_n of_o cracow_n the_o palatinate_n of_o lublin_n be_v take_v out_o of_o that_o of_o sendomir_n as_o be_v too_o big_a for_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o one_o palatine_a by_o casimir_n jagellonides_n lublin_n lublin_n the_o city_n be_v not_o very_o large_a but_o well_o build_v and_o much_o frequent_v especial_o in_o the_o fair_n keep_v three_o time_n a_o year_n by_o christian_n jewish_a and_o turkish_a merchant_n it_o be_v much_o better_a fortifve_v by_o the_o marsh_n which_o environ_v it_o than_o its_o wall_n and_o more_o beholden_a to_o nature_n for_o its_o defence_n then_o either_o casimir_n the_o great_a who_o wall_v it_o round_o or_o the_o russian_n who_o build_v the_o adjoin_a castle_n the_o great_a church_n in_o it_o be_v build_v by_o lescus_n the_o black_a upon_o a_o great_a conquest_n obtain_v against_o the_o lithvanians_n near_o this_o city_n and_o dedicate_v to_o st._n michael_n who_o in_o a_o vision_n the_o night_n before_o the_o battle_n have_v promise_v he_o good_a success_n st._n bridget_n monastery_n among_o many_o other_o magnificent_a one_o be_v found_v by_o vladislaus_n jagello_n one_o of_o the_o two_o chief_a court_n of_o judicature_n from_o which_o no_o appeal_n lie_v save_v to_o the_o parliament_n of_o poland_n be_v keep_v at_o lublin_n hither_o for_o judgement_n in_o controversy_n of_o any_o great_a moment_n repair_v the_o palatinate_v of_o cracow_n sendomir_n russia_n podolia_n lublin_n belze_n podlassia_n volhinia_n braclaw_n kiow_n and_o czernichow_n or_o at_o least_o so_o many_o of_o they_o as_o be_v still_o subject_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n of_o other_o country_n and_o province_n to_o which_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v former_o pretend_v a_o title_n by_o conquest_n contract_n or_o otherwise_o beside_o the_o place_n mention_v and_o at_o present_a subject_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n the_o king_n of_o that_o nation_n have_v from_o time_n to_o time_n lay_v claim_n to_o many_o and_o large_a territory_n now_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o other_o prince_n omit_v bohemia_n moravia_n wagria_n misnia_n and_o the_o dukedom_n of_o rugen_n mecklenburg_n and_o lunenburg_n which_o whatever_o some_o of_o the_o polish_v writer_n assert_v and_o endeavour_v to_o make_v good_a be_v very_o little_a or_o not_o at_o all_o subject_n to_o boleslaus_n chrobri_n who_o be_v the_o only_a king_n that_o ever_o can_v plausible_o pretend_v a_o title_n to_o any_o part_n of_o they_o we_o shall_v confine_v our_o discourse_n to_o those_o country_n to_o which_o the_o polonian_a prince_n may_v seem_v to_o have_v have_v a_o more_o just_a and_o legal_a title_n that_o all_o or_o most_o of_o silesia_n be_v part_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o poland_n silesia_n silesia_n in_o the_o day_n of_o lechus_n the_o first_o and_o several_a of_o his_o successor_n be_v high_o probable_a from_o the_o writing_n of_o adam_n bremensis_n and_o helmoldus_n who_o both_o of_o they_o make_v the_o river_n other_o the_o bound_n of_o poland_n beside_o the_o german_a chronologer_n tell_v we_o that_o charles_n the_o great_a ludovicus_n pius_n and_o other_o emperor_n conquer_v the_o silesian_n and_o make_v they_o tributary_n to_o the_o empire_n but_o the_o polish_v historian_n upon_o what_o ground_n i_o know_v not_o be_v general_o positive_a in_o assert_v that_o silesia_n be_v always_o without_o any_o such_o intermission_n or_o conquest_n as_o the_o german_n strive_v to_o make_v out_o a_o part_n of_o the_o polish_v dominion_n only_o vincentius_n kadlubko_n agree_v with_o the_o german_n affirm_v that_o boleslaus_n chrobri_n among_o his_o many_o other_o conquest_n regain_v selucia_n as_o he_o call_v it_o and_o leave_v it_o annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n after_o his_o time_n we_o find_v that_o casimir_n the_o first_o translate_v the_o bishopric_n of_o bicine_n to_o vratislaw_n whence_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o in_o his_o day_n silesia_n be_v part_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o poland_n not_o long_o after_o henry_n the_o iv_o emperor_n of_o germany_n in_o the_o diet_n at_o munster_n a.d._n 1086_o make_v over_o silesia_n lusatia_n and_o indeed_o all_o poland_n to_o vratislaus_n king_n of_o bohemia_n though_o as_o cromer_n say_v he_o have_v no_o right_n to_o a_o foot_n of_o land_n in_o any_o of_o they_o whereupon_o ensue_v a_o bloody_a war_n betwixt_o the_o bohemian_o and_o pole_n wherein_o it_o be_v to_o be_v conjecture_v the_o latter_a have_v the_o better_a since_o all_o historian_n agree_v that_o silesia_n be_v under_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n government_n during_o the_o whole_a reign_n of_o boleslaus_n the_o three_o his_o son_n vladislaus_n the_o second_o be_v depose_v by_o his_o brethren_n who_o be_v leave_v coheir_n with_o he_o in_o the_o kingdom_n flee_v first_o to_o the_o emperor_n frederick_n the_o first_o who_o bring_v boleslaus_n crispus_n duke_n of_o poland_n and_o brother_n to_o vladislaus_n to_o such_o strait_n that_o he_o be_v force_v to_o resign_v all_o silesia_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o his_o brother_n child_n but_o upon_o condition_n they_o shall_v
still_o pay_v homage_n to_o the_o prince_n of_o poland_n from_o that_o time_n the_o polander_n begin_v to_o sleight_n and_o hate_v the_o silesian_n seldom_o call_v any_o of_o the_o silesian_n nobility_n to_o council_n of_o parliament_n and_o balk_v the_o right_a succession_n if_o any_o of_o this_o province_n have_v a_o just_a title_n to_o the_o crown_n these_o jealousy_n and_o quarrel_n be_v foment_v and_o increase_v by_o john_n king_n of_o bohemia_n son_n to_o the_o emperor_n henry_n the_o seven_o who_o by_o this_o mean_v whedle_v the_o duke_n of_o silesia_n into_o his_o yoke_n and_o afterward_o force_v casimir_n the_o great_a to_o resign_v the_o supreme_a government_n of_o that_o province_n into_o his_o hand_n after_o this_o the_o pole_n though_o they_o have_v frequent_a skirmish_n with_o the_o bohemian_o yet_o never_o regain_v any_o considerable_a foot_n in_o silesia_n for_o except_v the_o small_a territory_n of_o wschovia_n retake_v by_o casimir_n the_o great_a a.d._n 1343_o and_o some_o other_o parcel_n of_o ground_n annex_v to_o the_o estate_n of_o several_a bishopric_n and_o abbey_n in_o poland_n silesia_n be_v at_o present_a whole_o subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n lusatia_n be_v once_o conquer_v by_o boleslaus_n chrobri_n but_o soon_o after_o lose_v again_o lusâ—â—â—â—_n lusâ—â—â—â—_n for_o though_o when_o john_n king_n of_o bohemia_n subdue_v silesia_n lusatia_n be_v reckon_v a_o part_n of_o that_o country_n and_o have_v ever_o since_o so_o continue_v yet_o the_o polander_n claim_v no_o more_o of_o it_o as_o lord_n of_o silesia_n than_o a_o few_o frontier_n town_n the_o rest_n be_v under_o the_o marquess_n of_o misnia_n and_o lusatia_n prince_n of_o the_o empire_n as_o goldastus_n prove_v it_o be_v without_o all_o authority_n of_o annal_n what_o some_o of_o the_o polish_v writer_n have_v endeavour_v to_o make_v out_o by_o etymology_n maâ—â—â—_n neâ—_n maâ—â—â—_n that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n be_v former_o subject_a to_o the_o prince_n of_o poland_n that_o new_a marck_n indeed_o or_o at_o least_o a_o good_a share_n of_o it_o be_v they_o be_v beyond_o all_o controversy_n since_o as_o the_o best_a historian_n witness_v miecislaus_fw-la or_o miscio_n the_o first_o christian_a duke_n of_o poland_n towards_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o ten_o century_n first_o found_v the_o bishopric_n of_o lubuss_n this_o city_n be_v take_v from_o the_o polander_n by_o the_o emperor_n henry_n the_o second_o but_o recover_v by_o boleslaus_n the_o first_o king_n of_o poland_n his_o successor_n keep_v it_o till_o the_o year_n 1109_o when_o it_o be_v again_o take_v by_o the_o emperor_n henry_n v_n who_o give_v it_o to_o adelgot_v archbishop_n of_o magdeburg_n but_o soon_o after_o it_o return_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o pole_n when_o silesia_n be_v as_o we_o have_v say_v divide_v among_o the_o son_n of_o vladislaus_n the_o second_o the_o territory_n of_o lubuss_n devolve_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o silesian_n duke_n whence_o it_o happen_v within_o a_o short_a while_n after_o to_o be_v make_v a_o part_n of_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n cromer_n say_v it_o be_v mortgage_v by_o boleslaus_n the_o bald_a and_o never_o redeem_v but_o dlugossus_n ad_fw-la ann_n 1198._o tell_v we_o it_o be_v sell_v by_o boleslaus_n son_n to_o henry_n duke_n of_o vratislavia_n from_o that_o time_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v have_v very_o little_a to_o do_v in_o new_a marck_n and_o at_o present_a have_v not_o one_o foot_n of_o land_n in_o it_o vladislaus_n jagello_n bring_v it_o whole_o under_o his_o power_n but_o his_o son_n find_v it_o too_o hot_a service_n for_o he_o to_o keep_v it_o and_o be_v therefore_o fain_o to_o resign_v it_o up_o to_o the_o marquis_n john_n casimir_n their_o late_a king_n part_v with_o the_o last_o stake_n by_o deliver_v up_o the_o town_n and_o castle_n of_o drahim_n to_o the_o present_a elector_n of_o brandenburg_n in_o the_o treaty_n at_o bydgost_n in_o the_o year_n 1657._o that_o the_o slavonian_n be_v ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o pomeren_n be_v undeniable_o true_a …_o pom_n …_o pomorska_n in_o the_o slavonian_a language_n signify_v near_o the_o sea_n whence_o vincentius_n kadlubko_n a_o ancient_a and_o judicious_a polish_v writer_n use_v frequent_o the_o word_n maritima_n for_o pomeren_n and_o speak_v of_o this_o country_n these_o phrase_n be_v ordinary_a with_o he_o maritimae_n praeses_fw-la maritimae_n dux_n ingressus_fw-la est_fw-la maritimam_fw-la etc._n etc._n but_o whether_o or_o no_o the_o polander_n be_v master_n of_o pomeren_n immediate_o upon_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o slavoniaus_n be_v a_o grand_a question_n which_o the_o pole_n affirm_v but_o the_o pomeranian_o deny_v and_o it_o be_v hard_a to_o decide_v the_o controversy_n between_o they_o helmoldus_n agree_v as_o it_o shall_v seem_v with_o the_o latter_a place_n pomeren_n among_o the_o free_a slavonian_a province_n lie_v without_o the_o bound_n of_o the_o polish_v dominion_n and_o before_o his_o day_n adam_n bremensis_n give_v we_o the_o same_o account_n micraelius_n a_o historian_n of_o good_a credit_n lib._n 2._o chron._n pomer_n num_fw-la 46._o p._n 191._o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o first_o entrance_n which_o the_o polander_n make_v upon_o pomeren_n be_v in_o the_o ten_o century_n when_o the_o emperor_n otto_n iii_o authorize_v boleslaus_n chrobri_n king_n of_o poland_n to_o make_v war_n upon_o and_o bring_v into_o his_o subjection_n the_o prussian_n pomeranians_n wendi_n and_o russian_n which_o do_v the_o emperor_n at_o a_o visit_n give_v king_n boleslaus_n make_v the_o bishop_n of_o colberg_n a_o suffragan_n to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o eleven_o century_n miecislaus_fw-la ii_o spread_v his_o dominion_n all_o over_o casubia_n and_o the_o eastern_a pomeren_n put_v garrison_n into_o all_o the_o fort_n and_o castle_n between_o the_o persandt_n and_o the_o vistula_n and_o commit_v the_o government_n of_o they_o to_o bela_n the_o king_n of_o hungary_n brother_n but_o upon_o bela_n return_n into_o hungary_n pomeren_n shake_v off_o the_o polish_v yoke_n and_o only_o be_v subject_n to_o duke_n of_o its_o own_o till_o svantibor_n surrender_v it_o again_o to_o boleslaus_n iii_o duke_n of_o poland_n upon_o condition_n he_o will_v free_v he_o from_o prison_n to_o which_o his_o own_o subject_n have_v commit_v he_o after_o svantibors_n death_n the_o dukedom_n of_o pomeren_n be_v divide_v among_o his_o four_o son_n whereof_o two_o who_o be_v duke_n of_o the_o western_a pomeren_n from_o colberg_n as_o far_o as_o the_o marck_n and_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburgh_n be_v admit_v prince_n of_o the_o empire_n by_o frederick_n barbarossa_n the_o other_o two_o be_v force_v to_o yield_v themselves_o subject_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n but_o the_o pomeranian_o soon_o weary_a of_o bondage_n revolt_v once_o more_o from_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o perhaps_o have_v for_o ever_o reject_v his_o government_n have_v not_o mestwin_n their_o duke_n want_v issue_n endeavour_v to_o subject_v they_o to_o the_o duke_n of_o west_n pomeren_n for_o look_v upon_o the_o people_n of_o that_o country_n as_o mere_a stranger_n be_v indeed_o three_o part_n of_o they_o german_n they_o choose_v rather_o to_o give_v themselves_o up_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o their_o acquaintance_n then_o to_o be_v slave_n to_o a_o upstart_n and_o foreign_a nation_n whereupon_o they_o unanimous_o swear_v fealty_n to_o praemislaus_fw-la ii_o king_n of_o poland_n who_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o title_n of_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n and_o quarter_v his_o coat_n with_o the_o arm_n of_o pomeren_n the_o gryphin_n by_o this_o mean_v the_o king_n of_o poland_n become_v sole_a lord_n of_o the_o eastern_a pomeren_n in_o the_o year_n 1460_o casimir_n jagellonides_n straighten_a in_o the_o war_n he_o be_v engage_v in_o against_o the_o teutonick_n order_n in_o prussia_n commit_v the_o city_n and_o castle_n of_o lavenburgh_n and_o bouta_n to_o the_o trust_n of_o eric_n ii_o duke_n of_o west_n pomeren_n who_o successor_n george_n son_n of_o bugislaus_fw-la x._o and_o nephew_n to_o sigismond_n i._o king_n of_o poland_n have_v these_o city_n confirm_v to_o he_o and_o his_o posterity_n upon_o condition_n of_o pay_v some_o sleight_n acknowledgement_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n upon_o these_o term_n the_o present_a elector_n of_o brandenburg_n renew_v his_o title_n to_o these_o place_n after_o the_o usual_a fashion_n by_o his_o ambassador_n in_o the_o year_n 1670._o what_o right_a the_o polander_n have_v at_o this_o day_n in_o prussia_n we_o have_v show_v before_o but_o former_o their_o pretension_n be_v much_o great_a than_o now_o sometime_o the_o duke_n of_o masovia_n lord_v it_o over_o the_o prussian_n and_o make_v the_o master_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_v his_o vicegerent_n but_o in_o the_o treaty_n make_v between_o sigismond_n i._o king_n of_o poland_n and_o albert_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n who_o the_o
desist_v from_o their_o worship_n at_o that_o time_n but_o if_o it_o seem_v light_a than_o ordinary_a they_o then_o think_v he_o well_o please_v and_o so_o proceed_v in_o their_o ceremony_n they_o bound_v their_o sacrifice_n which_o be_v always_o a_o male_a deer_n before_o their_o stone_n idol_n and_o after_o have_v run_v a_o thread_n through_o his_o right_a ear_n kill_v he_o and_o reserve_v the_o heartsblood_n in_o a_o basin_n this_o do_v the_o priest_n take_v the_o horn_n and_o bone_n of_o the_o head_n and_o neck_n with_o the_o shank_n and_o hoof_n of_o the_o rain-deer_n and_o carry_v they_o to_o the_o consecrate_a mountain_n where_o their_o god_n dwell_v at_o the_o first_o approach_n he_o uncover_v his_o head_n bows_z or_o prostrate_v his_o body_n and_o pay_v all_o ceremony_n of_o honour_n and_o respect_n then_o he_o anoint_v the_o stone_n with_o the_o blood_n and_o fat_a of_o the_o sacrifice_a beast_n and_o place_n the_o horn_n behind_o it_o to_o the_o right_a horn_n he_o tie_v the_o rain-deer_n yard_n and_o to_o the_o leave_v some_o red_a thread_n wrought_v upon_o tin_n with_o a_o little_a piece_n of_o silver_n all_o the_o flesh_n that_o remain_v the_o votary_n take_v a_o way_n with_o they_o and_o depart_v with_o a_o mighty_a deal_n of_o satisfaction_n this_o be_v the_o ordinary_a way_n of_o sacrifice_v to_o storjunkare_v though_o in_o some_o place_n of_o the_o country_n the_o ceremony_n alter_v a_o little_a but_o not_o much_o the_o last_o of_o the_o principal_a idol_n be_v the_o sun_n who_o they_o call_v baiwe_v common_a to_o they_o with_o all_o other_o heathen_n worship_v especial_o for_o his_o light_n and_o heat_n both_o extreme_o grateful_a to_o these_o poor_a people_n they_o fancy_v all_o thing_n especial_o their_o rain-deer_n to_o be_v make_v by_o this_o god_n and_o that_o he_o be_v a_o universal_a principal_n of_o be_v they_o sacrifice_n to_o he_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o to_o storjunkare_v only_o the_o string_n which_o they_o run_v through_o the_o beast_n ear_n be_v white_a the_o victim_n a_o rain-doe_a and_o there_o be_v neither_o table_n image_n nor_o horn_n erect_v as_o in_o those_o ceremony_n nor_o be_v their_o idolatry_n more_o notorious_a than_o their_o witchcraft_n it_o be_v general_o believe_v by_o all_o that_o have_v hear_v the_o name_n of_o laplander_n that_o they_o be_v strange_o addict_v to_o magic_n and_o all_o art_n of_o sorcery_n the_o ancient_a biarmi_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v so_o skilful_a at_o the_o trade_n that_o by_o only_o speak_v to_o they_o can_v ensnare_v and_o bewitch_v one_o another_o and_o by_o their_o very_a look_n not_o only_o stare_v man_n out_o of_o countenance_n but_o their_o reason_n too_o nor_o be_v the_o laplander_n at_o present_a much_o degenerate_v from_o they_o but_o rather_o seem_v to_o have_v attain_v to_o great_a proficiency_n in_o it_o they_o have_v professor_n of_o this_o black_a art_n not_o inferior_a to_o zoroaster_n himself_o from_o who_o some_o say_v they_o receive_v their_o knowledge_n master_n also_o and_o tutor_n to_o bring_v up_o their_o child_n in_o the_o way_n of_o their_o forefather_n and_o never_o count_v a_o son_n worthy_a the_o inheritance_n of_o his_o father_n till_o he_o be_v able_a to_o manage_v a_o spell_n which_o be_v common_o his_o best_a portion_n their_o familiar_a spirit_n be_v peculiar_a to_o each_o distinct_a family_n and_o more_o or_o less_o in_o number_n according_a as_o they_o be_v resolve_v to_o be_v upon_o their_o guard_n or_o incline_v to_o be_v mischievous_a if_o the_o devil_n have_v a_o mind_n to_o make_v especial_a use_n of_o any_o one_o of_o they_o he_o seize_v they_o whilst_o young_a with_o some_o distemper_n or_o other_o and_o all_o the_o time_n lie_v close_a siege_n to_o they_o fill_v their_o imagination_n with_o all_o sort_n of_o dreadful_a apparition_n and_o this_o he_o do_v sometime_o three_o or_o four_o time_n to_o the_o same_o person_n make_v he_o fit_a for_o his_o council_n by_o give_v he_o a_o near_a prospect_n of_o hell_n those_o that_o be_v thus_o seize_v by_o the_o devil_n be_v the_o able_a sorcerer_n of_o any_o and_o can_v effect_v their_o magical_a design_n without_o the_o usual_a assistance_n of_o a_o drum_n as_o mr._n scheffer_n tell_v a_o story_n of_o a_o laplander_n who_o upon_o complaint_n make_v against_o he_o for_o keep_v a_o drum_n bring_v it_o and_o deliver_v it_o up_o to_o he_o and_o with_o tear_n confess_v that_o though_o he_o do_v thus_o willing_o part_v with_o it_o and_o never_o intend_v to_o provide_v another_o yet_o he_o shall_v still_o be_v torment_v with_o the_o same_o fearful_a and_o troublesome_a vision_n about_o future_a event_n which_o though_o his_o eye_n be_v shut_v be_v always_o present_a to_o his_o imagination_n yet_o such_o inspire_a wizzard_n as_o these_o be_v rare_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o most_o common_o they_o make_v a_o art_n of_o it_o which_o according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o instrument_n make_v use_v of_o may_v be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n the_o former_a employ_v about_o their_o drum_n the_o latter_a about_o knot_n dart_n spell_n etc._n etc._n the_o drum_n be_v peculiar_a to_o the_o laplander_n call_v kannus_n or_o quobdas_n make_v of_o a_o hollow_a piece_n of_o wood_n which_o be_v always_o the_o root_n either_o of_o pine_n fir_n or_o birch_n grow_v in_o a_o peculiar_a place_n and_o have_v the_o grain_n of_o the_o tree_n follow_v the_o course_n of_o the_o sun_n i._n e._n wind_v from_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o the_o left_a it_o be_v make_v hollow_a on_o one_o side_n upon_o which_o they_o stretch_v a_o skin_n fasten_v it_o with_o wooden_a peg_n on_o the_o other_o they_o make_v two_o hole_n to_o hold_v it_o by_o the_o shape_n of_o the_o upper_a part_n be_v oval_a about_o half_a a_o ell_n in_o diameter_n upon_o the_o skin_n they_o paint_v several_a picture_n in_o red_a stain_v with_o the_o bark_n of_o a_o alder-tree_n and_o through_o the_o middle_n they_o draw_v some_o cross-line_n in_o every_o quarter_n of_o which_o they_o place_v their_o chief_a god_n with_o their_o attendant_n neither_o do_v they_o observe_v always_o the_o same_o god_n nor_o the_o same_o method_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o picture_n of_o they_o in_o scheffer_n only_o it_o be_v remarkable_a 1._o that_o ordinary_o they_o paint_v the_o sun_n in_o the_o middle_n their_o god_n above_o and_o the_o earthly_a thing_n under_o he_o 2._o that_o since_o christianity_n come_v among_o they_o many_o of_o they_o do_v place_n upon_o their_o drum_n our_o saviour_n and_o his_o apostle_n acknowledge_v he_o to_o be_v or_o have_v the_o power_n of_o one_o of_o their_o go_n 3._o and_o that_o they_o alter_v their_o figure_n according_a to_o the_o occasion_n of_o their_o inquiry_n retain_v the_o general_a notion_n all_o heathen_n have_v of_o the_o deity_n that_o divers_a of_o they_o have_v particular_a charge_n and_o employment_n and_o hence_o i._n e._n from_o this_o general_a consent_n of_o idolater_n it_o may_v not_o improbable_o be_v gather_v that_o their_o be_v but_o one_o original_a of_o all_o mankind_n in_o as_o much_o as_o all_o acknowledge_v sacrifice_n and_o ceremony_n whereby_o they_o may_v consult_v of_o thing_n future_a of_o their_o good_a success_n in_o their_o affair_n and_o the_o aversion_n of_o their_o calamity_n only_o this_o may_v be_v note_v that_o all_o nation_n as_o they_o grow_v to_o be_v more_o civilise_a become_v less_o addict_v to_o magic_n the_o unpunished_a practice_n of_o which_o become_v so_o exceed_o harmful_a and_o destructive_a to_o mankind_n so_o that_o the_o poor_a northern_a nation_n be_v leave_v in_o a_o manner_n abandon_v to_o the_o power_n of_o the_o devil_n their_o great_a enemy_n till_o christianity_n be_v bring_v in_o in_o a_o manner_n forcible_o by_o the_o rigorous_a command_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n notwithstanding_o which_v though_o they_o have_v in_o many_o place_n give_v over_o their_o drum_n yet_o do_v they_o practise_v still_o their_o knot_n have_v their_o familiar_n in_o the_o shape_n of_o fly_n bee_n etc._n etc._n but_o chief_o their_o black_a cat_n who_o they_o not_o only_o consult_v at_o home_n about_o their_o household_n affair_n but_o take_v with_o they_o also_o in_o their_o hunt_n though_o in_o the_o depth_n of_o snow_n and_o their_o diabolical_a ecstasy_n if_o i_o may_v so_o call_v they_o which_o be_v exercise_v sometime_o with_o sometime_o without_o a_o drum_n if_o with_o a_o drum_n the_o sorcerer_n kneel_v down_o and_o have_v a_o bunch_n of_o ring_n or_o other_o piece_n of_o brass_n lay_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o drum_n he_o beat_v with_o a_o consecrate_a hammer_n so_o strong_o that_o the_o ring_n dance_v upon_o it_o by_o the_o rest_n of_o which_o upon_o such_o a_o figure_n they_o draw_v forth_o a_o answer_n to_o what_o they_o will_v desire_v to_o know_v but_o if_o this_o be_v not_o
city_n name_v tingvalla_fw-la 4._o hallandia_n hallandia_n hallandia_n which_o have_v oâ—_n the_o west_n the_o sinus_n codanus_n on_o the_o south_n schonen_fw-mi and_o on_o the_o north_n and_o north-east_n smalandia_n and_o westro-gothia_a a_o pleasant_a and_o fruitful_a province_n reach_v in_o length_n from_o bahusia_n to_o the_o city_n laaholm_n upon_o a_o small_a river_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o sinus_n codanus_n several_a mile_n but_o in_o breadth_n in_o some_o part_v not_o above_o half_a a_o mile_n and_o where_o broad_a not_o exceed_v three_o mile_n it_o have_v in_o it_o four_o city_n 1._o halmstadt_n 2._o falkenburg_n 3._o laaholm_n 4._o waersburg_n all_o lie_v upon_o the_o codane_a bay_n very_o convenient_o for_o trade_n and_o export_v of_o those_o commodity_n which_o come_v out_o of_o the_o more_o northerly_a province_n in_o the_o year_n 1645_o by_o a_o ratification_n of_o peace_n hold_v betwixt_o christina_n queen_n of_o swedland_n and_o christian_n the_o iv_o king_n of_o denmark_n this_o province_n with_o all_o its_o city_n town_n fort_n and_o appurtenance_n be_v grant_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n for_o thirty_o year_n as_o a_o pledge_n of_o security_n whereby_o the_o swede_n may_v be_v ascertain_v of_o their_o free_a passage_n through_o the_o sund_n or_o oresund_n the_o controversy_n about_o which_o have_v be_v the_o chief_a occasion_n of_o their_o former_a war_n at_o the_o end_n of_o thirty_o year_n if_o the_o swede_n think_v convenient_a either_o this_o province_n be_v to_o be_v retain_v by_o they_o as_o a_o pledge_n for_o the_o perform_n of_o the_o covenant_n on_o the_o part_n of_o the_o dane_n or_o they_o to_o have_v some_o other_o province_n or_o city_n and_o fort_n equivalent_a to_o it_o give_v into_o their_o hand_n which_o may_v be_v to_o they_o sufficient_a assecuration_n an._n 1658_o by_o article_n of_o a_o peace_n conclude_v at_o roschild_n a_o city_n in_o zealand_n it_o with_o all_o its_o city_n town_n and_o fort_n be_v grant_v to_o charles_n the_o x_o than_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o to_o his_o successor_n for_o ever_o ii_o eastern-east_n or_o ostrogothia_a ostrogothia_a ostrogothia_a which_o have_v in_o it_o these_o province_n 1._o ostrogothia_a proper_o so_o call_v 2._o smalandia_n and_o 3._o oelandia_n to_o which_o may_v be_v add_v gotlandia_n scania_n and_o bleckingia_n gothia_n apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a ere_fw-we mosem_n pitt_n scania_n vulgo_fw-la schonen_fw-mi apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a mosem_fw-la pitt_n viroillustri_fw-la &_o generosissimo_fw-la dno_fw-la otthoni_fw-la kragh_n toparchae_fw-la in_o trutzholm_n summo_fw-la r._n m._n dan_o secretario_fw-la patrono_fw-la svo_fw-la magno_fw-la dedicat_fw-la &_o consecrat_n johannes_n janssonius_n 2._o smalandia_n part_v from_o ostrogothia_a by_o the_o wood_n holavedh_n a_o very_a large_a province_n be_v 95_o german_a mile_n in_o compass_n indifferent_o fruitful_a in_o those_o part_n where_o it_o be_v not_o overgrow_v with_o wood_n it_o abound_v very_o much_o with_o cattle_n whence_o some_o say_v it_o have_v its_o name_n smala_n signify_v cattle_n which_o be_v export_v hence_o in_o great_a number_n into_o denmark_n and_o from_o thence_o into_o germany_n and_o holland_n in_o it_o there_o be_v very_o many_o lake_n the_o chief_a of_o which_o be_v bolm_n viostez_n moklen_n and_o asnan_n rivers_z likewise_o not_o a_o few_o as_o nyssea_n laga_n helga_n marboa_n aem_n etc._n etc._n this_o country_n be_v cut_v out_o into_o several_a division_n or_o territory_n the_o principal_a of_o which_o be_v tieherad_n verendia_fw-la which_o be_v say_v ancient_o to_o have_v have_v distinct_a law_n of_o its_o own_o tiustia_n finheidia_n and_o mauringia_n etc._n etc._n it_o abound_v with_o several_a mine_n as_o of_o copper_n and_o lead_n and_o in_o some_o part_n with_o great_a store_n of_o iron_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o bottom_n of_o their_o lake_n and_o rivers_n city_n here_o be_v 1._o calmar_n who_o name_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v give_v to_o it_o by_o the_o german_n from_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n which_o blow_v from_o the_o baltic_a sea_n here_o be_v a_o very_a convenient_a port_n frequent_v by_o our_o english_a merchant_n and_o some_o of_o other_o nation_n in_o the_o year_n 1230_o ericus_n king_n of_o denmark_n norway_n and_o swedland_n institute_v thirteen_o prebendary_n in_o this_o city_n and_o order_v that_o the_o cathedral_n church_n here_o shall_v have_v the_o privilege_n of_o a_o ecclesiastical_a college_n it_o be_v at_o present_a govern_v by_o one_o superintendent_n who_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o bishop_n have_v a_o place_n in_o the_o public_a consistory_n of_o the_o kingdom_n this_o city_n be_v sometime_o under_o the_o power_n of_o john_n king_n of_o denmark_n and_o christiern_n the_o second_o who_o succeed_v he_o but_o not_o long_o after_o regain_v by_o the_o swede_n in_o the_o year_n 1611_o christianus_n the_o four_o king_n of_o denmark_n take_v this_o city_n 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handsomeness_n m._n heberer_n in_o his_o itinerary_a report_n that_o when_o he_o come_v to_o this_o city_n he_o find_v a_o great_a number_n of_o very_o large_a serpent_n which_o be_v keep_v tame_a by_o the_o citizen_n and_o though_o they_o be_v familiar_o admit_v into_o their_o house_n yet_o never_o do_v they_o any_o injury_n whether_o or_o no_o they_o use_v to_o eat_v they_o as_o the_o indian_n be_v say_v to_o do_v at_o this_o day_n be_v not_o by_o he_o set_v down_o though_o it_o be_v probable_a they_o do_v not_o feed_v they_o in_o their_o house_n for_o no_o other_o end_n then_o to_o sport_n with_o 3._o vexio_n a_o bishop_n see_v where_o some_o of_o the_o first_o planter_n of_o christianity_n as_o be_v say_v lie_v bury_v 4._o ekesio_n and_o 5._o vesterwick_n 3._o oelandia_n a_o pleasant_a and_o fruitful_a island_n lie_v in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n divide_v from_o smalandia_n by_o a_o very_a narrow_a bay_n in_o it_o be_v cattle_n as_o ox_n horse_n etc._n etc._n bird_n also_o and_o wild-beast_n in_o great_a plenty_n and_o beside_o the_o fort_n call_v barkholme_n or_o bornholme_n two_o and_o thirty_o parish_n in_o all_o this_o island_n be_v by_o the_o dane_n yield_v up_o to_o gustavus_n adolphus_n a_o 1613._o see_v more_o concern_v it_o among_o the_o accessional_a province_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n 4._o scania_n or_o schonen_fw-mi a_o province_n abound_v with_o corn_n beast_n bird_n and_o all_o other_o commodity_n of_o life_n here_o several_a mine_n of_o silver_n lead_v iron_n etc._n etc._n be_v say_v to_o be_v labour_v and_o their_o metal_n to_o be_v hence_o transport_v into_o other_o country_n but_o this_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o mistake_n either_o from_o the_o confound_a of_o the_o word_n scandia_n with_o scania_n which_o be_v frequent_o do_v by_o geographer_n or_o from_o count_v that_o metal_n which_o be_v bring_v hither_o from_o the_o more_o northern_a province_n to_o come_v immediate_o from_o this_o this_o province_n a_o 1658_o be_v cede_v to_o the_o swede_n and_o a_o 1660_o confirm_v to_o they_o so_o that_o it_o may_v seem_v one_o of_o the_o new_a accession_n to_o the_o kingdom_n among_o which_o see_v a_o description_n of_o it_o 5._o blekingia_n a_o fruitful_a province_n lie_v upon_o the_o baltic_a coast_n it_o be_v give_v up_o to_o the_o swede_n a_n 1658_o and_o as_o be_v schonen_fw-mi confirm_v to_o they_o a_o 1660._o a_o large_a account_n of_o this_o province_n may_v be_v expect_v by_o and_o by_o 6._o gothlandia_n or_o gothland_n a_o island_n lie_v in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n over_o against_o ostrogothia_a about_o eighteen_o german_a mile_n in_o length_n and_o five_o or_o six_o in_o breadth_n fourteen_o mile_n from_o the_o gothick_n shore_n twenty_o from_o curland_n thirty_o from_o dantzic_n fifty_o from_o bornholme_n and_o eighty_o from_o rostock_n it_o have_v in_o it_o one_o city_n name_v wisbuy_n or_o visburg_n the_o residence_n of_o the_o governor_n of_o the_o island_n when_o it_o be_v under_o the_o danish_a
government_n friderick_n the_o second_o order_v one_o superintendent_n to_o preside_v here_o and_o subject_v all_o the_o church_n and_o parish_n about_o a_o hundred_o in_o all_o to_o his_o jurisdiction_n which_o authority_n be_v short_o after_o lose_v and_o by_o christian_a the_o four_o again_o restore_v upon_o the_o decay_a of_o wineta_n and_o julinum_n mart-town_n in_o pomerania_n this_o city_n become_v famous_a for_o trade_n and_o may_v be_v reckon_v among_o the_o chief_a of_o the_o whole_a north._n in_o this_o city_n hydrographical_a table_n and_o seaman_n card_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v first_o print_v and_o perfect_v and_o rule_v for_o navigation_n and_o commerce_n for_o the_o whole_a ocean_n as_o far_o as_o the_o scythian_a sea_n and_o hercules_n his_o pillar_n here_o prescribe_v and_o by_o seaman_n observe_v in_o it_o be_v ancient_o ten_o church_n and_o four_o monastery_n at_o present_a only_o seven_o church_n in_o all_o near_o this_o place_n be_v several_a large_a rock_n 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out_o colony_n into_o germany_n italy_n and_o other_o part_n both_o of_o europe_n and_o asia_n and_o from_o the_o messagetae_n to_o have_v be_v call_v by_o a_o abbreviation_n getae_n or_o gothi_n be_v as_o most_o be_v of_o opinion_n the_o same_o nation_n these_o getae_n as_o soon_o as_o come_v over_o the_o baltic_a sea_n erect_v a_o government_n among_o themselves_o administer_v justice_n by_o their_o own_o law_n and_o in_o a_o short_a time_n northern_a nation_n be_v observe_v to_o be_v most_o prolific_a encreae_v to_o a_o numerous_a and_o potent_a nation_n and_o the_o bound_n of_o the_o kingdom_n not_o be_v able_a to_o contain_v and_o the_o provision_n not_o sufficient_a to_o satisfy_v so_o great_a a_o number_n they_o be_v force_v to_o seek_v out_o for_o themselves_o other_o more_o large_a and_o more_o convenient_a habitation_n which_o they_o choose_v to_o do_v in_o the_o neighbour_a part_n beyond_o the_o venedic_n bay_n and_o in_o other_o more_o southern_a country_n where_o they_o 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call_v the_o other_o when_o they_o come_v up_o to_o they_o by_o way_n of_o reproach_n gepantae_n or_o gepidae_n i.e._n slow_a or_o slothful_a who_o as_o not_o fit_a for_o their_o company_n and_o design_n they_o leave_v in_o those_o part_n and_o join_v themselves_o with_o other_o nation_n advance_v on_o by_o land_n as_o far_o as_o poland_n and_o the_o palus_n maeotis_n where_o they_o divide_v themselves_o into_o two_o company_n 1._o those_o that_o go_v towards_o the_o east_n call_v by_o the_o roman_n the_o oriental_a 2._o those_o that_o march_v into_o transilvania_n and_o place_n near_o germany_n spain_n etc._n etc._n call_v the_o occidental_a goth_n which_o branch_n about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 450_o possess_v almost_o all_o the_o kingdom_n of_o france_n this_o division_n to_o be_v make_v first_o of_o all_o after_o their_o emigration_n out_o of_o their_o own_o country_n loccenius_n with_o some_o other_o swedish_n writer_n can_v allow_v but_o say_v that_o their_o country_n be_v 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for_o seventy_o year_n by_o they_o maintain_v they_o be_v quite_o overcome_v and_o utter_o expel_v that_o country_n by_o narses_n of_o which_o see_v the_o catalogue_n of_o their_o king_n they_o that_o travel_v as_o far_o as_o thracia_n and_o maesia_n and_o the_o part_n of_o macedonia_n be_v by_o claudius_n the_o roman_a general_n almost_o all_o overcome_v in_o battle_n he_o at_o one_o time_n kill_v 320000_o of_o they_o as_o he_o himself_o in_o a_o letter_n to_o the_o senate_n declare_v for_o which_o signal_n victory_n a_o golden_a statue_n be_v erect_v for_o he_o in_o the_o capitol_n at_o several_a other_o time_n and_o in_o several_a other_o place_n they_o make_v head_n against_o the_o roman_a empire_n as_o in_o the_o time_n of_o constantine_n and_o theodosius_n who_o overcome_v 20000_o of_o they_o which_o to_o mention_v in_o this_o place_n be_v not_o so_o pertinent_a as_o in_o that_o where_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o war_n be_v wherefore_o at_o present_a we_o shall_v relate_v no_o more_o of_o those_o famous_a exploit_n which_o be_v perform_v by_o the_o goth_n after_o their_o departure_n out_o of_o scandia_n but_o leave_v they_o to_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o in_o other_o more_o convenient_a place_n beside_o this_o emigration_n which_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v under_o the_o conduct_n of_o berico_n or_o berig_n author_n make_v mention_n of_o another_o egression_n of_o the_o gothish_n or_o getish_a people_n as_o shall_v seem_v much_o ancient_a in_o the_o reign_n of_o ericus_n one_o of_o their_o first_o king_n about_o the_o time_n of_o sarug_n or_o saruch_n great_a grandfather_n to_o abraham_n when_o as_o be_v say_v be_v people_v denmark_n jutland_n fionia_n and_o the_o neighbour_a island_n then_o call_v wetalaheedha_n i.e._n marshy_a and_o waterish_a place_n this_o opinion_n though_o as_o to_o the_o time_n of_o the_o transmigration_n it_o may_v seem_v somewhat_o improbable_a the_o earth_n than_o not_o be_v
so_o well_o store_v with_o inhabitant_n especial_o in_o suecia_n and_o gothia_n place_n so_o far_o remove_v from_o the_o mount_n ararat_n which_o be_v general_o suppose_v to_o be_v caucasus_n upon_o which_o as_o many_o author_n be_v of_o opinion_n noah_n ark_n rest_v as_o to_o be_v force_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o multitude_n of_o they_o to_o send_v out_o colony_n into_o other_o country_n yet_o as_o to_o the_o evince_a a_o emigration_n into_o these_o western_a and_o southern_a part_n very_o ancient_o to_o have_v be_v it_o be_v by_o jornandes_n crantzius_n and_o all_o swedish_n writer_n unanimous_o approve_v to_o who_o we_o refer_v the_o reader_n for_o further_a satisfaction_n in_o so_o difficult_a and_o obscure_a a_o controversy_n this_o people_n though_o at_o present_a unite_a under_o the_o same_o government_n and_o law_n with_o the_o swede_n 〈…〉_o the_o 〈…〉_o and_o common_o pass_v under_o the_o same_o name_n with_o they_o be_v ancient_o different_a from_o they_o as_o well_o in_o their_o manner_n as_o their_o policy_n whereupon_o it_o may_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o set_v down_o in_o this_o place_n what_o occur_v among_o author_n as_o proper_a to_o this_o nation_n in_o relation_n to_o their_o manner_n and_o custom_n which_o may_v probable_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v the_o same_o not_o only_o in_o scandia_n but_o also_o in_o all_o the_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n and_o asia_n which_o they_o subdue_v and_o whither_o they_o extend_v their_o dominion_n they_o always_o rule_v by_o their_o own_o law_n and_o constitution_n which_o they_o suffer_v not_o to_o be_v translate_v into_o any_o other_o language_n but_o always_o publish_v in_o their_o own_o not_o only_o make_v those_o they_o overcome_v their_o subject_n but_o by_o instil_v their_o custom_n and_o manner_n into_o they_o as_o much_o as_o possible_a the_o same_o nation_n this_o piece_n of_o policy_n be_v practise_v by_o william_n the_o conqueror_n here_o in_o england_n who_o cause_v all_o our_o law_n to_o be_v turn_v into_o the_o french_a language_n that_o thereby_o this_o nation_n may_v in_o time_n forget_v its_o own_o tongue_n and_o be_v better_o dispose_v to_o endure_v his_o yoke_n that_o the_o goth_n be_v always_o a_o warlike_a people_n their_o several_a swarming_n into_o other_o neighbour_a country_n and_o the_o great_a victory_n they_o obtain_v over_o they_o do_v full_o manifest_v mela_n do_v not_o only_o commend_v they_o for_o their_o courage_n but_o their_o honesty_n and_o plain-dealing_a who_o say_v of_o all_o the_o thracian_n it_o seem_v they_o have_v in_o his_o time_n advance_v into_o and_o be_v considerable_a in_o the_o more_o southern_a part_n of_o the_o world_n the_o goth_n or_o getes_n be_v the_o most_o valiant_a and_o the_o most_o just_a and_o this_o their_o courage_n in_o war_n be_v from_o the_o belief_n they_o have_v of_o the_o immortality_n of_o their_o soul_n a_o doctrine_n they_o receive_v from_o zamolx_n their_o great_a king_n and_o prophet_n according_a to_o lucan_n lib._n 2._o de_fw-fr bello_fw-la pharsal_a where_o speak_v of_o the_o goth_n he_o say_v certe_fw-la populi_fw-la quos_fw-la despicit_fw-la arctos_n faelices_fw-la errore_fw-la svo_fw-la quos_fw-la ille_fw-la timorum_fw-la maximus_fw-la haud_fw-la urget_fw-la lethi_fw-la metus_fw-la inde_fw-la ruendi_fw-la in_o ferrum_fw-la mens_fw-la prona_fw-la viris_fw-la animaeque_fw-la capaces_fw-la mortis_fw-la &_o ignavum_fw-la rediturae_fw-la parcere_fw-la aquavitae_fw-la their_o education_n and_o usage_n whilst_o young_a be_v such_o as_o best_a fit_v they_o for_o warlike_a erterprise_n and_o courageous_a exploit_n for_o their_o child_n as_o soon_o as_o bear_v be_v dip_v over_o head_n and_o ear_n first_o in_o cold_a then_o in_o hot_a water_n and_o as_o the_o spartan_a child_n use_v to_o be_v whip_v at_o the_o altar_n of_o their_o god_n these_o be_v constant_o lash_v with_o scourge_n till_o the_o blood_n gush_v out_o thereby_o to_o inure_v they_o to_o hardship_n nor_o when_o they_o be_v grow_v up_o be_v their_o exercise_n or_o employment_n any_o other_o than_o such_o as_o agree_v best_a with_o man_n of_o a_o military_a constitution_n they_o practise_v tilt_n and_o tournament_n as_o do_v also_o the_o swede_n ride_v the_o great_a horse_n vault_a etc._n etc._n and_o for_o recreation_n chess-play_n as_o any_o one_o exceed_v another_o in_o rank_n and_o quality_n so_o more_o and_o more_o noble_a performance_n be_v expect_v from_o they_o their_o king_n son_n be_v never_o admit_v to_o sit_v at_o table_n with_o or_o scarce_o come_v into_o the_o presence_n of_o their_o father_n before_o they_o have_v receive_v some_o signal_n testimony_n of_o their_o courage_n from_o the_o very_a chief_a of_o their_o enemy_n as_o be_v report_v of_o the_o longabard_n a_o people_n say_v wolf_n lazius_n ancient_o inhabit_v scandia_n who_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o alvinus_fw-la son_n to_o their_o king_n odvinus_n obtain_v a_o great_a victory_n over_o the_o gepidae_n request_v that_o their_o general_n who_o with_o his_o own_o hand_n have_v slay_v the_o king_n of_o the_o gepidae_n son_n may_v be_v admit_v to_o sit_v with_o he_o at_o the_o public_a or_o triumphal_a banquet_n but_o the_o king_n refuse_v their_o address_n and_o tell_v they_o that_o it_o be_v against_o the_o custom_n of_o they_o and_o the_o gothick_n nation_n in_o general_n that_o their_o king_n son_n shall_v be_v permit_v to_o eat_v with_o his_o father_n before_o he_o have_v commendation_n of_o his_o valour_n from_o another_o prince_n this_o the_o son_n hear_v take_v with_o he_o forty_o soldier_n go_v to_o jurismundus_n camp_n so_o be_v the_o king_n of_o the_o gepidae_n name_v and_o tell_v he_o he_o be_v the_o man_n who_o slay_v his_o son_n in_o battle_n desire_v of_o he_o a_o testimonial_a of_o his_o courage_n the_o king_n admire_v his_o boldness_n courteous_o receive_v he_o place_v he_o by_o he_o in_o his_o dead_a son_n room_n and_o give_v he_o the_o armour_n which_o he_o use_v to_o bear_v peaceable_o dismiss_v he_o lover_n they_o be_v though_o no_o great_a practiser_n of_o learning_n and_o according_a to_o the_o character_n johannes_n magnus_n give_v of_o they_o easy_o draw_v by_o persuasion_n then_o command_v as_o always_o hate_v and_o think_v it_o unworthy_a themselves_o to_o be_v inferior_a to_o any_o in_o knowledge_n or_o courage_n towards_o their_o friend_n courteous_a towards_o their_o enemy_n if_o obstinate_a cruel_a and_o revengeful_a if_o submissive_a none_o more_o merciful_a and_o kind_a and_o no_o nation_n ready_a than_o the_o goth_n to_o accept_v a_o parley_n or_o any_o overture_n of_o peace_n their_o wife_n of_o which_o they_o as_o also_o the_o scythian_n be_v allow_v plurality_n be_v not_o less_o valorous_a consider_v their_o sex_n than_o their_o husband_n they_o accompany_v they_o in_o all_o danger_n and_o frequent_o take_v up_o arm_n make_v a_o great_a and_o considerable_a part_n of_o their_o army_n as_o they_o be_v say_v to_o have_v do_v in_o thracia_n and_o maesia_n when_o they_o be_v set_v upon_o by_o claudius_n the_o roman_a commander_n yet_o do_v not_o the_o woman_n always_o and_o upon_o every_o colony_n and_o detachment_n of_o goth_n send_v out_o of_o scandia_n several_a of_o which_o be_v mention_v by_o wolf_n lazius_n follow_v their_o husband_n for_o the_o law_n command_v the_o man_n to_o return_v into_o their_o own_o country_n or_o to_o forfeit_v their_o estate_n every_o one_o that_o presume_v to_o be_v absent_a after_o such_o a_o time_n be_v thereby_o adjudge_v dead_a in_o law_n and_o his_o next_o heir_n to_o enter_v upon_o his_o inheritance_n be_v chief_o procure_v by_o the_o woman_n who_o the_o goth_n at_o their_o departure_n have_v leave_v in_o suecia_n and_o gothia_n the_o virgin_n be_v take_v in_o marriage_n without_o any_o other_o dowry_n than_o their_o own_o perfection_n to_o commend_v they_o to_o their_o husband_n choice_n never_o have_v any_o portion_n give_v they_o adultery_n among_o they_o be_v punish_v by_o death_n with_o many_o suchlike_a custom_n which_o may_v be_v gather_v out_o of_o their_o law_n publish_v by_o isidore_n bishop_n of_o sevil_n in_o spain_n their_o manner_n of_o government_n be_v the_o best_a government_n their_o government_n and_o according_a to_o aristotle_n opinion_n the_o most_o natural_a of_o any_o the_o monarchical_a their_o king_n when_o distinct_a from_o the_o swedish_n not_o be_v bind_v in_o any_o covenant_n with_o his_o people_n nor_o hold_v his_o estate_n at_o the_o will_n of_o the_o subject_a whereupon_o perhaps_o their_o kingdom_n be_v more_o considerable_a in_o itself_o and_o more_o terrible_a to_o its_o enemy_n as_o be_v more_o expeditious_a in_o its_o determination_n and_o unite_v in_o its_o design_n than_o a_o democratical_a state_n be_v frequent_o find_v to_o be_v their_o king_n do_v not_o only_o bear_v rule_n over_o the_o goth_n their_o own_o nation_n but_o after_o their_o unite_n with_o the_o swede_n sometime_o command_v that_o people_n also_o though_o at_o present_a the_o king_n
forty_o german_a mile_n from_o pleskow_n and_o as_o many_o from_o novogardia_n 2._o nieslot_n or_o neuschlos_n i._n e._n new_a fort_n not_o far_o from_o the_o lake_n peipus_n upon_o the_o river_n narva_n 2._o viria_n wiria_n or_o wilandia_n viria_n viria_n which_o have_v alentakia_n on_o the_o east_n harria_n on_o the_o west_n the_o finnic_a bay_n on_o the_o north_n and_o jervia_n on_o the_o south_n place_n remarkable_a in_o it_o be_v 1._o wesenberg_n not_o far_o from_o the_o river_n weissenaa_n which_o a._n d._n 1581._o be_v take_v by_o the_o swede_n from_o the_o muscovite_n 2._o tolsburg_n twelve_o mile_n distant_a from_o wesenberg_n 3._o borcholm_n 3._o harria_n or_o harrenland_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d bound_v on_o the_o south_n with_o wicia_n on_o the_o east_n with_o viria_n and_o on_o the_o north_n and_o west_n with_o the_o finnic_a bay_n in_o this_o division_n be_v revalia_n the_o metropolis_n of_o liefland_n a_o little_a but_o handsome_a pleasant_a and_o well_o fortify_v city_n lie_v in_o 59_o deg_fw-la 30_o min._n of_o longitude_n in_o the_o year_n 1374_o it_o be_v sell_v to_o the_o great_a master_n of_o livonia_n in_o 1561_o be_v in_o danger_n to_o fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o muscovite_n it_o commit_v itself_o to_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o have_v ever_o since_o be_v subject_n to_o they_o here_o be_v ancient_o a_o bishop_n see_v but_o since_o lutheranism_n spread_v itself_o into_o these_o part_n that_o title_n be_v here_o discontinue_v and_o all_o ecclesiastical_a affair_n manage_v by_o superintendent_o for_o the_o promote_a of_o learning_n and_o good_a education_n this_o city_n have_v one_o public_a gymnasium_n wherein_o professor_n and_o tutor_n be_v maintain_v to_o read_v and_o teach_v humanity_n and_o all_o the_o liberal_a arts._n the_o chief_a church_n be_v dedicate_v to_o st._n olaus_n not_o far_o from_o this_o place_n be_v the_o monastery_n of_o st._n bridget_n seat_v upon_o the_o finnic_a coast_n and_o the_o fort_n pade_n or_o badis_n lie_v upon_o the_o river_n assa_n 4._o vikia_fw-la wicia_n or_o wikke_n which_o have_v in_o it_o these_o three_o place_n of_o note_n 1._o habsalia_n habsel_n lie_v upon_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n former_o viz._n in_o the_o time_n of_o frideric_n ii_o king_n of_o denmark_n in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o dane_n afterward_o a._n d._n 1575._o take_v by_o the_o muscovite_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1581._o gain_v by_o john_n iii_o king_n of_o sweden_n 2._o lode_n 3._o leal_n 4._o wickel_n or_o wyck_n all_o fort_n of_o good_a strength_n and_o consideration_n 5._o jervia_n which_o lie_v landward_o almost_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o other_o district_v it_o contain_v wittenstein_n oberpalen_n and_o lau_n or_o lais_n place_n of_o moment_n ii_o odepoa_n bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o lake_n peipus_n on_o the_o north_n with_o embeck_n and_o the_o river_n fela_fw-mi and_o pernavia_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o great_a bay_n of_o livonia_n and_o on_o the_o south_n with_o lettia_n in_o it_o be_v these_o place_n of_o note_n viz._n 1._o derpat_o derbat_n dorpat_o or_o as_o the_o russes_z call_v it_o juriogoord_n a_o large_a city_n build_v most_o of_o stone_n and_o brick_n and_o secure_v by_o strong_a stonewall_n where_o be_v former_o a_o bishop_n seat_n it_o be_v heretofore_o under_o the_o tzar_n of_o muscovy_n a._n d._n 1230._o under_o the_o pole_n a._n d._n 1582._o afterward_o take_v from_o they_o by_o charles_n duke_n of_o sudermannia_n but_o by_o they_o regain_v a._n d._n 1603._o in_o the_o year_n 1625_o when_o gustavus_n adolphus_n send_v force_n into_o livonia_n under_o the_o command_n of_o jacobus_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr gardie_n this_o city_n be_v gain_v to_o the_o swedish_n crown_n and_o ever_o since_o remain_v as_o a_o part_n of_o its_o possession_n here_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a abundance_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o commodity_n of_o life_n and_o the_o healthfulness_n of_o the_o air_n gustavus_n adolphus_n ann_n 1632_o at_o the_o desire_n of_o one_o john_n skytte_n baron_n in_o ouderof_o who_o have_v sometime_o be_v tutor_n to_o that_o king_n institute_v a_o university_n and_o appoint_v and_o stipend_v one_o rector_n and_o several_a professor_n for_o theology_n history_n mathematics_n etc._n etc._n 2._o warbeck_n upon_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n embeck_n 3._o kannelek_n 4._o the_o fort_n ringen_n 5._o odepoa_o a_o small_a town_n whence_o the_o whole_a district_n have_v its_o name_n 6._o nienhausen_n a_o strong_a fort_n upon_o the_o border_n of_o muscovy_n 7._o marienburg_n another_o fort_n not_o far_o from_o the_o lake_n peipus_n 8._o tarne_a a_o place_n ancient_o of_o good_a importance_n but_o be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o muscovite_n it_o be_v besiege_v by_o the_o polander_n and_o at_o last_o by_o they_o take_v and_o when_o they_o quit_v it_o so_o demolish_v that_o though_o the_o swede_n have_v spend_v some_o charge_n in_o repair_v it_o it_o have_v not_o at_o present_a attain_v its_o ancient_a strength_n and_o splendour_n 9_o felinum_n fellin_n fifteen_o german_a mile_n from_o 10._o parnavia_n parnow_n upon_o a_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n a_o town_n of_o great_a trade_n for_o all_o commodity_n corn_n especial_o first_o of_o all_o add_v to_o the_o swedish_n dominion_n by_o ericus_n fourteen_o king_n of_o sweden_n a_o 1562_o afterward_o take_v by_o the_o pole_n and_o regain_v from_o they_o an_z 1617._o 11._o sales_n or_o lemsael_n with_o some_o other_o less_o remarkable_a town_n and_o fort_n iii_o lettia_n bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o part_n of_o muscovy_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o livonian_a bay_n on_o the_o north_n with_o odepoa_n and_o on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o river_n dwina_n it_o be_v chief_a city_n be_v 1._o riga_n a_o arch-bishop_n see_v lie_v in_o 48_o deg_fw-la of_o longitude_n and_o 57_o deg_fw-la 30_o min._n of_o latitude_n upon_o the_o dwina_n at_o its_o entrance_n into_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n it_o be_v defend_v with_o a_o strong_a wall_n bulwark_n tower_n a_o extraordinary_a large_a trench_n and_o three_o row_n of_o great_a gun_n which_o be_v put_v in_o good_a order_n and_o readiness_n chief_o by_o the_o care_n of_o gustavus_n adolphus_n king_n of_o sweden_n here_o be_v a_o note_a harbour_n for_o ship_n much_o frequent_v by_o merchant_n from_o germany_n holland_n england_n etc._n etc._n who_o come_v hither_o in_o the_o summertime_n and_o be_v lade_v with_o hemp_n flax_n wax_n pitch_n tar_n with_o plank_n also_o and_o wood_n ready_a hew_v for_o build_v ship_n with_o skin_n of_o all_o sort_n as_o of_o bear_n elk_n fox_n etc._n etc._n and_o fur_n of_o castor_n sables_n martron_n ermine_n etc._n etc._n all_o which_o be_v bring_v to_o this_o city_n out_o of_o muscovy_n and_o poland_n in_o the_o wintertime_n over_o the_o ice_n and_o snow_n upon_o sledd_n and_o make_v ready_a for_o sale_n against_o the_o time_n when_o the_o merchant_n usual_o arrive_v the_o citizen_n common_o speak_v either_o swedish_n german_n curlandish_a or_o livonian_a and_o have_v their_o divine_a service_n which_o be_v reform_v according_a to_o the_o augustan_n confession_n always_o celebrate_v in_o some_o one_o of_o those_o language_n in_o the_o year_n 1581._o this_o city_n be_v take_v by_o stephen_n king_n of_o poland_n from_o the_o emperor_n and_o by_o his_o successor_n sigismond_n iii_o endow_v with_o many_o notable_a privilege_n and_o immunity_n and_o by_o he_o keep_v in_o possession_n till_o 1605_o at_o what_o time_n gustavus_n adolphus_n prince_n of_o sweden_n bring_v a_o army_n into_o livonia_n and_o after_o six_o week_n close_a siege_n have_v it_o surrender_v up_o to_o he_o since_o which_o time_n it_o have_v always_o be_v under_o the_o swedish_n power_n 2._o dunamund_n i._n e._n the_o mouth_n of_o the_o duna_n or_o dwina_n so_o call_v from_o its_o situation_n be_v place_v upon_o the_o dwina_n two_o mile_n from_o riga_n at_o its_o very_a entrance_n into_o the_o livonian_a bay_n it_o be_v a_o fort_n of_o great_a importance_n command_v the_o whole_a river_n so_o that_o without_o leave_n have_v from_o the_o governor_n here_o no_o ship_n can_v pass_v into_o or_o come_v out_o of_o the_o harbour_n of_o riga_n and_o because_o the_o dwina_n at_o this_o place_n break_v forcible_o into_o the_o sea_n and_o often_o in_o the_o spring-time_n especial_o bring_v huge_a flake_n of_o ice_n along_o with_o it_o very_o much_o alter_v the_o channel_n and_o thereby_o make_v the_o passage_n into_o the_o river_n very_o dangerous_a there_o be_v wait_v here_o a_o sort_n of_o experience_a guide_n call_v pilosen_v or_o pilot_n who_o for_o small_a wage_n conduct_v all_o stranger_n along_o the_o safe_a way_n either_o up_o to_o riga_n or_o back_o again_o into_o the_o baltic_a 3._o kakenhusen_n kockehaus_n a_o strong_a fort_n where_o be_v ancient_o the_o residence_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o riga_n 4._o ascherad_n with_o many_o lesser_a town_n
king_n of_o denmark_n be_v call_v dan_n who_o reign_v before_o the_o birth_n of_o christ_n from_o he_o denmark_n have_v its_o name_n but_o the_o story_n they_o tell_v we_o of_o this_o king_n like_o all_o their_o ancient_a history_n be_v so_o incoherent_a and_o incredible_a that_o little_a trust_n can_v be_v give_v to_o this_o etymology_n other_o ridiculous_o derive_v the_o name_n of_o dane_n and_o danemark_n from_o dan_n the_o son_n of_o jacob._n some_o from_o the_o grecian_a danai_n hadrianus_n junius_n a_o learned_a historian_n but_o not_o too_o happy_a in_o etymology_n will_v have_v the_o dane_n so_o call_v from_o the_o abundance_n of_o fir-tree_n which_o grow_v in_o their_o country_n not_o consider_v that_o a_o fir-tree_n have_v not_o the_o same_o name_n dannen_n or_o tannen-baum_a in_o denmark_n as_o in_o germany_n for_o the_o dane_n as_o well_o as_o the_o english_a call_v it_o a_o firtre_n or_o firtrae_n pontanus_n sleght_v all_o the_o conjecture_n of_o other_o author_n think_v he_o give_v we_o a_o sufficient_a account_n of_o the_o original_n of_o the_o word_n dani_n and_o dania_n when_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o these_o people_n be_v the_o danciones_fw-la or_o dansciones_fw-la as_o the_o learned_a mr._n cambden_n read_v the_o word_n instead_o of_o dausiones_n in_o the_o vulgar_a copy_n mention_v by_o ptolomey_n but_o this_o determination_n be_v not_o at_o all_o satisfactory_a for_o the_o question_n be_v not_o how_o long_o but_o whence_o the_o dane_n have_v have_v their_o name_n for_o my_o own_o part_n i_o dare_v not_o assent_v to_o any_o of_o the_o derivation_n yet_o give_v but_o have_v rather_o guess_v that_o the_o dane_n or_o dansche_n take_v their_o name_n from_o the_o great_a opinion_n they_o have_v of_o their_o own_o uprightness_n and_o integrity_n for_o danneman_n be_v a_o word_n ordinary_o use_v among_o they_o to_o this_o day_n to_o denote_v a_o honest_a and_o good_a man_n thus_o the_o german_n use_v the_o phrase_n ein_fw-ge teutschhertziger_fw-ge mensch_fw-ge to_o signify_v a_o true_a dutch_n heart_v fellow_n and_o we_o may_v observe_v that_o it_o be_v the_o constant_a custom_n of_o all_o the_o northern_a nation_n to_o give_v themselves_o name_n from_o their_o piety_n as_o well_o as_o prowess_n thus_o the_o people_n who_o style_v themselves_o germane_a war-man_n in_o the_o field_n be_v teutschen_n or_o godly_a at_o home_n and_o the_o cimbri_n or_o camp-fighter_n in_o time_n of_o war_n be_v gottisch_n pious_a and_o religious_a as_o soon_o as_o they_o lay_v down_o their_o weapon_n the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o denmark_n be_v the_o cimbri_n and_o getae_n inhabitant_n ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o both_o which_o we_o shall_v discourse_v at_o large_a in_o the_o description_n of_o jutland_n concern_v the_o goth_n something_o have_v be_v say_v in_o the_o description_n of_o sweden_n and_o more_o may_v be_v expect_v in_o the_o treatise_n of_o the_o cimbric_n island_n the_o kingdom_n consist_v of_o 1._o jutland_o situation_n division_n and_o situation_n which_o be_v a_o peninsula_n wash_v on_o either_o side_n by_o the_o german_a and_o baltic_a sea_n and_o bound_v on_o the_o south_n with_o some_o part_n of_o the_o nether_a saxony_n 2._o zeeland_n funen_n with_o some_o more_o island_n of_o less_o note_n to_o these_o may_v be_v add_v 3._o schonen_fw-mi and_z halland_n which_o former_o do_v belong_v to_o this_o kingdom_n but_o in_o the_o year_n 1658_o by_o a_o ratification_n of_o peace_n conclude_v at_o roschild_n between_o frederic_n iii_o king_n of_o denmark_n and_o charles_n x._o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v whole_o annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o swedeland_n and_o by_o another_o ratification_n hold_v at_o copenhagen_n 1660_o confirm_v to_o it_o the_o air_n be_v not_o so_o cold_a as_o in_o some_o place_n of_o germany_n which_o lie_v much_o more_o to_o the_o south_n air._n air._n nor_o so_o hot_a in_o summer_n this_o temperature_n proceed_v chief_o from_o the_o adjoin_a sea_n which_o as_o in_o england_n fan_n the_o inhabitant_n in_o summer_n and_o keep_v they_o warm_a in_o winter_n sometime_o indeed_o the_o baltic_a sea_n be_v freeze_v up_o as_o it_o happen_v in_o the_o year_n 1659._o when_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n march_v his_o army_n out_o of_o jutland_n into_o zeeland_n over_o the_o ice_n and_o then_o charcoal_n and_o turf_n which_o be_v their_o only_a fuel_n stand_v their_o friend_n the_o land_n natural_o barren_a soil_n soil_n and_o abound_v with_o little_a but_o wood_n and_o mountain_n be_v by_o the_o late_a care_n and_o industry_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n make_v very_o fruitful_a funen_n furnish_v many_o foreign_a part_n with_o barley_n and_o zeeland_n great_a trade_n lie_v in_o transport_v of_o corn_n and_o hay_n schonen_fw-mi be_v full_a of_o pleasant_a meadow_n whence_o some_o author_n think_v it_o have_v its_o name_n for_o schone_n signify_v fair_a the_o rich_a pasture_n in_o denmark_n afford_v such_o multitude_n of_o kine_n cattle_n cattle_n that_o according_a to_o oldenburgh_n relation_n some_o year_n forty_o thousand_o other_o a_o hundred_o thousand_o cow_n and_o ox_n be_v hence_o transport_v into_o the_o low_a country_n which_o must_v needs_o exceed_o enrich_v the_o kingdom_n they_o have_v also_o good_a breed_v of_o horse_n but_o not_o in_o such_o number_n that_o they_o can_v afford_v to_o send_v any_o into_o other_o nation_n helmoldus_n tell_v we_o fish_n fish_n that_o in_o his_o time_n the_o great_a riches_n of_o the_o dane_n consist_v in_o fish_n and_o saxon_a grammaticus_n say_v the_o seacoast_n round_a zeeland_n and_o other_o part_n of_o the_o danish_a kingdom_n be_v so_o stock_v with_o shoal_n of_o herring_n and_o other_o fish_n that_o you_o may_v not_o only_o take_v they_o up_o with_o your_o hand_n without_o the_o help_n of_o any_o net_n line_n or_o hook_n but_o that_o they_o hinder_v the_o passage_n of_o ship_n and_o bo_n certain_a it_o be_v however_o strange_a and_o incredible_a saxo_n story_n may_v appear_v herring_n swim_v usual_o in_o infinite_a number_n and_o no_o part_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v ancient_o better_a stock_v with_o this_o kind_n of_o fish_n then_o the_o coast_n of_o denmark_n but_o of_o late_a year_n the_o herring-trade_n have_v fail_v strange_o here_o and_o those_o they_o do_v catch_v come_v far_o short_a of_o the_o english_a and_o dutch_a herring_n in_o bulk_n and_o goodness_n i_o be_o unwilling_a to_o think_v with_o oldenburgh_n this_o decay_n of_o the_o fishing-trade_n in_o denmark_n a_o judgement_n inflict_v on_o the_o inhabitant_n since_o our_o fisherman_n will_v tell_v we_o that_o some_o year_n the_o herring_n haunt_v the_o english_a shore_n sometime_o the_o dutch_a or_o french_a however_o though_o the_o herring_n have_v forsake_v they_o they_o have_v still_o plenty_n of_o other_o sort_n of_o fish_n as_o plaise_n whiteing_n cod_n etc._n etc._n which_o they_o dry_a and_o send_v abroad_o pontanus_n to_o show_v how_o well_o they_o be_v provide_v in_o this_o kind_n tell_v we_o this_o memorable_a story_n it_o happen_v not_o many_o year_n before_o the_o write_n of_o his_o history_n of_o denmark_n that_o several_a ambassador_n from_o most_o of_o the_o great_a prince_n in_o europe_n be_v meet_v together_o at_o the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n court_n have_v some_o dispute_v about_o precedency_n some_o of_o they_o assert_v the_o dignity_n and_o power_n of_o their_o master_n from_o the_o riches_n of_o their_o country_n in_o gold_n and_o silver_n other_o brag_v of_o the_o plenty_n of_o corn_n fruit_n etc._n etc._n when_o all_o have_v do_v the_o danish_a ambassador_n tell_v they_o that_o shall_v the_o rich_a prince_n in_o europe_n sell_v his_o kingdom_n and_o with_o the_o price_n buy_v nothing_o else_o but_o wooden_a platter_n the_o king_n his_o master_n be_v able_a to_o fill_v they_o all_o with_o three_o sort_n of_o fresh_a fish_n whereupon_o they_o unanimous_o declare_v the_o king_n of_o denmark_n the_o happy_a prince_n in_o christendom_n and_o place_v his_o ambassador_n next_o the_o king_n of_o france_n who_o sit_v on_o the_o emperor_n right_a hand_n their_o forest_n be_v full_a of_o all_o sort_n of_o venison_n forest_n forest_n insomuch_o that_o every_o hunt_a season_n which_o common_o be_v in_o august_n there_o be_v above_o sixteen_o hundred_o buck_n bring_v in_o to_o the_o king_n palace_n beside_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o hare_n coney_n boar_n etc._n etc._n however_o the_o ancient_a roman_n vilify_v and_o contemn_v all_o the_o northern_a nation_n manner_n manner_n esteem_v they_o a_o sort_n of_o barbarous_a dull_a and_o unactive_a people_n yet_o it_o be_v manifest_a from_o the_o relation_n give_v by_o lucius_n florus_n and_o other_o roman_a historian_n who_o never_o care_v for_o speak_v too_o well_o of_o their_o enemy_n how_o stout_o the_o cimbrian_o encounter_v the_o roman_a force_n and_o it_o be_v more_o than_o probable_a that_o the_o galli_n senones_n come_v out_o of_o this_o country_n who_o force_v their_o infantry_n to_o take_v sanctuary_n or_o
34._o christian_n i_o son_n of_o theodoric_n count_n of_o oldenburgh_n be_v elect_v king_n of_o denmark_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o king_n christopher_n he_o be_v a_o generous_a pious_a and_o valiant_a prince_n but_o whole_o ignorant_a of_o all_o manner_n of_o learning_n he_o reduce_v the_o swede_n to_o their_o allegiance_n who_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n have_v revolt_v from_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n annex_v holstein_n to_o his_o dominion_n make_v himself_o duke_n of_o dithmar_n and_o stormar_n and_o have_v rule_v three_o and_o thirty_o year_n dye_v in_o peace_n in_o the_o year_n 1481_o and_o be_v bury_v in_o a_o chapel_n which_o he_o himself_o have_v build_v at_o roschild_n leave_v his_o crown_n to_o his_o son_n 35._o john_n who_o be_v a_o prince_n endue_v with_o all_o the_o royal_a quality_n of_o his_o father_n he_o be_v devout_a in_o exercise_n of_o religion_n temperate_a in_o diet_n grave_n in_o apparel_n and_o valiant_a in_o exploit_n of_o war_n which_o except_v only_o the_o overthrow_n he_o receive_v from_o the_o dithmarsians_n in_o the_o year_n 1500_o prove_v exceed_o successful_a he_o die_v of_o the_o plague_n at_o olburgh_n in_o the_o year_n 1513._o 35._o christian_n ii_o king_n john_n son_n who_o be_v the_o bloody_a cruel_a and_o most_o dissolute_a prince_n that_o denmark_n or_o perhaps_o any_o other_o kingdom_n ever_o see_v lindenbruch_n give_v this_o character_n of_o he_o that_o nero_n phalaris_n and_o sylla_n put_v in_o the_o scale_n against_o he_o will_v signify_v no_o more_o then_o half_a a_o ounce_n to_o a_o pound_n weight_n meursius_n report_n that_o he_o be_v bear_v with_o one_o hand_n grasp_v which_o when_o the_o midwife_n open_v she_o find_v full_a of_o blood_n this_o be_v look_v upon_o by_o his_o father_n as_o a_o certain_a prognostic_n of_o a_o bloody_a mind_n of_o which_o his_o subject_n have_v afterward_o a_o lamentable_a experience_n the_o only_a good_a he_o ever_o do_v his_o country_n be_v the_o sound_n a_o fair_a and_o establish_v a_o more_o than_o ordinary_a trade_n at_o copenhagen_n at_o last_o after_o he_o have_v by_o his_o wickedness_n throw_v himself_o out_o of_o three_o kingdom_n and_o for_o six_o and_o thirty_o year_n undergo_v the_o misery_n of_o banishment_n or_o imprisonment_n he_o die_v in_o the_o castle_n of_o kallenborg_n in_o zeeland_n in_o the_o year_n 1559._o 36._o frideric_n i._o king_n john_n brother_n succeed_v his_o nephew_n christian_n as_o soon_o as_o he_o be_v crown_v in_o the_o year_n 1524_o he_o begin_v to_o bring_v the_o augspur_n confession_n into_o all_o the_o church_n of_o denmark_n he_o rule_v almost_o ten_o year_n in_o quietness_n and_o die_v at_o sleswig_n in_o the_o year_n 1533._o 37._o christian_n iii_o frideric_n son_n he_o perfect_v the_o reformation_n which_o his_o father_n have_v begin_v in_o the_o church_n he_o live_v and_o dye_v in_o the_o year_n 1559_o a_o prince_n of_o singular_a piety_n wisdom_n temperance_n justice_n and_o all_o royal_a virtue_n and_o leave_v behind_o a_o fair_a pattern_n of_o a_o happy_a king_n and_o good_a christian_n to_o his_o son_n 37._o frederic_n ii_o who_o have_v exact_o imitate_v his_o father_n example_n after_o a_o happy_a reign_n of_o twenty-nine_o year_n dye_v in_o his_o palace_n of_o anderscow_n in_o the_o year_n 1587._o immediate_o after_o his_o coronation_n he_o be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o the_o rebel_n of_o dithmar_n who_o he_o quell_v with_o small_a trouble_n afterward_o he_o wage_v war_n with_o eric_n fourteen_o king_n of_o sweden_n which_o last_v seven_o year_n the_o rest_n of_o his_o day_n be_v spend_v in_o peace_n and_o quietness_n 39_o christian_n iu_o before_o his_o father_n burial_n be_v elect_v and_o soon_o after_o crown_v king_n of_o denmark_n in_o his_o reign_n the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n ferdinand_n ii_o overrun_v the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o cimbrian_a chersonese_n and_o have_v once_o well_o nigh_o bring_v the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o denmark_n under_o his_o subjection_n but_o king_n christian_n contract_v as_o it_o be_v all_o the_o exspire_a spirit_n of_o his_o realm_n make_v the_o imperialist_n at_o last_o give_v ground_n and_o bring_v they_o to_o a_o treaty_n upon_o honourable_a term_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1648_o and_o be_v succeed_v by_o his_o son_n 40._o frederic_n iii_o who_o receive_v as_o great_a a_o blow_n from_o the_o swede_n as_o his_o father_n have_v do_v from_o the_o german_n charles_n gustave_n the_o victorious_a king_n of_o sweden_n have_v bring_v he_o to_o that_o extremity_n as_o to_o lay_v close_a siege_n to_o copenhagen_n which_o city_n and_o consequent_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o denmark_n will_v doubtless_o have_v fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swede_n have_v not_o the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o most_o of_o the_o northern_a prince_n jealous_a of_o the_o grow_a power_n of_o the_o swedish_n king_n concern_v themselves_o in_o the_o defence_n of_o it_o he_o that_o desire_v a_o further_a account_n of_o the_o beginning_n continuance_n and_o end_n of_o these_o northern_a war_n may_v have_v recourse_n to_o the_o accurate_a history_n of_o they_o write_v by_o r._n manley_n and_o print_v in_o the_o year_n 1670._o king_n frideric_n get_v his_o noble_n persuade_v to_o consent_n that_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n as_o well_o as_o that_o of_o norway_n shall_v be_v hereditary_a and_o be_v himself_o proclaim_v hereditary_a king_n the_o twenty-third_a day_n of_o october_n in_o the_o year_n 1660._o he_o die_v of_o a_o fever_n the_o twenty-fifth_a day_n of_o february_n 16_o 69_o 70._o and_o that_o night_n as_o be_v before_o say_v the_o nobility_n swear_v allegiance_n to_o the_o new_a king_n 41._o christian_n v._o now_o reign_v a_o valiant_a and_o active_a prince_n the_o royal_a family_n of_o denmark_n consist_v of_o the_o child_n of_o the_o king_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o and_o his_o near_a relation_n together_o with_o the_o prince_n of_o sunderburg_n norburg_n gluckburg_n arnsbeck_n gottorp_n and_o ottingen_n or_o oytin_n who_o be_v all_o descend_v from_o king_n christian_n the_o three_o except_v the_o house_n of_o oytin_n and_o gottorp_n who_o be_v the_o issue_n of_o his_o brother_n adolph_n duke_n of_o sleswic_n the_o noble_n who_o never_o pretend_v to_o nor_o accept_v of_o the_o title_n of_o dukes_z earls_z or_o baron_n be_v such_o as_o have_v for_o many_o age_n have_v a_o single_a coat_n of_o arm_n belong_v to_o their_o family_n which_o they_o never_o alter_v nor_o quarter_n with_o any_o other_o there_o be_v to_o this_o day_n some_o family_n of_o the_o nobility_n in_o denmark_n as_o wren_n and_o other_o who_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v at_o the_o sign_v of_o a_o treaty_n of_o peace_n between_o charles_n the_o great_a and_o king_n hemming_n on_o the_o eidor_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o any_o nobleman_n all_o his_o good_n movable_a and_o immovable_a be_v divide_v among_o his_o child_n so_o as_o a_o son_n have_v two_o moiety_n and_o a_o daughter_n only_o one_o by_o the_o law_n of_o denmark_n the_o king_n be_v prohibit_v to_o purchase_v any_o part_n of_o a_o nobleman_n estate_n nor_o can_v any_o of_o the_o nobility_n buy_v any_o of_o the_o crown_n land_n a_o catalogue_n of_o the_o name_n of_o the_o chief_a nobleman_n at_o this_o day_n in_o denmark_n be_v give_v we_o by_o the_o author_n of_o l'estat_fw-la des_fw-fr royaume_n de_fw-fr l'europe_n in_o the_o follow_a alphabetical_a order_n achsel_n appelgard_n alefeld_n andersem_n bielke_n banner_n brach_n bilig_n below_o bild_n brokenhusem_n biorn_n beck_n blick_n bassi_n bax_n baselich_n bockowlt_n bud_n baggen_n bammelberg_n brune_n blom_n blocktorp_n breiden_n daac_n dresselberch_n dune_n duram_fw-la dam_n freze_n fassi_fw-la falster_n falcke_n guldenstern_n grub_n goce_fw-mi green_n gelschut_v gall_n gram_n grissel_n goss_n gadendorp_n grabow_n hardenberg_n holke_n hoken_n hiderstorper_n hube_n hesten_n hager_n holer_n hoeken_fw-mi hoier_n hacken_n harberger_n jul_n juensen_n juenan_n jensen_n johensen_n korwitz_n krabbe_n kaas_z krusen_n kragge_n krumpen_a krumdick_n kercberg_n karssenbrock_n koelet_n knutzen_n lange_n lindeman_n lung_n lutkem_n laxman_n lancken_n leven_n lindow_n monk_n matiessen_n marizer_n must_v matre_fw-la meinstorf_n moeten_n magnussen_n negel_n narbu_n norman_n ofren_n otten_n pasberg_n podessen_n podebussen_n papenheimb_n podwisch_n plessen_n pensen_n paisen_n petersen_n qualem_fw-la quittow_n ranzaw_v rosenkrantz_n rastorp_n ruthede_v reuter_n ruten_n rosenspart_n rosengard_n ronnow_n reventlow_n ratlow_n ritzerow_n schram_n schefeldt_n schelen_n seestedt_n stuege_n swron_n stantbeke_fw-mi split_v solle_n swaben_n santbarch_n spar_n spegel_n sturen_n suinem_fw-la staken_v stove_n siversen_n trolle_v totten_n vhrup_n vonsflet_n vantinnen_n vken_n voien_fw-fr vlstandt_n vren_n wlefeld_n walkendorp_n wipfert_n witfelt_n wogersen_n wenfsterman_n will_v worm_n walstorp_n wenfin_fw-fr wittorp_n though_o none_o of_o these_o be_v ever_o make_v duke_n knight_n knight_n marquis_n earl_n or_o baron_n yet_o it_o be_v usual_a
light-horse_n as_o the_o king_n think_v fit_a and_o pay_v in_o yearly_a such_o a_o sum_n of_o money_n into_o the_o treasury_n but_o these_o be_v neither_o so_o numerous_a nor_o large_a as_o before_o the_o alteration_n of_o government_n in_o the_o year_n 1660._o again_o out_o of_o the_o nobility_n be_v choose_v all_o the_o court-officer_n of_o which_o the_o chief_a be_v 1._o court-officer_n court-officer_n the_o chancellor_n 2._o the_o admiral_n who_o take_v care_n of_o the_o building_n and_o repair_v of_o all_o sort_n of_o ship_n belong_v to_o the_o crown_n he_o have_v under_o he_o a_o vice-admiral_n who_o act_v by_o his_o commission_n 3._o the_o marshal_n who_o provide_v necessary_n for_o all_o manner_n of_o dispatch_n in_o the_o time_n of_o war_n and_o peace_n 4._o the_o treasurer_n who_o receive_v in_o and_z gives_z acquittance_n for_o all_o sum_n pay_v into_o the_o king_n exchequer_n he_o have_v under_o he_o two_o secretary_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o inferior_a scribe_n 5._o the_o master_n of_o the_o horse_n there_o be_v only_o seven_o bishopric_n in_o denmark_n bishopric_n bishopric_n which_o be_v all_o as_o in_o england_n in_o the_o king_n gift_n 1._o copenhagen_n where_o the_o bishop_n have_v archiepiscopal_a right_n though_o without_o the_o title_n 2._o ripen_v and_o 3._o arhusen_n both_o in_o the_o northern_a jutland_n 4._o odensee_n in_o funen_n 5._o wiburg_n 6._o arhusen_n 7._o sleswic_n in_o the_o southern_a jutland_n the_o city_n be_v govern_v by_o their_o distinct_a corporation_n citâ—â—â—_n citâ—â—â—_n and_o the_o citizen_n enjoy_v peculiar_a privilege_n and_o charter_n as_o in_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n the_o rustic_n be_v either_o freeholder_n frybunder_o rustic_n rustic_n such_o as_o have_v hereditary_a estate_n pay_v only_o some_o small_a quitrent_n to_o their_o landlord_n or_o wornede_v villain_n absolute_o in_o the_o power_n of_o their_o lord_n whilst_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n lie_v confuse_v and_o 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as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o any_o sachsen-spiegel_n and_o many_o other_o part_n of_o germany_n the_o fashion_n of_o decide_v all_o manner_n of_o cause_n in_o our_o english_a court_n by_o a_o jury_n of_o twelve_o man_n judicature_n judicature_n may_v seem_v to_o have_v be_v borrow_v from_o the_o dane_n who_o use_v former_o as_o they_o do_v still_o in_o some_o part_n of_o jutland_n to_o assemble_v every_o parish_n by_o themselves_o once_o a_o year_n in_o the_o field_n to_o determine_v all_o difference_n by_o twelve_o select_a man_n from_o who_o if_o the_o disagree_a party_n be_v not_o reconcile_v a_o appeal_n lie_v to_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o province_n and_o thence_o to_o the_o supreme_a court_n of_o justice_n as_o be_v show_v before_o the_o heathen_a dane_n have_v another_o way_n of_o determine_v controversy_n by_o duel_n in_o which_o the_o challenger_n be_v to_o demonstrate_v the_o justice_n of_o his_o cause_n by_o his_o success_n this_o custom_n last_v till_o the_o first_o plant_n of_o christianity_n by_o poppo_n who_o to_o confirm_v the_o truth_n of_o his_o doctrine_n take_v up_o with_o his_o bare_a hand_n glowing-hot_a bar_n of_o iron_n without_o the_o least_o harm_n to_o the_o admiration_n of_o all_o beholder_n this_o miracle_n wrought_v not_o only_o a_o change_n in_o the_o religion_n but_o law_n also_o of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o hereupon_o king_n sueno_n or_o suenotto_n order_v that_o thence_o forward_a all_o person_n accuse_v of_o any_o heinous_a crime_n shall_v clear_v themselves_o by_o carry_v in_o their_o hand_n a_o glow_a ploughshare_n or_o some_o other_o piece_n of_o hot_a iron_n this_o kind_n of_o purge_v be_v call_v by_o some_o of_o the_o danish_a writer_n jerntegn_n i._n e._n iron-token_n by_o other_o ordale_n whence_o this_o last_o word_n shall_v fetch_v its_o original_n be_v not_o agree_v on_o by_o our_o modern_a etymologist_n verstegan_n bring_v it_o from_o or_o a_o old_a word_n for_o law_n and_o deal_v a_o part_n or_o portion_n and_o indeed_o the_o german_a word_n vhrteil_n seem_v to_o favour_v this_o derivation_n our_o forefather_n the_o saxon_n have_v borrow_v from_o the_o dane_n several_a kind_n of_o ordale_n as_o by_o carry_v a_o bar_n of_o hot_a iron_n up_o to_o the_o high_a altar_n bare_a hand_n by_o tread_v barefoot_a and_o blindfold_a over_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o glow_a bar_n lay_v on_o the_o ground_n at_o unequal_a distance_n by_o thrust_v the_o naked_a arm_n into_o a_o pot_n of_o boil_a water_n and_o last_o as_o they_o use_v to_o try_v witch_n by_o throw_v the_o accuse_a party_n into_o a_o river_n or_o deep_a vessel_n of_o cold_a water_n he_o that_o desire_v to_o see_v a_o exact_a account_n of_o the_o ceremony_n use_v in_o the_o second_o and_o three_o kind_n of_o ordale_n may_v read_v they_o at_o large_a in_o the_o ecclesiastical_a law_n of_o king_n athelstane_n publish_v by_o the_o learned_a sr._n henry_n spelman_n council_n britann_n tom_fw-mi 1._o pag._n 404._o and_o in_o the_o same_o king_n law_n as_o they_o be_v publish_v by_o mr._n lambard_n you_o have_v the_o other_o two_o sort_n describe_v the_o first_o that_o thorough_o abolish_v all_o kind_n of_o ordale_n in_o denmark_n be_v king_n waldemar_n the_o second_o about_o the_o year_n 1240_o at_o the_o request_n of_o pope_n innocent_a the_o three_o who_o think_v it_o a_o intolerable_a and_o heinous_a impiety_n thus_o to_o tempt_v god_n barclay_n in_o his_o icon_n animorum_fw-la wonder_n that_o such_o innumerable_a swarm_n of_o man_n shall_v sally_v out_o of_o these_o part_n as_o be_v able_a to_o overrun_v the_o great_a part_n of_o europe_n whereas_o at_o this_o day_n there_o be_v such_o a_o scarcity_n of_o inhabitant_n that_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n be_v hardly_o able_a to_o wage_v war_n with_o any_o of_o his_o neighbour_n without_o a_o supply_n of_o soldier_n out_o of_o foreign_a country_n but_o this_o be_v no_o such_o great_a miracle_n when_o we_o consider_v how_o the_o vast_a empire_n in_o the_o world_n assyria_n egypt_n judaea_n and_o rome_n itself_o vain_o flatter_v with_o the_o name_n of_o vrbs_fw-la aeterna_fw-la have_v have_v their_o period_n the_o great_a strength_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n as_o of_o all_o prince_n of_o isle_n consist_v chief_o in_o the_o number_n of_o their_o mariner_n and_o good_a ship_n in_o all_o skirmish_n and_o war_n between_o the_o dane_n and_o swede_n it_o be_v obvious_a to_o observe_v how_o much_o the_o latter_a have_v usual_o prevail_v at_o land_n and_o the_o former_a at_o sea_n christian_n the_o second_o upon_o a_o short_a warning_n fit_v out_o a_o hundred_o good_a man_n of_o war_n to_o aid_n henry_n the_o second_o king_n of_o france_n against_o the_o english_a and_o this_o present_a king_n have_v a_o much_o large_a fleet_n always_o ready_a for_o action_n the_o danish_a king_n can_v afford_v to_o build_v yearly_o twelve_o man_n of_o war_n without_o impoverish_v his_o exchequer_n and_o in_o this_o naval_a force_n the_o
this_o city_n be_v express_v by_o westhow_n a_o danish_a poet_n in_o three_o distich_n thus_o fluctibus_fw-la arctoi_fw-la sit_v bella_fw-la coagia_fw-la ponti_fw-la alluor_fw-la hinc_fw-la campus_fw-la subjacet_fw-la inde_fw-la nemus_fw-la quae_fw-la silvae_fw-la utilitas_fw-la agri_fw-la emolumenta_fw-la fretique_n commoda_fw-la sunt_fw-la meus_fw-la haec_fw-la omne_fw-la civis_fw-la habet_fw-la that_o glan_n &_o ligna_fw-la nemus_fw-la that_fw-mi pascua_fw-la campus_fw-la piscibus_fw-la &_o variis_fw-la mercibus_fw-la unda_fw-la beat_v laland_n laland_n or_o lawland_n so_o call_v from_o its_o low_a situation_n be_v a_o island_n about_o 32_o english_a mile_n in_o length_n and_o 20_o in_o breadth_n it_o be_v divide_v from_o seeland_n by_o the_o narrow_a bay_n gronesond_n or_o as_o some_o map_n call_v it_o goldersond_v and_o from_o falster_n by_o a_o bay_n much_o narrow_a than_o the_o former_a it_o be_v a_o very_a fruitful_a country_n and_o afford_v great_a quantity_n of_o corn_n and_o good_a store_n of_o rich_a pasturage_n lyscander_n say_v of_o this_o dukedom_n that_o there_o be_v in_o it_o four_o several_a gentes_fw-la i_o suppose_v he_o mean_v herrit_v or_o lordship_n and_o as_o many_o city_n the_o great_a town_n or_o city_n he_o speak_v of_o be_v 1._o naschaw_n or_o nachscouw_n which_o together_o with_o the_o adjoin_a monastery_n be_v storm_v take_v and_o burn_v by_o the_o lubecker_n in_o the_o year_n 1510._o 2._o sascope_a 3._o newstadt_n once_o famous_a for_o a_o noble_a monastery_n build_v here_o a._n d._n 1286._o 4._o lavinscope_a beside_o these_o the_o nunnery_n of_o mariaebo_n speak_v of_o before_o in_o the_o description_n of_o sore_a be_v as_o considerable_a and_o remarkable_a a_o place_n as_o any_o in_o the_o whole_a island_n other_o island_n less_o considerable_a in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n what_o island_n have_v be_v of_o late_o deliver_v up_o by_o the_o dane_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swede_n upon_o the_o ratification_n of_o treaty_n and_o league_n may_v be_v see_v in_o the_o description_n of_o swedeland_n of_o those_o that_o remain_v still_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n these_o we_o have_v mention_v be_v of_o most_o note_n and_o it_o be_v irrational_a to_o expect_v a_o particular_a account_n of_o those_o million_o of_o diminutive_a island_n that_o lay_v scatter_v along_o the_o coast_n of_o seeland_n schonen_fw-mi jutland_n etc._n etc._n among_o they_o these_o follow_a be_v all_o that_o be_v worth_a the_o take_a notice_n of_o 1._o falster_v falster_n falster_n a_o considerable_a island_n adjoin_v to_o laland_n it_o be_v not_o above_o 16_o english_a mile_n in_o length_n but_o so_o fruitful_a that_o it_o furnish_v not_o only_o its_o own_o inhabitant_n but_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n and_o several_a other_o part_n of_o germany_n with_o corn._n great_a town_n of_o note_n in_o this_o island_n be_v 1._o nycope_a which_o dr._n heylin_n for_o i_o can_v find_v that_o he_o borrow_v the_o expression_n from_o any_o other_o writer_n call_v the_o naples_n of_o denmark_n from_o the_o pleasantness_n of_o its_o situation_n and_o uniformity_n in_o building_n 2._o stabecope_a a_o place_n of_o some_o trade_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o passenger_n who_o come_v daily_o this_o way_n betwixt_o seeland_n and_o germany_n 2._o mona_n or_o meun_n mona_n mona_n a_o chalky_a island_n to_o the_o north-east_n of_o falster_n which_o serve_v for_o a_o good_a landmark_n to_o the_o german_a vessel_n that_o trade_n in_o these_o sea_n lyscander_n tell_v we_o it_o be_v former_o annex_v to_o the_o stipend_n of_o the_o danish_a admiral_n as_o a_o place_n the_o fit_a of_o any_o in_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n dominion_n for_o such_o a_o officer_n to_o reside_v in_o the_o only_a town_n of_o consequence_n in_o it_o be_v stege_n which_o brave_o withstand_v the_o lubecker_n in_o the_o year_n 1510_o and_o force_v they_o at_o last_o to_o retreat_v 3._o langeland_n langeland_n langeland_n a_o narrow_a island_n betwixt_o funen_n and_o laland_n about_o 28_o english_a mile_n in_o length_n and_o only_o 8_o in_o breadth_n whence_o it_o have_v its_o name_n there_o be_v in_o it_o 16_o parish_n church_n and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o nobleman_n house_n beside_o the_o impregnable_a castle_n of_o traneker_n which_o be_v admirable_o well_o provide_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o military_a ammunition_n rutcope_a may_v pass_v for_o what_o the_o danish_a writer_n will_v needs_o have_v it_o to_o be_v a_o city_n but_o it_o be_v a_o miserable_o poor_a one_o and_o in_o no_o great_a probability_n of_o be_v advance_v by_o traffic_n 4._o alsen_n alsen_n alsen_n a_o small_a isle_n over_o against_o the_o bay_n of_o flensburg_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o sleswic_n of_o which_o it_o be_v a_o part_n and_o therefore_o only_o subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n as_o duke_n of_o sleswic_n the_o learned_a and_o noble_a danish_a antiquary_n rantzow_n think_v the_o elysii_n arii_n and_o manimi_n mention_v by_o tacitus_n be_v the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o island_n ar_n and_o meun_n and_o that_o these_o three_o isle_n have_v the_o same_o name_n at_o this_o day_n save_v only_o a_o small_a alteration_n such_o as_o may_v easy_o happen_v in_o the_o revolution_n of_o a_o few_o year_n which_o they_o have_v when_o that_o learned_a roman_a write_v his_o annal_n this_o isle_n be_v every_o where_o either_o exceed_v fruitful_a or_o very_a pleasant_a and_o so_o populous_a that_o several_a thousand_o of_o stout_a fight_a man_n have_v be_v raise_v in_o a_o very_a short_a time_n out_o of_o its_o four_o town_n and_o thirteen_o parish_n sunderburg_n heretofore_o the_o usual_a seat_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o sleswic_n and_o to_o this_o day_n one_o of_o the_o strong_a hold_n which_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n have_v be_v the_o chief_a town_n in_o the_o island_n lalandiae_fw-la et_fw-la falstriae_fw-la accurata_fw-la descriptio_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a et_fw-la mosem_fw-la pitt_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o jutland_n between_o the_o promontory_n of_o schaghen_n and_o the_o isle_n funen_n there_o be_v several_a little_a inconsiderable_a island_n as_o anholt_n lasso_n nide_v helm_n tune_n kitholm_n jordholm_n samsoe_n etc._n etc._n among_o these_o the_o three_o first_o be_v notorious_a for_o the_o dangerous_a sand_n which_o lie_v round_o they_o whence_o it_o be_v a_o ordinary_a proverb_n use_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n here_o lassoe_n nide_v und_fw-ge anholt_n maecken_v that_o menich_a stuerman_n niet_fw-mi werdt_fw-mi oldt_fw-mi i._n e._n lassoe_n nide_v and_o anholt_n hinder_v shipman_n to_o grow_v old_a of_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o the_o isle_n in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n that_o the_o dani_n insulares_n as_o saxo_n call_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o these_o isle_n be_v all_o of_o one_o extraction_n will_v be_v find_v a_o question_n very_o disputable_a after_o a_o diligent_a enquiry_n into_o the_o different_a custom_n and_o language_n use_v in_o several_a of_o the_o baltic_a island_n ptolemy_n we_o know_v and_o most_o of_o the_o ancient_a geographer_n make_v scandinavia_n or_o schonen_fw-mi a_o island_n but_o of_o so_o large_a a_o bulk_n that_o alter_fw-la terrarum_fw-la orbis_n be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o usual_a name_n they_o give_v it_o this_o pliny_n tell_v we_o be_v by_o some_o of_o the_o greek_a writer_n call_v baltia_n which_o by_o pytheas_n be_v corrupt_v into_o basilia_n now_o if_o we_o grant_v that_o this_o continent_n which_o the_o ancient_n mistake_v for_o a_o island_n be_v name_v baltia_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d because_o the_o noble_a isle_n in_o this_o sea_n which_o seem_v the_o most_o probable_a conjecture_n than_o it_o will_v not_o by_o any_o mean_n be_v irrational_a to_o conclude_v that_o in_o all_o probability_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o all_o these_o petit_fw-fr island_n be_v only_o so_o many_o small_a branch_n of_o the_o old_a warlike_a nation_n of_o the_o goth_n who_o the_o most_o learned_a historian_n place_n in_o schonen_fw-mi but_o than_o it_o will_v still_o be_v doubt_v whether_o these_o goth_n be_v not_o a_o nation_n whole_o distinct_a from_o the_o getes_n mention_v in_o jutland_n and_o consequent_o whether_o those_o that_o inhabit_v the_o isle_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o schonen_fw-mi be_v not_o descend_v of_o another_o stock_n than_o they_o that_o live_v near_o jutland_n can_v reasonable_o pretend_v to_o pontanus_n be_v exceed_o angry_a at_o jornandes_n orosius_n and_o other_o for_o affirm_v that_o the_o getes_n and_o goth_n be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o people_n but_o as_o i_o conceive_v without_o any_o great_a reason_n for_o if_o as_o be_v prove_v in_o the_o description_n of_o jutland_n the_o getes_n give_v name_n to_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o cimbrian_a chersonese_n these_o two_o nation_n be_v easy_o bring_v together_o then_o he_o be_v aware_a of_o and_o can_v we_o once_o persuade_v pontanus_n admirer_n to_o grant_v that_o the_o getae_n gutae_n vitæ_fw-la or_o witae_fw-la be_v the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o jutland_n as_o
people_n what_o the_o reader_n miss_v in_o the_o general_a description_n of_o norway_n may_v possible_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o follow_a one_o of_o island_n the_o prefecture_n of_o masterland_n this_o prefecture_n take_v its_o name_n from_o the_o chief_a city_n in_o it_o seat_v on_o a_o rocky_a peninsula_n and_o famous_a for_o its_o great_a trade_n in_o herring_n and_o other_o sea-fish_n this_o city_n with_o two_o more_o of_o less_o note_n congel_n and_o oddawald_n and_o the_o adjoin_a country_n be_v command_v by_o the_o strong_a castle_n of_o bahus_n now_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n it_o be_v first_o build_v by_o haquin_n iv_o king_n of_o norway_n about_o the_o year_n 1309_o upon_o a_o steep_a rock_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n trollet_n and_o be_v then_o look_v upon_o as_o the_o best_a fort_n that_o king_n have_v in_o his_o dominion_n and_o a_o sufficient_a bulwark_n against_o the_o daily_a assault_n and_o incursion_n of_o the_o swede_n and_o westro-goth_n the_o bishopric_n of_o anslo_n and_o staffenger_n with_o the_o province_n of_o aggerhuse_v anslo_n call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n opslo_n and_o by_o some_o latin_a writer_n asloa_n be_v first_o build_v by_o king_n harold_n cotemporary_a with_o sueno_n esthritius_n king_n of_o denmark_n who_o frequent_o keep_v his_o residence_n in_o this_o city_n here_o be_v hold_v the_o chief_a court_n of_o judicature_n for_o all_o norway_n wherein_o all_o cause_n and_o suit_n at_o law_n be_v hear_v and_o determine_v before_o the_o governor_n who_o act_v as_o viceroy_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o cathedral_n be_v dedicate_v to_o st._n alward_n who_o take_v great_a pain_n in_o preach_v the_o gospel_n to_o the_o norwegian_a heathen_n in_o this_o church_n be_v to_o be_v show_v the_o sword_n of_o haquin_n one_o of_o their_o ancient_a king_n a_o signal_n testimony_n if_o the_o story_n they_o tell_v of_o it_o be_v true_a of_o the_o strength_n and_o admirable_a art_n of_o some_o norwegian_n of_o former_a age_n the_o hilt_n of_o it_o be_v make_v of_o crystal_n curious_o wrought_v and_o polish_a whence_o olaus_n magnus_n will_v needs_o conclude_v that_o the_o use_n of_o crystal_n be_v ancient_o much_o more_o ordinary_a in_o norway_n then_o it_o be_v at_o this_o day_n in_o any_o part_n of_o europe_n not_o far_o from_o opslo_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o bay_n stand_v the_o castle_n of_o aggerhusen_n memorable_a for_o the_o brave_a resistance_n it_o make_v the_o swedish_n army_n in_o the_o year_n 1567._o which_o besiege_v it_o hot_o eighteen_o week_n together_o but_o be_v at_o last_o beat_v off_o and_o force_v shameful_o to_o retire_v about_o twenty_o german_a mile_n northward_o of_o opslo_n lie_v the_o city_n hammer_n former_o a_o bishop_n see_v but_o at_o present_a under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o opslo_n near_o this_o town_n be_v the_o island_n moos_n where_o if_o we_o believe_v olaus_n magnus_fw-la a_o huge_a and_o monstrous_a serpent_n appear_v constant_o before_o any_o grand_a alteration_n in_o the_o state_n or_o government_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o norway_n in_o this_o province_n beside_o the_o place_n already_o mention_v stand_v the_o city_n of_o tonsberg_n fridericstadt_n saltsburgh_n and_o scheen_n which_o have_v all_o a_o considerable_a trade_n from_o the_o copper_n and_o iron_n mine_n which_o hereabout_o be_v in_o great_a number_n then_o in_o any_o other_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n it_o be_v in_o this_o province_n that_o the_o silver_n mine_n mention_v before_o be_v first_o discover_v at_o the_o expense_n of_o christian_a iu._n king_n of_o denmark_n and_o some_o of_o the_o adjoin_a hill_n be_v by_o the_o neighbourhood_n to_o this_o day_n call_v silver-bergen_a or_o the_o mountain_n of_o silver_n to_o these_o mine_n and_o the_o lofty_a wood_n of_o pine_n and_o fir-tree_n with_o which_o this_o part_n of_o the_o country_n be_v overspread_v the_o kingdom_n of_o norway_n owe_v the_o great_a part_n of_o if_o not_o all_o its_o trade_n the_o city_n of_o staffenger_n lie_v in_o 59_o degree_n some_o reckon_v 60_o and_o a_o great_a many_o odd_a minute_n of_o latitude_n it_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o peninsuia_fw-la upon_o a_o great_a bay_n of_o the_o northern_a ocean_n full_a of_o small_a island_n and_o guard_v by_o the_o strong_a castle_n of_o doeswick_n which_o lie_v about_o two_o english_a mile_n from_o the_o town_n in_o civil_a affair_n this_o city_n be_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o governor_n of_o bergenhusen_n though_o it_o have_v its_o own_o peculiar_a bishop_n constant_o reside_v in_o the_o town_n the_o whole_a bishopric_n be_v divide_v into_o the_o several_a district_n of_o stavangersteen_n dalarne_n jaren_n listerleen_n mandalsleen_n nedenesleen_n and_o abygdelag_n thomas_n conrade_n hvegner_n bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n in_o the_o year_n 1641_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o collect_v a_o great_a number_n of_o runic_a inscription_n which_o lie_v scatter_v up_o and_o down_o his_o diocese_n some_o of_o which_o be_v publish_v by_o wormius_n who_o further_o inform_v we_o that_o this_o conrad_n predecessor_n who_o name_n he_o omit_v write_v a_o topographical_n description_n of_o this_o city_n and_o bishopric_n beyond_o the_o bay_n appear_v the_o island_n schutenes_n three_o german_a mile_n in_o length_n but_o scarce_o half_a a_o one_o in_o breadth_n between_o this_o island_n which_o have_v in_o it_o several_a considerable_a village_n and_o the_o continent_n run_v up_o a_o narrow_a frith_n to_o bergen_n which_o be_v call_v by_o the_o dutch_a merchant_n to_o liedt_n van_fw-mi berghen_fw-mi to_o the_o bishopric_n of_o staffenger_n belong_v the_o province_n of_o tillemarch_n or_o thylemarch_n which_o give_v procopius_n the_o first_o ground_n for_o that_o assertion_n of_o he_o which_o he_o defend_v with_o so_o great_a vehemency_n viz._n that_o scandinavia_n take_v in_o its_o large_a extent_n of_o which_o thylemarch_n be_v a_o very_a inconsiderable_a part_n be_v the_o ancient_a thule_n the_o parish_n of_o hollen_n in_o this_o province_n be_v very_o remarkable_a for_o a_o churchyard_n or_o bury_v place_n on_o the_o top_n of_o a_o church_n dedicate_v to_o st._n michael_n which_o be_v cut_v out_o of_o a_o great_a high_a rock_n call_v by_o the_o vicenage_n vear_n upon_o the_o lake_n nordsee_n half_o a_o mile_n distant_a from_o scheen_n wormius_n think_v it_o be_v former_o a_o heathenish_a temple_n but_o convert_v to_o christian_a use_n upon_o the_o first_o plant_n of_o the_o gospel_n in_o this_o kingdom_n the_o prefecture_n and_o bishopric_n of_o berghen_n this_o bishopric_n the_o most_o fruitful_a and_o pleasant_a part_n of_o all_o norway_n lie_v to_o the_o north_n of_o aggerhusen_n in_o the_o middle_n or_o heart_n of_o the_o kingdom_n it_o derive_v its_o name_n from_o the_o fair_a and_o noble_a emporium_n or_o mart-town_n of_o berghen_n or_o else_o from_o the_o strong_a castle_n of_o berghenhusen_n the_o usual_a seat_n of_o the_o viceroy_n of_o norway_n at_o a_o small_a distance_n from_o berghen_n northward_o berghen_n a_o ancient_a and_o famous_a seaport_n town_n mention_v by_o pomponius_n mela_n and_o pliny_n be_v the_o granary_n and_o magazine_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o norway_n it_o lie_v distant_a from_o bahusen_n about_o a_o hundred_o german_a mile_n by_o sea_n and_o sixty_o by_o land_n from_o truntheim_n as_o many_o from_o schagen_n the_o outmost_a promontory_n of_o jutland_n almost_o eighty_o some_o have_v fetch_v its_o name_n from_o the_o norwegian_a verb_n bergen_n which_o signify_v to_o hide_v or_o conceal_v because_o the_o haven_n be_v surround_v with_o hill_n seem_v to_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o sculking-place_n for_o ship_n where_o vesfel_n of_o two_o hundred_o tun_n and_o upward_o ride_v in_o a_o spacious_a and_o most_o secure_a harbour_n free_a from_o all_o danger_n of_o wind_n and_o weather_n but_o we_o need_v not_o trouble_v ourselves_o any_o further_a for_o the_o derivation_n of_o the_o name_n then_o to_o consider_v that_o berghen_n in_o the_o norwegian_a language_n signify_v mountain_n and_o berghenhusen_a a_o company_n of_o house_n among_o the_o hill_n the_o building_n in_o this_o city_n till_o within_o these_o few_o year_n be_v exceed_o mean_a and_o contemptible_a most_o of_o they_o of_o wood_n cover_v with_o green_a turf_n and_o therefore_o frequent_o burn_v down_o but_o of_o late_a the_o hamburgher_n lubecker_n hollander_n and_o other_o that_o trade_n this_o way_n have_v beautify_v the_o town_n with_o a_o exchange_n and_o a_o great_a many_o private_a house_n of_o credit_n the_o most_o peculiar_a trade_n of_o this_o city_n lie_v in_o a_o kind_n of_o stockfish_n catch_v upon_o these_o coast_n and_o thence_o call_v usual_o by_o the_o norway_n merchant_n berghenvisch_n this_o the_o fisherman_n take_v in_o winter_n common_o in_o january_n for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o dry_v it_o in_o the_o cold_a and_o sharp_a air_n beside_o hither_o fur_n of_o all_o sort_n and_o vast_a quantity_n of_o dry_a
fish_n butter_n tallow_n hides_n etc._n etc._n be_v bring_v from_o all_o part_n of_o norway_n to_o be_v ship_v off_o into_o other_o country_n the_o townsman_n not_o many_o year_n ago_o observe_v the_o daily_a increase_n of_o their_o trade_n and_o the_o great_a concourse_n of_o stranger_n which_o it_o draw_v from_o all_o part_n and_o fear_v they_o themselves_o may_v at_o last_o be_v prejudice_v by_o a_o unlimited_a and_o general_a admission_n of_o foreign_a tradesman_n and_o merchant_n into_o their_o city_n make_v a_o order_n that_o whoever_o will_v after_o such_o a_o time_n be_v admit_v a_o freeman_n of_o the_o town_n shall_v either_o be_v whip_v at_o a_o game_n institute_v upon_o this_o occasion_n and_o call_v by_o they_o gantenspill_n or_o roll_v in_o mud_n and_o dirt_n or_o last_o hang_v in_o a_o basket_n over_o some_o intolerable_a and_o filthy_a smoke_n this_o hard_a usage_n quick_o diminish_v the_o number_n of_o foreigner_n who_o fancy_v it_o scarce_o worth_n their_o while_n to_o purchase_v their_o freedom_n at_o so_o dear_a and_o scandalous_a a_o rate_n but_o of_o late_a the_o industry_n and_o skill_n as_o well_o as_o number_v of_o the_o inhabitant_n increase_n these_o barbarous_a custom_n be_v lay_v aside_o and_o the_o citizen_n themselves_o be_v now_o able_a to_o export_v what_o be_v former_o fetch_v away_o from_o they_o the_o bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n be_v heretofore_o under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o truntheim_n to_o the_o governor_n of_o berghen_n be_v subject_a the_o prefecture_n of_o sudhornleen_n nordhornleen_n soghne_n sudfiord_n norfiord_n and_o sundmerleen_n the_o prefecture_n and_o bishopric_n of_o nidrosia_n or_o truntheim_n the_o four_o castle_n and_o government_n in_o norway_n be_v that_o of_o the_o city_n nidrosia_n as_o it_o be_v ancient_o call_v from_o the_o river_n nider_n on_o which_o it_o be_v seat_v or_o truntheim_n former_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o king_n and_o archbishop_n of_o norway_n pontanus_n somewhere_o call_v this_o city_n the_o cabinet_n of_o all_o the_o norwegian_a monument_n but_o wormius_n find_v no_o great_a reason_n to_o confer_v so_o honourable_a a_o title_n upon_o it_o when_o after_o a_o diligent_a search_n into_o the_o antiquity_n old_a monument_n and_o relic_n of_o the_o primitive_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o kingdom_n he_o meet_v with_o no_o more_o than_o three_o runic_a inscription_n in_o this_o whole_a diocese_n the_o conveniency_n of_o the_o haven_n make_v this_o place_n resort_v to_o by_o some_o mariner_n and_o merchant_n to_o this_o day_n but_o the_o ruin_n be_v so_o great_a that_o it_o look_v more_o like_o a_o village_n than_o city_n not_o have_v have_v any_o opportunity_n of_o recover_v its_o former_a splendour_n since_o it_o be_v burn_v down_o in_o the_o year_n 1522._o its_o house_n be_v a_o company_n of_o old_a fashion_a and_o rot_a building_n and_o the_o king_n palace_n be_v decay_v below_o the_o meanness_n of_o a_o english_a cottage_n however_o something_o of_o its_o ancient_a grandeur_n still_o appear_v in_o the_o cathedral_n dedicate_v to_o st._n olaus_n which_o though_o almost_o consume_v by_o fire_n yet_o by_o the_o ruin_n show_v itself_o to_o have_v be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o magnificent_a and_o large_a structure_n in_o the_o world_n in_o this_o church_n the_o huntsman_n be_v wont_a to_o make_v a_o yearly_a offering_n of_o the_o skin_n of_o the_o large_a and_o stout_a white_a bear_n which_o they_o kill_v for_o the_o priest_n to_o tread_v upon_o at_o divine_a service_n groneland_n and_o iseland_n be_v former_o part_n of_o the_o diocese_n of_o truntheim_n but_o now_o this_o bishopric_n be_v not_o of_o so_o large_a a_o extent_n in_o the_o castle_n reside_v the_o governor_n of_o the_o whole_a prefecture_n of_o truntheim_n who_o have_v under_o he_o several_a other_o governor_n of_o lesser_a province_n in_o the_o country_n a_o little_a beyond_o this_o city_n there_o grow_v no_o wood_n at_o all_o 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strength_n of_o the_o arm_n be_v the_o only_a judge_n of_o controversy_n when_o fish_v season_n come_v in_o they_o throng_v to_o the_o seacoast_n and_o when_o that_o be_v over_o retire_v again_o into_o the_o upland_n only_o the_o islander_n in_o heymeland_n keep_v their_o station_n and_o have_v their_o church_n in_o trom_n suro_n maggero_n and_o other_o place_n the_o language_n manner_n and_o habit_n of_o the_o people_n be_v the_o same_o as_o in_o the_o swedish_n lapland_n of_o which_o a_o account_n have_v be_v already_o give_v of_o the_o ancient_a commerce_n between_o the_o old_a britain_n english_a and_o norwegian_n though_o the_o relation_n which_o our_o english_a writer_n give_v we_o of_o the_o prowess_n and_o brave_a exploit_n of_o the_o valiant_a british_a king_n arthur_n savour_v too_o much_o of_o romance_n yet_o in_o the_o main_a our_o best_a historian_n agree_v unanimous_o in_o this_o that_o no_o prince_n ever_o conquer_v more_o of_o the_o northern_a kingdom_n than_o this_o king_n w._n lambert_n in_o his_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d assure_v we_o that_o all_o the_o island_n nation_n and_o kingdom_n in_o the_o north_n and_o east_n sea_n as_o far_o as_o russia_n be_v tributary_n to_o he_o and_o geoffry_n of_o monmouth_n say_v king_n arthur_z at_o one_o time_n summon_v no_o less_o than_o six_o king_n to_o appear_v before_o he_o at_o his_o court_n in_o britain_n viz._n 1._o guillaumur_n king_n of_o ireland_n 2._o malvase_n king_n of_o iseland_n 3._o doldaff_n king_n of_o gothland_n 4._o gunnase_n king_n of_o orkney_n 5._o lot_z king_n of_o norway_n and_o 6._o aschile_o king_n of_o denmark_n upon_o these_o conquest_n the_o kingdom_n of_o norway_n be_v annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n and_o the_o norwegian_n incorporate_v into_o one_o nation_n with_o the_o britain_n but_o this_o amity_n be_v of_o no_o long_a continuance_n for_o norway_n be_v at_o too_o great_a a_o distance_n
a_o oath_n take_v in_o norway_n and_o iseland_n we_o read_v hialpi_n mire_n svo_fw-la friar_n og_z niordur_n og_z hin_n all_o matke_v as_o i.e._n so_o help_v i_o friar_n and_o niordur_n a_o norwegian_a king_n deify_v for_o his_o noble_a exploit_n and_o the_o almighty_a asian_a i.e._n woden_n from_o he_o the_o iselander_n call_v the_o four_o day_n of_o the_o week_n odensdagur_n and_o we_o wendesday_n the_o nobility_n of_o the_o ancient_a people_n of_o the_o north_n be_v wonderful_o ambitious_a of_o fetch_v their_o pedigree_n down_o in_o a_o straight_a line_n from_o this_o patriarch_n and_o god_n of_o the_o northern_a nation_n hence_o possible_o it_o come_v that_o in_o some_o copy_n of_o our_o anglo-saxonic_a chronicle_n the_o genealogy_n of_o our_o english_a king_n cerdic_n with_o several_a other_o be_v run_v up_o to_o one_o who_o be_v say_v to_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o the_o son_n of_o woden_n and_o there_o the_o pedigree_n break_v of_o as_o if_o in_o so_o do_v they_o have_v sufficient_o imitate_v st._n luke_n genealogy_n of_o our_o saviour_n unto_o adam_n which_o be_v the_o son_n of_o god_n and_o hence_o as_o may_v well_o be_v conjecture_v the_o islander_n do_v to_o this_o day_n call_v their_o nobleman_n godar_n and_o hoffgodar_n i.e._n such_o as_o be_v of_o the_o lineage_n or_o family_n of_o the_o go_n beside_o these_o two_o we_o sometime_o read_v of_o freyer_n as_o in_o the_o norwegian_a oath_n before_o quote_v one_o of_o wodens_n companion_n and_o friga_n wodens_n wife_n whence_o our_o friday_n with_o several_z other_o of_o less_o note_n arngrim_n allow_v 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o that_o several_a christian_n come_v out_o of_o norway_n into_o iseland_n with_o ingulf_n in_o the_o year_n 874_o but_o that_o the_o isle_n be_v then_o convert_v to_o the_o christian_a faith_n he_o deny_v a_o full_a and_o total_a conversion_n he_o say_v be_v never_o attempt_v till_o about_o a_o hundred_o year_n after_o the_o first_o that_o open_o preach_v the_o gospel_n be_v one_o frideric_n a_o saxon_a bear_v who_o come_v over_o into_o this_o isle_n in_o the_o year_n 981_o and_o succeed_v so_o well_o that_o within_o three_o year_n after_o there_o be_v several_a church_n build_v the_o iselandic_n chronicle_n mention_n one_o thangbrandt_n another_o outlandish_a bishop_n who_o come_v into_o iseland_n in_o the_o year_n 997._o at_o last_o in_o the_o year_n 1000_o it_o be_v agree_v on_o in_o a_o general_a assembly_n of_o the_o whole_a isle_n that_o the_o worship_n of_o heathenish_a idol_n be_v abandon_v they_o will_v unanimous_o embrace_v the_o christian_a religion_n in_o the_o year_n 1056_o isleif_n a_o iselander_n be_v consecrate_v bishop_n of_o the_o whole_a isle_n and_o enter_v upon_o the_o see_v of_o schalholt_n the_o year_n follow_v it_o be_v very_o observable_a what_o be_v record_v in_o the_o iselandic_n chronicle_n that_o this_o isleif_n marry_v dalla_n the_o daughter_n of_o one_o thorwald_n and_o by_o she_o have_v three_o son_n the_o elder_a of_o which_o 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judicature_n judicature_n where_o former_o stand_v a_o high_a flame_a mountain_n which_o by_o degree_n burn_v away_o this_o plain_a say_v he_o be_v encompass_v with_o huge_a rock_n which_o make_v it_o inaccessible_a except_v only_o in_o one_o place_n and_o there_o too_o you_o have_v room_n for_o no_o more_o than_o one_o passenger_n at_o once_o from_o the_o top_n of_o two_o of_o these_o rock_n fall_v down_o two_o large_a river_n which_o with_o a_o terrible_a noise_n be_v swallow_v up_o by_o a_o whirl-pool_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o plain_a hither_o yearly_o upon_o the_o twenty-ninth_a day_n of_o june_n repair_v all_o such_o as_o have_v any_o suit_n at_o law_n or_o other_o controversy_n to_o be_v determine_v at_o the_o passage_n stand_v a_o guard_n of_o soldier_n who_o admit_v all_o in_o that_o desire_n the_o favour_n but_o suffer_v none_o to_o go_v out_o without_o a_o pass_n from_o the_o governor_n as_o soon_o as_o all_o who_o have_v any_o business_n be_v come_v in_o the_o 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and_o every_o man_n examine_v private_o the_o verdict_n of_o his_o book_n in_o the_o case_n propose_v return_v they_o consult_v awhile_o of_o the_o sentence_n and_o then_o unanimous_o pronounce_v it_o if_o any_o considerable_a doubt_n arise_v among_o they_o which_o they_o themselves_o can_v easy_o solve_v they_o consult_v the_o lieutenant_n but_o will_v not_o give_v he_o authority_n or_o leave_n to_o decide_v the_o controversy_n by_o pronounce_v of_o sentence_n these_o twelve_o juryman_n of_o who_o one_o always_o be_v foreman_n have_v great_a respect_n show_v they_o as_o long_o as_o these_o assize_n last_o they_o have_v power_n to_o determine_v all_o civil_a cause_n and_o to_o pronounce_v condemnation_n as_o they_o think_v convenient_a against_o all_o criminal_n those_o that_o be_v condemn_v to_o die_v as_o adulterer_n murderer_n and_o notorious_a thief_n be_v behead_v but_o small_a misdemeanour_n be_v mark_v in_o the_o forehead_n with_o a_o hot_a iron_n this_o
otto_n be_v desert_v on_o all_o hand_n and_o afterward_o die_v miserable_o at_o brunswic_n in_o the_o year_n 1218._o 1212._o frideric_n ii_o king_n of_o sicily_n be_v by_o these_o mean_v advance_v to_o the_o empire_n prove_v a_o wise_a valiant_a and_o learned_a prince_n in_o every_o respect_n like_o his_o grandfather_n frideric_n barbarossa_n beforementioned_a he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v understand_v perfect_o the_o german_n greek_a italian_a and_o turkish_a tongue_n and_o to_o have_v be_v admirable_o apprehensive_a at_o learn_v all_o manner_n of_o art_n and_o science_n he_o be_v five_o several_a time_n excommunicate_v by_o three_o pope_n but_o can_v never_o be_v force_v to_o submit_v pope_n gregory_n ix_o be_v depose_v by_o he_o and_o have_v doubtless_o lose_v his_o head_n if_o he_o have_v come_v into_o his_o hand_n alive_a his_o continual_a quarrel_n with_o the_o pope_n give_v the_o first_o occasion_n of_o heat_n and_o animosity_n which_o afterward_o burst_v out_o into_o a_o terrible_a combustion_n and_o flame_n betwixt_o the_o guelph_n and_o gibelline_n whereof_o the_o former_a adhere_v to_o the_o pope_n interest_n and_o the_o late_a to_o the_o emperor_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v thirty-eight_a year_n he_o die_v some_o say_v be_v poison_v in_o italy_n after_o his_o death_n follow_v a_o interregnum_fw-la of_o twentythree_a year_n continuance_n during_o which_o time_n the_o empire_n be_v govern_v indeed_o by_o none_o but_o claim_v by_o these_o seven_o follow_a prince_n 1._o henry_n landtgrave_n of_o hassia_n and_o thuringen_n who_o be_v slay_v at_o the_o siege_n of_o vlm_n 2._o conrade_n iu._n frideric_n the_o second_v son_n who_o be_v elect_v king_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1254_o after_o he_o have_v pretend_v to_o be_v emperor_n for_o three_o year_n and_o five_o month_n be_v poison_v by_o his_o physician_n 4._o manfred_n 5._o william_n earl_n of_o holland_n who_o be_v first_o pronounce_v king_n of_o the_o roman_n by_o the_o pope_n in_o 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a_o excuse_n that_o of_o horace_n quia_fw-la i_o vestigia_fw-la terrent_fw-la omnia_fw-la te_fw-la adversum_fw-la spectantia_fw-la nulla_fw-la retrorsum_fw-la whereupon_o he_o be_v crown_v at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chapelle_n and_o immediate_o after_o his_o coronation_n put_v out_o several_a edict_n for_o the_o suppress_n of_o robbery_n oppression_n and_o tumult_n which_o the_o late_a licentious_a anarchy_n have_v produce_v these_o statute_n and_o proclamation_n he_o back_v with_o force_n of_o arm_n till_o he_o have_v at_o last_o reduce_v the_o empire_n to_o its_o former_a peace_n and_o tranquillity_n and_o it_o be_v no_o easy_a matter_n to_o effect_v this_o since_o in_o the_o single_a province_n of_o thuringen_n he_o meet_v with_o no_o few_o than_o sixty_o strong_a castle_n which_o the_o robber_n have_v make_v almost_o impregnable_a he_o be_v the_o first_o that_o raise_v the_o austrian_a family_n create_v his_o son_n albert_n who_o be_v afterward_o emperor_n archduke_n of_o austria_n he_o 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power_n he_o have_v once_o get_v into_o his_o hand_n and_o therefore_o assist_v by_o otto_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n rudolph_n count_n palatine_n of_o the_o rhine_n and_o several_a of_o the_o imperial_a city_n he_o be_v resolve_v to_o oppose_v albert_n and_o his_o party_n to_o the_o uttermost_a but_o all_o the_o force_n which_o he_o or_o his_o friend_n can_v raise_v be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o secure_v he_o so_o that_o upon_o the_o first_o engagement_n which_o happen_v near_o worm_n his_o whole_a army_n be_v rout_v and_o he_o himself_o slay_v by_o duke_n albert_n own_o hand_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v six_o year_n and_o six_o month_n the_o german_a historian_n observe_v that_o all_o the_o officer_n who_o command_v albert_n army_n against_o the_o emperor_n adolph_n come_v to_o untimely_a end_n 1298._o albert_n have_v thus_o slay_v adolph_n be_v crown_v emperor_n at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chappelle_n and_o receive_v his_o crown_n though_o he_o once_o refuse_v to_o do_v it_o at_o the_o hand_n of_o pope_n boniface_n viii_o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v a_o prince_n of_o quick_a part_n and_o solid_a judgement_n a_o munificent_a rewarder_n of_o man_n of_o great_a desert_n and_o as_o severe_a a_o punisher_n of_o delinquent_n but_o withal_o one_o that_o too_o greedy_o gape_v after_o the_o territory_n and_o dominion_n of_o neighbour_n prince_n he_o make_v his_o son_n rudolph_n king_n of_o bohemia_n and_o endeavour_v though_o in_o vain_a to_o bring_v the_o kingdom_n of_o hungary_n under_o his_o own_o subjection_n at_o last_o when_o he_o have_v reign_v ten_o year_n he_o be_v treacherous_o slay_v by_o his_o nephew_n and_o three_o ruffian_n more_o of_o his_o party_n who_o for_o this_o murder_n be_v afterward_o imprison_v and_o execute_v 1308._o henry_n earl_n of_o luxemburg_n for_o his_o great_a wisdom_n and_o valour_n be_v elect_v into_o the_o room_n of_o albert._n he_o rule_v the_o empire_n four_o year_n and_o nine_o month_n and_o be_v report_v to_o have_v be_v a_o prince_n of_o such_o a_o even_a temper_n that_o no_o excess_n either_o of_o prosperity_n or_o adversity_n can_v move_v he_o and_o so_o devout_a in_o the_o exercise_n of_o religious_a duty_n that_o he_o will_v spend_v whole_a night_n in_o prayer_n before_o a_o crucifix_n and_o constant_o every_o day_n receive_v the_o sacrament_n of_o the_o lord_n supper_n this_o last_o piece_n of_o devotion_n cost_v he_o his_o life_n for_o he_o be_v poison_v by_o a_o franciscan_a minorite_n with_o a_o consecrate_a wafer_n the_o emperor_n be_v immediate_o sensible_a of_o the_o friar_n villainy_n and_o therefore_o advise_v he_o to_o withdraw_v speedy_o lest_o he_o shall_v be_v apprehend_v but_o the_o priest_n neglect_v his_o counsel_n be_v seize_v on_o first_o flay_v alive_a and_o afterward_o put_v to_o death_n after_o the_o murder_n of_o this_o emperor_n ensue_v a_o great_a famine_n in_o most_o part_n of_o germany_n which_o be_v so_o terrible_a in_o bohemia_n and_o poland_n that_o in_o some_o family_n parent_n and_o child_n feed_v upon_o one_o another_o nay_o in_o many_o province_n the_o malefactor_n that_o be_v in_o the_o day_n time_n execute_v for_o murder_n and_o robbery_n be_v in_o the_o night_n steal_v from_o the_o gallow_n or_o gibbet_n and_o carry_v by_o the_o half-starved_a boar_n to_o their_o cottage_n and_o there_o eat_v up_o those_o that_o escape_v the_o gallow_n abroad_o and_o the_o jaw_n of_o hungry_a friend_n at_o home_n have_v much_o ado_n to_o secure_v themselves_o from_o the_o ravenous_a wolf_n which_o can_v hardly_o be_v keep_v off_o with_o the_o best_a weapon_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v able_a to_o provide_v the_o german_a chronologer_n have_v make_v use_n of_o the_o word_n cucullum_fw-la to_o bring_v to_o their_o remembrance_n the_o remarkable_a year_n when_o this_o famine_n first_o begin_v for_o it_o last_v three_o year_n in_o all_o whence_o the_o verse_n ut_fw-la lateat_fw-la nullum_fw-la tempus_fw-la famis_fw-la ecce_fw-la
they_o by_o the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o banner_n fahnenlehnen_n nor_o alienate_v any_o parcel_n of_o the_o crown-land_n or_o revenue_n of_o the_o empire_n in_o short_a whatever_o they_o do_v be_v to_o undergo_v the_o censure_n and_o approbation_n of_o the_o next_o emperor_n in_o the_o late_a interregnum_fw-la upon_o the_o death_n of_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n iii_o there_o be_v no_o small_a quarrel_n between_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n and_o the_o prince_n palatine_n about_o the_o right_n of_o protectorship_n the_o former_a pretend_v that_o this_o dignity_n be_v annex_v to_o the_o office_n of_o chief_a sewer_n which_o have_v be_v transfer_v from_o the_o prince_n palatine_n to_o himself_o whereupon_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o emperor_n be_v dead_a he_o immediate_o give_v notice_n to_o all_o the_o neighbour_a prince_n and_o state_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o his_o assume_v the_o title_n of_o vicar_n on_o the_o contrary_a the_o prince_n palatine_n lay_v claim_v to_o the_o same_o authority_n and_o complain_v of_o bavaria_n encroachment_n upon_o his_o privilege_n each_o assert_v his_o right_a in_o public_a remonstrance_n and_o print_v pamphlet_n fly_v thick_a on_o either_o hand_n in_o this_o juncture_n most_o unprejudiced_a person_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o palatinate_n writer_n have_v the_o great_a share_n of_o reason_n on_o their_o side_n and_o very_o many_o be_v loath_a to_o approve_v of_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n proceed_n though_o unwilling_a or_o afraid_a to_o appear_v in_o public_a against_o he_o at_o last_o the_o quarrel_n be_v stop_v though_o not_o final_o determine_v by_o the_o present_a emperor_n leopold_n succession_n to_o his_o father_n throne_n the_o aurea_n bulla_n order_n that_o the_o election_n shall_v be_v have_v at_o francfurt_n which_o be_v common_o observe_v but_o however_o the_o ceremony_n have_v not_o be_v confine_v to_o any_o particular_a place_n for_o henry_n ii_o be_v choose_v at_o mentz_n henry_n iii_o at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chappel_n henry_n v._o at_o colen_n lotharius_n ii_o at_o mentz_n and_o after_o he_o maximilian_n rodolph_n ii_o and_o ferdinand_n iii_o receive_v that_o honour_n at_o ratisbon_n but_o afterward_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n question_v the_o election_n of_o ferdinand_n i._o because_o it_o be_v at_o colen_n in_o the_o year_n 1530._o the_o whole_a ceremony_n of_o the_o election_n be_v perform_v in_o this_o method_n the_o elector_n of_o mentz_n within_o a_o month_n after_o he_o have_v notice_n give_v he_o of_o the_o emperor_n death_n signify_v the_o same_o to_o his_o colleague_n and_o summon_v they_o to_o a_o new_a election_n immediate_o upon_o warning_n receive_v or_o at_o the_o day_n appoint_v in_o the_o archbishop_n letter_n the_o elector_n repair_v to_o francfurt_n or_o send_v their_o ambassador_n who_o have_v full_a power_n to_o act_v as_o their_o deputiesformerly_n it_o be_v a_o custom_n for_o the_o city_n to_o send_v out_o a_o body_n of_o two_o hundred_o horse_n to_o meet_v the_o elector_n and_o conduct_v they_o in_o at_o the_o gate_n but_o this_o fashion_n have_v not_o of_o late_a year_n be_v so_o punctual_o observe_v during_o the_o election_n all_o stranger_n and_o foreigner_n be_v command_v to_o withdraw_v and_o leave_v the_o city_n that_o do_v the_o elector_n proceed_v to_o election_n which_o be_v always_o have_v in_o the_o choir_n of_o st._n bartholomew_n church_n after_o mass_n be_v say_v they_o come_v up_o to_o the_o altar_n where_o they_o several_o take_v a_o oath_n to_o elect_a the_o fit_a man_n that_o stand_v to_o be_v emperor_n the_o elector_n of_o mentz_n take_v the_o vote_n in_o the_o order_n beforementioned_a and_o last_o of_o all_o give_v his_o own_o voice_n every_o elector_n give_v his_o vote_n under_o his_o hand_n and_o seal_n and_o the_o majority_n of_o voice_n create_v the_o new_a emperor_n if_o the_o number_n of_o vote_n shall_v be_v equal_a which_o may_v easy_o happen_v now_o there_o be_v eight_o elector_n the_o controversy_n will_v be_v 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of_o meat_n and_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n the_o first_o glass_n of_o wine_n if_o any_o of_o the_o elector_n be_v absent_a his_o office_n be_v perform_v by_o his_o lieutenant_n and_o not_o by_o his_o ambassador_n who_o be_v only_o his_o deputy_n in_o the_o election_n the_o three_o ecclesiastical_a elector_n be_v suppose_v always_o to_o be_v personal_o present_a and_o therefore_o have_v no_o lieutenant_n but_o the_o vicar_n of_o the_o four_o ancient_a secular_a elector_n be_v the_o lord_n and_o count_n of_o limburg_n walpurg_n papenheim_n and_o hohenzolleren_n after_o the_o reign_n of_o charles_n the_o great_a none_o of_o the_o german_a king_n will_v for_o many_o age_n take_v upon_o they_o the_o title_n of_o emperor_n till_o they_o have_v receive_v the_o crown_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n at_o the_o pope_n hand_n and_o of_o late_a year_n several_a of_o they_o have_v be_v very_o critical_a in_o distinguish_v between_o the_o title_n of_o kayser_n and_o king_n of_o germany_n whence_o immediate_o after_o the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o election_n be_v finish_v they_o will_v style_v themselves_o only_a emperor_n of_o rome_n elect_n but_o actual_a king_n of_o germany_n whereupon_o some_o author_n tell_v we_o that_o every_o one_o of_o they_o use_v to_o be_v crown_v at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chappel_n with_o a_o iron_n crown_n as_o king_n of_o germany_n at_o milan_n with_o a_o silver_n one_o as_o king_n of_o lombardy_n and_o at_o rome_n with_o a_o golden_a one_o as_o emperor_n what_o ground_n there_o may_v be_v for_o any_o such_o tradition_n i_o know_v not_o but_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o charlemagne_n crown_n which_o be_v now_o a_o day_n set_v on_o the_o emperor_n head_n at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chappel_n be_v of_o pure_a gold_n and_o the_o emperor_n do_v not_o use_v to_o seek_v a_o crown_n at_o rome_n or_o milan_n the_o aurea_n bulla_n call_v the_o crown_n use_v at_o the_o emperor_n coronation_n infula_fw-la and_o ancient_o all_o the_o diadem_n
teutonici_fw-la or_o the_o dutch_a knight_n though_o in_o all_o likelihood_n the_o order_n have_v this_o name_n before_o it_o be_v bring_v into_o these_o part_n consist_v at_o its_o first_o institution_n chief_o of_o german_n be_v call_v into_o prussia_n say_v some_o by_o the_o muscovite_n or_o as_o other_o send_v thither_o by_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n ii_o they_o seat_v themselves_o at_o marienberg_n about_o the_o year_n 1340_o after_o a_o long_a engagement_n in_o a_o bloody_a war_n against_o the_o native_n under_o the_o thirteen_o great_a master_n of_o their_o order_n sigefrid_n de_fw-fr feuchtwangen_n in_o the_o year_n 1450_o they_o be_v force_v to_o submit_v to_o casimir_n iv_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o at_o last_o the_o order_n be_v surrender_v by_o albert_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n the_o thirtyfifth_a and_o last_o great_a master_n of_o the_o order_n to_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n who_o thereupon_o create_v he_o duke_n of_o prussia_n such_o of_o the_o knight_n as_o disrelished_a this_o action_n of_o their_o master_n albert_n retire_v into_o germany_n where_o they_o choose_v one_o walter_n croneberg_n master_n of_o their_o order_n afterward_o the_o title_n be_v confer_v upon_o maximilian_n one_o of_o the_o young_a son_n of_o the_o emperor_n maximilian_n ii_o but_o the_o order_n never_o flourish_v but_o decay_v daily_o since_o the_o day_n of_o albert_n beforementioned_a and_o be_v at_o this_o day_n a_o obscure_a honour_n of_o little_a or_o no_o repute_n in_o the_o world_n the_o only_a order_n of_o knighthood_n at_o this_o day_n know_v in_o germany_n or_o take_v notice_n of_o for_o knight_n of_o the_o empire_n be_v the_o geschlagenen_fw-la rittern_n or_o dub_v knight_n on_o who_o the_o emperor_n confer_v that_o honour_n by_o touch_v they_o light_o upon_o the_o shoulder_n with_o a_o naked_a sword_n and_o say_v to_o each_o of_o they_o esto_fw-la miles_n dei_fw-la &_o sancti_fw-la stephani_fw-la the_o title_n of_o armiger_n esquire_n esquire_n or_o esquire_n as_o we_o and_o the_o french_a use_n the_o word_n be_v whole_o out_o of_o use_n in_o the_o empire_n yet_o in_o ancient_a dutch_a record_n we_o read_v of_o skiltknaben_n and_o wapeneren_n both_o which_o word_n have_v one_o and_o the_o same_o signification_n and_o be_v proper_o render_v armigeri_fw-la and_o these_o have_v their_o title_n and_o dignity_n confer_v on_o they_o by_o delivery_n of_o a_o sword_n only_o without_o gird_v it_o on_o with_o a_o blow_n on_o the_o cheek_n or_o ear_n which_o give_v they_o the_o liberty_n of_o bear_v a_o sword_n or_o other_o arm_n in_o attendance_n on_o a_o knight_n or_o ritter_n geschlagen_fw-ge but_o not_o of_o wear_v it_o gird_v on_o as_o the_o knight_n himself_o do_v for_o it_o be_v not_o lawful_a former_o for_o any_o subject_n whatever_o in_o the_o empire_n to_o bear_v arm_n except_v such_o as_o have_v the_o emperor_n more_o especial_a licence_n so_o to_o do_v the_o gentry_n in_o the_o empire_n be_v express_v by_o the_o general_a name_n of_o edel-lute_n gentleman_n gentleman_n which_o as_o our_o gentleman_n be_v a_o universal_a name_n for_o all_o such_o as_o either_o from_o the_o blood_n of_o their_o ancestor_n the_o favour_n of_o their_o sovereign_n or_o their_o own_o virtue_n be_v raise_v to_o a_o eminency_n above_o the_o multitude_n hence_o edel-dom_a and_o edel-heit_a be_v use_v to_o signify_v nobility_n and_o veredelen_n and_o edel-machen_a to_o ennoble_v some_o singular_o eminent_a gentleman_n in_o francken_n schwaben_n and_o rhein-land_n who_o be_v free_a from_o tax_n and_o subject_a to_o no_o other_o court_n but_o the_o emperor_n have_v the_o title_n of_o die_v freye_a vom_n adel_n or_o die_v freye_a adeliche_n reichs_n ritterschaft_n i._n e._n the_o free_a gentleman_n or_o ordo_fw-la equestris_n of_o the_o empire_n our_o english_a saxon_n use_v the_o word_n aedel_n in_o the_o same_o signification_n whence_o in_o aelfric_n glossary_a generositas_fw-la be_v interpret_v aedelborynnesse_n noble_a birth_n and_o generosa_fw-la be_v render_v by_o þ_n aeðele_n or_o a_o noble_a woman_n indeed_o aetheling_n etheling_n or_o adeling_o be_v common_o use_v by_o our_o saxon_a ancestor_n to_o denote_v the_o king_n elder_a son_n or_o heir_n apparent_a to_o the_o crown_n who_o afterward_o get_v the_o title_n of_o prince_n of_o wales_n hence_o edgar_n etheling_n so_o often_o name_v in_o our_o english_a historian_n have_v his_o surname_n which_o robert_n of_o gloucester_n in_o his_o poem_n upon_o king_n harold_n a_o manuscript_n copy_n of_o which_o may_v be_v see_v in_o sir_n john_n cotton_n library_n explain_v thus_o the_o good_a tryeweman_n of_o the_o lond_n will_v aabbe_v ymade_a king_n the_o kind_a eir_n the_o young_a child_n edgar_n atheling_n wo_n so_o be_v next_o king_n by_o kunde_n i_o clupe_v he_o atheling_n thervore_fw-la i_o clupe_v he_o so_o warrant_v by_o kunde_n he_o be_v king_n but_o if_o we_o search_v into_o the_o etymology_n of_o the_o word_n we_o shall_v find_v that_o aeðeling_n be_v only_o a_o patronymic_a from_o the_o primitive_a aeðel_n and_o signify_v no_o more_o than_o nobilis_fw-la ortu_fw-la or_o generosus_fw-la i._n e._n one_o descend_v from_o he_o that_o be_v aeðel_v or_o a_o nobleman_n thus_o in_o king_n aelfred_n saxon_a version_n of_o bede_n ecclesiastical_a history_n we_o read_v mid_a eallum_n aeðelingum_n his_o ðeode_n that_o be_v with_o all_o the_o etheling_n of_o his_o nation_n instead_o of_o the_o latin_a cum_fw-la cunctis_fw-la gentis_fw-la suae_fw-la nobilibus_fw-la of_o the_o present_a state_n of_o the_o german_a church_n with_o a_o view_n of_o the_o power_n and_o dignity_n of_o the_o archbishop_n bishop_n abbot_n and_o other_o ecclesiastical_a order_n therein_o contain_v how_o much_o several_a of_o the_o province_n and_o principality_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n differ_v among_o themselves_o in_o point_n of_o religion_n since_o the_o first_o beginning_n of_o the_o reformation_n by_o martin_n luther_n we_o have_v show_v before_o and_o it_o can_v be_v expect_v that_o where_o the_o doctrine_n be_v so_o dissonant_n there_o shall_v be_v a_o uniformity_n in_o church_n discipline_n the_o intolerable_a greatness_n which_o the_o roman_a church_n have_v usurp_v in_o all_o part_n of_o the_o emperor_n dominion_n be_v the_o first_o thing_n which_o render_v it_o uneasy_a and_o therefore_o it_o be_v no_o unexpected_a change_n when_o luther_n opinion_n have_v prevail_v with_o so_o many_o of_o the_o great_a prince_n of_o the_o empire_n to_o see_v bishopric_n convert_v into_o secular_a principality_n and_o a_o new_a form_n of_o church-government_n set_v up_o instead_o of_o episcopal_a dignity_n which_o have_v be_v so_o much_o abuse_v the_o archbishop_n and_o bishop_n of_o the_o roman_a church_n church_n prelate_n of_o the_o roman_a church_n who_o to_o this_o day_n bear_v rule_n in_o such_o part_n of_o germany_n as_o have_v not_o embrace_v either_o luther_n or_o calvin_n doctrine_n have_v more_o power_n and_o exercise_v a_o great_a authority_n in_o their_o several_a bishopric_n than_o any_o other_o prelate_n in_o christendom_n most_o of_o they_o be_v great_a prince_n and_o challenge_v as_o absolute_a a_o dominion_n over_o the_o temporality_n of_o their_o diocese_n as_o any_o secular_a elector_n can_v pretend_v to_o over_o his_o own_o land_n and_o inheritance_n heretofore_o beside_o the_o three_o ecclesiastical_a elector_n there_o be_v five_o archbishop_n and_o thirty_o bishop_n that_o have_v seat_n and_o voice_n in_o the_o assembly_n and_o diet_n of_o the_o empire_n but_o their_o number_n have_v exceed_o decrease_v of_o late_a since_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o magdeburg_n bremen_n and_o riga_n together_o with_o the_o bishopric_n of_o halberstadt_n minden_n and_o werden_n have_v be_v change_v into_o secular_a principality_n those_o also_o of_o besanson_n verdun_n mets_n and_o toul_n cut_v off_o from_o the_o empire_n and_o inseparable_o unite_v to_o the_o territory_n of_o spain_n and_o france_n and_o last_o those_o of_o valesia_n losanna_n and_o chur_n abolish_v by_o the_o swiss_n insomuch_o that_o at_o present_a in_o the_o college_n of_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n only_o the_o archbishop_n of_o saltzburg_n beside_o the_o ecclesiastical_a elector_n and_o about_o twenty_o bishop_n have_v vote_n by_o this_o secularize_v three_o archbishopric_n and_o six_o bishopric_n the_o protestant_a prince_n some_o of_o they_o at_o least_o have_v lose_v the_o opportunity_n of_o provide_v for_o their_o young_a brethren_n in_o as_o plentiful_a a_o manner_n as_o they_o can_v have_v do_v before_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n for_o whilst_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o magdeburg_n be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n that_o of_o bremen_n in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o spiritual_a dignity_n which_o be_v now_o cut_v off_o from_o the_o church_n be_v in_o the_o gift_n of_o other_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n considerable_a maintenance_n be_v provide_v for_o many_o young_a duke_n and_o count_n who_o at_o this_o time_n can_v
have_v this_o city_n look_v upon_o as_o a_o place_n of_o the_o great_a antiquity_n of_o any_o in_o saxony_n esteem_v it_o the_o same_o with_o ptolomy_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d though_o i_o think_v the_o longitude_n and_o latitude_n which_o ptolemy_n assign_v to_o that_o old_a town_n be_v 29_o deg_fw-la of_o long._n and_o 51_o deg_fw-la 20_o min._n of_o lat._n will_v scarce_o come_v near_o this_o city_n this_o large_a and_o ancient_a city_n be_v former_o subject_a to_o earl_n and_o marquis_n of_o its_o own_o and_o thence_o we_o find_v the_o inhabitant_n in_o and_o about_o the_o city_n name_v by_o the_o latin_a historian_n stadenses_n stadingi_n or_o stedingii_n as_o a_o people_n distinct_a of_o themselves_o and_o independent_a upon_o any_o of_o the_o neighbour_a prince_n of_o these_o earl_n and_o marc-grave_n the_o reader_n may_v meet_v with_o a_o catalogue_n in_o crantzius_n or_o angelius_n a_o werdenhagen_n in_o the_o year_n 1234_o the_o stadenses_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o a_o bloody_a and_o terrible_a war_n in_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o bremen_n which_o happen_v in_o the_o very_a infancy_n of_o christianity_n in_o these_o part_n have_v like_a to_o have_v stifle_v religion_n in_o its_o cradle_n this_o bloodshed_n be_v occasion_v by_o a_o revolt_n of_o the_o citizen_n of_o stade_n from_o their_o obedience_n to_o the_o see_v of_o bremen_n whereupon_o the_o clergy_n of_o that_o city_n be_v resolve_v to_o keep_v by_o a_o strong_a arm_n what_o their_o enemy_n have_v endeavour_v to_o wrest_v from_o they_o take_v up_o arm_n and_o engage_v several_a of_o their_o neighbour_n in_o the_o broil_n but_o this_o expedient_a do_v not_o meet_v with_o the_o expect_a success_n have_v after_o a_o long_a quarrel_n only_o weaken_a both_o party_n and_o in_o no_o wise_a vindicate_v the_o archbishops_n title_n at_o last_o a_o volley_n of_o curse_n and_o excommunication_n from_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n fright_v the_o citizen_n of_o stade_n into_o submission_n and_o oblige_v they_o to_o yield_v obedience_n as_o former_o to_o the_o archbishops_n of_o bremen_n hereupon_o philip_n duke_n of_o schwaben_n and_o earl_n of_o stade_n annex_v the_o whole_a county_n to_o the_o archbishopric_n reserve_v only_o to_o himself_o the_o city_n with_o its_o ancient_a privilege_n and_o immunity_n in_o which_o state_n it_o continue_v till_o in_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o germany_n it_o fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swede_n and_o be_v confirm_v to_o that_o crown_n as_o a_o part_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o bremen_n by_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n and_o possible_o we_o may_v have_v some_o reason_n to_o call_v this_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o whole_a country_n which_o be_v now_o subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n as_o duke_n of_o bremen_n since_o the_o city_n of_o bremen_n itself_o be_v exempt_v from_o the_o homage_n payable_a to_o that_o monarch_n from_o the_o archbishopric_n by_o virtue_n of_o that_o treaty_n and_o be_v to_o this_o day_n a_o free_a imperial_a city_n immediate_o subject_a to_o the_o emperor_n and_o to_o he_o only_o notwithstanding_o the_o vast_a rampire_n and_o bulwark_n wherewith_o this_o city_n be_v fortify_v and_o the_o natural_a strength_n of_o the_o place_n it_o be_v besiege_v and_o take_v in_o one_o day_n april_v 13_o 1645_o by_o the_o swedish_n general_n count_n coningsmark_n who_o have_v at_o the_o first_o assault_v take_v the_o fortress_n on_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o zwinge_fw-mi betwixt_o the_o city_n and_o the_o elb_n press_v forward_o with_o his_o whole_a army_n to_o the_o gate_n of_o stade_n and_o force_v his_o way_n into_o the_o city_n whereupon_o the_o burgher_n be_v glad_a to_o surrender_v up_o the_o castle_n and_o other_o strong_a fort_n upon_o any_o condition_n the_o conqueror_n be_v please_v to_o propose_v the_o town_n be_v at_o present_a in_o a_o flourish_a condition_n be_v seat_v in_o a_o wholesome_a air_n and_o a_o pleasant_a rich_a country_n the_o burgher_n who_o have_v the_o character_n of_o the_o most_o civil_a and_o courteous_a people_n in_o this_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n have_v common_o orchard_n and_o garden_n of_o pleasure_n without_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o city_n well_o stock_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o fruit_n and_o flower_n their_o haven_n be_v large_a and_o commodious_a and_o ship_n of_o large_a carriage_n and_o burden_n come_v up_o to_o stade_n then_o be_v able_a to_o reach_v hamburg_n the_o marketplace_n rahthauss_n or_o town-hall_n exchange_v and_o several_a of_o their_o church_n be_v building_n worthy_a a_o traveller_n sight_n many_o and_o great_a have_v be_v the_o privilege_n by_o several_a emperor_n grant_v to_o this_o city_n it_o be_v always_o reckon_v a_o sanctuary_n for_o fugitive_n insomuch_o that_o all_o manner_n of_o malefactor_n whether_o germane_a or_o foreigner_n that_o can_v reach_v stade_n before_o vengeance_n overtake_v they_o be_v sure_a to_o find_v shelter_n here_o and_o be_v secure_a from_o the_o hand_n of_o justice_n beside_o the_o privilege_n of_o coin_v money_n authority_n to_o hunt_v in_o the_o neighbour_a forest_n and_o the_o like_a prerogative_n challenge_v by_o all_o imperial_a city_n they_o have_v power_n to_o demand_v a_o certain_a toll_n or_o custom_n of_o every_o merchantman_n that_o pass_v up_o the_o elb_n to_o hamburg_n every_o such_o vessel_n be_v oblige_v to_o strike_v anchor_n at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o zwinge_fw-mi and_o there_o to_o tarry_v till_o dismiss_v by_o the_o master_n of_o the_o customhouse_n these_o pretension_n occasion_v not_o many_o year_n ago_o a_o quarrel_n between_o the_o citizen_n of_o stade_n and_o the_o hamburger_n the_o late_a pretend_v that_o it_o be_v a_o infringement_n of_o their_o prerogative_n who_o be_v absolute_a master_n of_o the_o elb_n below_o their_o own_o city_n for_o stade_n to_o lay_v claim_n to_o any_o such_o privilege_n but_o the_o controversy_n soon_o after_o be_v amicable_o compose_v and_o each_o city_n have_v since_o peaceable_o enjoy_v its_o own_o peculiar_a regality_n this_o ancient_a hans-town_n be_v one_o of_o the_o first_o that_o be_v enroll_v into_o that_o noble_a society_n be_v once_o reduce_v to_o a_o mean_a and_o beggarly_a condition_n by_o the_o overgrow_a trade_n and_o riches_n of_o the_o hamburger_n insomuch_o that_o it_o be_v force_v to_o sell_v almost_o for_o bread_n the_o public_a stock_n not_o amount_v to_o ninety_o pound_n sterling_a a_o year_n to_o these_o upstart_a thrive_a merchant_n its_o ancient_a privilege_n and_o put_v itself_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n but_o in_o this_o low_a condition_n it_o do_v not_o long_o continue_v before_o the_o english_a merchant_n upon_o some_o affront_n the_o hamburger_n have_v offer_v they_o remove_v their_o commerce_n to_o stade_n by_o which_o mean_v this_o city_n in_o a_o short_a time_n recover_v its_o former_a grandeur_n and_o grow_v on_o a_o sudden_a rich_a and_o populous_a vi_o bremer-verden_a a_o wall_a town_n bremer-verden_n bremer-verden_n on_o the_o road_n betwixt_o bremen_n and_o stade_n distant_a from_o the_o late_a about_o twelve_o english_a mile_n and_o from_o the_o former_a near_o twenty-eight_a it_o be_v first_o build_v by_o luder_n duke_n of_o saxony_n and_o afterward_o make_v a_o palace_n for_o the_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n who_o have_v here_o their_o usual_a residence_n in_o the_o castle_n which_o command_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o adjacent_a plain_n the_o swede_n have_v common_o a_o strong_a garrison_n the_o town_n will_v otherwise_o be_v of_o little_a note_n not_o have_v the_o convenience_n of_o any_o trade_n except_o what_o be_v bring_v by_o the_o resort_n of_o passenger_n that_o travel_v this_o way_n to_o bremen_n or_o stade_n the_o dukedom_n of_o lunenburg_n the_o dukedom_n of_o luneburg_n bound_n bound_n or_o lunenburg_n be_v bound_v on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o dukedom_n of_o brunswic_n on_o the_o southeast_n with_o magdeburg_n on_o the_o east_n with_o brandenburg_n on_o the_o north_n with_o lauwenburg_n and_o holstein_n on_o the_o north-west_n with_o bremen_n and_o on_o the_o west_n with_o some_o part_n of_o westphalia_n the_o metropolis_n which_o give_v name_n to_o the_o whole_a dukedom_n be_v think_v by_o some_o to_o have_v have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o moon_n lunus_n or_o luna_n worship_v by_o the_o ancient_a idolatrous_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o land_n other_o derive_v the_o word_n from_o the_o name_n of_o the_o river_n elmena_n or_o ilmenow_n on_o which_o the_o city_n of_o luneburg_n be_v seat_v which_o they_o tell_v we_o be_v former_o call_v luno_n from_o isis_n the_o egyptian_a goddess_n who_o come_v into_o germany_n to_o visit_v her_o kinsman_n gambrivius_n who_o be_v in_o those_o day_n lord_n of_o that_o part_n of_o the_o country_n where_o hamburg_n now_o stand_v be_v here_o deify_v and_o worship_v under_o the_o image_n of_o a_o half-moon_n several_a of_o the_o saxon_a chronologer_n report_n that_o this_o idol_n be_v first_o bring_v hither_o by_o
and_o albert_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n two_o cousin_n germane_a in_o the_o year_n 1419._o the_o corporation_n of_o the_o city_n bear_v it_o seem_v half_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o foundation_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v then_o order_v by_o a_o decree_n still_o in_o force_n that_o half_a of_o the_o professor_n shall_v be_v choose_v by_o the_o duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n and_o the_o other_o half_a by_o the_o burgomaster_n and_o radtshern_a of_o the_o town_n the_o rector_n magnificus_fw-la as_o they_o be_v please_v to_o entitle_v the_o chief_a magistrate_n of_o their_o university_n be_v choose_v every_o half_a year_n as_o in_o most_o other_o german_a university_n by_o turn_n out_o of_o the_o two_o company_n of_o professor_n he_o have_v power_n to_o call_v convocation_n and_o appoint_v time_n for_o meeting_n of_o the_o other_o professor_n on_o all_o extraordinary_a occasion_n as_o collect_v or_o disburse_v any_o part_n of_o their_o common-treasure_n or_o the_o like_a in_o matter_n of_o great_a weight_n and_o moment_n then_o be_v usual_o debate_v he_o have_v a_o assistant_n who_o they_o call_v promotor_n choose_v out_o of_o the_o senior_n of_o the_o eighteen_o professor_n the_o university_n be_v at_o first_o stock_v with_o professor_n from_o leipsic_n and_o erfurt_n who_o all_o of_o they_o receive_v their_o licence_n to_o teach_v and_o read_v in_o public_a together_o with_o a_o charter_n of_o privilege_n and_o body_n of_o statute_n from_o pope_n martin_n v._o the_o bishop_n of_o swerin_n be_v their_o perpetual_a chancellor_n who_o common_o depute_v one_o of_o the_o senior_a professor_n his_o vicechancellor_n at_o any_o public_a promotion_n or_o take_v of_o degree_n when_o he_o himself_o be_v not_o at_o leisure_n to_o give_v a_o personal_a attendance_n among_o many_o other_o learned_a man_n that_o have_v be_v breed_v in_o this_o university_n albert_n crantzius_n john_n posselius_n and_o nathan_n chytraeus_n three_o famous_a historian_n have_v get_v themselves_o and_o the_o place_n of_o their_o education_n great_a credit_n by_o their_o elaborate_a writing_n the_o citizen_n be_v subject_a to_o a_o kind_n of_o mix_a government_n make_v up_o of_o aristocracy_n and_o democracy_n the_o democratical_a part_n consist_v of_o twenty_o four_o alderman_n choose_v out_o of_o the_o nobility_n scholar_n and_o rich_a merchant_n of_o the_o town_n whereof_o four_o be_v burgomaster_n two_o chamberlain_n two_o steward_n for_o the_o river_n and_o two_o judge_n the_o chamberlain_n collect_v and_o distribute_v all_o manner_n of_o assessment_n for_o the_o reparation_n of_o public_a building_n in_o and_o about_o the_o city_n the_o two_o steward_n be_v overseer_n of_o the_o haven_n at_o warnemund_n and_o look_v to_o the_o cleanse_n of_o the_o channel_n from_o that_o port_n up_o to_o the_o city_n the_o judge_n determine_v and_o pass_v sentence_n in_o all_o cause_n civil_a and_o criminal_a these_o twenty_o four_o magistrate_n of_o the_o upper_a house_n decide_v all_o ordinary_a controversy_n and_o have_v the_o sole_a power_n of_o coin_v money_n choose_v officer_n etc._n etc._n but_o beside_o they_o there_o be_v in_o the_o town_n a_o hundred_o more_o common-councilmen_a elect_v out_o of_o the_o inferior_a tradesman_n of_o the_o town_n who_o be_v summon_v to_o appear_v and_o give_v their_o opinion_n upon_o debate_n of_o any_o matter_n of_o more_o than_o ordinary_a concernment_n to_o the_o common_a welfare_n though_o the_o river_n warna_n be_v navigable_a up_o to_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o city_n of_o rostock_n yet_o it_o be_v not_o deep_a enough_o to_o carry_v ship_n of_o the_o large_a bulk_n but_o such_o vessel_n be_v force_v to_o take_v harbour_n at_o warnemund_n so_o call_v because_o situate_a on_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n a_o small_a town_n about_o seven_o english_a mile_n distant_a from_o rostock_n since_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n the_o swede_n build_v a_o fort_n on_o the_o mouth_n of_o this_o river_n by_o the_o strength_n of_o which_o and_o a_o good_a garrison_n always_o keep_v in_o it_o they_o exact_v a_o toll_n or_o custom_n of_o all_o merchantman_n that_o pass_v this_o way_n from_o or_o towards_o rostock_n to_o the_o great_a decay_n of_o trade_n in_o this_o city_n and_o impoverish_v of_o its_o inhabitant_n this_o castle_n be_v in_o the_o late_a war_n between_o the_o northern_a crown_n demolish_v and_o thereby_o a_o stop_v put_v to_o the_o swedish_n encroachment_n whereupon_o the_o minister_n for_o the_o duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n in_o the_o last_o general_a treaty_n at_o nimeguen_n be_v very_o diligent_a in_o solicit_v the_o mediator_n for_o a_o redress_n of_o this_o grievance_n which_o they_o represent_v as_o a_o violation_n of_o a_o express_a article_n in_o the_o westphalian_a treaty_n with_o memorial_n and_o petition_n to_o this_o purpose_n our_o english_a mediator_n by_o the_o duke_n of_o gustrow_n minister_n and_o the_o pope_n nuncio_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n by_o the_o duke_n of_o swerin_n be_v continual_o weary_v in_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o year_n 1678_o and_o begin_v of_o 1679._o their_o importunity_n prevail_v so_o far_o at_o last_o as_o to_o have_v the_o follow_a clause_n insert_v into_o the_o first_o proposal_n of_o a_o treaty_n betwixt_o the_o emperor_n and_o king_n of_o sweden_n omni_fw-la casu_fw-la salva_fw-la sint_fw-la dominis_n ducibus_fw-la mecklenburgicis_fw-la sine_fw-la turbatione_fw-la competentia_fw-la jura_fw-la &_o sublatum_fw-la maneat_fw-la vectigal_a seu_fw-la telonium_fw-la warnemundense_a cum_fw-la omnimoda_fw-la aliarum_fw-la quae_fw-la ibi_fw-la motae_fw-la sunt_fw-la pretensionum_fw-la abolitione_n &_o portus_fw-la warnmundensis_fw-la relinquatur_fw-la in_o pristina_fw-la &_o qua_fw-la nunc_fw-la gaudet_fw-la commerciorum_fw-la libertate_fw-la but_o the_o swedish_n plenipotentary_n in_o all_o their_o conference_n with_o the_o imperial_a ambassador_n upon_o this_o subject_a constant_o deny_v that_o they_o have_v instruction_n to_o meddle_v with_o it_o and_o the_o imperialist_n be_v willing_a to_o omit_v the_o insertion_n of_o this_o point_n rather_o than_o delay_v the_o sign_v of_o the_o other_o article_n till_o new_a instruction_n can_v be_v procure_v from_o the_o swedish_n court_n so_o that_o all_o the_o satisfaction_n the_o prince_n of_o mecklenburg_n have_v be_v a_o compliment_n from_o the_o emperor_n be_v plempotentiaries_n show_v the_o great_a care_n their_o master_n will_v be_v always_o ready_a to_o take_v in_o assert_v their_o right_n and_o privilege_n as_o well_o as_o those_o of_o any_o other_o member_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n against_o the_o encroachment_n of_o any_o foreign_a enemy_n whatever_o and_o a_o certificate_n under_o their_o hand_n that_o their_o minister_n have_v use_v all_o imaginable_a diligence_n in_o the_o discharge_n of_o their_o duty_n neque_fw-la defuerunt_fw-la say_v they_o durante_fw-la hoc_fw-la congressu_fw-la officio_fw-la svo_fw-la praedictorum_fw-la dominorum_fw-la ducum_fw-la i._n e._n mecklenburgicorum_n ablegati_fw-la dominus_fw-la antonius_n bessel_n &_o dominus_fw-la joannes_n reuter_n sed_fw-la omnes_fw-la part_n impleverunt_fw-la quae_fw-la a_o ministrorum_fw-la fide_fw-la dexteritate_fw-la &_o vigilantia_fw-la expectari_fw-la possunt_fw-la in_o quorum_fw-la omnium_fw-la fidem_fw-la legatio_fw-la caesarea_n praesentes_fw-la hasce_fw-la a_o se_fw-la subscriptas_fw-la sigillis_fw-la suis_fw-la munivit_fw-la dabantur_fw-la neomagi_n dvodecima_fw-la februarii_fw-la anno_fw-la 1679._o iv_o swerin_n swerin_n swerin_n situate_v at_o about_o fifty_o english_a mile_n distance_n from_o rostock_n upon_o a_o great_a lake_n which_o from_o the_o name_n of_o this_o city_n be_v usual_o by_o the_o neighbourhood_n call_v der_n swerinsche_n see_n it_o be_v build_v and_o fortfy_v by_o henry_n surname_v the_o lion_n duke_n of_o saxony_n who_o soon_o after_o its_o first_o foundation_n which_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v in_o the_o year_n 1163._o bestow_v this_o city_n with_o all_o the_o territory_n and_o lordship_n thereunto_o belong_v upon_o guntzel_n or_o gunceline_n one_o of_o the_o general_n in_o his_o army_n who_o he_o make_v earl_n of_o swerin_n his_o son_n henry_n who_o succeed_v his_o father_n in_o the_o earldom_n be_v a_o great_a favourite_n of_o the_o emperor_n otho_n iv_o and_o well_o deserve_v all_o the_o honour_n his_o master_n can_v confer_v on_o he_o he_o take_v woldemar_n king_n of_o denmark_n prisoner_n in_o his_o own_o kingdom_n bring_v he_o bind_v into_o saxony_n in_o triumph_n and_o keep_v he_o in_o close_a custody_n in_o the_o castle_n at_o danneberg_n till_o his_o subject_n have_v almost_o reduce_v themselves_o to_o beggary_n by_o pay_v ransom_n the_o last_o earl_n of_o this_o family_n be_v otho_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1355._o his_o only_a daughter_n and_o child_n richardis_n be_v marry_v to_o albrecht_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n for_o which_o reason_n the_o earldom_n of_o swerin_n after_o otho_n death_n be_v annex_v to_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n the_o bishopric_n of_o swerin_n be_v remove_v from_o mecklenburg_n to_o this_o city_n the_o first_o bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n be_v one_o johannes_n scotus_n who_o in_o the_o four_o year_n of_o his_o prelacy_n a._n
d._n 1066_o be_v martyr_v by_o the_o wendish_n apostate_n in_o these_o part_n after_o his_o cruel_a and_o inhuman_a death_n for_o his_o murderer_n be_v report_v to_o have_v cut_v of_o his_o hand_n and_o foot_n and_o in_o that_o miserable_a condition_n to_o have_v leave_v he_o alive_a for_o some_o day_n the_o seat_n be_v vacant_a for_o 83_o or_o 84_o year_n until_o eberhard_n be_v send_v hither_o by_o the_o emperor_n conrade_n iii_n in_o the_o year_n 1260._o this_o man_n successor_n bruno_n berno_n or_o benno_n be_v remove_v from_o mecklenburg_n to_o swerin_n when_o henry_n the_o lion_n by_o the_o permission_n of_o the_o emperor_n frederick_n the_o first_o have_v build_v a_o new_a cathedral_n and_o endow_v it_o with_o considerable_a revenue_n some_o of_o the_o mecklenburgish_a historian_n report_v that_o much_o about_o the_o time_n of_o the_o foundation_n of_o this_o new_a cathedral_n the_o say_a duke_n henry_n cause_v the_o infidel_n mecklenburger_n to_o be_v drive_v by_o thousand_o into_o the_o swerin-sea_n at_o a_o place_n not_o far_o from_o fichel_n which_o from_o so_o remarkable_a a_o passage_n to_o this_o day_n retain_v the_o name_n of_o die_n dope_n or_o the_o font_n where_o they_o be_v all_o baptize_v by_o bishop_n benno_n from_o this_o benno_n there_o continue_v a_o uninterrupted_a succession_n of_o bishop_n of_o swerin_n who_o nevertheless_o keep_v their_o usual_a residence_n at_o butzow_n a_o fort_n and_o considerable_a town_n not_o far_o from_o gustrow_n until_o in_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n the_o bishopric_n be_v convert_v into_o a_o temporal_a principality_n and_o give_v up_o to_o adolph_n frideric_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n as_o before_o have_v be_v say_v in_o this_o city_n be_v keep_v the_o residence_n of_o christian-lewis_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n swerin_n who_o be_v bear_v the_o first_o of_o december_n 1623._o and_o by_o be_v educate_v in_o france_n and_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o romanist_n be_v bring_v up_o in_o the_o faith_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n which_o he_o still_o profess_v he_o marry_v at_o first_o his_o cousin_n german_n christina-margaret_n daughter_n of_o john_n albert_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n and_o widow_n of_o francis_n albert_n duke_n of_o saxen-lawenburg_a but_o have_v upon_o some_o discontent_n get_v himself_o divorce_v from_o she_o he_o be_v the_o second_o time_n marry_v in_o france_n a._n d._n 1653_o to_o elizabeth_n de_fw-fr montmorency_n widow_n of_o gaspard_n de_fw-fr coligny_n duke_n of_o chastillon_n and_o sister_n to_o francis-henry_n de_fw-fr montmorency_n duke_n of_o luxemburg_n piney_n v._o gustrow_n a_o well_o fortify_v town_n gustrow_n gustrow_n about_o eighteen_o or_o twenty_o english_a mile_n distant_a from_o rostock_n but_o remarkable_a for_o little_a or_o nothing_o save_o the_o residence_n of_o gustave-adolph_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg-gustrow_a only_a son_n of_o john_n albert_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n and_o eleonor-mary_n princess_n of_o anhalt_n he_o be_v bear_v the_o six_o and_o twenty_o of_o february_n a._n d._n 1633_o and_o breed_v up_o a_o lutheran_n of_o which_o persuasion_n he_o still_o continue_v a_o zealous_a assertor_n be_v a_o prince_n of_o as_o great_a learning_n as_o gallantry_n and_o equal_o able_a to_o maintain_v his_o religion_n in_o the_o school_n and_o field_n the_o dukedom_n of_o pomeren_n it_o matter_n not_o much_o whether_o we_o fetch_v the_o word_n pomeren_fw-mi out_o of_o the_o high-dutch_a or_o slavonian_a language_n since_o pomeer_n in_o the_o former_a signify_v the_o same_o thing_n as_o pomercze_v in_o the_o latter_a i._n e._n a_o country_n situate_a upon_o the_o seashore_n such_o as_o the_o dukedom_n of_o pomeren_n be_v know_v to_o be_v that_o the_o slavonian_a tongue_n be_v once_o common_o speak_v in_o this_o country_n appear_v from_o the_o termination_n of_o several_a name_n of_o great_a town_n in_o this_o dukedom_n as_o bugslaw_n wratislaw_n witslaw_n etc._n etc._n and_o historian_n will_v inform_v we_o that_o the_o whole_a land_n be_v many_o year_n subject_a to_o the_o prince_n of_o poland_n and_o first_o annex_v to_o the_o empire_n of_o germany_n by_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n barbarossa_n the_o whole_a tract_n of_o land_n which_o be_v ancient_o comprise_v under_o the_o general_a name_n of_o pomeren_n or_o pomerland_n be_v of_o a_o much_o large_a extent_n than_o the_o present_a dukedom_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d take_v in_o eastward_o all_o casubia_n and_o pomerellia_n but_o afterward_o this_o vast_a country_n be_v by_o the_o prince_n of_o back-pomerland_n for_o by_o this_o name_n it_o be_v ancient_o distinguish_v from_o the_o present_a dukedom_n of_o pomeren_n which_o in_o those_o day_n be_v call_v fore-pomerland_n be_v give_v up_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o poland_n in_o who_o possession_n it_o have_v ever_o since_o continue_v towards_o the_o south_n a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n be_v former_o subject_a to_o the_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n for_o first_o in_o the_o vcker_n marck_n not_o only_o prentzlow_v angermund_n aderberg_n schweet_a and_o vierraden_n but_o also_o stargard_n and_o friedland_n be_v both_o subject_n to_o that_o duke_n until_o the_o whole_a vcker-marck_n be_v give_v to_o john_n i_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n by_o barminus_n i_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n for_o a_o portion_n with_o his_o daughter_n and_o though_o prentzlow_v with_o the_o adjoin_a territory_n be_v afterward_o wrest_v out_o of_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o brandenburger_n yet_o they_o can_v not_o long_o keep_v their_o hold_n but_o be_v force_v to_o resign_v back_o their_o conquest_n the_o mecklenburger_n make_v themselves_o master_n of_o friedland_n and_o have_v once_o take_v possession_n can_v never_o be_v beat_v out_o again_o on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o other_o the_o great_a share_n of_o the_o new-marck_n be_v under_o the_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n dominion_n as_o part_v of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o stetin_n westward_o pomeren_n reach_v as_o far_o as_o the_o warna_n and_o rostock_n be_v almost_o the_o outmost_a bound_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n last_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n reach_v much_o far_o northwards_o into_o the_o baltic_a sea_n which_o by_o degree_n swallow_v up_o a_o good_a part_n of_o their_o dominion_n the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n as_o we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o show_v anon_o be_v think_v to_o be_v scarce_o half_a so_o large_a as_o it_o be_v former_o and_o some_o whole_a island_n in_o the_o baltic_a be_v at_o this_o day_n cover_v with_o the_o wave_n which_o ancient_a historian_n mention_v as_o habitable_a country_n so_o that_o pomeren_n though_o at_o this_o day_n only_o a_o small_a dukedom_n nay_o indeed_o no_o more_o than_o a_o inconsiderable_a part_n of_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n yet_o may_v ancient_o have_v pass_v for_o a_o kingdom_n and_o its_o duke_n have_v vied_z territory_n with_o most_o of_o the_o great_a monarch_n of_o europe_n at_o present_v the_o country_n which_o bear_v the_o name_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o pomeren_n be_v a_o long_a and_o narrow_a tract_n of_o land_n division_n division_n extend_v itself_o from_o east_n to_o west_n along_o the_o baltic_a shore_n which_o be_v usual_o divide_v into_o the_o province_n of_o stetin_n and_o wolgast_n and_o the_o bishopric_n of_o cosslin_n in_o the_o province_n of_o stetin_n be_v reckon_v the_o city_n of_o old_a stetin_n stargard_n stolpe_n greiffenberg_n treptow_n upon_o the_o rega_n rugenwald_n pyritz_n schlawe_n golnow_v gartz_n wollin_n camin_n belgarten_n new_a stetin_n sam_n zanew_v and_o pohlitz_n together_o with_o the_o fort_n of_o sazigk_n zachan_n jacobshagen_a fridrichwald_n etc._n etc._n to_o which_o be_v fomer_o add_v the_o lordship_n of_o lavenburg_n and_o butou_n both_o which_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o bugislaus_fw-la the_o last_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n be_v annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n the_o province_n of_o wolgast_n contain_v in_o it_o the_o city_n of_o stralsund_n gripswald_n anklam_n demin_n pasewalk_n greiffenhagen_n wolgast_n barth_n trubsees_n grimmon_n damgarten_n vckermund_n loytz_n gutzkow_n franckenburg_n richtenberg_n lassen_n and_o new_a warp_n with_o the_o fort_n of_o weissen_n klempenau_n lindenberg_n and_o torgelou_n within_o the_o compass_n of_o the_o same_o province_n be_v usual_o comprise_v the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n vsedom_n and_o some_o other_o upon_o these_o coast_n there_o be_v every_o where_o almost_o large_a and_o navigable_a river_n in_o pomeren_n lake_n river_n and_o lake_n by_o the_o advantage_n of_o which_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v not_o only_o enable_v to_o export_v the_o commodity_n of_o their_o own_o country_n and_o furnish_v themselves_o with_o the_o fruit_n and_o good_a thing_n of_o their_o neighbour_n but_o also_o have_v a_o great_a convenience_n of_o fortify_v their_o city_n and_o secure_v they_o against_o the_o incursion_n of_o any_o foreign_a enemy_n such_o as_o these_o be_v 1._o the_o rekenitz_n which_o separate_v this_o country_n from_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n make_v a_o kind_n
tract_n in_o latin_a contain_v its_o description_n and_o virtue_n the_o other_o be_v the_o chief_a of_o all_o the_o river_n in_o silesia_n rivers_n rivers_n it_o spring_v near_o the_o town_n oder_fw-ge not_o far_o from_o teschen_n on_o the_o border_n of_o moravia_n and_o pass_v by_o ratibor_n cossel_n oppelen_n brieg_n brieslaw_n glogaw_n beuthen_n and_o crossen_n with_o some_o more_o city_n of_o less_o note_n before_o it_o leave_v this_o dukedom_n other_o remarkable_a river_n be_v the_o bober_n neisse_n ohla_n and_o queiss_n beside_o these_o it_o be_v the_o honour_n of_o silesia_n that_o the_o vistula_n the_o best_a river_n in_o poland_n and_o the_o elb_n spring_v out_o of_o its_o mountain_n there_o be_v also_o in_o this_o country_n good_a store_n of_o pond_n and_o lake_n which_o yield_v plenty_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o fresh_a water_n fish_n especial_o lamprey_n which_o be_v catch_v in_o prodigious_a quantity_n in_o the_o neisslish_a sea_n and_o some_o other_o water_n other_o commodity_n of_o the_o land_n be_v mad_a â—â—moâ—â—ies_n â—â—moâ—â—ies_n flax_n sweet_a cane_n or_o galengal_n wine_n especial_o in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o sagan_n and_o crossen_n silver_n copper_n lead_v iron_n and_o chalk_n they_o have_v plenty_n of_o saltpetre_n and_o some_o good_a salt_n though_o not_o so_o much_o as_o to_o be_v sufficient_a for_o their_o own_o use_n so_o that_o daily_o great_a quantity_n of_o this_o commodity_n be_v bring_v in_o from_o poland_n and_o other_o neighbour_a country_n they_o have_v all_o the_o sort_n of_o wild_a and_o tame_a beast_n that_o any_o other_o part_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n afford_v butter_n cheese_n particular_o a_o kind_n of_o pitiful_a stuff_n make_v of_o ewe_n milk_n bacon_n honey_n etc._n etc._n but_o the_o great_a trade_v commodity_n they_o have_v be_v wool_n and_o flax._n silesia_n have_v breed_v several_a good_a scholar_n and_o brisk_a wit_n â—â—abiâ—â—ts_n â—â—abiâ—â—ts_n though_o the_o ordinary_a rustic_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o people_n of_o a_o shallow_a understanding_n and_o small_a sense_n they_o be_v common_o in_o way_n of_o derision_n style_v by_o their_o neighbour_n nation_n eselsfresser_n or_o ass-eater_n the_o occasion_n of_o which_o nickname_n some_o say_v be_v this_o a_o blunt_a country_n rustic_a travel_v from_o near_a breslaw_n into_o the_o dukedom_n of_o crossen_n '_o spy_v in_o a_o field_n a_o ass_n feed_v which_o the_o poor_a fellow_n have_v never_o before_o see_v the_o like_a creature_n mistake_v unhappy_o for_o a_o overgrow_a hare_n whereupon_o discharge_v his_o blunderbuss_n he_o shoot_v the_o strange_a beast_n and_o bring_v it_o home_o to_o his_o friend_n and_o acquaintance_n who_o be_v a_o pack_n of_o bumpkin_n of_o no_o long_a head_n than_o himself_o roast_a and_o eat_v up_o the_o outlandish_a puss_n this_o be_v the_o relation_n which_o the_o common_a people_n of_o silesia_n give_v of_o their_o title_n another_o story_n be_v that_o the_o miner_n at_o reichenstein_n not_o far_o from_o glatz_n have_v discover_v a_o vein_n of_o gold-ore_n which_o they_o name_v der_fw-mi guldener_n esel_n lay_v at_o it_o continual_o be_v resolve_v that_o no_o stranger_n or_o foreigner_n shall_v share_v with_o they_o in_o the_o treasure_n and_o hence_o they_o get_v the_o name_n of_o ass-eater_n from_o stuff_v their_o purse_n and_o not_o their_o carcase_n but_o this_o late_a narrative_a may_n possible_o have_v be_v contrive_v by_o some_o of_o the_o silesian_n wit_n who_o by_o this_o mean_n be_v in_o hope_n to_o wear_v off_o the_o disgrace_n and_o ignominy_n of_o the_o former_a some_o of_o they_o like_o the_o boar_n of_o italy_n and_o bohemia_n have_v a_o custom_n of_o reckon_v the_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n from_o the_o snnset_a but_o few_o of_o the_o nobility_n observe_v that_o method_n the_o lieutenantship_n of_o silesia_n be_v for_o some_o time_n commit_v to_o mathias_n corvinus_n king_n of_o hungary_n but_o afterward_o be_v confer_v upon_o the_o bishop_n of_o breslaw_n until_o the_o emperor_n rudolf_n ii_o decree_v that_o this_o charge_n shall_v be_v commit_v to_o some_o of_o the_o temporal_a prince_n of_o that_o nation_n who_o be_v to_o be_v nominate_v as_o well_o as_o the_o subordinate_a lieutenant_n of_o the_o several_a petty_a dukedom_n or_o county_n by_o the_o council_n chamber_n at_o prague_n to_o who_o be_v also_o commit_v at_o the_o the_o same_o time_n the_o supreme_a inspection_n into_o all_o lawcase_n and_o the_o different_a administration_n of_o justice_n in_o all_o court_n of_o judicature_n in_o each_o particular_a province_n christianity_n be_v first_o plant_v in_o poland_n and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n in_o silesia_n religion_n religion_n which_o be_v then_o a_o part_n of_o that_o great_a dukedom_n about_o the_o late_a end_n of_o the_o nine_o and_o beginning_n of_o the_o ten_o century_n in_o the_o infancy_n of_o religion_n in_o these_o part_n the_o polander_n and_o silesian_n be_v wont_a to_o assemble_v themselves_o in_o wood_n and_o other_o desert_n place_n of_o the_o land_n for_o fear_n of_o lay_v themselves_o too_o open_a to_o the_o cruelty_n of_o their_o magistrate_n who_o be_v man_n of_o another_o persuasion_n but_o at_o last_o christianity_n be_v admit_v to_o court_n for_o mieceslaus_n duke_n of_o poland_n have_v marry_v drambronica_n daughter_n of_o boleslaus_n duke_n of_o bohemia_n a_o christian_n be_v himself_o baptize_v at_o gnesna_n in_o the_o year_n 965._o whereupon_o he_o cause_v nine_o bishopric_n to_o be_v erect_v in_o his_o dominion_n among_o which_o one_o be_v found_v at_o schmogra_fw-la in_o silesia_n which_o be_v afterward_o remove_v to_o bitschen_n and_o at_o length_n fix_v at_o breslaw_n soon_o after_o the_o reformation_n begin_v by_o luther_n the_o augsburg_n confession_n be_v bring_v hither_o and_o at_o last_o confirm_v by_o the_o emperor_n rudolph_n ii_o in_o the_o year_n 1609._o but_o ferdinand_n ii_o ah_o bloody_a persecutor_n of_o the_o protestant_n repeal_v that_o charter_n allow_v the_o public_a profession_n of_o the_o lutheran_n religion_n to_o the_o citizen_n of_o breslaw_n and_o some_o few_o town_n more_o and_o that_o too_o with_o several_a limitation_n and_o restriction_n however_o that_o emperor_n be_v sensible_a before_o his_o death_n how_o vain_a it_o be_v to_o endeavour_v the_o extirpation_n of_o protestant_n and_o the_o whole_a empire_n some_o year_n after_o groan_v under_o the_o dismal_a effect_n of_o his_o misguide_a zeal_n for_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n the_o silesian_n be_v at_o this_o day_n general_o lutheran_n only_o some_o few_o of_o the_o nobility_n with_o their_o dependent_n adhere_v still_o to_o the_o superstition_n and_o foppery_n of_o the_o romanist_n we_o have_v hitherto_o give_v the_o reader_n a_o general_a account_n of_o the_o vast_a dukedom_n of_o silesia_n and_o proceed_v in_o the_o next_o place_n to_o a_o more_o particular_a survey_n of_o the_o several_a petty_a province_n which_o make_v up_o this_o large_a territory_n begin_v with_o i._o the_o dukedom_n of_o crossen_n in_o the_o time_n that_o the_o silesian_n prince_n be_v dukedom_n dukedom_n by_o the_o subtlety_n of_o john_n king_n of_o bohemia_n set_v at_o variance_n and_o enmity_n among_o themselves_o of_o which_o stratagem_n we_o have_v already_o take_v notice_n this_o dukedom_n be_v first_o separate_v from_o the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o silesia_n dominion_n for_o in_o the_o year_n 1272_o the_o city_n of_o crossen_n be_v pawn_v to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o magdeburg_n but_o redeem_v within_o two_o year_n after_o by_o henry_n duke_n of_o breslaw_n four_o year_n after_o this_o the_o citizen_n of_o breslaw_n pawn_v it_o a_o second_o time_n to_o john_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n for_o four_o thousand_o crown_n towards_o the_o ransom_n of_o their_o duke_n but_o with_o this_o proviso_n that_o the_o marquis_n shall_v not_o give_v assistance_n to_o boleslaus_n duke_n of_o lignitz_n in_o his_o war_n against_o their_o city_n not_o long_o after_o crossen_n be_v again_o redeem_v out_o of_o the_o marquise_n hand_n but_o john_n the_o great_a common_o know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o cicero_n germanicus_n get_v possession_n of_o it_o a_o second_o time_n in_o lieu_n of_o fifty_o thousand_o ducat_n owe_v he_o for_o his_o wife_n portion_n again_o john_n duke_n of_o sagan_n deliver_v up_o this_o dukedom_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o john_n the_o three_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n with_o the_o consent_n of_o vladislaus_n king_n of_o hungary_n and_o bohemia_n in_o the_o year_n 1391._o last_o joachim_n ii_o and_o his_o brother_n john_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n have_v the_o sole_a and_o entire_a possession_n of_o this_o dukedom_n grant_v they_o by_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n the_o first_o king_n of_o bohemia_n since_o which_o time_n the_o elector_n have_v always_o enjoy_v it_o and_o style_v themselves_o duke_n of_o crossen_n in_o silesia_n crossen_n city_n city_n in_o the_o language_n of_o some_o of_o the_o native_n of_o this_o country_n signify_v the_o outmost_a seam_n or_o selvidge_n
moravia_n have_v write_v a_o particular_a treatise_n entitle_v historia_fw-la lapidum_fw-la &_o gemmarum_fw-la bohemiae_n to_o which_o we_o refer_v the_o reader_n for_o a_o further_a account_n of_o these_o rarity_n jasper_n and_o saphire_n they_o tell_v we_o be_v find_v near_o the_o source_n of_o the_o elb_n in_o the_o mountain_n before_o mention_v call_v by_o the_o bohemian_o krakonosse_n goldastus_n think_v the_o hermiones_n be_v the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o country_n inhabitant_n ancient_a inhabitant_n a_o branch_n whereof_o he_o make_v the_o hermunduri_n who_o at_o first_o dwell_v among_o the_o riphaean_a mountain_n but_o afterward_o descend_v low_a these_o people_n be_v drive_v out_o of_o the_o land_n by_o the_o boii_n who_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o this_o country_n under_o the_o command_n of_o their_o general_n sigovesus_n nephew_n to_o ambigatus_n a_o ancient_a king_n of_o the_o celts_n micraelius_n a_o learned_a pomeranish_n historiographer_n believe_v these_o man_n be_v not_o a_o branch_n of_o the_o galli_n senones_n as_o most_o modern_a antiquary_n imagine_v but_o rather_o of_o the_o semnones_n the_o old_a inhabitant_n of_o pomeren_n this_o people_n whensoever_o they_o come_v have_v about_o the_o year_n 600_o settle_v themselves_o in_o these_o part_n extirpate_v the_o nation_n of_o the_o hermiones_n so_o far_o as_o to_o call_v the_o land_n after_o their_o own_o name_n boien_n heimat_n or_o the_o dwelling-place_n of_o the_o boii_n which_o be_v in_o time_n corrupt_v into_o the_o modern_a german_a name_n boheim_n or_o boheimb_n about_o the_o birth_n of_o our_o saviour_n the_o marcomanni_n or_o ancient_a moravian_o rush_v in_o upon_o the_o boii_n and_o so_o far_o overpower_a they_o as_o to_o make_v they_o quit_v their_o quarter_n and_o seek_v out_o a_o new_a habitation_n which_o they_o name_v boioaria_n and_o be_v now_o call_v bavaria_n however_o they_o be_v not_o so_o total_o rout_v but_o that_o a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o keep_v their_o old_a station_n and_o mix_v themselves_o with_o their_o conqueror_n as_o no_o question_n vast_a number_n of_o the_o hermiones_n and_o hermunduri_n have_v do_v with_o they_o before_o the_o modern_a bohemian_o call_v their_o country_n czechowe_v and_o themselves_o czechowsky_n and_o these_o word_n the_o hungarian_n and_o new_a greek_n make_v use_v of_o be_v utter_a stranger_n to_o the_o german_a name_n of_o boheimb_n and_o bohmische_n those_o among_o they_o that_o do_v allow_v of_o this_o latter_a name_n derive_v it_o from_o boy_n signify_v in_o their_o language_n war_n or_o buch_n that_o be_v god_n and_o muz_o i._n e._n man._n intimate_v that_o they_o be_v a_o valiant_a and_o pious_a people_n see_v the_o like_a fancy_n in_o the_o derivation_n of_o the_o word_n teutcsch_fw-mi and_o german_a p._n 5_o and_o 6._o answerable_a to_o this_o etymology_n of_o their_o name_n be_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o present_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o kingdom_n manner_n manner_n if_o we_o may_v give_v credit_n to_o their_o own_o historian_n and_o some_o late_a traveller_n who_o have_v for_o some_o time_n converse_v with_o they_o and_o have_v the_o opportunity_n of_o observe_v their_o humour_n they_o be_v represent_v to_o be_v man_n of_o great_a hospitality_n and_o courage_n faithful_a observer_n of_o their_o promise_n and_o contract_n they_o be_v exceed_o give_v to_o ape_n the_o manner_n and_o fashion_n of_o foreigner_n according_a to_o the_o true_a character_n long_o since_o give_v of_o they_o eosdem_fw-la habet_fw-la cum_fw-la simia_fw-la mores_n ferox_fw-la bohemia_n quae_fw-la facta_fw-la viderit_fw-la facit_fw-la cultusque_fw-la priscos_fw-la abjicit_fw-la and_o therefore_o it_o be_v a_o ingenuous_a fancy_n of_o the_o painter_n who_o have_v draw_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o most_o country_n in_o europe_n in_o their_o proper_a habit_n picture_v a_o bohemian_a naked_a with_o a_o web_n of_o cloth_n at_o his_o foot_n and_o all_o other_o requisite_n for_o the_o make_n up_o of_o a_o suit_n intimate_v that_o he_o can_v not_o tell_v what_o certain_a fashion_n to_o make_v his_o clothes_n on_o but_o leave_v it_o to_o himself_o to_o make_v they_o after_o the_o next_o new_a mode_n he_o shall_v fancy_v that_o small_a handful_n of_o man_n that_o zechus_n the_o slavonian_a commander_n bring_v into_o bohemia_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d some_o time_n for_o author_n can_v agree_v upon_o the_o year_n nor_o age_n in_o the_o four_o five_o or_o six_o century_n from_o who_o the_o modern_a bohemian_o love_v to_o derive_v their_o pedigree_n be_v a_o company_n of_o poor_a and_o honest_a people_n folk_n that_o have_v nothing_o themselves_o and_o want_v the_o knavery_n to_o rob_v those_o that_o have_v now_o as_o long_o as_o they_o continue_v in_o this_o state_n of_o innocence_n they_o have_v no_o need_n of_o magistrate_n nor_o law_n but_o live_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o a_o sociable_a community_n and_o have_v their_o little_a all_o equal_o distribute_v among_o they_o in_o this_o condition_n they_o remain_v for_o some_o year_n after_o zechus_n death_n till_o the_o moravian_o and_o pannonian_n disturb_v their_o quiet_n and_o teach_v they_o the_o first_o rudiment_n of_o villainy_n as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v once_o initiate_v in_o wickedness_n they_o be_v force_v to_o take_v new_a measure_n and_o to_o think_v of_o constitute_v some_o chief_a magistrate_n to_o punish_v offender_n whereupon_o they_o pitch_v upon_o one_o crocus_n a_o old_a gentleman_n of_o a_o something_o long_a head_n as_o it_o be_v fancy_v than_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o neighbour_n to_o be_v their_o governor_n they_o have_v not_o yet_o any_o write_a law_n among_o they_o but_o their_o judge_n for_o so_o crocus_n and_o some_o of_o his_o successor_n be_v style_v by_o the_o bohemian_a writer_n be_v to_o determine_v all_o controversy_n by_o the_o know_a custom_n of_o the_o land_n in_o extraordinary_a case_n which_o will_v not_o easy_o be_v decide_v by_o this_o sort_n of_o common_a law_n there_o sit_v on_o the_o bench_n with_o the_o judge_n for_o fear_n of_o arbitrary_a and_o illegal_a proceed_n if_o one_o man_n shall_v be_v invest_v with_o the_o sole_a power_n of_o pronounce_v sentence_n a_o certain_a number_n of_o senator_n or_o alderman_n who_o have_v definitive_a vote_n as_o well_o as_o himself_o with_o this_o kind_n of_o praetorian_a authority_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d justice_n be_v administer_v by_o crocus_n his_o son_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o his_o granddaughter_n libussa_n until_o primislaus_n who_o libussa_n have_v marry_v take_v upon_o he_o a_o more_o absolute_a command_n and_o get_v the_o title_n of_o duke_n or_o commander_n in_o chief_a this_o man_n be_v as_o florus_n say_v of_o lucins_n quinctius_n dictator_n ab_fw-la arato_fw-la a_o poor_a country-farmer_n who_o libussa_n advance_v out_o of_o the_o dirt_n to_o her_o own_o bed_n and_o therefore_o like_o the_o forementioned_a roman_a general_n know_v better_a how_o to_o keep_v the_o headstrong_a bohemian_o like_v so_o many_o ox_n under_o the_o yoke_n thus_o be_v the_o land_n govern_v by_o the_o child_n and_o successor_n of_o primislaus_n and_o libussa_n about_o four_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o year_n until_o the_o emperor_n henry_n iv_o have_v call_v a_o general_n diet_n of_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o empire_n at_o mentz_n create_v wratislaus_n duke_n of_o bohemia_n king_n of_o the_o same_o nation_n by_o settle_v with_o the_o pope_n permission_n a_o crown_n of_o gold_n upon_o his_o head_n this_o be_v do_v in_o the_o year_n 1082_o though_o some_o will_v have_v it_o 1072._o from_o that_o time_n forward_o the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n always_o lie_v claim_n to_o the_o right_n of_o invest_v the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n as_o their_o vassal_n and_o make_v it_o their_o business_n to_o persuade_v the_o poor_a people_n of_o that_o kingdom_n to_o rebel_v against_o any_o monarch_n though_o never_o so_o due_o elect_v into_o the_o throne_n who_o have_v not_o receive_v the_o regalia_z as_o they_o call_v they_o or_o badge_n of_o majesty_n at_o the_o emperor_n hand_n so_o that_o frideric_n v._o grandfather_n to_o the_o present_a elector_n palatine_n of_o the_o rhine_n and_o father_n to_o our_o prince_n rupert_n be_v never_o like_v quiet_o to_o enjoy_v the_o crown_n of_o bohemia_n however_o just_o his_o pretension_n to_o it_o may_v be_v so_o long_o as_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n his_o competitor_n refuse_v to_o confirm_v he_o most_o of_o the_o catalogue_n of_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n be_v so_o contradictory_n one_o to_o another_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o difficult_a task_n to_o pick_v out_o of_o they_o a_o true_a register_n of_o the_o name_n of_o these_o prince_n the_o best_a account_n i_o know_v of_o which_o have_v be_v give_v of_o they_o be_v the_o ingenious_a paul_n stransky_n in_o his_o respublica_fw-la bojema_fw-la print_v at_o leyden_n 1643._o the_o present_a king_n be_v leopold_n i._o emperor_n of_o germany_n who_o character_n must_v be_v reserve_v for_o another_o place_n the_o
suedes_o at_o the_o treaty_n 1616_o of_o stolbow_n the_o grand_a tzar_n quit_v the_o title_n of_o this_o country_n to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n vodska_n or_o votska_n thirty_o league_n north_n of_o novogorod_n vodska_n vodska_n upon_o its_o left_a hand_n be_v the_o strong_a castle_n of_o ivanogorod_n surrender_v to_o the_o swede_n by_o the_o same_o treaty_n as_o well_o as_o the_o town_n jamagrod_v and_o augdow_n and_o the_o castle_n coporia_n noteburg_n and_o kexholm_n they_o say_v that_o all_o the_o beast_n that_o be_v bring_v into_o this_o province_n turn_v white_a the_o inhabitant_n have_v a_o language_n proper_a to_o themselves_o woskopitin_n be_v by_o some_o author_n place_v between_o kexholm_n and_o noteburg_n woskopitin_n woskopitin_n a_o large_a and_o fruitful_a province_n both_o for_o corn_n and_o cattle_n but_o so_o pester_v with_o lake_n and_o marsh_n that_o it_o be_v very_o little_o frequent_v and_o the_o name_n scarce_o know_v bieleiezioro_n bieleiozioro_n bieleiozioro_n situate_v upon_o a_o lake_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o signification_n i.e._n the_o white_a lake_n which_o lake_n be_v thirteen_o league_n long_o and_o as_o many_o broad_a and_o furnish_v only_o one_o river_n call_v sosna_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o wolga_n in_o this_o lake_n be_v a_o castle_n both_o for_o natural_a and_o artisicial_a strength_n account_v impregnable_a whither_o in_o time_n of_o danger_n the_o prince_n have_v send_v their_o treasure_n and_o themselves_o also_o retire_v the_o whole_a province_n be_v full_a of_o wood_n and_o lake_n that_o except_o when_o they_o be_v hard_o freeze_v it_o be_v not_o easy_o passable_a near_o this_o lake_n be_v another_o small_a lake_n that_o produce_v sulphur_n i_o rather_o suppose_v naphtha_n or_o petroleum_n swim_v like_o froth_n or_o oil_n upon_o the_o water_n this_o be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o possess_v by_o sinaus_n varegus_n who_o brother_n truvor_v settle_v in_o pskouvia_n and_o runiz_n in_o novogardia_n these_o three_o be_v by_o the_o russes_z look_v upon_o as_o the_o founder_n of_o their_o nation_n vologda_n be_v the_o only_a city_n in_o all_o the_o grand_a tzars_n dominion_n that_o be_v fortify_v with_o a_o stone-wall_n vologda_fw-la vologda_fw-la and_o for_o its_o strength_n the_o emperor_n be_v wont_a in_o time_n of_o danger_n to_o secure_v here_o part_n of_o his_o treasure_n it_o be_v as_o the_o rest_n of_o those_o westerly_a and_o northerly_a province_n much_o encumber_a with_o wood_n and_o marsh_n many_o of_o which_o be_v except_o in_o winter_n utter_o unpassable_a it_o be_v situate_v upon_o the_o river_n waga_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o dwina_n and_o it_o together_o with_o all_o the_o province_n mention_v since_o dwina_n belong_v to_o the_o duchy_n of_o novogorod_n novogorod_n call_v weliki_n or_o the_o great_a novogorod_n novogorod_n to_o distinguish_v it_o from_o other_o of_o that_o name_n the_o dutch_a call_v it_o nieugarten_n in_o 58_o deg_fw-la 23_o min._n situate_v upon_o the_o river_n volgda_n not_o volga_n or_o volchou_n famous_a for_o its_o bremes_n a_o little_a below_o the_o lake_n ilmin_n whilst_o it_o be_v govern_v by_o its_o own_o prince_n it_o be_v in_o so_o great_a power_n fame_n and_o wealth_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o vast_a commerce_n of_o several_a nation_n there_o establish_v that_o it_o be_v proverbial_o speak_v who_o can_v do_v any_o thing_n against_o god_n and_o great_a novogorod_n the_o reason_n of_o this_o trade_n be_v the_o convenience_n of_o the_o river_n which_o be_v navigable_a from_o the_o very_a spring_n and_o the_o country_n abound_v in_o wheat_n flax_n hemp_n honey_n wax_n and_o leather_n which_o be_v better_o dress_v here_o than_o in_o any_o other_o place_n invite_v hither_o so_o many_o merchant_n from_o all_o the_o northern_a country_n and_o those_o upon_o the_o baltic_a sea_n that_o it_o be_v the_o great_a city_n of_o all_o the_o north_n for_o trade_n and_o wealth_n the_o first_o diminution_n of_o it_o be_v from_o vitold_a duke_n of_o lithvania_n who_o 1427_o oblige_a the_o city_n to_o compound_v for_o their_o peace_n at_o a_o great_a rate_n but_o ivan_n vasili_n grotsdin_n 1477_o force_v they_o to_o receive_v a_o governor_n from_o he_o but_o that_o not_o satisfy_v of_o he_o he_o go_v thither_o in_o person_n pretend_v i_o know_v not_o what_o devotion_n and_o by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o bishop_n be_v admit_v into_o the_o city_n with_o his_o army_n he_o pillage_v it_o carrying_z away_o three_o hundred_o cart_n load_v with_o jewel_n gold_n and_o silver_n beside_o many_o more_o fill_v with_o rich_a stuff_n and_o sumptuous_a moveable_n all_o which_o he_o send_v to_o moscow_n and_o transport_v many_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n into_o other_o place_n and_o send_v muscovite_n to_o inhabit_v in_o their_o stead_n but_o their_o great_a calamity_n be_v from_o ivan_n vasilowich_n in_o 1569_o who_o upon_o a_o suspicion_n of_o their_o endeavour_v to_o revolt_v come_v hither_o with_o his_o army_n slay_v drown_v and_o trample_v to_o death_n a_o vast_a number_n of_o people_n present_o after_o this_o follow_v a_o great_a plague_n which_o bring_v so_o great_a a_o famine_n that_o they_o eat_v one_o another_o the_o tzar_n on_o this_o occasion_n pretend_v to_o punish_v their_o inhumanity_n cut_v to_o piece_n the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o remain_a inhabitant_n his_o barbarous_a cruelty_n here_o act_v be_v not_o sit_v to_o be_v repeat_v it_o be_v in_o 1611_o take_v by_o the_o swede_n by_o storm_n but_o at_o the_o great_a treaty_n between_o the_o two_o crown_n of_o russia_n and_o sweden_n it_o be_v agree_v to_o be_v redeliver_v to_o the_o russes_z and_o in_o their_o hand_n it_o have_v continue_v ever_o since_o on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o water_n be_v a_o strong_a castle_n build_v of_o stone_n join_v to_o the_o city_n by_o a_o large_a bridge_n wherein_o live_v the_o weywod_n or_o governor_n and_o the_o metropolitan_a by_o which_o two_o all_o the_o affair_n ecclesiastical_a civil_a and_o military_a in_o all_o that_o province_n be_v govern_v the_o town_n be_v encompass_v with_o a_o rampart_n of_o timber_n and_o earth_n and_o have_v a_o castle_n in_o the_o midst_n reasonable_o well_o fortify_v there_o be_v about_o a_o hundred_o monastery_n whereof_o that_o of_o st._n antony_n be_v the_o chief_a church_n and_o chapel_n which_o have_v their_o steeple_n and_o tower_n cover_v with_o copper_n gild_v the_o cathedral_n church_n be_v that_o of_o st._n sophia_n in_o the_o territory_n belong_v to_o this_o city_n stara-russa_a brunitza_n sedrowa_n and_o stara-russa_a be_v brunitza_n sedrowa_n and_o stara-russa_a which_o the_o baron_n of_o herberstein_n call_v russ_n and_o say_v it_o give_v name_n to_o all_o the_o russes_z near_o that_o town_n be_v a_o salt_n river_n which_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v form_v into_o a_o lake_n and_o with_o conduit_n draw_v the_o salt-water_n to_o their_o house_n where_o they_o boil_v the_o salt_n with_o which_o and_o other_o commodity_n they_o drive_v a_o great_a trade_n into_o polotskow_n a_o province_n of_o poland_n the_o russes_z say_v that_o near_o to_o novogorod_n be_v the_o famous_a battle_n of_o whip_n mention_v by_o justin_n l._n 2._o and_o many_o other_o author_n wherewith_o the_o master_n return_v victorious_a after_o some_o year_n war_n conquer_v their_o slave_n who_o in_o the_o long_a time_n of_o their_o absence_n have_v seize_v upon_o their_o estate_n and_o wife_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o the_o novogorod-money_n have_v former_o on_o one_o side_n a_o horseman_n shake_v his_o whip_n bielski_n be_v a_o province_n between_o novogorod_n and_o smolensko_n bielski_n bielski_n have_v its_o principal_a city_n and_o castle_n call_v biela_n bielha_n or_o bielow_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n osca_n this_o have_v heretofore_o a_o prince_n of_o its_o own_o subject_a to_o the_o descendants_n of_o jagellan_n duke_n of_o litvania_n till_o basilius_n prince_n of_o bielski_n fall_v off_o to_o the_o grand_a tzar_n and_o agree_v to_o pay_v he_o tribute_n it_o now_o augment_v the_o number_n of_o his_o title_n as_o do_v also_o that_o of_o rischow_n rischow_n rischow_n which_o have_v also_o a_o castle_n and_o city_n of_o that_o name_n it_o have_v also_o former_o a_o prince_n of_o its_o own_o but_o now_o be_v a_o member_n of_o the_o russ-empire_n the_o country_n be_v full_a of_o forest_n and_o lake_n particular_o here_o be_v that_o great_a forest_n of_o wolchonisky_n wherein_o arise_v the_o volga_n the_o dnieper_n the_o dwina_n and_o the_o lowat_n all_o great_a river_n near_o to_o this_o be_v woloizk_a famous_a for_o its_o white_a hare_n and_o the_o prince_n frequent_a hunt_v there_o wyelikyeluki_n a_o large_a city_n with_o a_o good_a castle_n and_o toropyecz_n a_o large_a town_n also_o and_o a_o castle_n all_o which_o come_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o russia_n by_o surrender_n of_o their_o proper_a lord_n it_o be_v be_v near_a to_o the_o foresay_a 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o north-west_n from_o moskow_n the_o capital_a town_n
our_o saviour_n birth_n if_o any_o one_o deny_v lodging_n three_o time_n to_o stranger_n that_o king_n send_v to_o set_v fire_n on_o the_o house_n of_o such_o offender_n and_o burn_v they_o down_o to_o the_o ground_n this_o freedom_n of_o entertainment_n sometime_o cause_v damage_n and_o inconvenience_n to_o private_a person_n a._n d._n 1285_o magnus_n ladulaus_n then_o king_n put_v forth_o a_o decree_n that_o no_o one_o shall_v think_v himself_o oblige_v as_o they_o perhaps_o by_o some_o natural_a dictate_v do_v think_v themselves_o to_o be_v to_o afford_v lodging_n victual_n and_o horse_n to_o stranger_n but_o may_v demand_v money_n for_o what_o they_o afford_v they_o which_o some_o of_o the_o more_o southern_a people_n more_o accustom_v to_o stranger_n at_o this_o day_n do_v exact_a though_o among_o the_o more_o northern_a the_o ancient_a custom_n do_v still_o prevail_v their_o clothes_n ancient_o as_o those_o of_o the_o laplander_n at_o present_a habit._n their_o habit._n be_v as_o 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runick_n from_o ryn_z signify_v a_o furrow_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n that_o the_o latin_n use_v versus_fw-la exarare_fw-la etc._n etc._n because_o that_o ancient_o when_o they_o have_v write_v from_o the_o left_a hand_n to_o the_o right_n they_o turn_v back_o again_o from_o the_o right_n to_o the_o left_a by_o who_o at_o first_o invent_v be_v uncertain_a some_o say_v by_o odinus_n or_o wooden_a one_o of_o their_o chief_a go_n that_o they_o come_v into_o sweden_n about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 380_o or_o 400_o be_v affirm_v by_o many_o although_o the_o superstitious_a use_n of_o they_o general_o practise_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n seem_v to_o prove_v that_o they_o be_v much_o soon_o know_v to_o they_o with_o these_o the_o common_a people_n use_v to_o carve_v certain_a stick_n or_o staff_n still_o in_o use_n among_o some_o of_o they_o set_v upon_o they_o the_o name_n of_o their_o god_n their_o month_n their_o holiday_n etc._n etc._n which_o serve_v they_o for_o a_o almanac_n and_o 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effort_n of_o a_o great_a danish_a fleet_n against_o it_o ann_n 1644_o show_v it_o to_o be_v a_o place_n of_o great_a strength_n and_o consideration_n 2._o scare_n ancient_o the_o residence_n of_o the_o gothish_a king_n and_o at_o present_a a_o bishop_n seat_n so_o call_v from_o scarinus_n a_o potent_a king_n of_o the_o goth_n who_o build_v it_o it_o be_v in_o the_o time_n of_o adam_n bremensis_n the_o metropolis_n of_o westgothia_n but_o now_o a_o ruin_a and_o fenceless_a town_n 3._o mariaestadt_n and_o 4._o lidecopia_n less_o considerable_a than_o the_o former_a town_n of_o most_o note_n be_v 1._o falecopia_n 2._o skedvi_fw-la 3._o hio_n 4._o bogesund_n 5._o bretta_n 6._o old_a ludosia_n take_v and_o fortify_v by_o christianus_n the_o i_o king_n of_o denmark_n but_o soon_o after_o in_o the_o same_o year_n regain_v by_o the_o swede_n this_o town_n seem_v to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o losa_n mention_v by_o meursius_n in_o his_o danick_n history_n 2._o dalia_n dalia_n dalia_n lie_v 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unanimous_a be_v sufficient_a to_o defend_v the_o whole_a island_n against_o a_o potent_a enemy_n the_o language_n ancient_o speak_v in_o rugen_n be_v a_o dialect_n of_o the_o slavonian_a or_o wendish_n tongue_n language_n language_n but_o after_o the_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n assist_v by_o the_o citizen_n of_o stralsund_n as_o shall_v be_v show_v hereafter_o have_v possession_n of_o the_o island_n the_o wendish_n manner_n and_o language_n be_v utter_o abolish_v insomuch_o that_o it_o be_v record_v in_o the_o annal_n of_o rugen_n as_o a_o memorable_a thing_n that_o in_o the_o year_n 1404_o there_o be_v one_o old_a woman_n leave_v in_o the_o isle_n that_o understand_v perfect_o and_o can_v speak_v the_o slavonian_a tongue_n at_o this_o day_n the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n speak_v the_o language_n of_o the_o low_a saxon_n and_o some_o few_o especial_o where_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n officer_n keep_v their_o residence_n speak_v swedish_n the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o isle_n be_v the_o last_o of_o all_o the_o northern_a nation_n that_o be_v convert_v from_o their_o idolatry_n and_o paganism_n religion_n religion_n and_o embrace_v the_o christian_a religion_n helmondus_n seem_v to_o point_v more_o especial_o at_o the_o rugian_o when_o he_o say_v inter_fw-la omnes_fw-la autem_fw-la borealium_fw-la populos_fw-la sola_fw-la slavorum_n provincia_n remansit_fw-la caeteris_fw-la durior_fw-la atque_fw-la ad_fw-la credendum_fw-la tardior_fw-la however_o about_o the_o year_n 813_o a_o company_n of_o hardy_a monk_n venture_v to_o preach_v up_o christianity_n to_o these_o stubborn_a people_n and_o succeed_v so_o well_o in_o the_o undertake_n as_o in_o a_o very_a short_a time_n to_o bring_v over_o a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o to_o the_o true_a faith_n but_o they_o as_o quick_o abandon_v christianity_n and_o relapse_v into_o their_o former_a idolatry_n for_o as_o upon_o the_o first_o preach_v of_o the_o gospel_n in_o lycaonia_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o that_o country_n be_v ready_a to_o do_v sacrifice_n to_o st._n barnabas_n and_o st._n paul_n under_o the_o name_n of_o jupiter_n and_o mercury_n so_o these_o poor_a people_n mistake_v god_n minister_n for_o god_n himself_o idolise_v st._n vite_fw-la a_o poor_a monk_n that_o have_v undertake_v their_o conversion_n by_o the_o name_n of_o swant_n which_o name_n be_v afterward_o give_v to_o a_o monstrous_a four_o head_a image_n which_o they_o worship_v in_o a_o sumptuous_a temple_n to_o this_o idol_n all_o the_o rugian_o repair_v as_o to_o a_o oracle_n for_o advice_n and_o the_o foreign_a merchant_n that_o have_v make_v a_o safe_a voyage_n be_v oblige_v to_o offer_v up_o some_o of_o their_o best_a merchandise_n as_o a_o tribute_n of_o thanksgiving_n to_o this_o grand_a tutelary_a god_n of_o the_o island_n three_o hundred_o horse_n be_v keep_v constant_o for_o the_o service_n of_o swant_n one_o whereof_o be_v white_a and_o never_o rid_v but_o by_o the_o chief_a priest_n this_o horse_n be_v now_o and_o then_o show_v to_o the_o people_n in_o a_o morning_n all_o over_o besmear_v with_o dirt_n and_o sweat_n the_o priest_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n protest_v to_o the_o multitude_n that_o swant_n himself_o have_v bring_v the_o beast_n into_o that_o pickle_n by_o engage_v with_o and_o pursue_v the_o enemy_n of_o rugen_n the_o night_n before_o the_o manner_n of_o worship_v this_o idol_n which_o stand_v in_o arcona_n the_o famous_a city_n in_o old_a rugen_n before_o mention_v be_v thus_o the_o chief_a priest_n look_v into_o a_o horn_n which_o the_o image_n hold_v in_o its_o right_a hand_n and_o which_o have_v be_v fill_v the_o year_n before_o with_o a_o precious_a liquor_n prognosticate_v from_o the_o good_a quantity_n or_o scarcity_n of_o the_o liquor_n therein_o contain_v the_o plenty_n or_o dearth_n of_o the_o year_n follow_v that_o do_v with_o his_o lip_n shut_v for_o fear_v of_o harm_v the_o idol_n with_o his_o breath_n he_o very_o solemn_o pour_v out_o the_o remain_a liquor_n at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o image_n and_o have_v replenish_v it_o afresh_o place_v it_o again_o with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o reverence_n in_o the_o god_n right_a hand_n whence_o he_o have_v take_v it_o down_o these_o ceremony_n be_v end_v the_o rest_n of_o that_o day_n be_v spend_v in_o anniversary_n feast_v and_o jollity_n in_o this_o miserable_a condition_n the_o rugian_o continue_v for_o some_o age_n until_o by_o a_o continual_a conversation_n with_o their_o neighbour_n the_o pomeranian_o they_o be_v almost_o insensible_o turn_v christian_n and_o about_o five_o hundred_o year_n ago_o at_o last_o whole_o quit_v their_o idolatrous_a practice_n and_o at_o this_o day_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o rugen_n be_v as_o zealous_a assertor_n and_o maintainer_n of_o the_o augsburg_n confession_n as_o any_o german_n whatever_n the_o isle_n be_v ancient_o govern_v by_o prince_n of_o its_o own_o grammar_n grammar_n who_o dominion_n reach_v beyond_o the_o narrow_a boundary_n the_o sea_n have_v set_v they_o a_o great_a way_n into_o pomeren_n take_v in_o all_o the_o territory_n near_o stralsund_n gripswald_n and_o other_o place_n now_o subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n antiquity_n will_v afford_v we_o a_o register_n of_o eleven_o prince_n of_o rugen_n and_o those_o in_o the_o follow_a order_n 1._o wislaus_n who_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v prince_n of_o rugen_n in_o the_o day_n of_o the_o emperor_n otho_n i._o about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 938._o 2._o grimus_fw-la remarkable_a for_o nothing_o but_o his_o fill_v up_o a_o space_n in_o the_o catalogue_n of_o these_o prince_n 3._o cruco_n or_o crito_n at_o the_o same_o time_n prince_n of_o rugen_n and_o petty_a king_n of_o the_o obatriti_n in_o the_o year_n 1100_o who_o after_o he_o have_v for_o some_o year_n exercise_v idolatry_n and_o tyranny_n in_o his_o dominion_n be_v depose_v and_o slay_v by_o henry_n son_n of_o gothscalc_n another_o inconsiderable_a king_n of_o the_o say_v obitriti_n at_o the_o entreaty_n of_o his_o wife_n schlavine_n daughter_n to_o swantibor_n i._o prince_n of_o pomeren_n 4._o raze_v a_o great_a warrior_n who_o besiege_v lubec_n and_o take_v it_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1141._o 5._o teslaus_n a_o prince_n who_o have_v continual_a war_n with_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n two_o whereof_z eric_n vi._n and_o sueno_n iii_o he_o as_o often_o overcome_v as_o he_o be_v beat_v by_o they_o but_o at_o last_o be_v utter_o vanquish_v and_o make_v tributary_n by_o king_n waldemar_n 6._o jarimar_n teslaus_n brother_n the_o first_o prince_n of_o rugen_n that_o embrace_v christianity_n 7._o barmita_n arimar'_v son_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1241._o 8._o witzlaus_n ii_o barmita_n brother_n and_o founder_n of_o the_o monastery_n at_o campen_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1247._o 9_o jarimar_n ii_o witzlaus_n the_o second_o be_v son_n who_o immediate_o after_o his_o admittance_n to_o the_o government_n rebel_v against_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n and_o at_o last_o after_o many_o engagement_n get_v himself_o and_o his_o successor_n ease_v from_o that_o yoke_n in_o the_o year_n 1259._o 10._o witzlaus_n iii_o jarimar_n the_o second_o be_v son_n a_o great_a promoter_n of_o the_o christian_a religion_n in_o liefland_n where_o himself_o sometime_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o office_n of_o a_o priest_n preach_v christianity_n to_o the_o poor_a infidel_n of_o those_o part_n 11._o witzlaus_n iv_o the_o last_o prince_n of_o rugen_n of_o this_o family_n upon_o the_o unruly_a growth_n of_o the_o great_a city_n of_o stralsund_n the_o merchant_n and_o burgher_n find_v themselves_o able_a enough_o to_o grapple_v with_o this_o prince_n be_v resolve_v to_o be_v no_o long_o subject_n to_o he_o or_o any_o of_o his_o successor_n if_o by_o violence_n or_o otherwise_o they_o can_v procure_v their_o liberty_n whereupon_o they_o open_o proclaim_v themselves_o a_o free_a city_n declare_v that_o neither_o the_o prince_n of_o rugen_n nor_o any_o of_o their_o neighbour_n can_v lawful_o pretend_v to_o exact_v any_o tribute_n or_o homage_n from_o the_o citizen_n of_o stralsund_n upon_o the_o noise_n of_o this_o revolt_n prince_n witzlaus_n assist_v by_o some_o of_o the_o neighbour_a king_n and_o prince_n besiege_v stralsund_v demand_v submission_n together_o with_o a_o humble_a acknowledgement_n of_o their_o unpardonable_a crime_n in_o dare_v to_o make_v so_o traitorous_a a_o revolt_n but_o in_o vain_a for_o the_o stralsunder_v not_o only_o persist_v in_o the_o resolution_n of_o assert_v their_o liberty_n to_o the_o last_o but_o brave_o withstand_v the_o assault_n of_o witzlaus_n and_o his_o associate_n and_o after_o many_o hot_a dispute_n slay_v this_o prince_n in_o a_o sally_n thereby_o put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o controversy_n and_o whole_a lineage_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o rugen_n in_o the_o year_n 1325._o after_o this_o the_o island_n of_o rugen_n with_o other_o part_n of_o that_o principality_n upon_o the_o continent_n come_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o
pomeren_n with_o which_o dukedom_n after_o the_o failure_n of_o that_o line_n it_o shall_v have_v be_v annex_v to_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n but_o as_o have_v be_v before_o note_v in_o consideration_n of_o the_o signal_n favour_v the_o king_n of_o sweden_n have_v do_v the_o protestant_a party_n in_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o germany_n the_o prince_n concern_v in_o the_o westphalian_a treaty_n think_v fit_a to_o annex_v the_o low_a pomeren_n to_o the_o dominion_n of_o that_o king_n and_o as_o a_o part_n of_o this_o dukedom_n the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n be_v throw_v into_o the_o bargain_n afterward_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n frideric_n iii_o begin_v to_o revive_v some_o ancient_a pretension_n of_o some_o of_o his_o ancestor_n to_o the_o principality_n of_o rugen_n but_o the_o ensue_a war_n betwixt_o he_o and_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n of_o which_o we_o have_v give_v the_o reader_n some_o account_n in_o the_o description_n of_o denmark_n put_v a_o end_n as_o it_o be_v think_v to_o these_o pretension_n for_o the_o say_v frideric_n in_o the_o treaty_n of_o roschild_n make_v between_o the_o two_o northern_a crown_n in_o the_o year_n 1658_o disclaim_v all_o right_a and_o title_n to_o the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n however_o notwithstanding_o the_o promise_n and_o protestation_n make_v in_o that_o treaty_n the_o present_a king_n of_o denmark_n show_v that_o contract_v make_v between_o great_a prince_n and_o commonwealth_n be_v no_o long_o obligatory_a than_o consistent_a with_o the_o intrigue_n of_o state_n for_o hear_v that_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n have_v besiege_v stetin_n and_o that_o count_n koningsmarck_n the_o valiant_a swedish_n governor_n of_o rugen_n have_v thereupon_o draw_v the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o force_n into_o pomeren_n leave_v the_o island_n of_o rugen_n to_o be_v defend_v by_o a_o small_a company_n of_o about_o fifty_o horse_n he_o immediate_o ship_v six_o thousand_o soldier_n intend_v with_o they_o to_o surprise_v the_o desert_a island_n and_o regain_v it_o into_o his_o own_o possession_n but_o the_o weather_n not_o favour_v this_o design_n the_o danish_a force_n be_v keep_v off_o at_o sea_n by_o contrary_a wind_n till_o that_o small_a garrison_n which_o keep_v the_o isle_n be_v alarm_v and_o have_v time_n to_o give_v notice_n to_o the_o general_n who_o nevertheless_o can_v not_o arrive_v with_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o army_n before_o the_o enemy_n have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o jasmund_n however_o after_o one_o brisk_a engagement_n with_o the_o count_n be_v leave_v wing_n the_o dane_n be_v force_v to_o fly_v in_o great_a disorder_n leave_v six_o hundred_o of_o their_o companion_n dead_a in_o the_o field_n and_o two_o thousand_o five_o hundred_o more_o take_v prisoner_n the_o rest_n retreat_v confuse_v into_o wittow_n where_o they_o be_v beset_v with_o the_o swede_n who_o slay_v take_v prisoner_n and_o plunder_v as_o many_o of_o they_o as_o they_o please_v in_o this_o victory_n the_o swede_n be_v say_v to_o have_v take_v from_o the_o dane_n beside_o a_o incredible_a number_n of_o prisoner_n six_o and_o twenty_o standard_n sixteen_o field-piece_n five_o mortar-piece_n and_o thirty_o thousand_o rixdollar_n in_o money_n yet_o this_o unhappy_a overthrow_n be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o discourage_v the_o brave_a king_n christian_n from_o a_o second_o adventure_n and_o the_o draw_v back_o his_o arm_n after_o this_o defeat_n seem_v only_o intend_v to_o fetch_v the_o great_a blow_n for_o have_v double_v his_o force_n in_o the_o year_n follow_v 1678_o he_o fall_v upon_o the_o rugian_o with_o that_o irresistible_a strength_n and_o courage_n which_o oblige_v they_o to_o resign_v up_o the_o whole_a island_n upon_o his_o own_o term_n and_o it_o may_v to_o this_o day_n have_v be_v at_o his_o devotion_n have_v not_o the_o french_a king_n strike_v in_o as_o mediator_n betwixt_o the_o northern_a crown_n in_o the_o alte_fw-la treaty_n sign_v by_o the_o danish_a and_o swedish_n minister_n at_o lunden_n in_o schonen_fw-mi sept._n 26._o a._n d._n 1679_o by_o the_o seven_o article_n of_o which_o treaty_n it_o be_v agree_v because_o lewis_n the_o great_a be_v please_v to_o have_v it_o so_o that_o rugen_n shall_v be_v deliver_v up_o to_o the_o swede_n on_o or_o before_o the_o six_o of_o december_n follow_v according_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v now_o repossess_v of_o that_o island_n and_o have_v send_v in_o new_a garrison_n to_o fortify_v and_o defend_v it_o against_o all_o future_a assault_n of_o its_o formidable_a neighbour_n the_o dane_n and_o brandenburger_n the_o only_a town_n of_o note_n in_o the_o whole_a isle_n of_o rugen_n be_v bergen_n to_n to_n situate_v about_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o island_n it_o have_v the_o name_n of_o a_o city_n give_v it_o in_o the_o year_n 1190_o but_o so_o little_o deserve_v that_o title_n that_o it_o have_v not_o the_o advantage_n of_o be_v fortify_v or_o wall_v round_o all_o the_o account_n which_o modern_a traveller_n give_v of_o it_o be_v that_o it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o better_a sort_n of_o village_n consist_v of_o about_o four_o hundred_o house_n stralsund_v indeed_o seem_v the_o metropolis_n of_o rugen_n and_o as_o it_o be_v former_o may_v still_o be_v so_o account_v if_o we_o consider_v the_o many_o and_o great_a privilege_n which_o the_o burgher_n of_o that_o city_n still_o pretend_v to_o in_o that_o island_n for_o 1._o the_o high_a court_n of_o admiralty_n in_o stralsund_n determine_v all_o cause_n and_o contest_v arise_v in_o any_o of_o the_o port-town_n in_o rugen_n and_o therefore_o because_o the_o stralsunder_n will_v not_o assign_v over_o this_o jurisdiction_n to_o any_o delegate_n reside_v in_o the_o island_n the_o rugian_o be_v oblige_v upon_o debate_n of_o all_o such_o quarrel_n to_o repair_v to_o stralsund_v for_o judgement_n 2._o without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o senate_n and_o citizen_n of_o stralsund_n no_o definitive_a sentence_n can_v be_v give_v nor_o no_o court_n of_o equity_n or_o judicature_n whatever_o erect_v in_o any_o part_n of_o the_o isle_n 3._o the_o rugian_o may_v not_o without_o leave_n first_o obtain_v from_o the_o common_a council_n of_o stralsund_n export_v any_o manner_n of_o grain_n or_o other_o commodity_n or_o brew_v beer_n for_o sale_n in_o short_a this_o city_n be_v the_o key_n of_o the_o island_n and_o the_o only_a fortress_n upon_o which_o depend_v its_o security_n or_o ruin_n so_o that_o have_v rugen_n be_v keep_v by_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n and_o stralsund_v by_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n according_a to_o the_o right_n of_o conquest_n in_o the_o late_a war_n it_o be_v probable_a that_o those_o new_a accession_n will_v in_o a_o short_a time_n have_v occasion_v quarrel_n and_o animosity_n between_o the_o two_o prince_n the_o elector_n will_v questionless_a have_v be_v loath_a to_o have_v disclaim_v all_o right_a and_o title_n to_o the_o privilege_n which_o the_o city_n of_o stralsund_n now_o challenge_v in_o rugen_n and_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n his_o majesty_n of_o denmark_n will_v in_o all_o probability_n have_v be_v as_o unwilling_a to_o have_v suffer_v any_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n to_o lord_n it_o in_o his_o dominion_n it_o be_v almost_o necessary_a consider_v the_o present_a state_n of_o stralsund_n and_o the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n that_o both_o these_o place_n shall_v be_v subject_a to_o the_o same_o master_n though_o not_o impossible_a to_o make_v the_o island_n at_o least_o independent_a upon_o if_o not_o a_o terror_n to_o that_o city_n for_o since_o all_o the_o merchant_n ship_n which_o come_v from_o the_o danish_a sund_n to_o the_o city_n of_o stralsund_n be_v oblige_v to_o sail_v round_o the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n it_o will_v not_o possible_o be_v so_o expensive_a as_o profitable_a to_o build_v three_o or_o four_o good_a port-town_n in_o wittow_n jasmumd_v and_o other_o part_n of_o the_o island_n and_o thereby_o not_o only_o command_v all_o ship_n that_o sail_v this_o road_n but_o also_o divert_v the_o grand_a current_n of_o trade_n from_o stralsund_n to_o rugen_n the_o storehouse_n of_o that_o city_n but_o as_o long_o as_o the_o city_n of_o stralsund_n want_v provision_n for_o its_o inhabitant_n and_o the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n vent_n for_o its_o great_a abundance_n of_o corn_n and_o other_o commodity_n there_o seem_v to_o be_v such_o a_o mutual_a dependence_n between_o the_o two_o place_n that_o to_o subject_v they_o to_o different_a master_n manifest_o threaten_v the_o destruction_n of_o their_o common_a interest_n though_o never_o poor_a island_n have_v be_v more_o miserable_o mangle_a and_o afflict_v with_o war_n witness_n the_o civil_a war_n in_o germany_n and_o the_o late_a northern_a broil_n nobility_n nobility_n in_o both_o which_o rugen_n be_v several_a time_n take_v and_o retake_v yet_o you_o shall_v meet_v with_o a_o great_a many_o noble_a family_n that_o pretend_v to_o derive_v their_o pedigree_n from_o the_o true_a ancient_a rugii_fw-la