Contraction Circumaction such diuers sortes as we will separately shew hereafter But that you may with more facilitie gather the sense hereof that is to say what Enarthrosis vnder Diarthrosis differeth froÌ„ Enarthrosis vnder Synarthrosis for familiar exaÌ„ple sake I referre you to the beholdyng of the Articulation of Talus with the botelike bone and the 7. of the wrest with the first and second bone of the same which Articulation also we call Enarthrosis yet not vnder the kynde of Diarthrosis but Synarthrosis for asmuch as the mouyng of these bones is most obscure and hard to be iudged without diligent héed and markyng Arthrodia is a coniunctioÌ„ of bones wherof the one hath a head depressed the other a shallow or playne cauitie called Glene as before sayd aunsweryng the the head of the other so conuectiuely as it is hard to know the head from the hollow contrary then in Enarthrosis wherby it commeth to passe that the mouing is not so euident in Arthrodia as in Enarthrosis Notwithstandyng in the same Arthrodia is one mouing more euideÌ„t then an other although euery kynde of mouyng therof is scarse euideÌ„t yet that that is lesse euideÌ„t is to be altogether obscure in coÌ„parison of the more euident Wherfore the more manifest motioÌ„ in Arthrodia shal be attributed for a kynde of Diarthrosis the obscure action to Synarthrosis ExaÌ„ple of the mouyng of Arthrodia vnder the kynde Diarthrosis which as you heare hath the more manifest motion you may take by the coniunction of the ribbes with the Vertebres their Processes Who are both coÌ„stringed also dilated as to euery sensible man appeareth in breathyng But Arthrodia you shall note somwhat more manifest in the Articulation of the first Vertebre with the secoÌ„d that bone Radius with Vlna CoÌ„trary exaÌ„ples of a more obscure Arthrodia are the bones of the middle of that haÌ„d with those of the wrest In which also some mouyng after a certaine maner is to be discryed As if in bowyng you wishe to bryng the little finger thombe together you shal well discerne the bones in the middle of the haÌ„d which otherwise the haÌ„d being stretched forth straight exteÌ„ded did shew a straight figure to be Circumduced and obliquely moued Which is the motion proper to those bones Much more aptly is the obscure Arthrodia expressed by the thrée bones of Tarsus ioyned with the shiplike bone the bone Cyboides with the héele and also diuers others who although they retaine some kynde of mouyng yet very difficult to be perceiued The thyrd kynde of Articulation bath to name Gynglymos and that is a mutuall Congresse or Coarticulation of the bones whe as in either of the endes that mete perminent partes appeare as also cauities or little hollowes the whiche cauities of the one admitteth the Processes of the other and the Processes of the same bone coucheth within the cauities of the other so either of them into other making mutuall entrance This Articulation also hath motions both obscure manifest the one to Diarthrosis the other to Synarthrosis referred That which is manifest is to be looked for at the bone of the thighe metyng with the legge the cubit with the arme and others For the obscure kynde regard the knittyng of the bone Talus with the héele and of the bones of the wrest All which thynges good Reader if you diligently note you shall easily cary in mynde their manner of knitting with the partes of ioyntes and differences of Articulations And this doctrine of the ioyntes and composition of bones I doubt not after you haue once entred into the midest therof but you wil be moued to thirst in delite of often readyng the same and neuer cease till such tyme as you haue made it as perfect as the Paternoster so may you with more expedient celeritie read ouer the particuler description of bones Neither caÌ„ I iudge it tedious or superfluous to any saue such lewde practisers as I haue spoken of before in my Preface who I would not by my will should euer lose their labour to looke on it without grace of repentaunce grow on them To go forward now therfore in this our iourney or pilgrimage it followeth to speake of that kynde of coniunction of bones that is called Symphysis as wheÌ„ they are so vnited together that they haue motion neither manifest nor obscure Of these are thrée differences thus called by proper names Sutura Gomphosis Harmonia In which no man at any tyme can discerne any motion Although some heretofore haue not bene ashamed to affirme the bones of the head which are ioyned by Sutura to moue by proper motion whose iudgements sure are not unworthely derided since they will néedes affirme that whiche Nature neuer decréed But peraduenture they might thus deceiue them selues by thinkyng the bones of the fore part of the head to moue as oft as the same Musculous flesh there growyng is drawne together upward or downeward so after the same sort the bones of the nose which are ioyned by the kinde of knitting called Harmonia when it is nothyng els but the Contraction or Dilatation of the nostrels and such other partes of the nose Let it be likewise as incredible vnto you that the seames of the head can at any tyme lose to giue scope vnto the motions of the bones whiche are otherwise so fixedly compact together as without the great stroke and force of a chissell they cannot be deuided Much vnlike then to be readyly losed for euery motion And this proued it is playne that none of the differences of Symphysis are endewed with any kynde of motion But now let vs come to euery kynde by him selfe First Sutura whiche the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is a coniunction of the bones in such sorte as sheweth like vnto the shape of a seame or a mutuall Congresse of two bones toothed like vnto a sawe which layd together the téeth of eche one entreth the spaces of the other whereby they are mutually composed and one with in the substaunce of an other Some adde an exaÌ„ple of the Commissures like the nayles not for that they mutually respect one another but do occupy and stoppe the vacant places resideÌ„t betwene the nayles of the fingers Yet they séeme to approch nerer to the nature of the thyng which prefer the similitude of sawes before the likenes of nayles since those are rare to be found thesâ—… very often Of which sorte be thrée in the head And these seames which in old men are hard to be found For scarse their traces may be imitated but rather do go together after the order of appendaÌ„ces in yonger persons notwithstaÌ„dyng are very conspicuous and playne to be sene Wherof one of theÌ„ is in the fore part called 〈◊〉
to the nether is made more slender and slender Furthermore these bones outwardly are made as it were crookyng or bending inwardes but on the inside flat and rather sinuous or hollow because there ought to runne no small but round tendons which with their magnitude and rotunditie fulfill the flattenes so on that side that the fourme of the fingers neuerthelesse is left rouÌ„d whereas otherwise to great a heaped ridge should haue bene couched on that side to no lesse hinderaunce and hurtyng of the action of handlyng and apprehendyng then vnapt and incommodious for the quiet situation of those tendons which the bones beyng round could haue had no certaine seate but in the extension and stâ—…rring of the fingers to slippe on this side On the outside of the fingers it is otherwise for their subtill tendons are produced after the maner of Membrans so that that part be round they hinder not for the more elegancie of the fingers fourme Likewise in the inner region of the singers on eche side are certaine lines carried after their longitude whence the LigameÌ„tes which complect and hold those tendons in their places sirmely haue their originall To speake of their maner of knittyng and composition some receiue onely other again both receiue and are receiued although Galen saith the head of the first bone euer entreth she cauitie of the other following for the first bones of the fingers are ioyned aboue with the Postbrachiall bones per Enarthrosim because their heades beyng situated and incrusted with a Cartilage do admit into them the round head of the Postbrachiall bones which is Enarthrosis Articulation being in this place right requisite that fingers might haue frée scope to all sides and turnes though Vesalius denyed them their circular motion or round turnyng as ColluÌ„bus noteth In the inferiour part of these bones are prominent two heades betwene which one angular or cornered cauitie is engrauen into the which entreth the middle portion of the head of the bone followyng beyng for the purpose lightly proturbered or swelled forth and those heades agayne are likewise inserted to the cauities exculped on either side in the other Whereby it is manifest that these ioyntes both receiue and also are receiued the which maner of Articulation is called Ginglymon and that is to be obserued in the other ioyntes also But betwene them all are interiected Cartilages to make their â—…ttyng easie neitheir not their actions prompt Appendances are not wantyng whiche at eche end are wont to gard them except the extreme endes of the last bones whiche néedyng no articulatioÌ„ neither are Appendances to theÌ„ acceptable for there the fingers are notably munited with nayles which here we omit to speake of but are not forgotten among the Cartilages THus if we wel perpend the construction and composition of the partes and bones of the hand our senses shall soone conceiue the maner of the action with no lesse admiration in beholdyng the handy worke of the incomprehensible Creator who not one mite or portioÌ„ of a part hath sited any where that serueth for no end or vtilitie to the body for how fit to appreheÌ„d are the handes and how prompt to moue are the fingers who is it that knoweth not whiche made Aristotle call them instruments or organs before all organs or instrumentes and they are prest necessary and exquisite wherefore sayth Galen in his first De vsu partium as they might not be created without bones neither had it bene requisite for theÌ„ to haue bene made of one bone but to euery one iij. knit together by ioyntes thereby to become prompt to euery actioÌ„ For often we néede not to extend or to reflect and bowe all at once but sometyme the first onely or second or thyrd ioynte sometyme the first together with the second or the second and the thyrd els the thyrd with the first extendyng or bowyng by the which Galen expresseth the v. generall differences of the figures in apprehendyng or holdyng but the particulars which are brought to passe as occasion is offred either more or lesse he accompteth innumerable so sayth he if the hand had not bene dâ—…uided it had also behoued eche thyng we should handle to be of equall bignes but now being in deede deuided into many partes we are no lesse able to apprehend with facilitie greater thynges then ready nimble to touch ech litle substaunce Nature therfore as Galen in the place before cited sayth finely framed fine fingers in either hand so that as nothyng might be wanting neither should any thyng be to much For thinke not that rashly nature created one finger loÌ„ger theÌ„ an other since thereby they obtaine this notable propertie that although when they be at libertie extended some surmount their mates clearely in length yet that is wonne agayne when we comprehend any thyng within the compasse of of them or hold any liquid substaunce within the palme of the hand for then you will confesse this inequalitie of the fingers to present a most manifest vtilitie and decent kynde of fourme Finally this his saying is also worthy to be noted As man of all other creatures is the most sapient wise so also hath he handes the most conuenient instrumentes to a sapient Creature yet not in that he hath hands therfore he is the wisest but because he is wisest therfore he hath handes for not handes but reason instructeth man in Artes. So likewise the handes are the instrumentes of Artes and thus much of the fingers the last part of the haÌ„d THe next that followeth in order to intreate of after the partes whiche we haue already gone through is that bone which is committed and ioyned to the transuerse Processes of Os sacrum In persons of full grouth and ripe yeares although it séeme one bone yet is it estéemed of as if it were iij. and the reason is because in children and youthfull yeares it is by a Cartilage intersected with iij. lynes therfore also it is deuided by Anathomistes into iij. partes chusing iij. diuers names for the supreme part therof beyng the broadest of the rest and committed to Os sacrum is called Ilium os an other part is that which beyng not so broad as the superiour is thorowed on ech side with a large ample hole and is called Os pubis then the middle part which is streter and thicker outwardly engrauen with a déepe large caue is called Coxendicis os These bones are ij in number that is to say on either side one which although they be ioyned to Os sacrum yet their proportion séemeth to aunswere no lesse vse then the scaple bone vnto the shoulder for these after the same rate receiue the thighe as those do the shoulder and also the originall and diuers insertioÌ„s of Muscles But as before we haue sayd they beyng ioyned to
last bones of Tarsus that their cauities in the sides where they ioyne are most obscure lest euident of all others coÌ„mitted therfore together by Glene or at least they may séeme so but a litle after wardes ColluÌ„bus most propperly describeth that same end of the first Postbrachiall to haue a double cauitie and consequeÌ„tly the fift bone a double tubercle For els it were a iest to affirme one cauitie to be vnto an other cauitie coÌ„mitted or coÌ„trariwise The vpper part of this bone is very narrow and desceÌ„deth after the inside which is broadest And this part is after a sort Gibbous by reason of that cauitie that is to be discerned in the outer region therof whilest the inside in the vpper part of it falleth to the side of the vj. bone with a small kynde of cauitie yet the inferiour part of this bone is more thicke that more firmely it might set to the ground The vj. bone is iiij squared if we marke the vpper face therof whiche as it is playne so proffering iiij corners But the inferiour part therof is most narrow and as it were edged very propperly compared to a wedge and so the vij bone which is next to it But the Anteriour part of this vj. bone with the boatelike bone the hinder part lightly prominent with the second of the bones compared to the Postbrachiall the inside with the outer of the v. the outer side with the inside of the vij is ioyned whiche partes neither are they frustrate of the Cartilaginous crustes The vij is in the middest betwene the vj. and iiij called Cyboides this séemeth also iiij squared but with a head somwhat loÌ„ger then the vj. The fore part resteth vpon the boatelike bone whose shallow sinuated side admitteth the small tubercle that this sheweth forth but the hinder part of it admitteth the iij. Postbrachiall bone the sides are attingent to the sides of the vj. and iiij bones Netherto of the bones of Tarsus which are in number vij constitutyng the halfe leÌ„gth of the foote accomptyng from the extreme poynt of the héele and so forward all which space may be accompted the Brachiall or wrest bones to the bones susteinyng the toes aunswerable to the Postbrachiall bones of the hand As touchyng their substauÌ„ce although they be hard yet not altogether Solid but yeldyng way for nourishment as behoueth such bones NOw follow the Bones aunswerable to the Backe of the hand heretofore mentioned beyng the second part of the foote called of the Latins Planta or Uestigium as it were the footesteppe hold or chief gard of the pace consisting of siue Bones long and round imitatyng the ioyntes of the fingers the greatnes of whose extreme heades leaueth the middle partes much more light and slender For their begynnynges are grosse and sinuated where they are compounded with the iiij last Bones of Tarsus in manner as before is declared But where they méete with the first ioyntes of the Toes they swell forth in rounded heades like as the Postbrachiall bones of the hand where they are set to the fingers The greatest of these in thicknes is the first although in leÌ„gth it giueth place to the rest that is of all the other it is shortest and of all others therewith the thickest the inferiour part wherof which is vnder the Anteriour head puttâ—…h forth a tubercle wherewith it separatech the ij Sesamine Ossicles there resident whereto is inserted the seueÌ„th Muscle mouyng the foote And the posteriour part also is beneth prominent whiche in mouyng the great Toe comparable to the thombe runneth into the diuision of the two Sesamine Bones whereof we speake more anone Euen so the last bone susteinyng the litle toe where it is coupled with Cyboides hath a notable Processe goyng forth on the outside of the soote whiche augmentyng so the length of the same bone maketh it comparable to the longest which els had bene that bone that susteineth the secoÌ„d toe of the foote that is that next the great toe The which Processe lest it might be thought to serue for no other purpose note that to it is inserted the tendon of the viij Muscle of the foote as more at large in the history of Muscles is declared Briefly all these bones in their fore partes are vnited to the bones of Tarsus as also mutually inherent one with an other but further in their progresse they are a sunder by litle and litle deuided becommyng more slender for the constitutyng of sufficient spaces betwene them for the méete lodgyng of the Muscles seruyng to bowe the first ioyntes of the Toes accordyngly as I also touched in the description of the Postbrachiall bones of the hand Appendances are appertinent both to their Anteriour and posteriour partes Gristelly couered but in their posteriour partes the heades of these Bones are sourmed rouÌ„d which are committed accordyngly to the déepe cauities of the first ioyntes of the toes Hollow are these within and replenished with marcy neither haue they not litle hâ—…les by which both surcles of Veynes Arteries with nourishment make entraunce The thyrd part of the foote the Toes represeÌ„tyng fingers do supply followyng the Postbrachiall bones The nuÌ„ber of them is xiiij in euery toe iij. except the great toe or thombe whiche hath onely two as is also in the hand to be obserued For that which should be the first ioynt of the great toe like as Galen in the Postbrachiall Bones of the hand accompteth that to be the first ioynt of the thombe which Collumbus contrarily affirmeth the first bone of Postbrachiale is reckned amongest the bones of the Planta last spoken of that with greater perspicuitie then in the hand whose motion there is manifest but here as obscure as the rest of that accompt And euen as the nuÌ„ber of the bones of the toes in the foote are agreable to those of the hand so likewise they are litle different in substaunce construction and situation saue that in the foote the Anteriour partes of the first ioyntes haue déeper concauities for the couchyng in of the greater swelled heades of the bones of the Plante which kynde of Articulation is called Enarthrosis but euery of their mutuall ArticulatioÌ„s Ginglymon The space betwene the knots of the ioyntes in the foote are shorter then in the hand and round bounched aboue but beneth hollow and sinâ—…s for the safe admittaunce of the tendons of Muscles seruyng to howe the second and thyrd ioynts of the toes As for AppendaÌ„ces euery of their heades tast of their benefite with the slippery clothyng of Cartilages for Articulation and motion sake erceptyng the extremities of the toes where is neither Appendance nor Cartilaginous crust to be inuented for that to no other Bones they are coarticulated and knit Their substauÌ„ce inwardly is endewed with
fit cauities for the conseruation of Ossie nourishment wherewith they are filled THus is finished the last parte of the foote but before I altogether cease to speake of bones accordyng as I haue heretofore promised the small Ossicles or Sesamine bones shall occupy a litle space of tyme least peraduenture they be déemed forgotten which crime in this discourse I would not be accused of Under the ioyntes therforâ—… of the fingers aswell of the handes as féete are litle round bones which although they were created of nature to fulfill the voyde places left to those ioyntes where they growe yet serue they to other farre greater vses beyng no otherwise as propugnacles to the ioyntes then the rotule of the knee for the defence of that region not a litle also strengthnyng the ioyntes to the apprehendyng and holdyng of any thyng and in the foote to the equall passing one the grouÌ„d So also that the ioynt in bowing should not yeld too sharpe a corner they are in substaunce almost Solid yet within replete with pores to conserue the â—…yce of medullous nutriment They are called Sesamina Ossicula for their litlenes and likenes to the Sesamine séede these make sometyme the first ioyntes of the toes being lurated hard to be rightly restòred but by a skilful Artist who knoweth the reason of such difficultie The number of them is not certaine somtyme x. sometyme xv and in some xx but in aged persons more great notable Inough differeÌ„t also are those ij reposed vnder the first bone of ' Planta where it is Articulated vnto the first ioynte of the great toe where they cleaue and are much greater then all others yet the inner of these excéedeth the other in largenes Which the followers of hiddeÌ„ and Philosophicall misteries haue affirmed subiect to no corruption feinyng that it is kept in the earth vntill the day of resurrection when as a séede it shall spryng and renew the body agayne So that I perceiue the godly Martyrs whose bodyes for the professsion of Christ haue bene burnt to death shall neuer rise agayne for well I am assured that what séede soeuer is once confounded by the force of that element the same shall no where after be found to take roote which doctrine together with the Doctours is to be shunned and detested of all true beleuers of Christ his death and resurrection But here of the description of the Bodies frame worke the glasse is runne and other partes require to be spoken of ⧠An end of the Historie of Bones The Sceleton of the Backe ⧠The second Booke of the Historie Man discoursing the Cartilages A Cartilage is a Substaunce meane betwixt the bone and the Ligament 〈◊〉 so much the more softer then the Bone by how much agayne it is harder theÌ„ the Ligament In whitenes it 〈◊〉 with them both and of sense wholy bestitute for so it was requisite whether they be placed in the office of susteinyng enclosing or serue in steade of propugnacles els prcueÌ„t the wearing of bones by mouyng or make that they cleaue together more firmely or augment concauitie or yeld to eche action more facilitie And so hath Nature disposed their substaunetall propertie as by yeldyng eche where with their sustenes they may not be broken in that they resiste not as the bones neither do they slippe away by any force or be extended by Attraction as doe the Ligamentes for the most part but alway returning to them selues are not sâ—…e displaced nor easely chauÌ„ged in forme But because I purpose to speake of them more particularly as tofore I haue trauelled in the bones it should sâ—…me supersluous to speake more of their properties sithens to what end they were created eche one shall declare it selfe WHerfore to begyn with the first it should sâ—…me most worthy that the Cartilages of the eye lyddes be no loÌ„ger deferred which are in number as many as the very lyddes of the eyes that is two to either eye one aboue which in meÌ„ and such creatures as onely moue the vpper lyddes are greater then the neither but in others as byrdes the nether excâ—…de the vppermost in quantitie These Cartilages are situated to the extreme borders of the eye lyddes clothed within with a Membran and without with skinne Their situation thus in the extremities for great coÌ„sideration was ordeyned of Nature For more straitly by them are the eyes hable to winck and close together proferyng them selues likewise as propugnacles to the eyes by the susteinyng of heares vnto them Which by their meanes are stifly supported not slackyngly or losely borne also one lineally distant from an other and forwardes tendyng lightly preuentyng euery iniurie offred by dust or ech flyeng litle creature As also that for the more firme mouyng of the eye lyddes the Muscles might be to them inserted these Cartilages are there iustly reposed NCrt to these are those two constitutyng either eare so annexed to the hole of hearyng to dilate and kâ—…pe open the same continually to the perpetuall promptitude of hearyng ech sound and voyce These Cartilages are made more thicke abâ—…ue and cheifly neare the hole whence they haue their beginning are more hard then bycause of their vicinitie which the temporall bone Further about the auditory passage is this bone made rough for the generation of Cartilaginous matter which is to that place affixed so that by no waight it may slippe down or otherwise be drawen vpward Both within without they are endewed with hollow and also Gibbous places the prominent partes outward being respondent to the hollow cauities inward Agayne they are aboue round beneath prolonged with a litle lappe or as we may terme it a fleshy Appendance which although it depeÌ„d vpoÌ„ the borders of these Cartilages yet is it altogether â—…yde of Cartilaginous matter neither standeth it in nâ—…de therof since it onely dependeth that is is susteined but susteineth not for the partes that most susteine are most stroÌ„g To whoÌ„ should it sâ—…me doubtfull to iudge why the eares were not formed for stifues rather of the substaunce of Bones then Gristles â—…then that substaunce beyng made subtile and thin should easely haue broken or thicke massiue or Solid to haue combred the head with the ponderous waight therof Therfore of best right their substauÌ„ce was light and Cartilaginous to be lesse endammaged by outward force And more for comelynes then for defence sake they are closely enwrapped with a skinne which is excepting the borders hard and tough ALso the extreme portioÌ„ of the nose is made Cartilaginous by the great prouideÌ„ce of nature both to be shut wherby to restraine forbid the ascense of euill sauours as also agayne to open be dilated for the attractioÌ„ of breath ayre Furthermore this reason of the substance of the nostrels was expedieÌ„t
that thing that is accordyng to Nature as the scoape whereto we ought to cleaue we must study to conserue and know The Bones therefore by very right we call the foundation of the body since they not onely make firme the partes but also sustayne and support the body Then that we in this our first enterprise intreate of Bones it neither séemeth voyde of much authorized maintenaunce neither yet frustrate of the splendant sparke of reason which shall light ech mans iudgement into the right conducted way of truth These therefore are the wordes of Vesalius All the partes of mans body are either Similar or Simple with sence as are Ligamentes Fibres Membrans Flesh and Fatte or els Dissimilar or Instrumentall as the Veine Artery Sinew Muscle Finger and other Organs of the whole body which are made so much the more instrumentall by how much the greater store of Similar partes with the instrumentall are compounded As for example the handes head c. The Bones are of all the partes of the body most hard dry of earthy substance cold voyde of sence the teeth onely excepted But here you must vnderstand that they are not accouÌ„ted voyde of féeling because they are most of y terrestriall element but because no portioÌ„ of sinewes which are the immediate organs of sence is in their substaunce disseminated Neither was it the mighty pleasure of God whom we call Nature nor any parcell of his decrée that the substaunce of the bones at all should be made sensible as any reasonable man must of force confesse if he note but how the whole mole and pack of members are sustayned by them who with their many motions do carry and recarry all the other parts of the body with them which argueth that if they were as some say delighted with the perfection of féelyng then the moitiue vertue of the members would by excéedyng payne be taken away or els at least frustrate Wherefore it is odious to heare them that blushe not obstinately to affirme that in bones is conteyned a singular sharpnes of sence when as neither reason can rule them nor experience satisfie them For belike they will either proue that the Bones are the originall of Nerues and so consequently of the brayne or els that the Bones are produced and made of the matter of the brayne and so to be sensible as the Nerues whiche are the organs of sence as shal sufficiently be declared vnto you in their proper description But yet further to confute their vnshamefastnesse the good Artiste who in his lyfe tyme dayes of experience * either scaleth cantrizeth or seperateth Bones is able to testifie aboundantly that after he passeth in his operation Periosteon the party is no longer vexed with such payne as appertayneth to the sensible partes This 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for so it is termed of the Gréekes the * Latines haue not knowen it is a certaine Membrane that enwrappeth cloatheth the bones by the benefite of which Membrane and not of their owne proper Nature the Bones are supposed to féele although in déed they doe nothing lesse for that once * abraced or taken of froÌ„ the bone neither can they by sence afterward discerne whether you cut burne deuide or otherwise at your pleasure handle theÌ„ Wher fore it is a shame if we otherwise affirme but with Gal. Vesal and Col. conclude that Bones of their own proper Nature are altogether destitute of sence except as I sayd before the téeth onely which are approued sensible as experience oâ—… Scholemaistres teacheth vs. Now as touchyng the proper differences of Bones * this is the first that they differ not only in names when as euery one chalenge to themselues proper names but also in magnitude some beyng * small and others greater Agayne in fourme as some long some short diuers triangled others quadrangled * c. Or otherwise accordyng to the figure as smooth or rough defended with processes or hauyng appendances some distinguished by commissures others also otherwise Moreouer they are distinguished by their vses Since to one onely function or common office all were not ordayned which argueth also the great diuersitie of their fashions fourmed shapes For some are playnly hollow neither alike but some of them with more large scope others also straiter yet not prouing the bone either larger or lesser therby when as * some beyng great haue â—…o manifest hollownesse in them as for example The bones committed to os Sacrum os Sacrum it selfe the Scapple bones others named in their places Some agayne are * small but much hollow as the bones of the fingers coÌ„trary to Galene as we will proue in their propper place Andraeas Uesalius also supposed that neither the bones of the nose and * Sesaminae neither the little Ossicles that constitute the organ of hearyng should be otherwise then made of massiue Soliditie 〈◊〉 Which notwithstanding Collumbus doubteth not to denye for proofe wherof sayth he breake one of them either gréene or dryed and you shall finde the substance therof spongie not vnlike a thicke Pummie stone And these bones also although they séeme so Solid shew in the outward partes of themselues certaine holes some greater and others lesse as is to be sene in the Brachiall téeth and many other bones of the fingers which the Diuine creator hath commauÌ„ded to be Perforated Therfore euideÌ„t ynough those holes are not in vayne they giuyng place to the veines and bloud for nourishment as also to the Arteries for their vitall heate whereas such as haue no holes to admit within them either veines or Arteries such we say are nourished and fed by the partes adiacent Now forasmuch as in this our narratioÌ„ of bones diuers straunge names such as to the simpler sorte are altogether vnknowen be here there scattered It shal be very conuenient before hand briefly to table out an expositioÌ„ of them That thereby the reading of such in their places being now first cracked and shaled â—…rom their obscure Huskes may be more perspicuous and pleasaunt to your contemplation which otherwise would be loadsom and tedious And first to begin we will say what is vnderstood by this word Appendance which the Gréekes call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It is nothyng els saue a bone springyng to a bone or rather an addition or coagmentation of some bone obteinyng a peculiar circumscription yet not beyng a trew portion of that bone whereto it is committed In yong creatures therfore it is easely discerned but in older and greater more hardly for triall wherof if you boile the bones of a kid or lambe or veale you shall easely see certaine portions endes of them to deuide either by them selues or els with small constreinte And those Particles so annexed to the bones are called
Appendances which contrary to the mynde of Galen we must needes affirme to be softer then the bones them selues since we delite ofâ—… tymes with our téeth to plucke the Appendances of small Bones to chewe of them in our mouthes for the pleasaunt iuyce that often they retaine Which contrariwise we cannot do to the bone Neither are they lightly to be losed or deuided from the bones by euery motion for that nature hath so well prouided for the turnyng of the ioyntes with such softe and slipperie Cartilages as therby in the motion of the bones no occasion can be giuen by any straigne to iniurie them The vse and chief commoditie of them is excellently recited of Collumbus or rather inuented and so as no man hath fully hitherto iudged although the thyng be worthy knowyng and excéedyng necessary And one thyng among many others hâ—… testifieth that nature hath made nothyâ—…g in vayne but euery part to good purpose and seruyng to some vse Realdus I say therfore sound that Appendances were in that order to the bones annexed to the end that from the place of their coniunction Ligamentes might be produced and made to streÌ„gthen hold and stablish firmely the composition and knittyng of the ioyntes as you sée the toppe of the thighe with the bone of the hippe and the neither part of it with the bone of the legge Likewise the bone of the shoulder with the scaple bone and that which in like sort is tyed to Radius and Vlua As for those bones that haue no Appendances how they are vnited I referre you to the History of Ligamentes to sinde And not onely where the ioynts are do these Ligamentes spryng but where no CoarticulatioÌ„ is made also as in Ilium the Scaple bones some processes of the Vertebres Thence also procéede Ligamentes necessarily chauncyng to that sramyng of the good constitution of Muscles as in their proper place is to be sought Whereby it commeth that from thence very many Muscles haue their begynnings whence also Ligamentall Cartilages procéede for so we thinke it good to call them that to strengtheÌ„ the Muscles are amongest them disseminated endyng also at their Tendans Now agayne it is manifest that Galen for all his industrious search fayled to finde the truth in affirmyng these Appendances to be added to the bones for the conseruation of the marey with in them included but then sayth Vesal How hapneth it that other bones in whiche are no cauities so notably allotted to the reteinyng of marey should notwithstanding also haue proper AppendaÌ„ces euen as those that are greatly hollowed As for example the scapple bones the Vertebres other small bones which not beyng much medullous are neuerthelesse not of Appendances destitute But pretermittyng this conuict assertion of Galen it is sufficient that the truth is touched by the aforesayd reasons of Col. prouyng how LigameÌ„tes by Appendances are most engendred and consequently the two proper gifs giuen vnto Ligamentes Which whilest they are so necessary as we haue proued that the generation of Appendances be very vtile and profitable who caÌ„ inuent to deny since their vses Sublated but a fewe places can you finde whence Ligamentes should sittly proceede And thus much you haue to vnderstand as oft as you read of Appendances in what bone or part so euer it be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which the Latin interpretours call Processus is thus wheÌ„ a bone in any part stretcheth forth his substance in excreasing maner aâ—… a knot swellyng out from the stocke of a frée or as some Gibbous Tumor excéedyng the height of the naturall places nere vnto it so such places of bones as are apparantly to be discerned to excéede other partes are rightly called Processes sufficiently differing from the Appendances for these are right parcels and true partes of the bones them selues whereto they are fastened Also Appendances them selues haue Processes As the bone of the cubite called Vlna and the inferior part of Tibia as also other bones diuers as will appeare to you plenteously hereafter Agayn to some processes AppendaÌ„ces cleaue for the interior processe of the Scapple bone that is like the fashion of an anker and the ridge of the Scapple bone which in like manner is a processe therof haue Appendances but note that the processes of the thighe called Trochanteres or Rotatores are more iustly to be termed Appendances then thynges with Appendances munited For all that part that swelleth forth whiche therfore they call Processes holdeth the place of an Appendance so that the Processe and Appendance there is all one thyng Yet Vesalius made a difference betwene them but when as by takyng away the Appendances the Processes also are gone we must Iudge saith Columbus them in that place all one and the Processe the Appendance the same thyng one that the other is Furthermore the Processe and Appendance differ thus For it is a very small bone out of which appeareth no Processe neither may it be possible almost to finde such one as excéedeth in no place but there are many bones destitute of Appendances as those of the head of the vpper iawe of the wreste and such other Neither do the Processes not differ in them selues chusing ech one a sundry shape for some of them are small and like the fashion of a sharpe bookin wherfore the Grecians call such Processes Styloides Others also beyng sharpe but not so slender as the knagge of a hartes horne that is to say thicke and pointyng such as are to be found in the neither iawe Galena calleth such Corona Processus But besides there are some that represent the similitude of an anker as the interior Processes of the shoulder blades called Anchiroides Others end or leaue at a head and that two maner of wayes for some haue that head depressed as the bones of the middle of the hand where they ioyne to the wrest and of the insteppe meting with the Bones of Tarsus and Fibula the neither part of tibia certaine Processes haue their heades longe and prominent as the vpper head of the thighe where it is knit with the Bone of the hippe Others hauyng round heades as of the shoulder and shoulder blade likewise the bones in the middle of the hand ioyning to the first ioyntes of the fingers And of such Processes as haue long heades we call the slender part therof from the body of the bone vnto the head of the Processe a necke forasmuch as that space is like vnto the necke as it shal be playne vnto you in beholdyng the necke and head of the vpper part of the thighe where it maketh entrance into the hippe For this cause therefore are the heades of the Processes made that by touchyng with in the cauities of other bones adiacent they may the
better Coarticulate and ioyne together 〈◊〉 is to be noted here that as the fashion of the heades of the Processes are diuetâ—…fied accordyng to the places so the hollowes that receiue them must of necessitie also be diuers and different euer answerable to their proportioÌ„s A déepe hole or cauitie therfore you shall call after the Latins Acetabulum after the Gréekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 our English phrase offreth no proper terme for it vnlesse we shall call it a caue case or cuppe in respect of that which into the hollowes therof it admitteth But the playne and obscure is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whose cauitie is so shallow as at first sight can scantly be discerned Notwithstandyng there are certaine Circular Processes which augmeÌ„t the profundities of such Celes as are largely excaued which beyng placed in the vpper part of them are called Labra or Supercilia as it were the lippes or browes or as we may terme them the brinkes to those caues These concauities are also encreased by the Gristles in some of them growyng as appeareth in the caue of the Scapple bone where it agréeth with the shoulder and in the Articulation of the hippe with the thighe and those Processes and Cartilages are they whiche make the more difficultie in Luxation Further not onely in figure but also in number these Processes are diuers and disagréeyng some Bones beyng endewed with very fewe and others agayne with many as shall better appeare in their particular descriptions But now since Nature as we haue sayd made nothyng in vayne but all to good purpose and as we may say néedfully forecasted let vs sée to what end and purpose were these Processes ordeined You shall note therfore that not for the commodious Articulation of Bones onely but because from them also as the springs from mountaines so the Muscles are either from them produced or to them implanted hauyng the offices also of Propugnacles or resistant defences Such as are of the shoulder blades and the Processes of the Vertebres 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or basis are certaine corners after the order of a firmament or ground beyond the which and naturall vse of the member the bone may not be suffered to moue as appereth by the Cauities of the arme that is the Anterior corner admitting the first Processe of the Cubitte at what tyme it is extremely bowed and the Posterior Processe of the Cubitte that coucheth in the hinder corner when Extension is made neither can any of the Processes passe further in their Celles then the vtmost seat to them by nature limited Thus frendly Reader thou shalt finde it expedient before thou enter further among the description of Bones exactly to learne and to haue in mynde as the Prouerbe is at fingers end those fewe decyffered names which the auÌ„ncient Anathomistes haue giuen accordyng as it séemed best to their learned opinions and that either for the fourme situation or properties of the partes Which although we haue so farre accomplished yet stay a while for before I enter fully and directly to speake of euery particular Bone in the body you shall commit vnto your memory a word or two of the maner how mans body is construed and combinated as touchyng the frame and Coarticulation of bones as also of the straunge aud diffused names wherewith their kindes of knittynges in eche respect are nominated First therfore we must consider how vnprofitable vnto man it had bene if the frame of his bones had bene continuall whole or Solide so consequently his motion no otherwise then a brassen or stony Image Wheras now to an infinite number of Artes that néed innumerable actions man by natures prouident worke in the construction of his frame obtaineth accordingly the passyng perfection of mouyng sitte for euery one Then so it were requisite that the composition of the bones should neither be dissolute and vnioyned nor yet altogether whole and continuall but so made that by the fitte Coarticulation and knitting together by propper ioynts they might as well bowe and extend as also remaine one dependyng on an other and together supportyng And notwithstandyng the needfulnes of such Insoliditie it is otherwise as requisite that the Bones were not continuall but rather by proper meanes vnited and that is for TranspiratioÌ„ sake as in vnityng the Bones of the head by Sutures and agayne for the diuersitie of the partes as where the more hard are committed to the more soft Sithens then Nature as we say in construing and compoundyng the bones of mans body hath not done it after one absolute reason or maner which euery man might easily comprehend but so diuerâ—…y as séemeth sufficient tedious for the wiseâ—… I will let you heare the opinions of the best learned and famous Anathomistes with the meanyng of the straunge names wherewith they haue entituled the diuers compositions First therfore vnderstand that a ioynte called of the Gréekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is a composition of bones that is so ordained for some kinde of motioÌ„ Hipocrates estéemed simply the rouÌ„d part of that bone that entred into the hollow of another to be Articulus so called it Neuertheles we giue that name to cuery naturall coÌ„position of bones that is made for motion sake whether the same be euident as possesseth the bone of the thighe Articulated to the hippe and the head aboue the necke whose mouyng therfore is manifest or els obscure as haue the bones of the middle of the haÌ„d to set the bones of the wrest and the bone of the heele to that vnder the ancle called Talus with other bones also of the like sort whose motions are obscure as shal be more at large other where In respect of two kyndes of motions two differences also of knittynges are appoynted the one which no man may deny to be euident called Diathrosis and the other whose motion is hard to be discerned named Synarthrosis And both are publikly deuided agayne in tripple wise that is eche of them hauyng thrée differences and yet to both but thrée named onely differeÌ„t in their kyndes as Enarthrosis Arthrodia and Gynglyman Which thrée serue aswell vnder Diarthrosis as Synarthrosis recordyng that the motion of Diarthrosis is manifest but Synarthrosis obscure And this is called Enarthrosis with a déepe and profouÌ„d caue or case which we haue called Acetabulum receiuyng the long and rouÌ„d head of the bone that it ioyneth with all as in the hippe with the thighe the shoulder with the Scapple bone the middle of the hand and instep with the first bones of the fingers toes c. These examples do explicate the maner of Enarthrosis Articulation vnder the name of Diarthrosis So that in these sortes consist not onely manifest motion but also all kynde of motions and turnings as Extension
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an other in the hinder part named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the third is straight in the middest of the top in like sort of the Grecians called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as we should say Sagittalis wherof in the proper place hereafter we will speake at large And besides these we must néedes confesse moe Sutures to be in the head if so be you will accompt the scalie Bones of the teÌ„ples to be fastened by seames which to be found very like in some scalpes I deny not in déed that is to say tothed like a sawe as we sayd euen now yet for all that it is but so in few those also lyeng aloft of the other wherefore doubtlesse the true vntoÌ„ of such Bones is rather to be attributed to that kynde of Symphysis called Harmonia then Sutura For by Harmonia is vnderstaÌ„ded that kynde of structure in the Bones made by a simple méetyng that is to say where neither swellyngs out nor any cauitie neither roughnes at all sometyme is found Diuers auncient writers haue comprehended this kynde Harmonia often vnder the name of Sutura as when broken Bones ioyne mutually agayne by Harmonia and Sutura and neither way simply but some where concurryng euen in other places ronged being therfore a mixed vâ—…ioÌ„ participating aswel with Harmonia as Sutura Therfore not onely to beare the name of one of theÌ„ For a simple line and Harmonicall meting haue the Bones of the nose and such also is that which constituteth the Palate or to say more truly deuideth it long wise in the middest Of this sort likewise are all the Commissures of the vpper iawe whose Bones haue onely lineall distinctions The third of Symphysis differences is called Gomphosis albeit that vesal. deuideth them otherwise and this kynde of vnitioÌ„ is wheÌ„ one bone with in another is infired as a nayle into wood or other thyng which beyng pulled out the place after is left vacant and empty euen so the teth haue in the iawes the propper celles whence they may be drawen wheÌ„ occasion is offred But besides the fastenyng that they haue in the iawes in dryed bodies in creatures yet liuyng they are also clothed aptly with flesh about their rootes and contract and filled on eche side with gowines which flesh is made so callons and indurated as that the téeth thereby are not a little dâ—…lited and bowâ—…stred and the tooth beyng drawen out it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the hole therof so hardnyng as that it is seruiceable in stead of the tooth But in dead bodies where this flesh is dryed and consumed or otherwise taken away the â—…th may with small labour be pulled forth So that it is most certaine all bones by the benefite of one thing or other to be coupled together though among them selues diuers And besides all these kyndes of Articulations rehearsed we haue yet agayne to affirme the coniunction of Bones among them selues to be by thrée kindes of meanes For either a Cartilage goeth betwene and this vnion the Grecians call Synchondrosin as els by the helpe of a Nerue or Ligament they are conioyned and that they call Synneurosis betwene the whiche that is to say the Nerue and Ligament in déede old writers could discerne no differences albeit we shall call it more rightly a Ligament which the Gréekes nominate Syndesmos therfore this knittyng after that rate Syndesmosis Either els the vnion is made by the apposition of fleshe therfore by the Gréeke name Syssaroosis But that kynde of copulation called Synchondrosis is to be noted by the bones of the brest and Pubis the Vertebres themselues and partes constitutyng Os Sacrum as also those with Os Sacrum committed so are Appendances ioyned to their bones by a Cartilage Examples of Synneuâ—…sis are all those bones in which are Ligamentes to be discerned passing forth from that part whereas the Appendances are fastened to the bones for with such Ligamentes those bones and ioyntes are clothed and colligated There are also certaine strong Ligamentes springing after a certaine maner in the middle of the heades of some bones whereby they are together more strongly holden as playnly appeareth in the Articulation of the thighe with the hippe and agayn betwene the legge and the thighe neither other where to be found vnlesse with these you number that Ligament wherewith the tooth of the second Vertebre of the necke is knitte to the hinder part of the head You shall not dread to finde the examples of Syssarcosis very playne in the fleshy firmiâ—…ieng of the téeth in their Celles by the goumes which flesh from them remoued they become not onely presently lose but also not long enioying their places These are the true diuisions of the composition of Bones which since I haue with competent breuitie touched I will not any longer stand in admiration of Carolus Stephanus Who either rightly knew them not or els doubtyng for feare of reprehension gaue place â—…nto others since that noble Galen who verifieth this saying Non omnia possumus omnes was not a little deceiued in ascribyng to Synarthrosis these differences Sutura Gomphosis and Harmonia with other like poyntes whereat notwithstandyng no man ought to grudge if such a one as rectified the the whole Arte of Medicine should in some poyntes shew a little imbecilitie But now to our purpose it is tyme we approche to the singular description of Bones which this well noted that we haue hitherto sayd you shall in readyng far more easilie vnderstand But first if in the reason and names of the compo sition of bones hetherto so copiously handled you be not sufficiently instructed or fully satisfied it shall not be amisse that now and then you helpe your selfe with this Table followyng The Bones of mans body are compounded together By Toynt which is a composition of Bones with mouyng wherof be two differences Diarthrosis Which is a knittyng together of bones to some manifest mouyng and is deuided into Enarthrosis Arthrodia Ginglymon Enarthrosis is where a rounde or long head is inserted with in some cauitie answerable to it as is the Articulation of the thighe with the hip y shoulder with Sapula the first ioyntes of the fingers with y bones of the backe of the hand Arthrodia is where a place beyng lightly hollow that in the enter part admitteth a litle ex pressed head as the first Vertebre with y second radius cum cubito Ginglymos is that where in the Bones doe enter mutually one into an other that is both receiue and are receiued as the cubite with the shoulder bone y thighe with the legge and the second and third ioynteâ—… of the fingers Synarthrosis Which is a CoarticulatioÌ„ with obscure mouing beyng deuided into the same Species or parts as Diarthrosis is Videl Enarthrosis Arthrodia Ginglymon In that onely they differ among
be sayd Moreouer the sides of this bone where it beholdeth the hollowes of the temples haue two partes inwardly hollow but outwardly conuexed or imbossed Finally in the outward part of this bone at the fouÌ„dation of the scull where the téeth called Grinders are fastened are foure Processes that is to say on eche side two spreadyng like vnto the winges of Battes called therfore by the Grekish name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In the middest of these processes is a déepe cauitie wheÌ„ce arise the Muscles that serue to shut the mouth The eight bone of the head is placed about the middle of the foundation of Os front is seiungated from the Cuneale bone in the inner seat of the scull by the vij Suture but outwardly endyng at the second and thyrd bone of the vpper iawe And besides the hedge or diuision of the nostrels that it maketh it stretcheth no lesse to the constitution of the seate of the smellyng Organs for the which cause of smellyng it is diuersly distinct with many little holes and of his owne substaunce thinne Wherfore it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the liknes of the thyng beyng a Searse that it aptly representeth by vertue of the which since we naturally re ceiue the Facultie of smelling we must gather thus the ground of our argumeÌ„t that a man loseth the same or at lest hath it dully labouring in continuall destillations of the head and Coriza For thereby these holes are stopped and the spirites deteyned so that the sauour of nothyng can be conueyed in or at lestwise sensibly discerned and iudged Galen sayth these holes are liker the celles of a sponge because they are crooked affirmyng that Dura Membrana is also accordyngly perforated Neither sayth he is it onely a seruaunt for the receipt of sauours but also an officer to vnbourden the brayne of Flegmaticke excrements Which neither could be auoyded through those holes neither any vapor of smel ascend vnlesse nature did puruey the same both by inspiration and expiration For by the slyding in and receipt of inspiration is moued the dignotioÌ„ of sauors and agayne by the force of expiration excretion of superfluities is made the vehemencie of the spirites halyng out with them the noysome excremeÌ„tes In the middle region of this bone goeth out a highe and thinne Processe seueryng that passage into two partes or sides where the instrumentes of smellyng are situated which also into the nostrels discendyng constituteth the hedge or partition of the nose After this maner be the bones of the head naturally diuisibly coÌ„strued But Galen thinketh not good to number this bone among the partes of the head but of the nostrels if Fuchsius coniecture in explicating this hard and depraued place as he termeth it of Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. be acceptable As they that be disposed to proue may read in the x. Chap. of his first booke BUt among the bones of the body there are certaine destitute of propper circuÌ„scriptions endes which neuertheles are of the expert Anathomistes described euen as though they were peculiar bones neither not vnworthely amoÌ„g the number of the rest accompted Of whiche sorte is the bone called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Iugale for asmuch as they are the partes of two Bones yoked together beyng constituted of two processes wherof the one springeth from the vpper iawe vnder the small corner of the eye and the other from that part of the temple bones where the auditorie hole is sited These two processes meting after a superinflected maner are coÌ„uerted and knit together by an oblique Suture And so fashioneth one bone like vnto a yoke or rather a bridge as I sayd before Which is as it were a propugnacle decréed by nature for the safe lodgyng of the temporall Muscle Wherefore by bounchyng or heuyng outward it maketh for the purpose a hollow passage vnderneth it not beyng of it selfe soft to receiue iniurie lightly but hard strong and almost Solid to repulse eche damage boldly Nor yet altogether in it selfe destitute of hollownes Wherin Vesalius is of Collumbus reproued for affirmyng the hollow portion of this bone to be voyde of marey altogether And in giuyng this reprehension to Vesalius of necessitie he biteth Galen who sayth for asmuch as it moueth not neither hath it néede by hollownes to he made lighter but is strong thicke and solid voyde of marey Leonâ—…rdus Fuchsius speaketh much of the great prouidence of nature vsed in placyng the temporall Muscle vnder this Iugall coagmentation For among all other Muscles chiefly this if it be hurt causeth sayth he coÌ„uulsions feuers caros dotage for the vicinitie of the brayne which onely the bone and membrans parteth and of the originall production of sinewes of whose Surcles it enioyeth oft the sensibilitie as in copious order shall hereafter be sayd Beyond all this the Jugall bone bone was framed for a second vse and vtilitie That from him might proceede and depend the mansorious or eatyng Muscle As other where is noted BUt before we take in haÌ„d to treat of the bones of the vpper iawe whilest yet opportunitie is offered let vs a little discours y Ossicles litle bones of the Auditorie organe Of which all the old writers before the tyme of Vesalius were either ignoraunt or els neglected to write And of these litle Bones the later writers that haue inuented them haue numbred two and of them onely made their descriptions But Realdus Collumbus since that tyme a man no lesse expert then learned hath by his singular industry and narrow search found as he reporteth a thyrd among the rest Which three orderly to decyffer consider that among the bones of temples there is a certaine processe as I touched before at the foundation of the brayne goyng forth extended after the maner of a beame with a sharpe end which is within hollow like a caue or crooked Laberinthe about the middle region wherof are these Ossicles annexed to their Membrans The way vnto them is by the Auditorie passage Of which the first that appeareth in the Interior part of the hole is a litle long one not vnlike the bone of the thighe although in consideration of the end of the thighe somewhat vnlike neither is the head therof depressed but sharpe poynted this is of the one part But in the other part it hath a head long and round Furthermore it hath two Processes like those which in the thighe we call the Rotatorie Processes the sharpe and slender part therof is fastened in a slender Membran which reacheth both to it and that likewise that followeth The other part which is thicker and endewed with a head serueth to shake the same Membran after the maner of a Timpan as the authors
forward then backwardes prominēt and bearing out For vnder that regiō lyeth the progresse of principall vessels caryeng the Animall Uitall and Naturall Faculties that is to saye Vena axillaris and Cephalica with an excellent great Arterie beyng accompanied with the fiue Nerues vnto the hand transmitted to all which the incurued or crooked part of the Clauicle notably giueth place and is a mete propugnacle for their safe passage The head and vpper end of the Clauicle where it meteth with Acromion is broad and depressed hauyng therein a cauitie exculped mete to admitte the syde of the Processe for the softer beyng thereto But the other head and end is round after a certaine manner especially in that place whiche the hole exculped in Sternon receiueth Appendances notwithstandyng are propper to both the heades couered with their Cartilages but to that end that is setled in the brest an other moreouer is added yet is their knittyng but after the maner of Articulation called Arthrodia Finally at y clauicles some Muscles haue their begynnyng other some there ending therfore it behoued some partes of them to be rough ridged or knotty as may be sene in diuers places of the same bones inwardly aspectyng for the producyng of Ligamentes Muscles which may not escape vntouched when we come to their descriptions Lastly note that as no part is destitute of nourishment no not the Loynes but haue that which is due to nourishe and maintayne them so nature forgat not to giue vnto these as also to the scaple bones last before rehearsed some slender surcles and twigges of Veynes which 〈◊〉 their substaunce here and there do duely féed them HVmerus whiche in Englishe phrase is interpreted the shoulder is alway taken for the Processe and large ridge or rising of the scaple Bone or shoulder blade called Acromion so that all that we lay vpon this Processe of the scaple bone we say we beare it on shoulder but note gentle Reader that here accordyng to the Latin description thou mayest permit me to vse an other phrase and to vnderstand by name of shoulder the hyghest bone of the arme which beneath with Radius and Vlna and aboue with the short Processe of the Scapple bone is comoyned It is singularly numbred and of all the bones of the arme the greatest long and roūd but not largest of all others except the thighe though Galen willed vs so to estéeme of it for the great bone of the legge excéedeth it fare and as sayth Collumbus it is neither equall to Os sacrum in magnitude nor to Os Ilium in latitude And notwithstandyng that it is after a sort for the most part round yet it is not of Cauities or corners but is much vnequall for the placyng knitting and rising of the Muscles the superiour part therof is roūd and great headed in dewed with a large Appendance which is also not sparyngly couered with a Cartilaginous crust aptly inserted in the hole or cuppe of the Scapple bone which hole with an other Cartilage is notably enlarged supplyeng the want of thicknes in the same Processe whereby the hole could be no larger as we haue touched before The same vpper head hath also two Processes with a corner or gutter most euidently deuided the for most of them is lesse then the hinmost and the greatest portion of them both is within the compasse of the Appendance cōprehended and that cauitie or hollow interiected betwene them is a seat for the Muscle which with a double begynnyng flowyng from the shoulder blade is this way delated downward to the bowyng of the cubitte But the inferiour part of this shoulder bone not beyng round as is before sayd of the superiour part is notwithstandyng large and variformed eche side vnlyke another both in corners heades prominent partes and such like Among the which we haue to note on eche side a hole that is to say in the fore side and hinmost part although one of them in largenes and depth excéedeth an other As that in the inner seate forwardly which receiueth the second Processe of Vlna whilest the cubit is contrahed and drawne in such wise as the hand may touch the shoulder But the hole in the hinder part of this lower head is much déeper and larger wherunto whē the cubit is at furthest extended the posteriour and great Processe thereof is roted and wheled being a stoppe and stay thereto then which no further it may passe Wherfore Hypocrates calleth these holes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 beyng the seates and groundes of the cubittes motion But besides this inferiour part which we haue affirmed to be large and ample riseth as it were in iij. heades not much in space vnequall nor in greatnes differyng being excellently therfore by the consent of all Anathomistes compared to a pulley wherein gutters are carued for the course of the ropes so betwen these iij. heades or ridges are two notable gutters or cauities excellently deuided by the thyrd ridge beyng the least of the iij. In one of the which gutters runneth Vlna lightly to the extendyng and bowing of the cubitte the endes of whose motions are accomplished most exquisitely by the Cauities before described into which this gutter due to Vlna on eche side falleth the other gutter situate in the space betwene the middlemost ridge and the outmost head yeldyng way to the inner side of the head of Radius beyng déeply incrusted with a Cartilage as also the head it selfe which beyng more round then the other is Articulated and knit vnto Radius although the same Radius hath not a hole so large as might comprise the whole scope therof which in my iudgement had bene more incommodious then néedfull for the outmost part of the inferiour head of the shoolder bone iutteth out more inwardly and lesse outwardly thē any other and the reason is because the vpper head of Radius lurketh more in the bosome of the inner region of Vlna and that it should not comprehend such scope of compasse backwardes the case is manifest that in the extention of the cubit when the head of Radius standeth vpon the toppe or hinder part of this bole or turne then the posteriour great Processe of Vlna is denyed to go any further within the hole exculped in the hinder part of this bone And how the highest ridge of the iij. serueth notably to hold in the exteriour side of Vlna in his motion no man is ignoraunt But this is to be noted of euery one that the propper Articulation of Radius with the shoulder bone offreth vnto vs the possibilitie of guidyng our hand obliquely to the sides and when it is extended together with the arme such a motion is is brought to passe by the benefite of Vlna Radius consentyng onely Furthermore beside these
heades before meÌ„tioned there are iij. Processes extaÌ„t at the sides of y lower head of Humerus of which the inner is much the greater to these productions are fastened the begynnynges of Muscles exteÌ„ded to the extreme part of the hand And although neither Galen nor Vesalius with others in tymes past haue knowen or acknowledged any Appendance to this head wherto the cubit is Articulated yet Realdus Collumbus whose sweatyng labours could neuer appale the infatigable courage of this searching skill hath professed it euident in young ChildreÌ„ neither can I estéeme therof any otherwise in vewyng the exteriour Processe for the insertion of Muscles beiâ—…g the lesser of the two last described As touchyng the space betwene that superiour inferiour head of this bone after the longitude therof you shall finde it somewhere Gibbous or bounched and ootherwhere hollow flatte the which varietie of fourme is required by the sondry vses of Muscles thereto on eche side adherent as hereafter shal be sayd And since it is manifest to euery one that this bone of the shoulder is inwardly concaued as also all others like in the body for the conteinyng of such due nourishmeÌ„t as Nature by the small brauÌ„ches of Veynes conueyeth into their substauÌ„ce it shall not auayle me to speake more therof BY the name of cubit we vnderstand the whole scope of length betwene the shoulder bone and the wrest of the head conteinyng two long Bones much lesse then the shoulder bone Either of them are endewed with their Appendances sayth Collumbus but in the superiour part where they be Articulated with the shoulder bone the Appendances are but short and transmuted into the portions of bones Yet neither Vesalius nor Galen had knowledge of them but in the inferiour part both the bones haue Appendanâ—…es euident inough Of these two Bones that which is lowest situated is called Vlnae commonly Cubitus though after the barbarous packe Focile minus but the vppermost Radius and by the barbarous terme Focile maius they are ioyned together both among them selues aswell as with the shoulder bone and wrest of the hand although in the inferiour part Vlna be committed to Radius onely but in order as we will declare anone The superiour part notwithstandyng of Vlna beyng thicker doth end in two Processes long and triaÌ„gular yet not sharpe as Galen accompted them but obtused and blunt these Processes are so attolled and prominent as behoued them to follow the space that is excaued in the middest betwene them after the fashion of a halfe circle the which cauitie beyng shut in by these protuberatyng Processes represeÌ„teth the figure of a Cin Latin not farre vnlike 〈◊〉 in Gréeke and for that cause Galen named it Sigmoïdes It was ordained that aptly the same Processes might complect and embrace the hollow or rounded gutter in the lower end and shoulder bone as aforesayd and to be turned about the same Wherfore in the middest of Sigmoïdes we haue to discerne clearely a prominent line which in the middest of the aforesayd gutter of the shoulder bone runneth rounde like a corde in the whéele of a pullie whereby Vlna slippeth forth on no side but on either side of the bones springeth mutuall ingresse therfore this articulation may be attributed rightly to Ginglimon to the first Processe which is much lesse then the hinmost and in the inner part therof where a cauitis is engraueÌ„ for the purpose the head of Radius is admitted sideway and as it were leanyng to But departyng from these Processes Vlna is the further downward the more imbecilled and weakened euen downe to the very end or head therof which sometyme enclineth more towardes the inner part where in a slight cauitie made in the side of Radius it sléepeth Neither is it ioyned with the wrest of the hand as Galen supposed for no portion of the wrest is found adherent to the lower head of Vlna Furthermore when as outwardly from this head of Vlna a certaine litle Processe long and sharpe is produced whiche the Grecian Anathomisles haue likewise nominated Styloides Galen therfore iudged the same to be fastened to the outer one of the wrest and so by that reason to become a meane to moue the haÌ„d obliquely or slopewise the which opinioÌ„ Vesalius worthely reproueth and wholly confuteth with most probable reasons Collumbus agayne sayth it is so farre alienate from the nature of the thyng and dissonaunt from veritie it selfe as that the same Processe to the workyng of the like esfeat in motion as Galen would haue it is rather a let and hinderaunce then any wayes a meaue to further it Neither is this Processe much distaunt froÌ„ the fourth bone of the wrest although Galen commendeth thereto the viij bone which beareth veritie onely in an Ape Notwithstanding a certaine thicke soft Cartilage is put betwene them which supplyeng the vacant rowme where it is put holdeth méetly either of them but therfore they are not coÌ„ioyned Neuerthelesse it may not be denyed but that this Processe addeth some strength vnto the wrest lest it should altogether slippe froÌ„ that part beyng therfore so farre extended from the head of Vlna To say briefly therfore Vlna is in the exteriour part therof euen and round for the most part but on the side towardes Radius is a certaine rough line extendyng after the longitude therof with other light cauities out of which places spryng the Muscles seruyng the to thoÌ„be as also that Muscle that carieth the fore finger froÌ„ the thoÌ„be The other and vppermost bone called of the GreciaÌ„s 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the Latins Radius occupieth outwardly the whole length almost of Vlna endyng at ij thicke heades that is to say both vpward and downward but as the highest is more round so the lowest is much greater and broader which consideryng how it is aboue articulate with the shoulder bone and beneath with the wrest you will grauÌ„t was not rashly deuised For the shoulder on that side endyng round after a certaine maner it behoued the head of Radius also to be more depressed somewhat sinnous to the end it might yeld meanes to the mouyng of the hand obliquely vpwardes or downwardes which could not be but by the round cauitie in the head of Radius cleauyng likewise to the rounde head of the shoulder by whose benefit it is circumuerted and turned round to the which effect the corner which we haue sayd to be insculped in the inner region of the first Processe of Vlna aptly obeyeth the interne portion of Radius head therein sittyng by the which double articulatioÌ„ also of Radius coÌ„meth to passe that it easely helpeth the flexion extension of the cubit The same head of Radius is copiously couered with a Cartilage to encrease the
agilitie of his motion But froÌ„ this head descendyng with a necke somwhat long and round at the outward side towardes Vlna thrusteth out a tubercle whereat is ended the first Muscle that to the bowyng of the arme giueth occasion and also receiueth a portion of an other endewed with the same function and office which almost wholly is implaÌ„ted to the superiour part of Vlna But the inferiour part of Radius beyng as we sayd more depressed and broader then the other not a litle augmented by the helpe of an Appendance is not onely at the end flatted but also ample large and with a double bosome or hollow excaued wherein the two vppermost bones of the wrest are inarticulated and knit to which since all the bones of the wrest els are with a streit bond vnited and tyed we may worthely with Collumbus say that the whole wrest by the meanes of such coupling and tyeng together is destined to the articulation of Radius whence it commeth that it is not onely lawfull for the hand to turne both vpward and downward but also to be lead with libertie to eche side Neuerthelesse wheÌ„ we will our hand to be bowed either obliquely vpwardes or downwardes that action is most worthely atchieued when Radius onely laboureth Ulna resceth But eueÌ„ as Radius to helpe assist the flexion of the cubit is aboue admitted into the of bosome Ulna so it likewise requiryng to the like mutuall societie and deligence of Ulna in leadyng and guidyng the hand whilest it followeth the motion of the cubit for the seate of the inferiour head therof Ulna mutually ordaineth a corner as before we haue touched Wherfore Radius is aboue receiued of Ulna but beneath receiueth Ulna and this kynde of composition is thought most aptly to be called Arthrodia the Anteriour part beneth of the head of Radius is made playne and euen though somwhat bendyng that so it might giue free scope and passage to the tendons of Muscles which chalenge the bowing of the second and thyrd ioynt of the fingers After the same maner the posteriour part giueth rowme to the tendous of Muscles stretched to the exteriour ioyntes whereby they are extended and holden forth therfore vnequally is that part replet with cauities The exteriour portion of the same head towardes the thoÌ„be putteth forth a certaine Mammillar Processe for no other cause but to defend the wrest so that in that place it may not lightly be luxated or displaced Moreouer the outer syde of Radius is rounde and leuigated but within hath as it were a sharpe edge extended in loÌ„g progresse distaunt from y region of the other line described in the inner part of Ulna very like vnto this From either of the which lines floweth a certayn Membrane to ech of them mutually fastned whereby these ij bones so seuered one from an other are colligated and together in the middest after a certaine maner tyed And this Membran maketh also a diuision wherby the interiour Muscles of the cubit are froÌ„ the exteriour easely separated Both these bones are hollow within and replenished with marey both that they might be the lighter and also not frustrate of their necessary nourishment BUt before we fall to orderly descriptioÌ„ of the wrest of the haÌ„d this one thyng we note by the way that by the customable maner and frequented phrase of our English speach this word hand compriseth all the space betwene the inferiour head of Radius and the extremities of the fingers which by the order of Anathomicall description is compounded of iij. partes that is to say Brachiale which we call the wrest of the hand Postbrachiale which is the space betwene the wrest and the first ioynt of the fingers the thyrd part then is Digiti or the fingers whereto hereafter we will come in order And it séemeth also that Hipochrates vnderstode the like that we do by the name of Manus although Collumbus writeth in his chapiter of y shoulder that Hipochrates called the whole leÌ„gth from the scaple bone vnto the extreme endes of the fingers Manus whilest it is otherwise euident in his booke De ossium natura M. Fabius Caluus being interpretour where he hath these wordes Mà nus quidem ossa septem vigiti sunt c. the which number may stretch no further then from the first of the fingers to the last of the wrest But that the volumes of Hipocra are not altogether consonant and agreeyng together appeareth not onely by this but is witnessed in the same traÌ„slatioÌ„ of Hipocra workes wherof Fabius Caluus Gulielmus Copus Nicol. Leonicen and Andraeas Brent were interpretours AT length returnyng to the first of the thrée diuisions of the hand which is called of the Gréekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latins haue in steade thereof as is sayd before Brachiale it is to be vnderstanded the whole strewe and packe of bones intersited betwene the cubit Postbrachiale which is the middle of the hand wherto I can giue no propper Englishe except I shall call that part the backe of the hand or after the Latins the Postbrachiall bones The number of the bones that constitute the wrest of the haÌ„d are viâ—… distinct ioyned in double order that is to say ij rowes conteinyng in ech iiij bones all diuersly fourmed not one like an other either in magnitude fourme or situation The first row of these bones are vpwardly so coÌ„mitted to the head of Radius as that the first and second therof are fastened within the hosome of it the thyrd séemeth a litle to enter but the fourth séemeth to be ioyned to no other bone but the thyrd whereto it is stiffly annected The second course or row is articulate in their posteriour part to the Postbrachiall bones but in the forepart with the other bones of the wrest which among them selues are so connected and knit together with Cartilaginous Ligamentes as that they séeme to grow together As I sayd before they are so straunge and diuersly fashioned that a man can not rightly inuent whereto to compare them yet notwithstaÌ„dyng and although they are not endewed with propper names they are sufficient 〈◊〉 to be discerned iudged and knowne by their number and order which is after this sort The first bone of the wrest is that which appeareth vnto vs in the inner side of the first ranke towardes the thombe The second succéedeth the first The thyrd is with the second coherent at the outer side towardes the litle finger or cubit The fourth and least of all is knit vnto the thyrd The fift is the first of the second ranke and next vnto the thombe And so thence the vj. vij and viij do follow in order And thus as you sée in number and figure they are different
so also in greatnes and litlenes For the greatest of all are the first and vij of which ij it is hard to iudge the greatest the second is lesse theÌ„ these but bigger then all the remnauÌ„t then chalengeth the viij and after him the fift the sixt next so then the thyrd the fourth of all others as we sayd before is least Now as touchyng their vnion order of composition which ought aswell to be knowen and considered as all that we haue hetherto spoken of them The first bone therfore besides that it is articulate with Radius in the superiour part therof where it proturberateth round cleaueth to the second entryng the cauitie therof and admitteth into it the round head of the seuenth as also in the inferiour part is coherent with the v. and vj. The second not onely vpward entreth the hollow of Radius together with the the first but in the inferiour part where it is hollow is connected with the vij and in the posteriour part with the thyrd So likewise the thyrd is ioyned with the secoÌ„d and in the lower side toucheth the viij and in the hinder part inwardly towardes Vlna meteth the fourth The which fourth we finde committed to none other The fift next in the vpper part with the first in the hinder part with the vj. is adherent to the prominent Processe of the second bone of Postbrachiale if by the way we constitute as Collumbus would v. bones thereto wherof more hereafter the inferiour portioÌ„ therof the first bone of Postbrachiale which Galen maketh the first ioynt of the thombe receiueth The vj. is knit to the first fift seuenth on that side where it respecteth them but with the inferiour head or swelling it is fastened to the angular bosome of the Postbrachiall bones from thence respecting the thyrd also of Postbrachiale whose first and longer produced portion it susteyneth The seuenth endeth at the first second sixt and viâ—… but not equally or in like order committed to one as to an other since it hath some sides hollow others boled or gibbous Notwithstandyng in the inferiour part it is rooted to a portion of the thyrd and fourth bones of Postbrachiale Lastly the viij which is highest on the other sides is coupled with the second thyrd and vij and in the inferiour part it is a seate vnto the fourth and fift bones of Postbrachiale to which also it is coarticulated and knit Thus to speake briefly of these bones of the wrest although there commeth no peculiar Muscle vnto them as the author of action wherby we iudge it obscure yet are they not vnmoueable or wantyng motion in déede but yeld to the styrring of the hand both vpward downward and to the sides Moreouer in the interiour part of the wrest we finde a broad and déepe cauitie or bosome through the which are concurrent not a small number of tendons of Muscles to be inserted to the ioyntes of the fingers And in this vawte or hollow they séeme as it were included or locked vp for ouerflowyng their seates with a strong Ligament produced from the Processe of the viij bone and inserted ouerthwartly to y side of the fift For which purpose that their beyug might be more safe and their scope more frée nature caused the same Processe of the viij bone to hang and houer inwardly lyke a séeled vawlte so that the space or distaunce betwene the head or extremitie of the same Processe and the fift Ossicle which with the side somewhat also leaneth towardes it is nothyng so much as we discerne in the compasse of the hollow vnder But the exteriour part of the wrest is the way for the tendons on the outside runnyng to the fingers yet notwithstandyng it hath no notable cauitie but rather is boled or rounded outward for asmuch as those tendâ—…ns are much lesse theÌ„ they of inner side and therfore also occupy lesse space So accordyngly therfore it was decent that the extreme region of the wrest of the hand should carie a circular kynde of fourme and the interne playne Yet albeit the inner side by the aforesayd valley or vawlte séemeth to make a most apt way and safe conduction for the tendons produced in that region so must we consider that they of the extrinsecall region of the wrest are not rashly left or inordinatly giuen ouer to libertie for so in vayne had growen forth the foure Ligamentes on that side which clothe and so surely bynd them in Galen in his xviij chapiter of bones affirmeth these Ossicles of the wrest of the hand to be hard and solid but not any thyng medullous as Collumbus not rashly since his tyme hath assured vs though amongest all the rest he sayth the most hard and almost altogether solid bone is that which in the fourth place we haue here before numbred But if any industrious Artiste shall at any tyme fortune to finde the contrary I for my tyme am forst to confesse me neuer to haue inueÌ„ted or proued the like Soliditie in the fourth and litle Ossicle neither any more consideryng the quantitie therof then in the rest albeit it may séeme very likely to some by the litlenes therof That it should also haue a certain Celle or corner auÌ„swerable to the Processe Styloides produced froÌ„ the inferiour head of Vlna let no man beleue although Galen him selfe haue written it For neither hath the same Ossicle any such cauitie neither doth the same Processe in the wrest of a maÌ„ reach or extend so farre as vnto it wherfore in Apes Collumbus verisieth this his Assertion in meÌ„ the truth standeth otherwise Vesalius noteth the composition of these bones to be so excellently compact and wrought together with Ligamentes as vnlesse they be diligeÌ„tly cut and fret away together with the Membrans we might suppose them to be all one bone and altogether vncertain to iudge how many as Cornelius Celsus in his viij booke and first chapiter confesseth himselfe inscient by accomptyng their number vncertaine Their mutuall coniunctioÌ„ sayth Fernelius is Synarthrosis their ioyning with Radius sayth Collumbus confessyng likewise the other by Diarthrosis and with the bones of Postbrachiale partly by Synarthrosis and partly by Diarthrosis THis Postbrachiale as partly we haue touched before called of the GreciaÌ„s 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is that part of the hand which inward we call the palme but outward the backe of the hand Whereto accordyngly Fuchsius saith some of Galens interpretours haue called it Palma others Manus Pectus and so forth Uesalius sayth and before him Galen that this part of the hand namely Postbrachiale is construed onely of iiij bones in the whiche number is left out the first of the Thombe which Collumbus would most propperly in my opinion haue added that not without good stay of reason since it as nearely succéedeth the bones of the wrest
as the other beyng also after the same rate coÌ„mitted to them sauing that the Articulation therof is more slacke then in the rest whereby also it purchaseth a more euident motion It is fastened vnto the fift bone of the wrest by Arthrodia vnder Diarthrosis although by reason of those bones which be sâ—…all such manner of Articulation may be referred vnto Enarthrosis For the â—…ift bone of the wrest hath a cauitie sufficient playne as a corner excaued whereunto the head of the ioynt after a certaine manner long and forward protensed or stretched is innitted The second Postbrachiall bone which Galen numbreth the first endeth at a déepe cauitie in the superiour part where it receiueth the proturberant or bossed head of the vj. Brachiall bone and ioyneth his side to the side of the fift whereto in that maner it séemeth to claue The thyrd hath also a hollow end in the inner part towardes the thombe stretcheth forth as it were a Processe whose face or outer border is setled to the vj. bone of the wrest The reÌ„naunt of his Sinewes or hollowed head admitteth the viij Bone. The head of the fourth is foure squared beyng ioyned with ij bones that is part to the seuenth and part to the viij those partes beyng also flat aunswerable to their squarenes but somewhat inward decliued with all The last hath likewise a foure squared head but somewhat toward the outer partes tendyng and cleanyng also to the extreme portion of the viij and last bone of the wrest After this sort are the Postbrachiall bones coÌ„mitted to them of the wrest wheras also you haue to note that as their endes are squared and flatted of sufficient compasse towardes those bones whereto they are set and ioyned so their sides also do mutually yeld one towardes an other as the last to the fourth the fourth to the fift and thyrd the thyrd to the fourth and second and the setoÌ„d to the thyrd on that side and to the side of the fift bone of the wrest outward onely except the first which supporteth the thombe and hath more ample scope and distaunce froÌ„ the rest then the other haue among them selues But agayne beneth in the lower endes of the Postbrachiall bones where they be together with the ioyntes of the fingers Articulated all end with one maner of head which beyng round do enter the holes or hollowes in the endes of those ioyntes lightly excaued that as was requisite with aslacke or romthy kynde of knittyng To describe them after their longitude the other iiij Postbrachiall bones beside the first of the thombe from their first heades goyng forward towardes the fingers become smaller and slenderer vntill their middle part or region where beyng smallest of all and their substaunce most lightned they begyn agayne from thence afterwardes to augment and engrosse their substaunce so that to speake clearely as they first decreased to the middest and waxed weaker so now also from the middest downewardes they encrease more and more in thicknes and strength and that more apparaÌ„tly in those ij which admitte the middle and the ryngfinger the other ij for the formost and litle finger haue in meane sorte the like delineation In the inner side of these bones all after their length runneth an angulare or cornered line in the middest of them made for the cause of the Muscles to them adiacent as also doth the attenuation of them towardes to the middest as aforesayd For so the Muscles haue commodious scope and roome to cleaue vnto and betwene them or els the palme and hollow of the hand should haue bene more hugely heaped and stored with them then had bene conuient for the prompt tractation and handlyng that now appersaiâ—…eth to the hand Besides the Postbrachiall bones are aboue and beneth defended with Appendances from whence Ligamentes customably are produced by whose benefite also these bones among them selues are together connected and bound Neither are they inwardly distitute of their propper hollownes to maintayne their substaunce with dew medullous nourishment It resteth now to speake of the fingers which once discoursed in that order we haue begon we shall leaue the hand with the partes therof sufficient playnly and also narrowly touched as farre as the description of Bones may extend for throughly to explicate the maner of their motion it behoueth not here to expect but onely in the History of Muscles where their propper actions to decyffer we haue wholly determined NOw the Bones that constitute the fingers are in number xv that is to say iij. in euery one In the which accompt lest I should séeme to repugne the sentence of most famous writers and Anathomistes of rare experience the first bone of the thombe is comprehended which Collumbus would haue numbred among the bones of Postbrachiale as before is touched Neuerthelesse if reason in your selues shall cause you consent also to Realdus his iudgement and to attribute the first of the thombe to the number of the Postbrachiall bones theÌ„ there remayneth but ij the thombe and consequeÌ„tly xiiij to the number of the fingers for the Sesamine Ossicles which hereafter we will declare are neuer numbred amongest them but how soeuer they are numbred it behoueth vs now to appropinquate and touch the effect and of their quantitie fourme and combination to say as it is The substauÌ„ce therfore of the bones constituting the fingers is hard to y end that without daunger they might proÌ„ptly be applyed to the innumerable functions whereto they are created yet notwithstandyng their hardnes they are with in replenished with the like nourishment dew vnto Bones as lately we described in the Postbrachiall therefore are not Solid howsoeuer Galen iudged them Nether are they all of like quantitie in length or in thicknes But some longer others shorter some thicker others more sleÌ„der that is to say the thicker or longer fingers merite also the thicker and longer bones In like sort the first ioyntes are greater then the second the second greater then the thyrd and so the thyrd beyng last are also least in all the fingers Furthermore a double or ij fold fourme remayneth to these bones in one of which all the ioyntes agrée but the other much vnlike the first the last ioyntes obtayne common to them selues for their bones are more depressed then the rest and beyng in the begynnyng somewhat broad the further forth they stretch the more also are they attenuated and stretened vntil they haue prepared as it were a necke whereto is annexed and supposed a litle head whereat they end The same head is round and long but the first ioynt of the thombe and also the first and second of the other fingers haue both their begynnyng and end more grosse and thicke that is both their extremities are consistent in heades whereof the vppermost is greater then the neithermost and all the whole space from the vppermost head
of this neither head of Tibia goeth forth like a thicke Procesle ouerreachyng on that syde the late sayd cauitie by reason whereof Talus séemeth as though it were vnderset on that side for slippyng out Contrarywise the other side not beyng able to yeld the like for that it behoued it rather to offer a long hollowed corner wherein to lodge the lower part of Fibula and agayne since it were aswell expedient for that side to be defended froÌ„ ech light luxatioÌ„ as the other see the deuise of nature in stretchyng forth the head of Fibula as farre beyoÌ„d the head of Tâ—…bia in this lower part as vpward the legge surmounteth it in longitude whereby is fulfilled in it that whiche might not be one that side brought to passe in Tibia For here it becemmeth as auÌ„swerable to the outside of Talus as the Processe one the inner side extended from Tibia These are they which commoÌ„ly in our English phrase we call the Aneles The Processe of Tibia being the inner ancle and the outer head of Fibula these ij make strong resistaunce least Talus to Tibia articulated should on any side slippe froÌ„ his seate But when such luxation hapneth at any tyme we sée it more coÌ„monly to the inner side then the outer side because the outer is longer produced then the inner Moreouer that Processe of Tibia which we call the inner ancle in the posteriour part therof hath a cauitie whence is extract a LigameÌ„t wherewith Talus to Tibia besides is alligated and bounde And further that this knittyng might be more firme no small ayde yeldeth that litle long and rough corner transuerly caried whiche the Anteriour seate of the Appendance of this inferiour head of Tibia putteth forth for hereto springeth a Ligament knittyng the necke of Talus to Tibia But here you must vnderstand that the ioyning of Fibula with the legge is after no other order then as we haue declared before in the knittyng in the arme of Radius with Cubitus yet ascendeth noâ—… so high as that it any thyng at all toucheth the bone of the thigh and downwardes contrarywise discendeth lower theÌ„ the legge for what end and vse we haue sayd ech structure and combynation therof being by Arthrodia vnder Synarthrosis Both the heades of Fibulâ—… stretch forth into a sharpe Processe endewed and shaped with certaine roughnes to the vppermost of which being more rouÌ„d are inserted the Muscles mouing the legge but the inferiour which is more depressed and also outwardly more Gibbous sendeth forth Muscles seruyng to the extreme part of the foote And both these heades insomuch as they are receiued into there propper cauities are clothed with a Cartilage To speake therfore wholy of this same Fibula the small bone of the legge although it be straight or at least but a litle crooked yet a great space of it departeth froÌ„ the same Tibia but farthest of all in the superiour region therof because there also Tibia is more hollow slected then in the whole space besides And in this distaunce may you discerne the Ligament lately spoken of compleityng together the legge and Fibula in the middle space and separatyng the Muscles by which those spaces of the legge on eche side are fulfilled to whose insertions and situations much seruiceable is the inequalitie of Fibula ensigned so with apt cauities and lines whereby it is in like sorte trianguled or three squared as Tibia reteyneth a safe roome for the marey so Fibula wanteth not wherin to cary this nourishment In the sore part of the knee at the ioyning together or coarticulation of the legge with the thigh is a certayne bone deuided from them both yet not refusing seruice but is common to ether of them and called of the latines diuersly as Patella genu mola scutiforme os and Rotula genu in English the Patell the Rotule of the knée the shieldlike bone the eye of the knée c. the substauÌ„ce therof is not Cartilaginous as some haue thought good neither yet altogether hard and Solid as others would affirme but rather as it were the substaunce of some hard Appendance to the end it might be apt to receiue nourishment into all the partes therof Notwithstandyng that it is inuolued and wrapped about with a slippery Cartilage especially on the side towardes the thighe and legge the other as clothed with the tendons of Muscles This Patell was ordained to couer the ioynt betwene the thighe and legge which otherwise had bene to open and prone to be luxated forward It yeldeth also that the knée might directly be bowed to a corner So it ought to be mouable and not stubburnly cleauyng for makyng the motion hereof difficulte but with his Ligamentes and those of the thighe it is knit vnto the legge though others say it is onely holden thereto by the tendons of Muscles For from the Appendances of the thigh and legge arise Ligamentes wherewith manifestly the Patell is bound on eche side but to the thigh it is Articulated by Ginglymon For the inferiour part of the thigh hauing two heades as I haue sayd leaueth the middest a hollow corner into which the middle protuberant part of the Patell is immitted which that it might the better fulfill and more commodiously cleaue vnto it it is here and there noted with cauities aunswerable to the protuberaÌ„t portions of the head of that thighe wherfore accordyng to that kynde of Articulation named the Patell both recciueth and is receiued of the thigh the fashion therof is almost round goyng out somewhat sharpe as it were where it sitteth to the legge therfore it obteineth the name of a shield In the sides or extreme partes it is more light and thinne but the more nearer the middeit the thicker and bosseth out the more euidently It preuenteth an incommoditie sayth Galen least in bowyng the knée the thigh should flippe ouer the cauities in the toppe of Tibia And not meanely stayeth vs froÌ„ falling whilest we descend downe some hill or crooked place when as the whole body beside is wayed backward And thus much of the superiour members NOw it resteth to speake of the bones appertainyng to the foote and wherof the foote is estourâ—…ed and made The number of them is xxvj obseruyng iij. orders in the foote lyke as in the hand For the first part which immediately succeedeth the legge and Fibula beyng called Tarsus is aunswerable to the wrest of the hand The second called Pedium is coÌ„parable to the Postbrachiali bones The thyrd order is destined to the ioyntes of the fingers Onely this difference is betwene them that the bones of Tarsus are but by in number and they of the wrest are viij whereby it hapneth that the hand surmounteth the foote by one in number but to Pedium are v. beloÌ„ging as many as
are numbred of the Postbrachiall bones the other xiiij are deuided among the ioyntes of the fingers as well in the foote as the hand NEither sayth Collumbus do I sée why from the bones of Tarsiu the thrée first should be disioyned as other Anathomistes haue thought 〈◊〉 grauntyng that the iiij last bones whiche alone say they merite the name of Tarsus ought onely to be compared to the wrest without mention of the other iij. He therefore thinketh good to complect both those iij. as also the other foure followyng â—…nder the name of Tarsus as when we depart from Tibia and Sura descending forthwith we come vnto one maner of ioyning together of bones as it were a nauie which we compare vnto the wrest followyng Cubitus and Ulna But euery one of these bones belongyng to Tarsus haue not peculiar names giuen theÌ„ for the first thrée are of some in their diuision remoued from Tarsus and one of the foure followyng obteineth a propper name but the three last are hetherto altogether vnnamed The first of all therefore is named Talus the second Calx the thyrd Scaphoides the iiij Cyboides the other iij. although they go vnnamed yet by number fourme and situation they are distinguished And now to describe them all in order Talus beyng first prostrated vnder Tibia and Fibula and subiect to their AppeÌ„dances although it séeme onely substrated to Tibia is in fourme bossyng out aboue lyke a rouÌ„d heaued or swelled thing imitatyng in compasse the fashion of halfe a whéele or if I may to licken it to the whéele of a pulley for in the middest it is guttured or hollowed though not so déepe but lightly so that the sides onely maie be discerned higher whereby it is coupled with the bone of the legge For the Appendance therof is so for the purpose engrauen to admit this head of Talus into his fit seate after the kynde of articulatiâ—… called Ginglymon And this maner of the ioynt serueth to the bowyng and reflectyng of the foote the which motion ech walkyng creature continually maketh which to the end it might be made more easie and with lesse labour to that member or lest the bones by much wearing should be wasted either part both of Tarsus and Talus are plentyfully encrusted with an Appendance perpetually to endure the foetes incessant motion Talus is on eche side decliued and as it were coÌ„pressed where the Ancles are placed neither yet without the ouer spreadyng or deffensine clothyng of a Cartilage although not on ech side of like sort For the inner side is onely coÌ„pressed aboue in smal scope and amplitude because the Processe of the inferiour Appendance of Tibia coustitutyng the inner ancle and comprehendyng this siâ—…e of Talus is not in such ample space encrusted with a Cartilage but the outer side of Talus is largely sinuated in greater space bearyng the obduction of a Cartilage to the apt constitutyng of a seate congruent to the inner side of the lower AppendaÌ„ce of Fibula which maketh the outer Ancle and discendyng lower then the inner the inferiour part of Talus is hollow clothed with a Cartilage and lyeng wholly vpon the face of the héele bone but so notwithstandyng as that the same obteineth a half compassed cauitie which admitteth the middle regioÌ„ of the héele bone thereunto preassing accordynly fourmed And as the interiour side of the inner Ancle possesseth a rough cauitie out of which spryngeth a Cartilaginous Ligament for the binding together of Talus and Tibia euen so for the receiuing of the same Ligament the inner side of Talus hath a rough cauitie or hollow euen as the outer side thereof is likwise hollowly engrauen that thereto might be inserted the Ligament brought from the inner side of the outer Ancle For the like cause also is the hinder part of Talus about the róote therof rough to admit and receiue the Ligamentes whose begynnynges are in Tibia reaching others to the héele But besides this sayd asperitie or roughnes the posteriour seat of Talus sheweth also hollow or concaued places to the tendons of Muscles that are caried to the foote and goe vnder the inferiour partes thereof And in this manner is Talus articulated to Tibia as also the superiour posteriour partes and sides are fourmed as is sayd The Anteriour part of Talus strecheth forth his portion like a necke whiche endeth at a round head not vestitute of his crusty couer whiche is admitted into the large and rounde sinuated side of the Boatelyke Bone by the benefite of the whiche ioynte the foote although obscurely moueth outward and inward as also doth as it were somewhat turne about But in the posteriour part it is aster a maner prominent that is where it is receiued of the inner and posteriour part of the heele We call that the posteriour part which descendyng down from the head first offreth it selfe vnto vs and that further froÌ„ the remoued the posteriour But in y inferiour part on the outside of Talus is a profound cauitie augmented by an aâ—…swerable cauitie on the same side of the héele bone In this cauitie is coÌ„teined a certaine murous or 〈◊〉 substaunce together with fatnes so prepared to the moystnyng annoynting of those bones lest els much mouing should drie thâ—…m and they dryed consequently their office frustrate Finally Talus syeth downe in the fore part and is extended vpon the héele bone as it were into a double Processe that is to say where it respecteth the inner region And thus is shewed the first bone called Talus which notwithstandyng is likewise so sinuated and hollowed as not onely it admitteth the insertion or rising rather of Ligamentes but also aptly giueth place to the tendons of Muscles brought thither for the mouyng of the toes as is afore onely this more we haue to say that the substaunce therof meriteth nothyng lesse then to be called Solid for asmuch as though contrary to the opinions of some we sinde it spongie and replete with many holes The second bone in order ensuyng is called the héele or hée le bone or of others the Spurre of the foote In magnitude it farre exceedeth all others of the foote neither differing in substaunce much from Talus vnlesse it séeme somewhat more Fungous and not with so hard a crust munited A loft it is committed to Talus in manner aforesayd that is to say the middle region towardes the fore partes swellyng round hath also more forward a great cauitie to receiue Talus so that one receiuyng an other the maner of ArticulatioÌ„ is called Ginglymon But notwithstanding the first part of the héele tendeth backwardes beyng somwhat 〈◊〉 and round with a head as it were in the outer side therof in that region neither negleayng his propper Appendaunce but departyng wholly from the
instant might inferre THe brest bone called also Sternon in the neither part therof hath a Cartilage of a trianguler forme although sometimes foure square and in others clouen in two Some therfore haue called it a litle sword others the shieldlyke Cartilage others Mucronatum that is to say sharpe pointed or edged the Arabians Malum Granatum the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But what soeuer name it meriteth yet nature made it not to that end as it is commonly iudged that is to say for a defence propugnacle to y mouth of the Tlentricle which farre distant froÌ„ this lyeth in the left side But more rightly they might iudge that it gardeth the hart defendeth Septum transuersum whose tendon is knit thereto Wherfore it hapneth that a wounde in this place is daungerous and deadly for bicause nature placed there this Cartilage as a shield vnto it Whiche groweth so fast vnto the lower part of the brest bone that without great force it may not be plucked away Wherfore they are worthy derisioÌ„ that suppose it to slyppe froÌ„ the seate sometyme IN the head of thé shoulder blade or scaple bone is an hollow or coÌ„caued place whereto is annexed a Cartilage for the augmentation therof for in that part els the compasse of the shoulder blade could not haue suffred so déepe a hollow as might haue bene sufficient to the receiuyng of the head of the shoulder Nature therfore for the augmentation therof deuised a Cartilage wherewith to contriue a déeper profunditie which also so artificially is wrought as that the same ioynt by the mobilitie of this Cartilage is made more agile casie and actiue and by the altitude and depth of the same cauitie at no tyme is easely displaced Which when it hapneth is not without great diligence repayred THe like Cartilage we finde in the cauitie of the hippe which admitteth the long and rounde head of the thighe bone But that is not made there any thyng moueable but onely to that end prepared that the borders of the same coÌ„cauitie might more highly be augmented and so the profunditie be made greater bicause the huckle bone els might not be so déepely excaued as should séeme sufficient to admit the longitude of the head of the thighe FUrther more from the lower heades of the thigh to the vpper regioÌ„ of the legge are two Cartilages like halfe circles the one on the inside the other on the out side I can easely compare their figure to the fashion of a sickle thicker on the out side and thinner on the inside and inwardly endyng at that tubercle which in the middle vpper face or end of the legge riseth where they are ioyned together And they are made to encrease the cauities there in the toppe of the legge exculped wherein more fitly are inserted the lower heades of the thighe neither that the mouing of the ioynt should be hindred TO come vnto the wrest of the hand neare to the poynted Processe extended from the extreme head of the cubite whiche Galen in vayne beleued to be knit to the fourth bone of the wrest is a Cartilage put which fulfilleth the same place beyng otherwise voyde and empty preuentyng likewise lest that part of the hand whilest it is bowed to that sive should strike vpon that sharpe Processe to the great greuaunce and hurt therof MOreouer betwenethe bones of Pubis cleaueth strongly a notable Cartilage whiche in the superiour part is broad and thicke but goyng downewardes decayeth by litle and litle endyng at a sharpe in that place committyng together those bones like most hard and cleauyng glew so fast in déede holdyng them together as that more rightly growyng then ioynyng together they may be termed And for that cause in the former treatise we haue reproued the opinions of such as are not ashamed to affirme these bones to open in the tyme of child bearyng whilest with a knife without great labour as oft hath bene assayed they vtterly refuse to be separated ALso there are Cartilages bestowed on euery ioint whether the 〈◊〉 therof be obscure or manifest For in the ioyntes it behoued the bones to be cucrusted with such Cartilages as be light and slippery sor the easie prouekyng of motion and that by mutuall construction they be not worne Wherfore you finde alway added vnto them a certaine moyst matter wherewith as with a certaine fatnes the ioyntes are continually noynted ANd this I hold fully sufficient for the declaratioÌ„ of Cartilages through out the body Notwithstanding it is best determined in this place to speake somewhat of the nayles before I make an end Whiche although it be truly sayd that their substaunce is meane betwixt bones and Cartilages being neither so hard as bones nor so soft as Cartilages from which in colour also they differ much yet we haue ioyned them vnto the treatise of Cartilages as more appropriate to the nature of them They of right defend the most soft partes the endes of the fingers lâ—…st they be lightly hurt by euery outward occasioÌ„ Wherfore their hardnes establisheth firmely the endes of the fingers and to the apprehendyng of harder thynges are approued most necessary so made to bow and giue place but not to breake Likewise nature sayth Galen was circumspect that in makyng them hard they should neither lose the vtilitie for which they were made nor they them selues suffer any thyng easely accordyng to her custome in makyng in ech creature euery prominent particle of such substaunce as that neither for softnes they may be crushed nor yet for drines broken Likewise for securitie sake the nayles are of rounde figure For of all other figures the rounde offreth lest aduauntage whereby to be hurt bicause it hath no corner standyng forth of power to be broken But bicause by stretchyng and euery other action of the nayles their extremities must néedes be worne to their growyng was annexed perpetuitie although the whole body els be driuen to the defect of grouthe But how Sayth Fuchsius they grow not as other meÌ„bers together both in breadth length and thickenes but onely in length the new sayeth Galen cuer driuyng forwardes and thrustyng out the old So that euer in place of that whiche in the extremities of the nayles is dayly worne new commeth forward and supplieth the rowme Realdus Collumbus proueth the originall begynnyng of the nayles to come srom the skinne and the tendons extending the Muscles of the fingers although vnder the nayles the tendons are caryed to the extremities of the fingers for heare they are afterwardes dilated as shall séeme likely to ech sounde iudgement sithens vnder the nayles lurketh such exquisite sense ¶ An end of the Hystory of Cartilages ⧠Of the History of Man the third Booke of Ligamentes HAd not the ioyntes of the bones and Cartilages by
so worthy a writer For by what meanes sayth he could it séeme vnto hym that the Vertebres beyng no litle bones could be holden together of so slender a Membran as that which is in the hole of the Vertebre where the Spinall marey runneth But the true vse of that Membran is to preuent the Spinall marey which by to nye beyng to the bones might be hurt easely by the which great incommoditie might ensue It is therfore notable that all the Vertebres onely the two first excepted are endewed both aboue and beneth with Appendaunces as we somewhat remembred heretofore out of which riseth strong Ligamentes bindyng together the Vertebres among them selues and deteinyng the Cartilage in the middest betwene the Vertebres And it behoued them to be sufficiently strong consideryng the great waight whiche the Vertebres must beare and the strong motions whiche they ought to resiste After this order these Ligamentes are deduced that is to say from the inferiour part of the second Vertebre euen to the extreme end of the tayle about whose body these are sited Furthermore from their transuerse Processes others also are produced for the ioyning to of ribbes and Muscles Others issue out agayne from the hinder part of the Spondilles both to confirme the Vertebres and also to giue beginnyng to some Muscles NOw to leaue these sufficiently spoken of it shall not séeme vnorderly to prosecute and goe forward with the Ligamentes of the tongue and Hyoides For betwene the bones constituting Hyoides passe Ligamentes for the construction of the toung Two are brought from the two greater Processes with which it is knit to the toppe of the toung Other two goe forth from the stiliformed Processes of Hyoides holdyng it so vp as if it were hanged in two chaynes lyke as Historiographers write the yron Tombe of Mahomet to be suspended in the ayre by the attractiue force of the Adamante Lastly there is vnder the tongue a Ligament which in many children that we call tongue tyed cleaueth to sondry places towardes the fore téeth not suffryng the tongue to be vp nor the lippes to goe out and not beyng cut shall corrupt the speache the child hauyng power to make distinction of wordes NExt for bicause the Brachiall Ligament or that of the wrest is diuers from those of other ioyntes we will speake thereof particularly The Ligament therefore seruyng to the wrest of the arme begynneth at the inferiour Appendaunce of Radius Cubitus whose office séemeth to be lyke as of other ioyntes to bynde together the two distinct orders of Brachiall bones lest in euery motion they slippe out from their seates Prudent Nature therefore prepared a Ligament sufficiently strong whiche so byndeth together these Ossicles as that they are alway ready to the executyng and fourmyng eche propper motion but at length is emplanted to the Appendaunce of the Postbrachiall bone and serueth to the articulation of the wrest In this same region are also other Ligamentes not seruyng to the Articulation of Bones but onely to contayne those tendons whiche serue both to the fingers and extreme part of the hand least whilest the fingers moue they should sodainly slide to this place or that place In the inside of the wrest is a forcible Ligament and that ouerthwartly lieng which containeth the tendons of the fourth fift and sixt Muscles bowyng the fingers Neuerthelesse on the outsyde there be sixe Ligamentes euident conteyning in like sort the Muscles extending the fingers Among other thynges it is notable to be marked how all these Ligamentes at the first sight séeme to be but one Albeit if we diligently follow the tendons sixe transuerse Ligamentes begynnyng at the two aforesayd Appendances come playnly to our sight But now we are comen to this place it shall not be amisse to entreate of those Ligamentes which conteine the tendons after the longitude of the fingers It is therfore to be noted that in the inner sides of the bones of the fingers and after their longitude are lodged Ligamentes reachyng euen vnto the extremities of the tendons which nature there hath prudently placed lest in their bowynges the tendons might be lifted from their places IN the knittyng together of the thighe with the bone of Coxendix Ilium and Pubis beside that Membraneous bond but thicke whiche is common to all ioyntes there is a round Ligament whiche rising from the depth of that great concauitie or acetable so largely grauen out of the aferesayd Bones is inserted to the head of the thighe beyng of such strength as that oft tymes it is broken whilest that part is Luxated and so that although the bone be restored to his wonted place yet beyng displaced the party is alway lamed bicause this Ligament still hindreth the knitting together of the bones Also betwene the inferiour heades of the thighe and the toppe of the legge in the inner part of the knée is a thicke Ligament rising from their Appendances and ending in the legge made for the holdyng together of those partes For there being in the body no greater ioynt then these two last recited no marueil that nature addeth to them such Ligamentes as to no other saue onely betwene the head and the two first vertebres Besides the thyrd Ligament there is yet another which almost compasseth about the Articulation of the knée and here and there wrappeth about the Rotule of the which it is onely deteined If any thinke such a round Ligament as hath bene before mentioned is fastned so betwene the head of the shoulder and the scaple bone he is much deceaued But to speake more of Ligamentes let vs yet goe further whilest we finde apte cause and commodious occasion Therfore betwene Os sacrum and Coxendix is a Ligament not so much rounde but riseth from the extreme part of Os sacrum and endeth ouerthwartly at the sharpe part of Coxendix It gathereth together these bones and therfore is made to deteine them beyng knit together although it may be put to other vse as preparing passage to the great Nerue which in man is founde IN the settyng to of the foote betwen the same and the two bones of the legge Tibia and Fibula beside the bonde whiche is common to all ioyntes there are sir other to be discerned such as in the outside of the wrest were lately spoken of Their vses are these to contayne those tendons which serue to the extreme foote and toes which tendons if these were not here placed would for euery small occasion be peruerted from their seates and places THere lye also vnder the toes of the féete Ligamētes euen as in the singers of the hand made to conteine those tendons in their offices whiche bowe the toes that is to say the second and thyrd ioynte TO all ioyntes there is one common Ligament and that hath his begynnyng
with the left Muscle is so conioyned as that they séeme there but one beyng also more sleshy then any where els Likewise the higher that those Muscles ascend by so much the more thinne and sclender they become yet are not the eye browes drawne vpward by the meanes of these onely but also by the helpe of ij Muscles which hereafter we will describe beyng not well knowne as I suppose of any other Anathomist saue Collumbus Also there are ij dilatyng the nose And although Galen others haue maâ—… mention of the ij Muscles that serue to dilate the nose yet haue they confusedly mingled them together with the Muscles of the vpper lippe Besides these Vesalius describeth ij that serue to shut the nose and that he imagineth them 〈◊〉 lye in the inner part of the noâ—…rels vnder the tunicle that compasseth them within Which to be so Collumbus by no meanes may acknowledge for how sayth he may that be séene which can no where be found THe ij Muscles therfore that dilate the nostrels spryng from the aforesayd seame so that the rising of them is sharpe and fleshy mixt with the end of the Muscles of the forehead and downewardes stretchyng or made broader and caried aloft on the Bones of the nose to end at the piâ—…es or wynges of the nostrels It is almost made iij. square wherof 〈◊〉 sides are long but the thyrd short These draw vpward the said wings of the nostrels haue straight Fibres therfore they dilate but those which other Anathomistes haue described are a portion of those Muscles which are placed in the vpper lippe As by by shal be sayd The nose is shut by the muscles assistauÌ„t to the vpper lippe therfore not of any proper muscles addicted to no other vse Which the more manifest to make you vnderstaÌ„d note the wheÌ„soeuer we are willing to draw any thing vnto our nostrels or vnto vs by the nostrels we are constrained immediatly to pull draw together the vpper lippe THere are besides others almost foure squared Muscles sited in the necke which beare their office to the lippes seruyng to draw them obliquely downward and of these Galen was the first inuentor The substaunce of them is a carneous or fleshy Membran begon about the region of cannell bones and posteriour part of the necke so as that their Fibres obliquely ascend and there at length do méete and touch whereas the superiour with the inferiour lippe is ioyned Wherefore since that these broad Muscles are seruiceable vnto the face yea although their chief situation be in the necke yet are they to be numbred among the Muscles of the face beyng much coherent with the chinne And therefore to the openyng of the mouth séeme much assistaunt THe nuÌ„ber of the Muscles seruyng to the lippes are iiij that is ij in the vpper and as many in the neither The originall of the superiour Muscles is foure maner of wayes rising from the extreme Suture of the iugall bone as also from the same that distinguisheth the first bone of the vpper iawe from the thyrd the other ij are brought from the bone of the chéeke and all go obliquely towardes the lippe among whiche there is one that cleaueth to the wyng of the nostrels for that cause they would haue it the Muscle that should dilate the nose But Collumbus calleth it a portion of the Muscles aforesayd mouyng the lippe Notwithstandyng sayth the same authour because I will not séeme sâ—…bburne in my one opinion for that I haue alway abhorred if any man please to separate this estéeme it to be in the place of a peculiar Muscle it shal be lawfull vnto him for me which beyng graunted then there shal be iiij Muscles of the nose whiche all shall serue to dilate the same The other ij constitutyng the neither lippe do spryng from that part of the chinne where is a certaine conspicuous asperitie or roughnes in the bone But now the Fibres of these foure Muscles are diuers myxed and enfolded within them selues and therefore as Galen rightly hath noted show diuers sortes of mouâ—…nges beyng for the most part mingled with the skinne VNto the sayd Muscles come other ij of the chéekes sited betwene both the iawes both springyng from the gummes and also endyng in the gummes Therfore where it pleaseth you it is lawfull to appoint the beginnyng that is to say whether aboue or beneath it forceth not They be sufficient sclender and in the maner of a circle intersected with diuers Fibres and therfore endewed with diuers giftes for like handes they serue to thrust the meate hether and thether not vnprofitable in tyme of speach when we will either puffe vp the chéekes or blow forth the breath A further vtilitie of these Muscles is dayly proued of theÌ„ that with trumpets and shalmes do dayly exercise their blast THere are ij Muscles yet hether to be reuoked and brought to light which negligence before my authors tyme hath passed They are to be seene in the posteriour part of the head rising aboue the Mammillar Processes at the Labdal Suture They are informe triangled or iij. square and endyng in the fleshy Membran which also admitteth the Muscles of the forehead Neither are their vses and vtilities in drawyng the forehead and skinne of the head toward the hinder partes to be neglected as I suppose it doth in euery man And Collumbus besides Iohannes Anthonius Platus his master whose skinne of the head he reporteth euery where and euidently to moue sayth likewise that in him selfe beyng bald it is most porspicuous BUt to come vnto the eyes the Muscles of the eye liddes are vj. in number that is to say iij. on either side Wherof ij are situated without the compasse of the eyes whiche most certaynly may be supposed to be the onely cause why all Anathomistes before ColluÌ„bus were so deceaued in supposing those sited within the compasse of the eyes to serve not to the eye liddes but the eyes The first therfore are râ—…d coÌ„passing hauyng also circled Fibres They spryng in the great corner of the eye in the coÌ„mon â—…uture both to the head vpper iawe Their beginnyng is sharpe but are dilated vpward toward the forhead in which place they are mixed together with the Muscles of the forehead Afterward stretchyng toward the eare the nearer they come to the lesser corner of the eye the more they are amplified and downewardes reflected about the roundell of the eye that at length neare to there beginnyng they might finish with a sharpe end And these are made strongly to shut and bynde together the eye liddes whose force we dayly proue when we winke to preuent any outward iniurie The second are ij streight Muscles broad and fleshie in the superiour region of the eyes beginnyng within the roundell at the visible Nerue like
describeth therein two circles which are thus the middest beyng MeÌ„braneous the outer partes which coÌ„passe that same more fleshy And as it is the nearer to the ribbes the more fleshy so the nearer to the centrée of middest so much the more meÌ„braneous In which wordes he meaneth not any dirision therein but onely speaketh of the middest and outward partes as the one more Membraneous the other more retainyng of a fleshy nature Moreouer this Muscle of the brest ministreth both to expiration and inspiration that is puttyng forth the breth and receiuyng it in Who in vsing this his propper naturall function withdraweth him selfe towardes the Vertebres and asendyng draweth to him the extreme partes of the brest and byndeth togeâ—…her all the inferiour part all which effect it worketh whilest we expire or breath forth But when we receiue in the breth it taketh a cleane contrary labour in hand for then beyng relaxed and saggyng downward it suffereth the inferiour partes of the brest to be dilated And this is the notable vtilitie of Diaphragma as the same Author reporteth to haue beholden in quicke dissections Whereby very fitly meséemeth it may be supposed that whilest in retaynyng the breth it declineth downewardes the holdyng or straying then of the breth receiued compresseth it hard vpon the subiect partes very forcibly therewithall compellyng the expulsiue facultie as when we draw together the bellye to the expulsing of excrementes we cannot sitly accomplishe the same onely by straying the lower partes but by enlargyng the brest and compressyng the midreif together with forcibly retayning of breth By whiche meanes Diaphragma thrusteth vpon the lower partes to the end that in straynyng the nether bellye by the assistaunce of the strong Muscles of Abdomen none of the intrels might séeke to haue scope or recourse vpwardes but altogether consentiuely forcyng one an other downward to make a most strong and certaine exclusion of the supersâ—…uous dregges of the thyrd digestion To the better confirmation of this my coniecture Fernel Ambian hath these wordes The midrief called also an ouerthwarte diuisioÌ„ and a girdle to the body besides that it is the first instrument of inspiratioÌ„ it helpeth also very well to the vnloadyng of the belly and driuing out dregges This Muscle is clothed both aboue and beneath as with a garment aboue with Pleura and beneth with Peritonaeum It springeth from the Vertebres Others estéeme the sinewy part to be the begynning therof Notwithstanding Collumbus ascribeth the begynnyng thereof vnto the ij litle long partes thereof which Vesalius calleth Ligamentes which litle bodies come from the side of the body of the xij Vertebre of the brest and from the vpper ioyntes of the loynes and from thence afterwardes doth the sinewy part take his beginning which is ioyned to the Cartilage called Gladialis or commonly Mucronata Which in the History of Cartilages is fully described beyng begotten as a propugnacle to this aforesayd Muscle but not to the mouth of the Uentricle as the commen crew of Phisitions do suppose And to this part also the hart lyeth Finally the midrief is fleshy on both sides and is implanted at length to the Caâ—…tilages of the false ribbes embracyng the last Uesalius hath affirmed the perforation of this noble member to be made thrée 〈◊〉 And it is certain that it yeldeth way to the transiture and course of other néedefull partes for the communion of the vitall with the naturall and the naturall with the vitall members Yet it is but twise pearsed or bored through as once by the hollow Ueyne which forthwith marcheth into the brest and the second tyme by the stomache or necke of the Uentricle called also Aesophagus wherewith likewise do descend two Nerues from the vj. payre of sinewes of the brayne But the iourney of the great Arterie perforateth not this Muscle for asmuch as whilest it amplecteth the Vertebres it embraceth it also but therefore maketh no hole To this end therfore Fuchsius sayth that the way of the great Arterie deserueth not the name of a hole but rather a halfe circle carued out of the compassing part of the midrief that is when it embraceth the inner side of the Spondiles there lying the way of the same great Arterie called in Gréeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and not the same hole where through Aesophagus passeth For flat agaynst that lyeth the testimony of veritie had it bene the sentence of Socrates him selfe as it was of Hipocrates and Galen though no man can say they were men of no Diuine vnderstandyng Thus Septum transuersum is accompted amoÌ„g the Muscles of the brest wherby is shewed how much and of what efficacy it is in respiration But so much as is sayd in that behalfe tendeth to the sence of naturall respiration For whatsoeuer is vehement or violent the same is contrary therto For if so the qualitie of the heate of the hart do encrease or occasion serue that for the spéech or other lyke larger breathyng is required then els could well suffice nature by by the first second thyrd fourth and fift together with the interiour muscles called Intercostales on both sides do labour with Septum transueâ—… sum But if further by bodely causes or sodaine occasion great and larger respiration be required as for example to the vse of hollowyng crying blowynges of trumpets shalmes or other vehement efflations then the exteriour Intercostales are prouoked to moue which be motions not naturall For naturall respiration is that which is brought to passe without the helpe of the Intercostall Muscles and that is it whiche this worthy member sufficiently bringeth to passe and whatsoeuer is more the same hath more helpe and is naturall but rather we may terme them necessary for seruyng at néedefull tymes As to be playne this is not naturall but a very necessary kynde of respiratioÌ„ when a man by earnest study ormuse vnto him selfe vpon any earnest or waighty matter by tossyng and turmoyling of his wittes with continuall inward cogitation of the hart accenseth and heateth more the spirit then naturall respiration is able to temper then he at a sodaine maketh a vehement inspiration and after as large efflation which with indifferent intermission proueth profitable to coole the kindlyng heate of the hart a more vehement then that is proued in trumpettors pypers hunters and such lyke exercises And therfore necessary though not accompted of Galen naturall Whiche argueth that nature hath created our bodyes so carefully that whatsoeuer is either naturall or necessary it is not wantyng Wherfore these Muscles Intercostales litle vsed in naturall breathyng yet not to be wanted in extreme efflations prouoked by néedefull causes such as are rehearsed It is not obscurely proued by this afore goyng that the noblenes and worthy nature of this Muscle may euill be spared in mans body both for the naturall vse
broad tendon which Galen estéemed to spryng froÌ„ the thyrd Muscle which we haue accompted the iij. 〈◊〉 the postoriour Muscles of the legge Galen the fourth The beginning of this Muscle is unth 〈◊〉 and fleshy vnder the plante it is deuided and gootâ—… footh in iiij round perfor at â—…d tendons which are sowed to the second wynter of the iiij toes a thyng marâ—…cilous to be spoken but more marusilous to be sone Their office is to bow the secoÌ„d wyntes of those toes The broad teÌ„don which is added vnto this Muscle is most sharpe of sonse so end â—…ned of nature to 〈◊〉 ech outward 〈◊〉 swiftly The second Muscle is produced also from the hâ—…e neare to the first but is in the inner side almost round and is tyâ—…d to that boue of the plant whiche before the greater toe is preferred so it 〈◊〉 a Tendon which to the great Tâ—…e is emplanted And this was made to the end that by it the great Toe from the other Toes might be moueâ—… Also the thyrd Muscle springeth from the héele nâ—…oare vnto the â—…st the 〈◊〉 therof is toward the Anteriour part and is faâ—…oued to the bone of the plaÌ„t that is put before to the litle Toe where the Processe therof is to be sene and at length maketh out a tendinous substaaÌ„nce to the same litle toe to lead him from the rest In departyng from these three other fours do follow as are euident vnder the sole of the foote and bones of the plante whose begynnyng 〈◊〉 out from the tendons of the perforatyng Muscle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the thyrd wynte of the foure fingers but these Muscles beyng of them selues small and round to mutually from the hée le receiue a portion of flesh vnto them Of these Muscles Galen and 〈◊〉 do write that their office is to plucke away the iiij toes from the thoÌ„ve or great â—…or because they 〈◊〉 in the iiij round and sinewy teÌ„dons which goe forward to the outer 〈◊〉 of the foure toes and are bound to the superiour tendon which we haue sayd to haue proportie to extend But they march forward â—…ueÌ„ vnto the extreme toes neither end they 〈◊〉 the first ioynte as Vesalius would who in this poynt was smally diligent when he granted to these Muscles but onely oblique motion But know gentle Readers this to be my â—…uiontion sayth Collumbus neither is this vse of them knowne to any maÌ„ that euer writ before vs in 〈◊〉 for these Muscles moue not with an oblique motion but do truly extend 〈◊〉 stretch out the foure 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so much they extend as that by them they are more exteÌ„ded they by the other tendons as the eyes beyng iudges it is easie to be 〈◊〉 by any expert 〈◊〉 Beside these there be x. Muscles in the 〈◊〉 of the plante For to euery toe ij Muscles are addicted which are fetched froÌ„ the begynnyng of the fóote and end in the first 〈◊〉 of all the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 They 〈◊〉 fleshy therfore forâ—…ed of nature to obay to 〈◊〉 more 〈◊〉 which thing is brought to passe when two of them moue at one tyme But otherwise when onely one of them moueth then doe they draw the toes obliquely inward and outward The last Muscle that is placed in the extreme foote that is the 〈◊〉 is situated vpon Tarsoâ—… and Pedium beginning from the Ligament that 〈◊〉 together the legge and Fibula with the foote It is a broad and thinne Muscle ending in 5. tendons and soure tyme in iiij so is it at length inserted in the extreme part of all the toes and in mouyng those toes thereby are obliquely extended THe cubit is both bowed and also extended strayght without any manner of of oblique motion Which thing surely euery man may easely practise in him selfe But these not beyng able to be brought to passe without the organs of voluÌ„tary mouyng let vs sée what store of theÌ„ are attributed to ech maner of his actioÌ„ Two Muscles there be therfore for flection as many for extension although Galen maketh iij. to extension which is manifest sayth Vesulius in Apes Of these the first is a strong Muscle euident vnder the skume and sited in the interiour part of the shoulder it springeth froÌ„ the shoulder blade with ij distinct begynnynges wherof the one is sinewy and round begynnyng from the vpper part of the brow of the ruppe or acetable made in the scapple bone it goeth further aboue the head of the shoulder slippeth through that chincke that is sited in the same superiour part which chincke in déede nature created of purpose for this teÌ„dons sake The other beginnyng of this Muscle goeth out froÌ„ the Processe called Ancyroides partly sinewy partly also fleshy but the fleshy part cleaueth to the shoulder and séemeth a distinct muscle separated which yeldeth helpe vnto the shoulder since therby he is drawne towardes the brest Furthermore these ij beginninges of the sayd Muscle are vnited vnder the head of the shoulder together makyng athicke Muscle and almost rouÌ„d strong and filled with straight Fibres which in the elbowe leaueth at a sinewy Tendon which neare to the end is dilated and knit to Radius who hath in the inside therof a Tubercle made propperly for the insertion of this Muscle The ij Muscle from the hone of the shoulder is caried all fleshy with straight Fibres and lyeth hid vnder the first Muscle It is caried fleshy beyond the ioynte of the cubite and lastly fastened to Cubitus and Radius And the cubite by the vtilitie of these two Muscles is made directly to bow The thyrd is produced from the shoulder blade a litle vnder the necke therof is caried by the hinder partes of the shoulder it is together with a broad teÌ„don beyng fleshy stretcheth his tendon to the posteriour Processe of Vlna called the elbow and also goeth beyond the same And straight be the Fibres of this Muscle The fourth hath two begynnynges from the necke of the shoulder whereto it cleaueth much and is so ioyned together with the thyrd as that the thyrd and fourth séemeth one onely Muscle with many begynnynges albeit in déede they are ij finally this fourth Muscle endeth where the thyrd hauyng also straight Fibres And the office both of the thyrd and fourth Muscle is to extend and stretch forth the cubite straight AS touchyng the hand so notably of the omnipotent creator created as that it is most apt and prompt to all and euery kynde of Art defence and safe prouision for the body so as no meÌ„ber more declareth the vnspeakeable power of almighty God in the creatyng of man because I will nether vse a double labor nor yet detaine thée with vayne circumstaunce from the summe of the matter I coÌ„mit thée to the Hystory of Bones where out of Galen compendiously we haue noted the noble vse and effourmation of this
member Here the hand is spoken of last of all after the same order and accordyngly as Collumbus vseth because the end of a tale is the better caried away And this mēber is most notable and worthy longest to be borne in mynde The Muscles wher of sayth he will in dissection the longest endure vncorrupted both because whilest we liue they are more exercised as also for y that they are clogged with lesse fat These in describyng are after the maner of Galen to be deuided into outer inner Muscles as those that moue the foote before are sayd to be deuided But to speake first of the interiour Muscles they be in number viij The first wherof is very proper it springeth frō the toppe of the inner Tubercle which is in the shoulder with a sharpe and sinewy begynnyng and forthwith goeth small fleshy but beareth the true forme of a Muscle for the head therof is small the belly broad and the tayle long strete euen downe to the wrest This Muscle moreouer goeth somewhat obliquely toward the hand and endeth at a round and long tendon which runneth aboue the inner Ligament of the wrest which beyng passed of the remnaunt is made a broad tendon which is extended through the hollow of the hand but leauyng the ij greater hilles discouered is at last among the iiij fingers bestowed The true vse of this Muscle is to helpe the fingers in bowyng and being exquisite of sense what soeuer we therfore comprehend or gripe in the hand that offereth vs any present hurt for in a moment we know it by the sensibilitie therof we cast away and immediatly auoyde it from vs before it procéede further to hurt vs Neither is it made to that end as that the ball of the hand therfore should be without heare as some would imagine for Collumbus writeth of certaine théeues which had not this Muscle but onely a tendon brought from the inner Ligament of the wrest The second goeth forth from the inner tubercle of the shoulder tēdyng sharpe in the first begynnyng both sinewy and fleshy it cleaueth fast to the cubite and marcheth after the length of it vnto the roote of the wrest and is vnto the cubite as a soft bed or bowlster but first at the commyng therof to the wrest it degenerateth into a Tendon and both with a fleshy and sinewy end is implanted to the fourth bone of the wrest of the hand The thyrd Muscle begynneth at the same place with an oblique progresse after the length of Radius yet in commyng likewise to the wrest it goeth out into a round and strong Tendon which is inserted to that of the Postbrachiall bones that supporteth the litle finger The office of these two Muscles is that if both moue at once they bowe the wrest but when one alone styrreth then doth it moue obliquely now vp now downe by the helpe notwithstandyng of two exteriour Muscles as we shall come vnto anone The fourth hath a marueilous beginning For it springeth sharpe and sinewy from the inner Tubercle of the shoulder so that it becōmeth afterward fleshy is caried longwise after Cubitus Radius After when it hath passed the middest of the cubit it stretcheth out narrow is ended in iiij round tendons sinewy perforated which are brought vnder the Ligament of the wrest vnder which neuertheles the iij. first Muscles are not caried The end of these tēdōs is in that secōd ioynt of the iiij fingers which they serue to bow because they were to be penetrated by the tēdons of the v. Muscle goyng to the iij. ioynt of the foure fingers as shal be sayd therfore nature perforated these which be sinewy fayre shynning a thing notable and marueilous to behold This prudent nature also wrought to the end that the fingers after a certaine order should follow one an other The fift Muscle is much stronger then the fourth and no meruaile for that it behoued it to moue after with greater force since it boweth the foure fingers excellētly constrayning them together It springeth neare the fourth but for the most part frō the vpper and interiour part of the cubit It lyeth vnder the fourth Muscle and straitnyng by litle and litle cleaueth to the cubit before it come vnto the wrest at last it goeth forth in iiij rownd sinewy and perforating tendons whiche finally are inserted to the thyrd ioynt of the foure fingers the thombe in déede being exempted contrary to Galens mynde who would haue the v. fingers bowed by this Muscle and that one of the tendons therof should extend vnto the thōbe which to be true in Apes Collumbus playne affirmeth For the thombe in man is moued by his propper Muscle as shal be sayd This fift moreouer cleaneth to the Ligament which deuideth the inferiour from the posteriour muscles The vj. springeth from Radius beyng likewise adherent to the same Ligamēt and iourneth downe along the length of Radius endyng neare the wrest at a round Tendon and sinewy which together with the Tendons of the fourth and fift Muscle runneth vnder the coape or vaulte of the wrest of the hand and finally is inserted to the last ioynte of the thombe which it boweth The seuenth Muscle with a fleshy begynnyng commeth from the inner Tubercle of the shoulder and from the vpper and inner part of the cubit It créepeth obliquely and in the halfe space of the length of Radius endeth partly fleshy partly sinewy with oblique Fibres The viij beyng foure square placed neare vnto the wrest riseth from the cubite and fleshy also endeth in Radius hauyng transuerse Fibres and transuerse situation And the office of these two last is in prone order to turne Radius Of the outward Muscles The first begynneth fleshy and sinewy frō the outer tubercle of the shoulder thē puttyng on more fleshynes waxeth thicke it marcheth betwene Cubitus and Radius till it come to the wrest wherfore sometyme it stretcheth forth in iiij sometyme in iij. tendons round and sinewy which passe through the hollow which is in the Appendance of Radius but are gathered together by one of the Ligamentes which spryng from the same Appendance These sayd tendons in procéedyng fourth further are broad and end from the first to the thyrd ioynt of the iiij fingers But when it hath onely iij. tendons then is the litle finger without But ofter hath it iiij then thrée which tēdons are stretched forth euen vnto the extreme endes of the fingers vnder the nayles but are not inserted to the rootes of them Hereby commeth the sensible féelyng that cōsisteth betwene the flesh and nayle as is proued when any hurt hapneth betwene them by the great dolour that ensueth although the same payne lyeth not betwene the flesh and nayle sayth Collumbus but betwene the flesh and the Tendons And the office of this Muscle is to extend the foure
fingers The second Muscle begynneth at the same Tubercle neare to the first with a sharpe begynnyng and sinewy so it is borne forward betwene the first Muscle and cubit after the longitude therof towardes the wrest but it endeth at a round sinewy and sometyme double Tendon Likewise it is caried aboue the wrest betwixt Radius and Cubitus and to the extreme end of the litle finger is inserted This round Muscle hath the office to lead the litle finger from the rest and is no small vse vnto vs for the makyng of the Paline of the hand The thyrd Muscle goeth out fleshy from the middle very neare of Cubitus in what place of Cubitus is a long roughe lyne made to giue begynnyng to thrée Muscles The situation of this is oblique and the end at a rouÌ„d Tendon which is inserted to the fore finger to extend and stretch forth the same obliquely But this sayd Tendon chuseth a Ligament from the Appendance of Radius and this Tendon is deuided in some into two The fourth Muscle with a fleshy begynnyng from the cubite neare vnto the thyrd is oblique and caried aboue the Appendance of Radius then endyng at a round and sinewy tendon is to the thyrd ioynt of the thombe to extend and lead the same from the other fingers inserted The fift from the same lyne of Cubitus neare to the fourth Muscle with a fleshy begynnyng and long marcheth obliquely towardes the thombe with many inscriptions and ceaseth at diuers Tendons Wherfore sayth Collumbus he that deliteth in the multitude of Muscles may deuide this into thrée or iiij albeit he iudgeth it onely one which is caried aboue the ij horned Muscle But it deuideth sometyme into iiij sometyme into v. teÌ„dons wherof one to the thyrd ioynt of the thoÌ„be an other to the second ioynt the thyrd to the first and the iiij to the bone of the wrest which supporteth the thombe there are sometyme beside in this place found ij other tendons and this Muscle hath the office to extend the thombe The vj. springeth from the roote of the outer Tubercle of the shoulder it em-braceth braceth and is knit vnto Cubitus créepyng after the length therof neuerthelesse in commyng to the wrest it degenerateth into a round sinewy and strong tendon which is caryed aboue the AppeÌ„dance of the cubite into a certaine hollow neare to the Processe of Cubitus called as before is sayd or described in the Hystory of bones Stylois from this Appendaunce it taketh his Ligament which is transuerse it is inserted moreouer not farre from the wrest to that Postbrachial bone that sustaineth the litle finger The seuenth which is called the two horned Muscle springeth fleshy with a long lyne from the inferiour part of the shoulder aboue the ioynt and creepyng vpon Radius endeth in the middest therof in a strong and double tendon beyng therfore called two horned which after it hath visited the wrest is inserted to the Postbrachiall bones that supporte the foure finger and middle finger These ij muscles last sayd do extend the hand or els thus do serue to extend the wrest when both at once do labour But the seuenth together with the second of the inner muscles the other two ceassing do carye the hand obliquely downeward So the sixt with the thyrd inner muscle do baire it obliquely vpward And this is their first vse The second is to circuÌ„uerte or turne about the extreme had which motioÌ„ they shew wheÌ„ one in mouyng doth immediatly follow another Which vse of other Anathomistes I perceiue hath bene nothyng so well noted as of Collumbus whom for his diligence I accompt no lost labour to imitate The viij muscle which is called the loÌ„gest is brought from the shoulder with a fleshy begynnyng aboue the outer Tubercle runneth obliquely vpon Radius and is inserted into the Appendance therof with a membrancous tendon The ninth is produced from the bond whiche knitteth together the cubite with the shoulder and passeth obliquely from the superiour part of the cubit called Olecranon and beyng all fleshy is fastened to the middest of Radius These two muscles baire the hand vpward and moue Radius outwardly MUscles of the extreme hand are in number xxi neither at any tyme moe but sometyme fewer That is to say xix Of these muscles seuen if they be the whole number of xxj serue the thombe But if but xix then are they v. to the thoÌ„be foure go to the litle finger iij. to euery one els one to the broad tendon The first is a litle â—…rausuerse muscle placed vpon the hill of Uenus springing from the fleshy â—…bran is filled with fleshy Fibres and is inserted to the broad tendoÌ„ which to dilate it was therfore made And this muscle as sayth Col. was neither mentioned of Vesalius nor the auncient Anathomistes before him Foure other long leane and round muscles do follow which goe forth from the tendoÌ„s of the fift interiour muscle which boweth the thyrd ioynt of the foure singers These are placed in the ball of the hand neare the first ioynt of the foure fingers But they end in a round and sinewy tendon and are caried by the inner partes of the fingers after their longitude cleauyng to the tendons of the first exteriour muscle by which the foure fingers are sayd to be extended So these with their endes are committed to the thyrd ioynte of the fingers but Collumbus denyeth that they are fastened to the first as Galen and Uesalius haue professed before him who although they knew these muscles yet were ignoraunt of their vse and insertioÌ„ and you shall sée how for they affirme that by these the foure fingers are led towardes the thombe But sayth he and that not without a playne demonstration of his reason by these muscles although they lye in the interiour part of the hand are the singers Notwithstandyng extended better then by the first of the exteriour muscles or at least asmuch And they were put of nature in the inside because she well considered the great perill that should euer be incideÌ„t vnto them on the outside if they were sited Whereby it fortuneth many tymes that although the tendons of the outside of the fingers be deuided and cut in sunder yet the partie beyng hole shall afterward neuerthelesse extend the same finger neither is the Chirurgian that cureth it the more to be extolled therfore as diuers that hauyng small knowledge in Aâ—…atho mie do here and there greatly estéeme them selues for the good successe of such cures purchased more by the benefite of nature then their rare experience or singular application The sixt muscle goeth forth from the Ligament of the wrest and froÌ„ the forth bone therof and it constituteth the hill of Venus it marcheth forth by the inferiour part of Postbrachiale and is almost round then endeth it at a Tâ—…don which is implanted to
the first bone of the litle finger whereby the same finger is able to moue from the rest The seueÌ„th beginneth at the wrest and is placed in the vpper part this Muscle is all fleshy and endeth at the second bone of the thombe The eight commeth forth neare vnto the seuenth is fleshy and placed toward the hollow in the hand and with a small Tendon is inserted to the second bone of the thombe The ninth is vnder the seuenth from the same Ligament of the wrest all fleshy and ended at the first ioynt of the thombe These thrée Muscles make that fleshy part of the thombe which Palmesters do terme the hill of Mars and they draw the thombe towardes their begynnyng that is do extend the same and lead it from the rest Thrée other follow whiche go out of the bones of Postbrachiale that support the forefinger middle finger and ring finger their situation is oblique or rather transuerse vnder the lyne of lyfe as the Palmesters terme it they end in the second ioynte of the thombe albeit their begynnyng is halfe circle lyke these thrée notwithstandyng could Collumbus be content to accompt one Muscle hauyng a broad begynnyng a sharpe end and enterweauynges of diuers Fibres sauyng that he would not séeme to much to dissent from Uesalius to shâ—…e if he may the cauelyng tauntes of straungers The vse of them is to bowe the thombe towardes the ball of the hand The seuenth Muscle of the thombe commeth from the Postbrachiall Bone that bayreth the forfinger occupying the space betwene tho forfinger and thombe so that the situation therof is ouerthwart is inserted to the bone of the thombe beyng thereby authorised to plucke the thombe towardes the same finger and lay it aloft thereon Besides these there be yet other viij Muscles springyng from the Postbrachiall bones inserted to the first ioyntes of the iiij fingers Of these ij beyng allotted to euery finger exceptyng the thombe in which none of them is settled These viâ—… Muscles are thus endued with offices that ij of them by mouyng together do bowe straight the first ioynte wherin they be implanted But when one styrreth onely theÌ„ obliquely they make their motion in bowing these ioynts And now here with myne authour how mans members moue I am come to the gole ⧠An end of the Historie of Muscles ¶ The backe part of the Muscles ¶ Of the Hihory of Man the fift booke describyng the instrumentes seruyng to nourishment which is brought to effect by meate drinke that is Of the nutritiue and naturall partes WHen as the whole masse of man for the insited heate therein must néedes haue runne in perpetuall ruine and vastation vnlesse other lyke substaunce continually in steade of that which wasteth was restored the almighty creator not onely vnto man and liuyng creatures but also vnto the very Plantes them selues hath giuen a certaine power to require that alway which is wantyng and requisite for them For neither to eate drinke or vse respiration we learne of any body at any tyme but immediatly euen from the begynnyng we haue in vs that worketh all these without any instructer To this that Diuine Hipocrates hath this elegant saying Nature her selfe hath not by reason found the instinct to euery her actions for neither is she of any taught neither hath she learned to worke those thynges which are conuenient but by meat what soeuer of dryer substaunce and by drinke what so of moâ—…er wasteth we restore And so alway to the old estate we mainteine and reduce them both No otherwise then as the commoderation of aerye and fiery substaunce we hold by respiration and pulsation of the Arteries NOw wheÌ„ that that floweth to euery part ought to be of such nature as the particle it selfe and none of all those whiche are eaten and drunken are wholly such it was necessarie vnto Nature first that those thynges were conco-cted and chaunged and so much as may be assimulated and made like to nourish and restore the body and after to expell those recrementes whose generatioÌ„ of necessitie followeth such mutations For this cause â—…hiefly sayth Galen Nature instituted thrée kyndes of instrumentes seruyng to nutrition As some for the first reason to conceiue and labour the nourishment as also to destribute the same vnto the whole body Others for the second cause to be the receptacles of excrementes The other particles for a thyrd reason seruyng to the transmittyng of these excretions vntymely exiture prohibityng and in tyme dew readely expellyng Of the first number are the Uentricle which receiueth the nourishment and the Liuer whiche maketh the greatest mutation of the nourishment passyng through hym and the Ueynes which deriue the same confected nourishment into the whole body Of the second reason are the intrels which receiue the dryer excrement as the Uessicle of Choler that whiche is thinner and lighter the Splene that which is more earthy and thicke the reynes and bleddar the watrish part Of the thyrd the Muscles for they are vnto egestion seruiceable All whiche thynges in their places shal be described and how they serue vnto nutrition we will declare begynnyng first somewhat further of with the partes of Abdomen as of them in dissection the Anathomist maketh first demonstration THe outmost skinne therfore which is in Gréeke called Epidermis in Latin Cuticula is the vppermost thinne skinne which onely most outwardly of all others enwrappeth the body beyng very thinne and of it selfe altogether insensible growyng swiftely soone lost and soone repayred agayne The insensibilitie therof is vnto the body very requisite the outward partes beyng thereby fréed from the â—…olour of ech light action which otherwise we must néedes haue endured not onely in applying our handes to the holdyng of any thyng and passing with our féete continually to goe but euen in wearyng also our garmentes vpon vs no lesse then if our Bones were likewise of sensible substance we should neither be able to go much lesse frequent such violent actions in the vse of our lyfe as dayly we do Agayne as Nature to so good end created it of insensible substaunce so likewise she framed it most thinne to the end the members sense should not thereby more then was conuenient to the aforesayd end and purpose be dulled Wher fore we may endure to handle rubbe or styrre our members to or with any thyng which hath not either the sharpnes or force to excoriate the same outer skinne which if it had bene thicker it séemeth certain our sense must néedes haue bene the duller Besides an other commoditie no lesse néedfull it oweth vnto the body For Nature hath endewed the same with an infinite number of pores or holes to expell by them such superfluites as Nature hath already driuen to the outer partes and infrication these manifestly
and an organ before all other organs to the end it might excell in the sharpe sense of touching nature hath chosen and geuen thereto fiue proper and néedefull payre of sinewes that is to say thrée to the extreme fingers and two to the extreme haÌ„d All which fine payre haue their originall from the Spinall marey goyng forth by â—…he common holes of the Vertebres of the necke and the first turnyng ioynt of the brest And these after they be gone forth from their risinges as is sayd are so vnited afterwardes together that one payre from an other it is almost impossible to distinguish Neuerthelesse they are at length separated séemyng to constitute and frame them selues after the fashion of a net These fine payres of sinewes march forth with one consent vnder the chanell bone as also to the inner Processe of the shoulder blade In the which place also they are accompanied with Vena Basilica Axillaris Arteria wherfore no marueile though a wound in this place be fearefull and dauÌ„gerous But to go to euery one of them seperately The first payre of Nerues to the handes is brought forth betwene the fift and the sixt Vertebre when it is come to the cauitie vnder the armehole it sendeth forth a nerue to the first Muscle of the brest and to the second of the scaple bone and a 〈◊〉 in like order to the first and second Muscle of cubite whereby the same is bowed Furthermore if you willyngly follow it further it runneth vnder the first two headed Muscles through the inner part of the shoulder but after the bought of the cubite it accompanieth with the common Ueyne and both together as it were with one tract are deduced to the extreme part of the haÌ„d But in that space not ceassing to poure forth sundry litle braunches to diuers partes of the skinne there aboutes The going out of the secoÌ„d payre is according to the same iourney place that we haue described to the first so then it sendeth thrée Nerues to the Muscles that serue the shoulder wherof one issueth out at that hole of y shoulder blade that â—…keth vnder the armehole beyng first diuersly distributed theÌ„ after is caried straight forth after the fore part of the shoulder to the bought of the arme passing theÌ„â—…e betwixt the bone Cubitus Radius but note that at what tyme it entreth into the bought it disperseth it selfe in brauÌ„ches which are bestowed on the 4. 5. 6. Muscle by whose meanes all the fiue fingers are bowed But so soone as it is passed gone behynd the middest of the bone Radius it putteth forth a nerue sufficient apparant and déepe which cleauyng as it goeth to the Ligament that is set betwene the Bones Cubitus and Radius is at length implanted to the quadrated or foure squared Muscle in the history of Muscles manifest which beyng sited neare vnto the wrest moueth the hand directly downewardes in prone maner The greater trunke or stocke of this same nerue descending further and lower créepeth vnder the LigameÌ„t that lyeth on the inside of the wrest in which place it bringeth forth sundry braunches duely dedicated to the Muscles of the thombe and others to a portion of these Muscles which we haue called loÌ„g Muscles and shewed to spring from the Tendons of the fift Muscle Other braunches likewise it sendeth to those Muscles which rising from the postbrachiall part of the hand do bowe the first ioyntes of the fingers Which done in the palme of the hand it is cut into v. partes but some tyme into seuen though not so often Of which fiue partes two marcheth forewardes through the sides of the thombe to the extremitie thereof in the meane tyme here and there distributyng their surcles to the skinne two other poste themselues to the extreme partes of the forefinger in the meane tyme neither laying wast the skinne compasse about them The fift runneth through the inside of the middle finger And these are the fiue partes but in such as it is deuided into vij partes note the vj. iourneyth through the extreme region of the middle finger and the vij through the inside of the litle finger And thus much of the second payre of sinewes seruyng to the hand The thyrd payre so addicted after the selfe same maner runneth downe after the side of the shoulder and inferiour partes of the cubite as also aboue the ioynt betwene Olechranon and the inner Tubercle of the shoulder where it bringeth forth diuers braunches which through the first Muscle of which is made a large Tendon may easely be found scattered as also to the second and thyrd Muscle of the wrest Then it marcheth after the length of the cubite on the inside about the middest wherof or litle more it is deuided into two partes the one greater and the other lesser the one agayne taketh his race more déepe the other more outward That which runneth inward passeth vnder the inner LigameÌ„t of the wrest there ramifieng to that first Muscle with a broad Tendon which Collumbus first obserued from thence to the vj. Muscle whiche leadeth the litle finger from the rest not ceassing to yeld y like kindnes to those Muscles that exteÌ„d or stretch forth the fingers which in the proper place we haue sayd to spryng from the tendons of the first Muscle that boweth the thyrd ioynt of the fingers neither denying to assist the Muscles that bowe the formost ioyntes and which cleaue to the postbrachiall bones this done it seuereth it selfe into thrée and sometyme into v. which stay their courses at the extremities of the fingers beyng through the sides of the ryng finger and litle finger delated although sometyme it is founde to stay about the middest of the middle finger Beyond all this it imparteth slender braunchings liberally to the skinne all about namely to the palme of the haÌ„d which maketh it become so sharpely sensible and exquisite in touchyng But now to come to the lesser bowe or braunch before deuided This strayeng through the exteriour partes of the hand is reflected aboue the wrest there into thrée proper rames specially deuided But in some preparyng fiue casteth them through the vpper of the backe of the hand So through the sides of the litle finger ryng fingers and through the halfe of the aforesayd middle finger and to their extremities committed in like order as is declared by the other on the inside Onely in this differyng that the inner are much greater then the outer Nerues most nobly done of Nature who was not ignoraunt that the outer might with more facilitie be hurt then the inner The fourth coniugation of Nerues prepared for the handes is greater then all the Nerues thereto distributed and taketh in hand the like rising and iourney as doth the rest but when it is come very neare to the middest of the shoulder it is
4. Pâ—…i I b. 7. cap. 2. Hipp. â—…ib dâ—… 〈◊〉 Aquis et 〈◊〉 Lib. â—…ast cap. 15. Iac. Sil. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sec. 1â—… Prâ—…b Hipp. Loc. 〈◊〉 Loc. cit â—…ig de Meâ—…n ob Iac. Sâ—…l Loc. cit Plat. Dial. 3. de Repub. Li. de caus 〈◊〉 Aph. 28. 29. 30. Lib. 2. â—…ib de coacis prae not Iac. Sil. Loc. ciâ—… Col. Lib. 〈◊〉 Lib. de Var. Corp. â—…ec 〈◊〉 Botall â—…ib de catâ—…o Lâ—…c ciâ—… De Moâ—…bo 〈◊〉 Fuchs li. 1. ca. â—… Ex Vesal The reason why the Anatomy of bones occupieth the first place The â—…octrine of this History is most obscure vnlesse the bones be first learned Lib. de ossib cap. 1. We must study to know conserue that whiche is according to Nature The Bones the fouÌ„dation of the body Cap. 1. Epith. Generall diuision of the partes What are the Similar partes What are the InstrumeÌ„tall parts Fuchs li. 1. ca. 5. The nature and substaÌ„ce of bones All the bones except the teeth are insensible Col. li. 1. ca. 1. The cause why y bones are insensible The Nerue is the immediate organ of sense Note that thoroughout the History of Man we cite nature for God. The reason where fore nature 〈◊〉 not the bones sensible Some affirme the bones sensible although to their great shame The 〈◊〉 of such druieth theÌ„ to an hoâ—…ible adsurditie as will néedes make the bones to séele The experieÌ„ce of 〈◊〉 coÌ„â—…uteth this error nothyng more Periosteos The sensâ—…bility of 〈◊〉 not 〈◊〉 was the cause of their error Pâ—…tiousteos abraced no sence is discerned The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…ce of the bones The second difference of Bones from there magnitude The third differeÌ„ce of bones taâ—…en of their vse Some great Bones haue no manifest hollownes as the bones committed to os sâ—…crum os sacrum it selfâ—… and the Scapple bones Some bones are smal but notably â—…xcaued as of the angers â—…b 1. de vs pâ—…iuÌ„ The Sesaminae the bones of that nose Ossiâ—…les of heâ—…ryng are 〈◊〉 ly Porie or Solid Col. cap. lib. praedict The Brachiall tooth to the Processe eminent froÌ„ Vina in the wrest of the hand The vse of the holes and Porositie of Bones How those that haue no holes without are noâ—…rished What an Appendance 〈◊〉 In yong persons the AppendaÌ„ce 〈◊〉 eaâ—…ly discerned but not 〈◊〉 old A playne show The substaunce of the â—…ppendance is soâ—…ter then of the Bones A proofe for wheÌ„ we eate meat we will often plucke of the Appendâ—…ces of â—…ones châ—…we them Why 〈◊〉 â—…re not worâ—…e of by coÌ„â—…nual mo â—…o 〈◊〉 â—…f that ioynts Col li. c. 1 2. The vse of AppeÌ„dances far otherwise then any before Col. euer 〈◊〉 uented How the Bones are vnited thaâ—… haue no Appendances Ligamentes noâ—… onely spryng fâ—…oÌ„ places nâ—…re the ioyntes but also where 〈◊〉 no ioynte Muscles often spryng â—…ut of Ligaâ—…tall Cartilages The Ligamental Cartilages do aâ—… last end in 〈◊〉 among the Muscles 〈◊〉 vs part li 9. Gal. supposed the Appendances seâ—…ued to hold in the marey A playne confutation Ligaments serue to the byndyng to gether of bones and to the constitutioÌ„ of tendans There are but few places beside the â—…ppeÌ„dances fitre for the production of Ligamentes What a processe called of the Greekes Apophilis 〈◊〉 The first differeÌ„ce betwene the processe and appendance The second difference Some 〈◊〉 haue processes The thyrd difference Howe processesmay haue appendances The processes Trochanteres doâ—… seme appendaces Col. loc cit The fourth difference It is scarce possible to find a bone whereon appeareth no processe What bones wat appendances How the processes differ among them selues The processes cal led Styloides The processe called Corona The processe called Anchiroides A processe with a depressed Processe loÌ„g and prominent A processe with a round head What is ment by a necke in the description of Bones Why in processes a head is made Concauâ—…ties are 〈◊〉 answerable to the heades of the processes What is the 〈◊〉 What Glene is in the cauities of Bones Some cauities in Bones are enlarged by a 〈◊〉 cartilage What maketh the 〈◊〉 of the thighe more difficulte Processes 〈◊〉 in number also The first 〈◊〉 of the processes The secoÌ„d vtilitie The third 〈◊〉 Gal. 〈◊〉 2. vs part What is to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Basis in the description of Bones If these 〈◊〉 be not learned the 〈◊〉 of bones is obscure The reader 〈◊〉 be perfect in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 w their termes before hee wade further in this History Col. li. 〈◊〉 ca. 3. Why mans body was not made 〈◊〉 one bone 〈◊〉 continuall The 〈◊〉 of the head are made for the cause of transpiration What is a ioynt What Hip. vnderstode by the name of a ioynte â—…b de art fract Col. ca. 4 li. 1. Examples of manifest mouyng Examples of obscure mouyng What is Diarthroâ—… What is Synarthrosis Enarthrosis is not the same vnder Diaâ—…throsis as vnder Synarthroâ—… Examples of Eâ—…throsis vnder Diarthrosis These haue most 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Examples of Eâ—…throsis vnder Synâ—…throsis These haue obscure motion What is Arthrodia In Arthrodia one mouyng differeth from another accordyng to the more or lesse obsâ—…re Examples of Arthrodâ—… vnder Dyarthrosis Note The ribbes doâ—… enlarge and also draw together Examples â—…f Arthrodâ—… vnder Synarthrosis What mouyng is propper to the bones of Poâ—…chralis What is Gynglymos ExaÌ„ples of Ginglymus vnder Diarthrosis Examples of Ginglymos vnder Synarthrosis That is no meaâ—… for Caterpilers What Symphysis is The differences of Symphysis A ridiculous excuse for ridiculous iudgemeÌ„ts Colâ—… li. 1. cap. 4. Who will say the bones of the nose do moue after the motions of the nosterls or winges of the nose The seames of the skull are hardly with a chisell diuided None of Symphisis differeÌ„ces haue any motion What is Sutura The CoÌ„missures like the nayles The manner of closing assimulated to the teeth of two sawes put together is most in vse Threâ—… seameâ—… in the head in very aged persoÌ„s 〈◊〉 apparaâ—… The seame called 〈◊〉 in the fore parte of the head The seame called 〈◊〉 in the hindee part of the head The seame called 〈◊〉 or Sagittalis along the toppe of the head When the 〈◊〉 bones of the temples are vnited by a Suture the same Suture is â—…ot deepe Those 〈◊〉 bones are for the most part rather vâ—…ted by â—…mo-nia then cutura What is Harmonia Old writers haue coÌ„prehended Harmonia vnder the name of Sutura Broad bones do knit agayne in foâ—…e that participateth both with Harmonia 〈◊〉 â—…aÌ„ples of Harmonia What is Gomphâ—…sis ExaÌ„ple of Gomphosis The calloâ—…tie of the Gowines set ueth some men in â—…ead of teeth That Bones are ioyned together by the meanes of fleshe Ligament Cartilage coÌ„â—…-ry to 〈◊〉 What is Synâ—…drosis What is Synneyrosis Old writers compreheded the Ligamâ—…t vnder the name of Nerue What is Syndesâ—…osis What is 〈◊〉 ExaÌ„ples of 〈◊〉 ExaÌ„ples of 〈◊〉 Examples of the Ligament spriâ—…gyng out of the head of a bone The
most part although Columbus confesseth no tyme. The beginning of the bone in the hart Galen nameth the beasts wherin he found this bone It is not an Oâ—…sie cartilage but a cartilaymous bone The elder y body the harder this Cartilage The vse of y bone in the hart What age bringeth to passe A trew exployt in y bone of y hart Where the bone in the hart wasâ—… found and what kinde of one That the Cartilage in many yeares doth degenerate into a bone though some other creatures haue it in all aâ—…es The shoulder blades or scaple bones The number of scaple bones Situation â—…se What part of the backe standeth most in the waye of hurt 〈◊〉 The spine of the the scapple bone The scaple bones to y canell bones and shoulders The knittuâ—…g of the canell bones The necessitie of ther coÌ„struction The scapple bone 〈◊〉 square Lib. 1. Cap. 21. The foundation of y scaple bone The Processes of scaple bone The first Processe What amplisteth y hole in the first Processe The vse of y cartilage in y vniting of the shoulder to the scaple The iâ—… other Processes their vse and situation The Processe Ancyroides The insertion of a Muscle to 〈◊〉 The Processe Acromion why it is so called The vse of Acromion The canell bone is â—…oyned to Acromion The mequalitie or the scaple bones in thicknes and thinnes Where the scaple bones are 〈◊〉 and medullous The inner Cauities of the scapple bone The cauities on the outside The industrie of nature in y outer Cauities Fiue appendaunces of the scapple bone The vses of the appendaunces The vse of the cauitie betwene the processe Acromio and the head of the scaple Now vtile is the Processe Acromio Such creatures as haue not 〈◊〉 bones â—…oe want y Acromion Processe Cleâ—…des 1. Clauiculâ—… the canell bones The canell bones ioyn to the toppe of the brest The descriptioÌ„ of the canell bones Their vses Why they are called Furculae Why they are called Clauiculae Why they are called Iugula The substaunce of the clauicles The figure of the clauicles Why the Canell bones are crooked Why the Canell bones are forward more 〈◊〉 then backward The 〈◊〉 defendeth Axillaris Vena and Arteria 〈◊〉 and v. Nerues The heades of y cauell bone Thohead to Acromion The head to Sternon The Appendances of y clauicles Two manner of Cartilages to the lower head of the canell bone The articulation of the clauicles refered to 〈◊〉 The Asperities and roughe lines of y cannel bones to what vse All bones are nourished with bloud Humerus y shoulder A note to the reader what is ment by the shoulder least he be deceyued The situation of Humerus The cubitte consisteth of Vlna and Radius The description of the shoulder Galen in errour The inequalitie of the shoulder The 〈◊〉 of the shoulder The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Processes of the 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 The vse 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Processes The 〈◊〉 head 〈◊〉 y shoulder bone The deepe 〈◊〉 one ech 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 head of the shoulder The vse of that cauitie on the 〈◊〉 syde The vse of the cauitie on y 〈◊〉 The three heades in the inferiour part ComparisoÌ„ 〈◊〉 to a pullye The third head and middlemost is the least of the thrce How 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 inserted to y 〈◊〉 and extension of the cubit The gutter wherin 〈◊〉 runneth falleth from one of the deepe cauities into y other The head of 〈◊〉 insert to the outmost gutter Why y outmost head of the shoulder beareth lesse then the 〈◊〉 ij Why the outmost head of y iij. beareth no compasse backward The vse of the highest head of the three The benefite of the insertion of Radius to y shoulder What motion is archeiued by Vlnas The ij Processes of the inferiour head of the shoulder their vses The 〈◊〉 head of the shoulder hath an 〈◊〉 The vnequall fourme of that space betwene the 〈◊〉 heades of that shoulder and to what ende The inward hollownes of the shoulder contayneth his nouriâ—…hment The cubitte what it signifieth Of what partes the cubitte doth consist Lib. 1. Cap. 24. The cubitte hath appendances in the vpper part The inferiour part of Cubitus and Radius doe hold their appendances long Vlna is also called Cubitus Radius Vlna Radius are committed together among them selues as also to others The vse of Sigmoi des Lib. de os Cap. 17. Vesalius ca. 24 Collumbus ca. 24 The vse of the line in the middest of Sigmoides The articulation of the shoulder with the cubit is referred to Ginglimon How 〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉 in the vpper part is ioyned How Vlna in the neither part is setled to Radius â—…ib de ols Cap. 17 Lib. 1. Cap. 1â—… Galâ—…n in errâ—…ut The Processe of 〈◊〉 called 〈◊〉 The Processe Stiloides â—…oth not giue the hand oblique mouing 〈◊〉 is â—…test to that iiij boâ—…e of the wrâ—…st nor to the viij By what meanes this Procesâ—…e is vnited to that wrest The benesit of Stiloides The vse of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 Cerâ—… 1. Radiâ—… The sâ—…ation of Radius The heâ—… of Radius comâ—…ared together The cubite aboue is bound to the 〈◊〉 but beneth to the wrest 〈◊〉 moueth that hand â—…bliquely vpward or downward The vse of the caâ—…tie in the inner region of the 〈◊〉 Processe of 〈◊〉 The vse of much Cartilage about that head of Radius The necke of Radiuâ—… The vse of his tubercle or knot nere the necke The descriptioÌ„ of the inferiour part of Radâ—…us The. cauities admittyng the ij vpperâ—…ost â—…ones of the wrest The wrest of the haÌ„d is tyed to Radius How the hand is â—…ted both vpward and downward How the hand moueth vp and down obliquely How Radius assisteth that slexion and extentioÌ„ of the cuâ—…te The principall incuing of the cubitte is froÌ„ Vlna Radius is aboue receyned benâ—… receiueth The inferiouâ—… head of 〈◊〉 why it is playne and forward 〈◊〉 Why there be ma ny cauitieâ—… in the posteriour part of the interior head of Radius The vse of the 〈◊〉 Processe in Radius The outsyde of Radius The liue in Radius compared to the lyne in cubites The vse of y lyue in Cubitus and Radius The vse of the Membran betwen cubites and Radius Why y bones of y cubit are hollow Note How the hand is beâ—…ded by Anathomicall description Brachiale Postbrachiale Digiti Hipocrates Collumbus Seuen twenty bones contayned betwene the cubitte and fingers endes The volumes of Hipocrates not all 〈◊〉 What 〈◊〉 y wrest of the hand The wrest conâ—…steth of viâ—… bones The bones of the wrest are all vnlike one another The first row 〈◊〉 y bones 〈◊〉 y wrest The second rowe of the bones of y wrest Now the bones of the wrest seme to grow together 〈◊〉 of the wrest The vnion of the brachiall bones Galen The bones of the wrest haue
obscure mouing The wrest 〈◊〉 y had downe vp and to y sides The description and vse of y who le wrest The vawlte on y inside of y wrest The vse of the Ligament from the Processe of y 〈◊〉 The vse of y Processe of the viij bone How the 〈◊〉 in the wrest of y hand is made The outsyde of y 〈◊〉 how it is and why such The vse of the fower Ligametes 〈◊〉 the outside of the wrest The bones of the wrest are not 〈◊〉 The fourth bone 〈◊〉 almost altogether solid The fourth bone for his proportioÌ„ is no more solid then the rest The fourth Ossicle hath no 〈◊〉 as Galen saith Cap. 25. In Apes Galens assertion is vertsted The ignorauÌ„ce of Coâ—…n 〈◊〉 in the bones of y wrest Iâ—…b 1. Cap. 3. How these bones are conioyâ—…ed among theÌ„ selues and with others What is 〈◊〉 â—…ap 26. Vs. 〈◊〉 lib. 2. The Postbrachiall bones Cap. 26. The first bone of the thombe a boâ—… of the 〈◊〉 of the hanâ—… The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the thoâ—…be how ioyned to the 〈◊〉 bone Their Composition How the Posâ—… 〈◊〉 bones are beneth ioyned to the â—…ist ioyntes of the singers Postbrachial bones their longitude y thombe exceptco The vse of the an gularline Why these bones are 〈◊〉 in the middest The 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 bones and theâ—… vse Bones of the fingers 15. How the number of the bones of y fingers are but 14 Collumbus Cap. 27 The substaunce of y fingers of what sort and why The bones of the fingers are not Solid The difference of the bones of the fingers The fourme of the bones of the fingers The bones of the fingers ende at a head The figure of the first and second bones of the fingers Why the fingers are somwhat hollowe one y inside How y tendons one the outside of the fingers are cacled The vses of the â—…ynes in y 〈◊〉 of the singers The 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 de 〈◊〉 19. 〈◊〉 in errour Why their 〈◊〉 are â—…telayd with Cartilages What Bones haue the 〈◊〉 which not and why Of the exquisite structure of the hand The actioÌ„ therof It is an Organ v. fore all organs Fingers why coÌ„posed of bones and â—…oyntes 〈◊〉 differences of Apprehension are v. Why the had deuided into singers Why Nature made v. fingers Why one singer was 〈◊〉 longet then another Whâ—…n coÌ„prehension is made the fingers are all of one length The handes are organs most conuement for a wise creature The handes are the organes of 〈◊〉 Oâ—… Ilium Oâ—… 〈◊〉 in children three in meÌ„ one Oâ—… Ilium Os pubis Os 〈◊〉 The seate or fouÌ„dation of boues All bones aboue and beueth Ilium and Sacrum do moue but they onely not moued Ilium somtyme groweth to Sacâ—…uÌ„ inseparably Where these ij bones ioyne The figure of Iliâ—… The vse of the asperities in these bones The descriptioÌ„ of that superiour part of Ilium The spine in Illiâ—… what and the vse therof Joyned by nature The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 this 〈◊〉 câ—…e The Cartilâ—…ge iâ—… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…l 〈◊〉 28. â—…hy that 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…ther to 〈◊〉 tâ—…en to 〈◊〉 The descriptioÌ„ oâ—… Oâ—… 〈◊〉 Why it iâ—… that thickeâ—…t The vse of that cuppe or conâ—… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Cartilage 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 coÌ„caâ—…tie In what partes this concauitie is made The articulation of the thigh with the hippe answereth in proportion to the 〈◊〉 with the seâ—…ple bone A 〈◊〉 Cartilage augmentyng the coÌ„cauitie and why Of the Ligament within the concauitie the sâ—…tuation and vse The hollow corner betwene 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 os The vse of that hollow corner The beginning and iourney of that greatest â—…ie The sharpe Processe and the vse therof The vse of the hol low about that seare of coâ—… Fower tendons in their 〈◊〉 as in a purse coâ—…ned Why that infericuâ—… part or 〈◊〉 is thickest Why the seat of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hath an appendaunce Of the bones of Pubis Col. Ibid The holes of 〈◊〉 How the bones of Pâ—…bis the right and that lest are ioyned together To say that thesâ—… bones in child-birth doe open is a laughing matter The bones of Cocciâ—… are in childbirth retrahed In the largenes and â—…arrownes of Pubiâ—… men ditfer from women How the bones of Pubiâ—… in womeÌ„ are distinguished froÌ„ those in men The bones of Pubiâ—… are not dilated Why that bones of Pubis are downwaâ—…d disâ—…oyned What Muscles spring from the sâ—…periour part of Pubis The inferior part of Pubis hath an appendance The situation and originall of the Muscles sustainyng the yard The hole in the middest of the bones of Pubis why it is made A â—…embran betwene the Muscles that turne about the thigh The iourny of the seâ—…inary vessels By this guttered cauitie Râ—…ldus distinguisheth the bones of a man and woman yet I haue sene them absent in that bones of a man. Holes in these bones for the delation of nourishment Man onely and the Ape hath the bone in the thigh greater then the other bones The thigh is shorter then the legge in other creatures The figure of the thigh The head of the thâ—…h The necke of the â—…igh Now and why the thigh hath so strong aâ—…ticulation The Cartilage The Ligament The errour of those coniutâ—…d which suppose the â—…ut â—…uer playnty to be luxated How the luxatioÌ„ of that ioynt of the thigh is made disâ—…culte to restore Col. lib. 1. Cap. 29. The procâ—…sses of the tâ—…igh in nâ—…w borne children seme appendauâ—…ces The descriptioÌ„ of the Processes of the thigh Glouton what Trocanteâ—…es what The vtilitie of the Processes of the thighe Now the Processes of the thigh are â—…oyned Wheâ—…ce the thigh is round The descriptioÌ„ of that thigh in length The appendauÌ„ce The châ—… or gutter that deâ—…eth the inferiour heades The place for the rotâ—…le oâ—… thelinoe The ij inferiour heades of the thigh compared together The legge how it boweth to that â—…utside The originall of the muscle vnder the hamme The composition of the thigh with the legge is by Ginglâ—…on but with the hippe by 〈◊〉 How the articulation of that thighe with the legge is done also with a Ligament Wherin the articulatioÌ„ of that hippe is notable from all other ioyntes The line in the posteriour region of the thigh The vse of that line of the thigh The greatesâ—… muscle in the bodie How we purchase straygâ—…t standing The benictte of Asperities in the thigh The vse of the thigh Why the innec concauitie of the thigh is large Deines Tibia comprehenbeth all that space betwene the knâ—… and the foote called the legge conteining ij bones of which the greatest cheifly beareth the name Tibia and Fibula compared in proportion to Radius and Cubitus The names of the lesser bone of the legge Appendaunce The description of the superiouâ—… part of Tibia The industrie of nature The mouable cartilages of that knée The vse of the ij in the vpper part of Tibia The mouable cartilage of the knée vseth the roome
of a Ligament The tubercle or Processe betwene the cauities How the processe of Tibia is in posteriour cauitie betwene the ij heades of the thighe The legge downward is as it were iij square Why the legge is 〈◊〉 prâ—…â—…lly in tâ—… places â—…ul how it is ioyned to that leâ—… 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 reâ—…uing the vesselâ—… The insertion of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that 〈◊〉 the legge The spine or the legge What is called the â—…ne The vse of the seconâ—… 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 The descriptioÌ„ of the 〈◊〉 parte oâ—… Tibia The vse of the inner Proceâ—…e of the neither head of Tibia Sée the matuellous art of nature Col. lib. 1. Cap 30. The ij ancles which be they Why luxation of the foote rather enclineth to that inner ancle then to the outer The â—…gure and vse of the inâ—…er ancle The neck of Talu is knit to Tibia Fabula toucheth not y thigh aboue 〈◊〉 vâ—…der 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The vses of the asyeritieâ—… of the Processes of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to Fibula The distaunce betwene 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and why The lynes and inequalitie of Fibula to what vse Their inward hollownes The whitlebone of the knée to coÌ„mon in vse both to the thtâ—…h and 〈◊〉 The â—…plication of the names of this bone The substaunce of the routâ—…e of the knée Col. Cap. 31. Why the tonâ—…e of the knée to not Solid Where it is lapped in a slipperie Castilage The first 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 Why it is mouable The Rotule hath his propper 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 agayâ—…t the common opinion The visinge of his proppec ligamentes from whence The Patell is articulated to the thigh by 〈◊〉 The â—…igure of the patell what kind of one Where the Patel is 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 forth like the 〈◊〉 of a 〈◊〉 The notable vse of this â—…arell bone or 〈◊〉 of the knée 〈◊〉 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cap. 15. The number of the 〈◊〉 in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 one 〈◊〉 then 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of bones 〈◊〉 y hand The 〈◊〉 betwene the 〈◊〉 of the hand 〈◊〉 of the foote The number of the bones to 〈◊〉 The number of bones to pedium The bones of the singers both of téete and hand are â—…uy Col. Cap. 32. Why in that bones of 〈◊〉 Col. differeth from other 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Câ—…ls Staphordes Cybordes The description of Talus Talus to Tibia articulated by 〈◊〉 The vse of the aâ—…ticulation to the foote The vse of the caâ—…tilage to Talus The sides of Talus declined euen What coÌ„stituteth the inner ankle The 〈◊〉 part of 〈◊〉 vesal. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 p. 〈◊〉 How 〈◊〉 is bound to the 〈◊〉 The vse of the aspetites in 〈◊〉 The vse of the 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 The figure and vse of the anteriour part of 〈◊〉 Col. â—…ib 1. Cap. 32. How the foote by obscure motions is moued What is vnderstoode by y anteriour and posteriour part The vse of y large 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 of the fore part of Talus The substance of the bone Talus The errour of those that esteme the bone Talus to be Solid The héele bone names therof The magnitude The substaunce The description of the vpper part of the hâ—…ele bone where it to committed to Talus The articulation of 〈◊〉 with Talus to by Ginglymon The 〈◊〉 of the first part of the heele Why the héele backwards excéedeth the certitude of the leggâ—… Why y inferiour part of the heele bone is broadeâ—… Why it is rough 〈◊〉 trasuerse 〈◊〉 A 〈◊〉 matter whence 〈◊〉 Muscles spring The asperitie in the head of y hee le and y vse therof How Calx is articulated with Cyboides A Processe and the vse therof Why the inside of the heele is so notably excaâ—…ed The outside of the heele described The insertion of the 7. 〈◊〉 â—…uscles excending y foote The 3. bone of the foote called 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 in English the 〈◊〉 or boatelike bone The situation of the boaâ—…elike bone The articulation of the boatlike bone with Talus by Enarthrosis The descriptioÌ„ of y posteriour part of the boatelike bone Col. Ibid. The descriptioÌ„ of the outside of the boatelike bone The descriptioÌ„ of the inner side of y boatelike bone The refleâ—…ion of the tendon of the 5. muscle 〈◊〉 the foote The asperitie of this third bone and vse therof The fourth bone called Cibordes Cibordes is nothing lesse then fower squared why Câ—…bordes is called Polimorphon The situation of Cibordes The descriptioÌ„ of y posteriour part of the 4. bone The inside of Cibordes The outside of Ciboides The cauitie yelding way to the tendons of the 7. Muscle mouing the foote The vpper part of Cyboides The fourm and vse of the inferiour part of the foote The figure of the foote is hollow vnderneth and bounched aloft The descriptioÌ„ of the fift bone of the foote Col. Ibid. The bones of the second part of the foot called pedium are comparable to the postbrachiall bones of the hand which word I therfore vse heare for that more redie phrase of speche Not it well The articulation called Glâ—â—e Playne to playn or hollow to protubered partes are committed not contrariwise Why the inferiour parte of that fift bone is thicker The descriptioÌ„ of the vj. bone of Taâ—…sus vnnamed The vj. bone compared to a wedge The vniuersal articulation of the 6. bone The situation of the 7. vnnamed bone Epilogue The substauÌ„ce of the bones of Tarâ—â—s The plant 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to the 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 Number 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the 〈◊〉 parâ—… 〈◊〉 lib. 1. Câ—…p 37. The 〈◊〉 of his 〈◊〉 parte The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the lost bone â—…f the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The vse of the processed the last bone of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 of the viij muscle of the 〈◊〉 Col. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Câ—…p 34. The vse of the slendernes in the middle of these bones The situation of the Muscles serâ—…yng to bow the â—…irst ioynt of the 〈◊〉 Appendaunce Appendaâ—…nce Demes Arteries The toes are the 3. part of that foote The number of the bones of the toes The thoÌ„be hath ij loyntes in the hand and fooâ—… A Collaâ—… of the bones of the toes with the bones of the singers Where the benes of the â—…oes be Articulated with the boâ—… of the planâ—… by 〈◊〉 What is 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 Articulation of the bones of y plante and toes is doâ—… by 〈◊〉 â—…he vttlitie of 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 Why the extreâ—…ied of y 〈◊〉 haue neitâ—…r Appendaunce nor Cartilage 〈◊〉 The situatioÌ„ and figure of the Sesamme bones The vse of the Sesâ—…e bones Their substaunce Medullons â—…yce conteyned in the sesaâ—…es Why they are calâ—…d 〈◊〉 Why â—…uxation in the toes is soâ—…ne hard to be reposed The number of the Sesaâ—…e bones to vncertayne The difference of ij Sesaâ—…e bones from the rest Fuchs Cap. 37. The diueâ—… comment of Magitiaâ—…s The descriptioÌ„
of a Cartilage Collumbus Lib. 2. Cap. 1. It behoued 〈◊〉 a cartilage to haue sense The sundry vses of Cartilages Nature maruellous in creating the Cartillages The Cartilages of the cyelyâ—… In what creatures the Cartilages of y vpper eye lyddes ate greater 〈◊〉 what also they are lesser Their situation Why they are placed in the placed of the eye lâ—…ddes The vtilitie of the Cartilages in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…al Lib. 〈◊〉 de Vsn pâ—… The vse of the heareâ—… in the 〈◊〉 liddes The cartilages of the caves Their vses Why they are thicker aboue Where they are harder and why Where the bone of the temple is rough and why The figure of the Cartilages of the cares Their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Why y 〈◊〉 of the cares was not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Why y cares are Cartilaginous Why the câ—…res are couered with a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Why the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of that â—…ose is Cartilaginous Why the whole nose was not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Why the vpper part of the nose is â—…nye 〈◊〉 extreme cartilages of that nose Why the winges onely of the muscls moue Lib. 1 cap. â—…7 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 Lib. cit cap. 3. How the winges of the nostâ—…ls are shutte The Cartilages in the seat 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the neither sawe Their situation Their vse Larinx hath bene described as a thing consisting of Cartilages lib. 2 cap. 5. How Larinx is all of venes the Epiglot excepted Why the Epiglot ought to bee 〈◊〉 The substaunce of the 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The necessary 〈◊〉 of these 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 the membran being taken away In Angina somtime y membran that couereth these ringes may be taken of or is cut away The progresse of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Of the cartilages Of the vertebres The first vertebre wanteth a cartilage The vse of the cartilages of the vertebres The quantitie of too â—…ertebres changeth the quaÌ„titie of the Cartilages The Cartilage vnder Os 〈◊〉 The Cartilage betwen the bones of Coccix Why in women ther is much of a cartilage betwene the first and secoÌ„d bone of Coccix The situation of the Cartilage in y toppe of Steâ—…non The diâ—…ers vse of the Cartilage in the toppe of Sternon The vse of the Cartilage in the middle of y brest Both the trew and false ribbes haue Cartilages The shorter ribbes haue shorter Cartilages and contratiwise The figure of the Cartilages of the ribbes The vtilities of the Cartilages of the brest The brest is naturally monyng The mouing of the breâ—…t is voluntarye The vse of y false ribbeâ—… The figure of the Cartilage in the lower part of the brest The names of this Cartilage The vse of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 after the popular iudgment â—…he trew vse of mucronata Cartilago â—…hy a wound receiued in mucronâ—…ta Caâ—…tilago iss deadly 〈◊〉 cartilâ—…go stâ—…ppeth not from the brest as 〈◊〉 suppose The Cartilage in the head of the shoulder blade and vse therof The shoulder to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 of the shoulder hath difficulte â—…estitution The Cartilage in the Concaurtie of the hippe is not mouable The vse of the cartilage in the concaurtie of y hippe Two Cartilages in the inferiour heades of y thigh Their vses The Cartilage in the wrest of the hand The vse therof The substance and figure of the cartilage betwen 〈◊〉 Pubis The vse therof 〈◊〉 Pubis seeme rather to groâ—… together then to ioyne together That the bones of pubis doe open in childe birth is false â—…hy the bones in thâ—…ir wyâ—…tes are incrusted with â—…artilages Why in the Cartilages of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a certante 〈◊〉 Here â—…s supposed the â—…erest place to write the 〈◊〉 The substaunce of the nayles The difâ—…erence 〈◊〉 y nayles and Cartilages The vse of the nayles The nayles can 〈◊〉 but not breake 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. The nayles are hard in a notable meane The 〈◊〉 art of nature Why the nayles are or 〈◊〉 â—…igure The nayles doe grow alwaye whilest the body ceaseth In what order the nayles doe growâ—… Cap. 38. The new part of the naile that springeth thrusteth forward the olde Cap. 15. The originall of the nayles Why vnder the nayles is such exquisite sense vesal. lib. 2. Cap. 1. Why nature created 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to the body Colum. Lib. 3. Cap. 1. The name of a Ligament The substaunc of a Ligament The situation of the Ligament euery where The vse of the Ligament Why the Ligament wanteth sense The second vse of the Ligamentes aâ—…ter Vesalius The nourishment of Ligamentes The difference of Ligamentes The head is the prince of all other partes whatsoeuer philosopher 〈◊〉 The Ligamentes of the head Situation Vse The articulation of the head with the Vertebres is most noble Why the Ligamentes of the head with y first Vertebres are most strong Luxation of the head is deadly The heades of those that be hanged are not Luâ—…ated accordyng to the common opinion The first Vertebre sooner breaâ—…eth then is Luxated The originall of this Ligament Why the hinder part of the head or Occiput is in children in many partes Figure The trew place of this Ligament The Ligament kâ—…itte to the tooth of the 〈◊〉 Verâ—…ebre The 〈◊〉 Ligament The vse of y third Ligament Why he entreateth not of euery Ligament He determineth of such as in some thing differ from others Gallen in errour Lib. 1. Cap. 2. The trew vse of the Membran in the hole of the Vertebres All the vertâ—â—res saue the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 haue appendaunces Out of the appendaunces spring the Ligamentes of the vertebres Why the Ligamentes of the Vertebres are stronge The deduction of these LigameÌ„tes The vse of these Ligamentes 〈◊〉 the transuerse Processes Two Ligaments to y toppe of the tongue Two ligamentes from the Processes called â—…uloidâ—… that suspend the bone Hyoides The arke of Mahomet The ligament under y tongue How children become tonguetyed Of the Ligament of the wrest The risâ—â—g of this Ligament The vse thereof The insertion of the Ligament of the wrest The Ligamentes of the tendons of the fingers and extreme part of the hand The vse of the Ligament on the inside of the wrest These vj. Ligamentes seeme as though they were but one Of y Ligaments conteining the tendons after the longitude of the fingers To all ioyntes a thicke membraneous bond is common The round Ligament 〈◊〉 to the ArticulatioÌ„ of the hippe The rising of it The insertion This Ligament in the 〈◊〉 of the hippe may be broken Why through lucation of y hippe the patient is after lame The ioyntes in y thigh are greater and haue therfore greater Ligamentes then all others in y body sauing the head The Ligament compassing the Rotule 〈◊〉 y 〈◊〉 Betwene y scaple bone and shoulder is no round Ligament The Ligament betwen Os Sacrum and Coxendix The risinge Insertion 〈◊〉 vj. Ligamentes in the foote answerable in proportion to the vi in the wrest of the hand Their vse The vse of the Ligamentes vnbee the toes What is commoÌ„ to all ioyntes The numeration of certayn partes 〈◊〉 with
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Why the mouth of the ventricle paynâ—… the 〈◊〉 semeth to ake Another diâ—…tion The situation of the vij payrâ—… of Nerues From the brayne not from Cerebellum springeth the 7. coâ—… of Nerues Colâ—…bid Vesalius excused The description of the viij payre of Nerues of the brayne The descriptioÌ„ of the 〈◊〉 payre of â—…newes of the brayne 〈◊〉 ut errouâ—… Collumbus Ibid. All the Nerues except the opâ—…icke caty sense mouyng Of the nemies of the Spinall maâ—…ey Collumb Lib. 8. Cap. 4. 〈◊〉 lâ—…b 6. cap. The â—…olucres of the Spinall marey The difference of the Spinall maâ—…ey from the marey in otâ—…er boâ—…es The differeÌ„câ—… betwene the brayne and Spinall maâ—…y The begynnyng of the Spinall is double The greater begynnyng of the Spinall marcy The begynnyng of the Spinall maâ—… whence The 〈◊〉 of some Where the Spinall marey is thicker The â—…olucre of the spinal marey Galâ—…n lâ—…b de Osstbus The spinall marey in marching forward becommeth simory Why hurt in the interiour part of the spinall marey is greater Cal. in errour The necessitse of the spinall marey The vse of the spinall marey Collumb Ibid. The first payre of nerues from the spinall â—…arcy 〈◊〉 and distribution Col. Ibid. The 〈◊〉 a noble muscle vesal. â—…ib 4. cap. 14. The 〈◊〉 of Colluâ—…bus Why the nerues of the hand are 〈◊〉 described The hand is the organ of organs 〈◊〉 payre of 〈◊〉 to the hand The begâ—…nning of the fine payre of Nerues to the hand â—…here they are 〈◊〉 â—…here they are seperated Why wounâ—…es to the 〈◊〉 processe of the scaple bone are deadly Of the 〈◊〉 payre of nerues of the hand Of the second payre Col. â—…ib 8. cap. â—… Iâ—… the ball of the hand sometime v. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nerues Of y 〈◊〉 payre Why the 〈◊〉 of the hand is so sensible Of the fourth payre of nerues to the hand Of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of nerues to the hand 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 persoÌ„s 〈◊〉 sence sometyme mouyng sometime both is lost WheÌ„ by the hurtyng of a Nerue feelyng or monyng may be lost when neither Vâ—…al cap. 15. Lib. 4. â—…len erreth in nothyng so much as in the partes of mans body Of the Nerues produced froÌ„ the Vertebres of the brest The Nerues of the brest are xi payre Veâ—…l in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and distribâ—…tion of the Nerues of the bâ—…est in generall The 〈◊〉 Distribution of nerues 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Of the Nerues produced froÌ„ 〈◊〉 Vertebres of the loynes 〈◊〉 there are v. payres of 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Of the first payre of Nerues of the loynes Of the second payre of Nerues of the loynes The errour of some What is 〈◊〉 The thyrd payre of Nerues of thâ—… loynes Of the fourth payre of Nerues of the loynes Oâ—… the fift comuâ—…ion of the 〈◊〉 Nowe these payres of nerues of the loynes are 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 together 〈◊〉 ColluÌ„bus â—…ib 8 â—…p 7. The Nerues of the loynes are not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Of the nerues of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Their 〈◊〉 The Nerue the grâ—…est oâ—… all in the body A Caueat for the applicatioÌ„ of cauterie to the legge Os sacrum conâ—…steth noâ—… alway of like number of boness The author hath a Sceleâ—… wherein Os 〈◊〉 both consist onely of thrée 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 of the hinder partes of Os sacrum Of the 〈◊〉 inconiugated Galen de 〈◊〉 Dissect No Muscle 〈◊〉 without one Nerue or moe 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. cap. 15 Of the marey in bones How marey is 〈◊〉 Where is the chief store of marey What marey smaller bones 〈◊〉 how 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 substaunce to thig Col. 〈◊〉 13. 〈◊〉 3. 〈◊〉 is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Now it hapneth that some suppose the Bones do 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is not on the inside of the 〈◊〉 The teeth are voyde of 〈◊〉 Why Periostium may not be in the ioyntes Col. 〈◊〉 13. cap. 2. The vse of the 〈◊〉 The procreation of 〈◊〉 Whence the heares do 〈◊〉 Whence heares are nourished 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. 〈◊〉 corp cap. 15. In what places heares growe most The heares grow not 〈◊〉 one time or 〈◊〉 one begynâ—…yng The vse of the heares of the eye lyddes The opinâ—…on of some reproued in yeldyng a reason of the not hauyng heare in the ball of the hand and sole of the foote Col loc cit ⧠A Table of the Instrumentes seruyng to Anathomicall dissection ⧠A Table wherein is quoted the place of euery Principall matter contained in this History to be sought vnder the Letter Alphabeticall and to be founde by the direction of the Figure Wherein the Reader is to be forewarned that euery Praedicare is to be sought vnder his subiect not els to be found in this Table as to seeke the Appendaunces Veynes Nerues of the Teeth he must looke vnder the name of Teeth not of Veynes Nerues or Appendances and this order is obserued in all the other A. ABdomen the Muscles therof described 54. the Deynes of the Muscles therof 77 Acetable what it is â—…2 Aâ—…gylopa the disease where it chaunceth 11. 15 Aesophagus the Muscles therof 58 Altered thynges chaunge into the colour of it that â—…ltereth 66. 77 Ambulation how it is made 57 Anathomy in what part it begynneth 1. 6. obserâ—…eth not extreme youth or age 7 Ancles the number vse and figure of them â—…4 Angina the disease in â—…yng thereof what vâ—…yne â—…ust be openâ—…d 77. iâ—… it the membrâ—…â—…ay be taken â—…roÌ„ the dynges of Tiâ—…chea Aâ—…teria 〈◊〉 39 Anâ—…uall spirite a new opinion therof 9. the vse primaâ—…y instruments therof 98. the proper matter therof 100 Apes haue their iâ—…isory and dogge teeth distinguished with a seaâ—…ne 11 their Luinx is a bone 17 Apophisis what it is 2 AppendauÌ„ce what it is the substaâ—…ce vse continuaunce and nature therof described 2. channged by nature and nations 23 ¶ Appendaunces of euery bone looke vnder the proper namâ—… of the bone Appetite how it is styrled vp 75 Apprehensioâ—… by the haÌ„d deâ—…cribed 31 Ariâ—…totle his errâ—…ur in Diaphrâ—…gma 53. that fat is sensâ—…ble â—…4 that the skinne hath no sence â—…id that the bones of Occiput arâ—… thiâ—…nest 8. that the hindeâ—… part of the head is emptie â—…old that the hart is the authout of feelyng and oâ—… bloud 44 Arme holes the â—…uscles thereof 51. there is no fleshy membraÌ„ in them 64 Arme why it hath a sharpe coâ—…nered bowyng 18. the motion therof 5â—… ¶ Arteâ—…ies looke vnder those paâ—…tes whose 〈◊〉 they are Arthrodia described what it is 3 Articulus or arâ—…culation the differences and nature therof 3 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 described 90. 39 Auditorie organ the nature figure situation vse and names of the bones therof described 10 B. BAthe â—…e structure motions vertebres spiâ—…all marey and partes therof 17. 19. what part is so called 20. what pâ—…rt of it is most subiect to hurt 25. how it is bowed foreward 2â—… the muscles and motion therof described 52 Backe very straunge 23 Basis what it meaneth 3 Basilâ—…re what it is 9 Beastes
Folly a token therof 6 Foote the bones nature thereof described 35. the plant therof described 36. how it is 〈◊〉 34. the Ligamentes therof 42. the motions and muscles therof 58. the nerues therof 110 Forehead the bones therof 9. the muscles therof 45 G. GAlen what knowledge hee requireth in a 〈◊〉 1. his errours 18. 9. 10. 11. 12. 19. 26. 27. 29. 51. 54. 58. 81. 89. 64. 69. 78. 109. commendeth the head that hath most sututes 6. neuer mentioned of the cauitie in Os srontis 9. ignoraunt of the auditory bones 10. varyeth from him selfe in the bones of the vpper 〈◊〉 11. wrote not of the holes of the head 14 marked not Lannx to be a bone 17. his description of Os sacrum reiected 11. his iudgement of the bone of the hart 25. 〈◊〉 of the inferior head of the shoulder 27. reproued by Collumbus 45. desscribed the eyes of the beastes 47. his negligence reprehended 49. first 〈◊〉 of the recutrent nerues 105 Gemini his crrour in the vse of Abdomen 55 Generatine partes described 85 Glandules what they are their description 65. receiue flegme 9 Glene what it is 2 Glottis what so called 17. 105 Glouton what it is 33 Gomphosis described what it is 4 Growyng thynges haue power to require necessaries 62 Gummes their hardnes serue for teeth 4 Guttes their situation vse coates stgure described 7. the muscles of the straight gâ—…t 57 Gynglimon what it is 4 H. HAmme the muscles therof 33 Hand the description and 〈◊〉 thereof 28. the 〈◊〉 structure and vtilitie therof described 31. the partes motion muscles and 〈◊〉 therof described 60. the nerues therof 108. the palate therof why so sensible 112 〈◊〉 what it is 4 〈◊〉 the bone therof described 25. 〈◊〉 of it 66. the situation sigure substaunce fibres vse flesh arteries nerues coate fat therof described 92 the eares and ventricles therof 93. the vessels therof 94 the 〈◊〉 therof 95. more easeâ—… 〈◊〉 then the brayne 98. it â—…eth when the mouth of the ventricle therof is payned 106. the 〈◊〉 thereof 〈◊〉 the veynes therof 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 therof how it receiueth bloud 89. the Cartilage of it degenerateth into a bone 25 Head the muscles and motion therof 51 the crosse in the sames and sutures therof described 3. 7. 8. the structure figure bones vse thereof described 6. 8. 9. how tyed to the necke with a Cartilage 8. the distillatioÌ„s therof how purged 9. 10. 11. the perforations and holes therof described 14. how ioyned to the necke 19. the motion therof 19. how articulated to the vertebres 41. the luxation therof is deadly 41 Head ache the cause therof 6 Heare 's the vse nature generation of theÌ„ 111. why the in 〈◊〉 64. why not in the bale of the hand 61 Hearyng the bones substaunce and cause thereof 101. the bones of the organ thereof 105. 10. they are porie 〈◊〉 Hector by what part of the body 〈◊〉 about Troye 59 Heele bones described 35 Hippe the articulation therof 33. the Cartilages therof 40. Ligamentes therof 32 Hippocrates his errours 54 Holes of all the Bones of the body described 44 Humerus the nature thereof described 26 Humiditie by what meanes purged from the brayne 9. how it descendeth to the eyes and nostrels 15 Hyoides the bone of the touÌ„g described 16. the muscles therof 48 I. IAwes the vppâ—… the motion and bones therof described 11. 12. the 〈◊〉 therof 39. the muscles therof 47 Iawe the neither the figure bones hardnes cauities thereof described 12. the holes therof 15. the glandules 90. the cauitie whereto it is articulate 9 Ieiunum the nature therof described 72 Iewes what part they CircuÌ„cised 88 Ileon the gut described 73 Ilium the bone therof described 31 Incision vnder a ribbe hurtfull 24 Infantes in the wombe what vse it hath of the vmbellicall veyne 65. the passage for their vrine 83 Inspiration and expiration how procured 53 Intercostall muscles described 53 Intrâ—…lles the begynnyng of them 69. their nature described 71 Iointes their motion compoâ—… and knittyng described 2. their Cartilages 40. their membran 42 Ithmoides described 10 Ithmoides the processe like wynges of of balles 12. the holes of it 15 Iugall bone the vtilitie figure and nature therof described 9. 10. 11 K. KEll the vse situation partes compasse and nature therof described 67 knee the bones substauÌ„ce and nature of them 34 kydneys their situation 78. their vse substaunce magnitude 〈◊〉 described 82 L. LAmbdoides what it is 4. 7 〈◊〉 the vse situation bones stgure therof described 16. preued to be a bone 17. the instrumeÌ„t of voyce 18. it consisteth of Cartilages 39. the muscles and nature therof described 49. the veynes therof 77 Legge how it is ioyned to the thigh the motioÌ„s and muscles therof described 58. the description therof 33. cauterie how it must be applyed to it 110 Ligamentes their vse generation production 2. 3. 4. 5. why created for the body 41. their nature described 41. 43 ¶ Ligamentes particular looke vnder the bones particular to whom they appertaine Lippes the muscles therof 45 Liuer the nature vse figure coates veynes therof described 75. how it receiueth 〈◊〉 72. the 〈◊〉 of it 66. where it geueth place to the 〈◊〉 of the stomach 68. the Ligamentes therof 43 Loynes their Cartilages 21. the nerues therof 110. the nature processes and vertebres therof described 11 Lunges why deâ—…ded into two partes 90. the situation sigure substaunce veynes therof described 91. imitate the forme of the brest 23. where they are not there is no necke 19 LucatioÌ„ why difficult 23. perillous in the vertebres of the backe 18. hardly reformed in the shoulder 40. deadly in the head 41 Lyne white the nature thereof described 65 Lyons ribbes are round not flat 23 M. MAgitians their deuilish comment of the resurrection 37 〈◊〉 precesse the Etimologie therof 9 Man his face why it is rouÌ„d 12. moueth not his vpper 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 why 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of one bone 3. his naturall defence in fallyng 8. his generatiue partes described 23. 85. why temperate in takyng of sustenaunce 71. wherin he most differeth froÌ„ beastes and plantes 98. 101 Marey of bones the nature and generation of it 111 Meate how it speedely pearceth thorough the stomach 68 Mediaâ—…num 90. 43 Melancholy the vse of it to the stomach 76. the vse of it to the ventticle 70. 81 Membran of the bones 1 Membrans interseplent which they be 91 Membran fleshy described 64 Memory the place of it 100 Menstrua how purged 79 Messenterium the nature and descriptioÌ„ therof 74 the veynes therof 75 〈◊〉 described 54. 107 Motion voluntary how procured 44 Month the muscles therof 9. 48 Mucrenata 〈◊〉 described 24. 40. 54 Mundinus full of errours 56 Muscles whence they spryng 2. how strengthned 2. what they are and their nature described 44. euery one worketh toward his begynâ—… 50 none without a nerue 111 ¶ Muscles particular looke the place of the partes which they 〈◊〉 Milke how engendred
and hollowed head ordained necessarily to receiue vnto it the toppe of the shoulder beyng first knit thereto yet because the compasse of this Processe was not sufficient inough to conteine therein a hole agréeyng or correspondent to the greatnes of the head of the shoulder and because also it was requisite that the largenes thereof should be such as might safely comprehend and kâ—…pe the same for ouer lightly rushyng out of his place therfore nature not onely added therto a thicke Cartilage which coueryng the inner part and sides of the cauities maketh for it a large and deeper hole but also beset it excellently with the two other Processes as it were on the most perillous partes and daungerous sides One of them compared to a Crowes beke or anker is therefore called Ancyroides or Coracoides By this y arme is distauÌ„t and deduced from the ribbes this conteineth the shoulder bone in his seate yelding thereto great validitie and force on that part No lesse maketh it also the insertioÌ„ of the Muscle which draweth the shoulder blade to the Anteriour partes and boweth the cubite The other beyng the last of the thrée Processes beyng that we assimuled and likened to the ridge or rising of a hill is farre loÌ„ger and further prominent then any of the rest This is it which the Grecians do nominate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as it were the poynt and toppe of the shoulder This Processe as it were houeryng ouer the toppe of the shoulder worthely prohibiteth that no sodaine Luxation vpwardes be committed but is euer a most safe defeÌ„ce and propugnacle thereto so that the shoulder is strongly munited and fensed from sodayne decay by the two last recited Processes and no lesse bound vnto his seate by the first But this not all the office of the thyrd for besides that it maketh the shoulder eche where more stroÌ„g and perdurable it offreth forwardly a place whereto the Cannell bone is aptly knit and confirmed And prepareth a most apt seate for the insertion of Muscles These bones are eche where vnequall and no place fourmed lyke an other For all that space on the vpper side betwene the broad Processe backwardes by the ridge to the extreme border and also beneth the same ridged Processe downe to the seate or fouÌ„dation aforesayd is very thinne vnequally hollowed but the Processes them selues principally that part of the bone that is next vnto the arme sheweth not onely an excellent thicknes but also the substaunce therof appeareth medullous and hollow The inner region therof hath cauities that obliquely stretch ouerthwart made by the often mouyng of the ribbes which on the outer side agayne do protuberate and giue forth And notwithstandyng that some partes outwardly yeld to the inner cauities mentioned yet neuerthelesse the same side resuseth not to giue place with like hollownes to the Muscles whiche are orderly in them couched which marueilously argueth the industry of nature who to the end their substaunce might not throughly be decayde would not eche where for the insertion of Muscles or scope of the ribbes embicill and wast so much of the bones but rather outwardes and inwardes as such occasion was offred that they should bowe and yeld on ech side The number of AppeÌ„dances attributed to these bones are v. that is to say iij. at the inner side neare in the goyng down of the Spine which are fastened to the foundation of the shoulder blade the which place is the original of certaine Muscles The other ij portions Appendant do minister Ligamentes wherewith the shoulder is bound in his seate or hole and the Cannell bones fastened to the rehearsed Processe named Acromion that is to say of these ij Appendances Acromion chalengeth one and the hollow or seate of the shoulder the other Furthermore in the toppe of the shoulder blade betwene the Processe Acromion and the supreme part of Scapula is a propper rounde cauitie made that by the Muscle therein sited might happen the circumaction and round or whéelyng motion of the shoulder Much profitable therfore we must accompt this Processe Acromion which both strengthneth the other partés produceth Appendances offreth it selfe to the insertion of Muscles and stayeth in such order the Cannell bones as that Collumbus sayth such creatures as haue not those bones neither haue they this Processe Acromion THe Canell bones therfore called in Gréeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Furculae Clauiculae or Iugula whiche we haue not yet spoken of among the partes of the brest are certaine bones ioyned on eche side aswell to the brest bone as the shoulder blade and thus From the cauitie on both sides of the toppe and vpper part of the brest bone which we haue before described departeth the Clauicles or Canell bones as our common English Phrase is beyng ouerthwartly conuayed do asceÌ„d aboue the top of the shoulder vnto the late recited Processe called AcromioÌ„ where they shut in and enclose the shoulder coarticulate knit with Scapula as we haue sayd before in such order as that the arme thence by no manner of meanes may slippe vnto the brest but there hence holdeth it so stedfastly distauÌ„t as greatly auayleth not onely to the mouyng of the handes aptly to the brest but also as it séemeth most seruiceable to their innumerable actions which otherwise might moue but at no tyme with such stabilitie stedfast certaintie of doyng which is the cause that some haue called them Furculae as it were litle proppes or postes to susteine the shoulders some agayne Clauiculae as it were the keyes of sure and certaine mouyng Others Iugula as they say for the fashion of yokes by them resembled To speake of their substaunce which is fistulous and hollow couered with a thinne bonny crust you shall finde them most easie to breake beyng much more rouÌ„d then a 〈◊〉 and also thicker saue that their hollownes maketh them more ragil 〈◊〉 and britle their makyng is not vnlike this figure S. for twise are the Clauicles crooked twise bounched out and twise concaued or hollowed from the begynnyng at Os pectoris vnto the middle region or halfe of the bone it is hollow inwardly but outwardly bowed in round compasse as long a space And contrariwise goyng from that same halfe part vp to the Processe of the scaple bone it is outwardly hollow and inwardly conuexed the which kynde of crookednes nature deuised not in vaine estéemyng it more fitte and necessary that so the Clauicles might occupy their places as rather Aspera arteria and these néedfull passages of the throte might not be hindred or pressed then that they should be directly stretched so as might both obstinately resist those and be neuer the fitter to Articulate with their places Agayne note that for great reason the Cannell bone is rather