So doth your Walnut Chesnut Horse-Chesnut Peaches Almonds Apricocks Plumbs c. and the onely difference from Beans and Pease is that these Stone-fruits put forth at the small ends and the other alwayes at the sides In like manner there be several sorts of Trees and most sorts of Plants that be small which put forth Root at the small end and as soon as that Root hath laid hold of the ground they then send out two false Leaves nothing like those that grow on the Tree or Plant which two false Leaves are the seed which divides into two parts and so stand some small time on the top of the ground and then between these two false Leaves comes forth a Shoot which produceth leaves like those of the Tree or Plant from whence it came Of this way of growth there be an infinite number both of Trees and Plants as the Elm Ash Sycamore Maple Pear Apple Quince and the most sorts of the seeds of Trees which are not environed by Stones or Shells of seeds the Melon Parsnip Carrot Carduus Angelica and indeed most sorts of seeds CHAP. V. Of the several wayes to raise Forrest-trees or others and how to perform the same by Laying THose sorts of Trees which will grow of Cuttings are the easiest to raise by Layings some of which sorts you may see in the next Chapter Now touching the best time for laying your Layers of Trees observe that if they be Trees that hold their Leaf all Winter as Firres Pines Holly Yew Box Bayes Lawrels Elix c. Let such be laid about the latter end of August But if they be such as shed their Leaf in Winter as Oak Elm Line Sycamore Apple Pear Mulberry c. let such be laid about the middle of October I do grant that you may lay at any time of the Year but these times I take to be the best for then they have the whole VVinter and Summer to prepare and draw Root in at that time of the year the Sun having so much power on the sap of the Tree as to feed the Leaf and Bud but not to make a shoot and if that little sap that rises be hindred as it is by some of the following wayes of laying the Leaves and Buds yet gently craving of the Layer makes the Layer prepare for Root or put forth root a little to maintain it self being it finds it cannot have it from the Mother-plant and being it wants but little Nourishment at that time of the Year I think it is better to lay Layers of Trees and to set Cuttings than at other times In Summer when the sap is much abounding or in VVinter when the sap stirres little or in the Spring when the sap begins to rise for then it comes too suddenly to draw sap from the Layer before it hath drawn or prepared for root for Nature must be courted gently though I know in small Plants the Spring or Summer doth very well for they being short-lived are therefore the quicker in drawing root and besides that Trees are many times laid as they are not As for those Trees that are apt to grow of Cuttings take but some of the boughs and lay them into the Ground covering them about half a foot with fresh fine Mould leaving them with the end of your Layer about one foot or a foot and a half out of the ground keeping them moist in Summer and in Twelve Months time you may remove them if rooted if not let them lie longer Another way is take a Bough you intend to lay and cut it half way through right cross the wood then slit it up towards the end half a foot or according as your Layer is in bigness lay the slitted place into the ground and you shall find that slitted place take root if laid as the former and so ordered This way you may encrease many fine Flowers and small Plants but they being out of my Element at this time I shall not speak of the ordering them for fear I seem tedious to some Another way to lay a Layer of a Tree is take a piece of VVyer and tie it hard round the bark of the place you intend to lay into the ground twisting the ends of the VVier that it may not untie prick the place above the VVier thorough the bark with an Aul in several places then lay it into the ground as the first A fourth way of Laying of trees is Cut a place round about one Inch or two where you find it most convenient to lay into the ground and so proceed as is shewed in the first way of Laying A Fifth way to lay some sorts of Trees is to twist the place you intend to lay into the ground as you do a withe and lay it as is shewed in the first way of Laying by this way and the first you may furnish your Woods and Hedges For they being easie any ordinary man will perform the same Thus you may from one Stub as a Sallow or the like between one Fall and another of your VVood for a Rod square of Ground and more if that one Stub produce but strong shoots fill it well with Wood For when the Stub hath got two or three years shoot then lay round it as before at large is shewed there letting them remain to produce new Stubs But if you would increase by laying some young Trees from an high Standard whence you cannot bend the boughs down to the ground then you must prepare either Box Basket or Pot and fill them full of fine sifted Mould putting a little rotten VVillow-dust with this Earth for that keeps Moysture to help the Layer to draw root then set the Pot or Box thus fill'd with Earth upon some Tressel or Post as your Ingenuity will direct you then lay your Bough by the second third or fourth way of Laying leaving not too much head out because the wind will offend it if you doe and by its own motion be likely to rub off the tender young Root and thus lay your Hops this way These things observed you may raise many choyse Trees as Mulberry Hors-Chesnut c. These Rules may instruct you sufficiently concerning the propagation of Trees by Laying but let me tell you it is hard to raise a fine straight Tree by a Layer or Cutting I have hinted at the Reasons before Note the smaller your Boughs be Set them the less out of the ground and keep them clean from VVeeds that they spoyl not your Layers Alsonote that the harder the VVood is then the young VVood will take root best laid in the ground but if a soft VVood then older boughs will take Root best Now you that be Lovers of wood make use of these sure Directions and if you repent then blame me CHAP. VI. Of those sorts of Trees that will grow of Cuttings and how to perform the same IF your Ground be moist you may Set with success any sort of Willow Sallow or Osier
Alder Water-Poplers any sort of Apple that hath a black burry Knot breaking out of the Boughs that Knot if set a Foot deep in good Ground and the top a Foot out is apt to grow Some sorts of Wildings Codlings Gennitings some Sweetings the smiling Willow Quinces Tamarisk Lawrel Firr Box c. The time that I have spoke on for Laying your Layers is also the very best time for Setting of Cuttings which you may see in the fore-going Chapter to be in August for those sorts of Trees that hold their Leaves and October for those Trees that cast their Leaves in Winter Those sorts of Trees that do grow of Cuttings are common therefore you may take your choice the better for the bigness of your Cuttings which I Advise you to let be from half an Inch to one Inch Diameter If they be less than half an Inch Diameter then they will be weak with a great Pith which Pith will take wet and be likely to Kill your Cutting And besides when your Cuttings be so small they be not prepared with those pores as at present I name them that is little black specks on the Bark where the Root breaks out I suppose if Set in the Ground or else Almighty God for a Sign to shew Man that those that have that Mark upon them will grow as your Elder Alder Sallow Water-Poplers c. hath and also if they be Young they then have not that burry Knot which is very apt to take Root as your Codlings and some sorts of Apples have in hard Wood the Younger the better But if they be greater than one Inch Diameter then the top of your Cutting will be long in covering over therefore may somewhat decay your Cutting by the wet lying on the Head so much But you may Set your Willow and Water-Popler of a greater size because they be Set for Pollard where Cattle come therefore they must be great and high to be out of their harming the sooner but the other size is most proper for your Hedges and VVoods If you set them by a Crow of Iron or by an Instrument which they have about Cambridge that bores a hole in the Earth somewhat like to an Auger Let the Foot be free from cracks cut smooth at bottom and the top of your Cutting the like but let your top be slanted off take care you do not rub up the Bark when you set your Cuttings therefore make your holes large when you set them and ram or tread the Earth close to them keeping them moist the first Summer and let the slant cut off the Head hang downward and if your Cutting be choise put a little soft VVax on the Head and Foot to keep out Air and VVet VVhen you set any Tree or Trees in your VVoods or Hedges be mindful to put in one or two Cuttings with them it will not be much time lost to do it but well spent as I have often proved CHAP VII Of such sorts of Trees as may be Raised by the Roots of another Tree and how to Raise them AS for such sorts of Trees which may be Raised onely from part of a Root of another Tree there be many but of those that I have made Experience I shall in this place give an Account First Let the Tree be a thriving Tree but not too Young nor an Old Tree For if it be too Young then the Roots will be too small for this purpose if too Old 't is possible the Roots may be a decaying and then not fit for this purpose Let the Roots be from a quarter of an Inch to an Inch and a half Diameter and from some Young thriving Tree is the best for in them the Sap is plentiful and therefore will put forth the greater shoot then in the latter end of February or the beginning of March digg round the Trees you intend to increase from till you find such Roots as before are mentioned and taking your Knife cut them three or four Inches from the great Root smooth at the place you cut off then Raise up that end putting in the Earth to keep it up that when your Ground is levelled again the end of this Root so cut off may be two or three Inches above Ground I do Judge the fore-said time of the Year to be the best for then the Sun hastning to the Vernal Equinoctial or rather this Star of the Earth to Libra the Sun having heat and a stronger drawing faculty on the Head of the Tree draweth by its secret influence on the several Branches on the Head and the Head from the Body and both Head and Body from the Roots and the Roots being furnished with Sap from the Earth to supply the Body and the Head is then the fitter to produce with that Sap a new Tree likelier than when 't is in its full Sap viz. in Summer for then the abundance of Sap will rather choak a Bud than produce one out of the Root if the Root be of such sort as will produce Trees from part of the Roots and then the Weather is so hot that it suffocates a new Bud that will be so full of Sap as that will be if any and as to the opening of the Roots at that Season how unnatural 't is to the roots of the Mother-Tree you may easily Judge And then to do this in Winter though there is a continual Motion and Ascending of the Sap from the Roots unless Accidentally hindred by Frosts all the Year long for Nature is no Sluggard yet to cut the Roots then and to expose them thus cut as afore-said to the extremity of the Weather which then usually is great the Frost and VVet pierce that new wound so much that 't is more likelier to Ruine than to Increase its Kind but if it doth Live the Spring is the time when it will Bud therefore by Consequence the best My Reason for cutting the Root two or three Inches off from the great Root is then that two or three Inches of the Root will put forth many Roots at the end especially if smooth cut off and so the better for the Tree from whence you take the Roots Thus much for the manner of Raising by part of Roots the Kinds which may be thus Raised are these that follow viz. Elm Maple Poplar Aspen Abete Cherry Crab-tree Plumb VVhite bush Serves c. CHAP. VIII What Soyl or Dung is best for Trees or their Seeds c. ANY sort of Dung that is very hot of it self as Pigeons Hens-dung Sea-Coal or VVood-Ashes Soot or Malt-dust such or as heats after 't is laid in the Ground as Horse-dung and Horse-Litter or Green Grass or VVeeds these or the like unless a small Quantity and in very cold Ground are better saved than used for Trees especially Forest-trees some Reasons may be given for this First their Fore-Fathers have not met with such Kindness therefore their Children do not nor cannot digest it so well Secondly these sorts
of Dungs are good for several sorts of Plants especially Annuals for 't is the Nature of them where they meet with such warm Entertainment to come up the sooner provided the Dung be not so hot as to burn them for Nature hath accustomed them so much to a Yearly decay that the Seeds of them will lay hold of the first Opportunity and put forward for their Journey either Spring Summer Autumn or Winter according as they meet with Provision for their Progress till they have Accomplished that which was done for them viz. produced Seeds When your Forrest-Tree knoweth its continuance to be long and that Naturally it hath many Years to produce its like it will not be much forced by Art or Artificial means for who can by the best Art or Care that can be used force the Keys of an Ash to come up in a Year or to grow but one Inch For it will lie a Year or more before before it will begin to shoot when as several sorts of Annuals will at any time of the Year come up in three or four days if their Entertainment be accordingly Therefore neither your Forrest-trees not their Seeds require much Dung but love a ground Trenched deep with some Addition of fresh Earth such as they delight in as if your Ground be a strong Clay then trench it deep and mix it with fat Sand Rubbish of Buildings Sea-coal-ashes Highway-Earth that hath drift Sand in it or small Gravel-Lime or Lime-Rubbish c. And if your Ground be a Gravel or Sand then trench it and mix it with Loom-clay the turf and upper part of each is very good digging the Ground deep and mixing it well But if it be for an Orchard you may add to any sort of Ground some rotten dung of Horse or Cow c. will do very well so it be not where your Root is but set the Roots of any sort of Trees in fresh fine Mould In stiff Ground it is good to trench it with Straw Thatch Litter VVoodstack-Earth or small wood but let not your Roots stand upon these by no means nor upon no dung or turf but let them be at least one Inch or two from every Root and then in a Year or two when the Roots of your Tree comes to this Dung or Soyl the Ground will then have made it rotten and fit to lead your Root along in the Veins as it lieth for them to find their Nourishment the better Note that those Trees whose Roots run shallow do most delight in light Ground as on a Gravel your Beech Cherry Ash if mixed with Loom the Elm or any on a Brick Earth the Oak Elm Pear c. But for these I shall refer you to each particular Chapter of their Kinds Of all sorts of Ground for Trees or most sorts of Plants I take your Clays to be the worst that is your strong blue strong white or strong red but if any of these have some stones Naturally in them they make them the better and the nearer they turn to a mixture of Loom they be so much the better So likewise Gravelly or Sandy Ground the nearer a Loom the better for a Loom that is a light Brick-Earth is the most Natural Ground for Gardens or Plantations that is Your strong Grounds are worse for Trees than your light especially for their Seeds for they be more subject to great Weeds as Couch-grass Thistles Nettles c. When your Gravelly Ground hath in most places a short Grass or Mother of Thyme or Moss commonly the greatest Plant is Fern which is very Natural to Seeds of Trees and to the Roots of Trees You may often see several Young Trees come up in Fern which Naturally grows on your light Ground therefore is most Natural for the increase of wood But your strong Ground doth most commonly produce the greatest Oak and your Gravelly or shallow Ground the finest Grain that is when Trees are on such Ground as they do Naturally Love to grow on they then produce the greatest Grain for then are their Annual Circles the greater therefore such Trees are your strongest and toughest Timber But when a Tree grows on a Ground it Naturally doth not like then the Annual Circles being small the Grain of such a Tree must by consequence be finer and the Wood not so tough so that these stately Trees do not love such great variety as your Annuals For if they be in a Ground which they do not very well like if you give them but room by deep and often digging they will then search the further from home and provide such Nourishment as will make them thrive and be stately When as your Annual Plants and others that be not very long Lived they will desire better and more variety of Dung than your Forrest-trees I have often admired what should be the Reason that some Plants will not come to their perfection unless they stand on Dung or that which will give a great heat which would kill the Seeds of several others did they but stand there one day But as for the Reason of the heat that such Plants desire it is because they were made for hot Countries and therefore if we would have them to come to Maturity in our cold one we must give them warm Lodging especially in the Spring which is too cold with us for them but what is it then that Plant does feed on But then to consider well this why the heat of Grass or green Weeds should bring them forward as well as dung of Horses provided you can keep it but as temperate for 't is subject to be too hot and as long lasting for it will not keep its heat long where is then the salt Sulphur and Mercury or Spirit in the Dung more than in the Grass to feed these Plants Also I have Observed that if you take Rich Mould half or more of it rotten dung and cover one end of your Bed with the other end cover the same thickness with poor hungry Mould provided you make it fine and fit for the Roots to run in this last shall do as well and many times better for any seeds on a hot bed than the Rich Mould Where is then the salt Sulphur or Mercury in the rich Mold more than in the hungry as most do hold that the richer the mould the more of them and that all Plants draw their Nourishment from these matters when I know that the seeds most we sow on hot beds could well digest that matter in the rich Mould if it were there more than in the pore and come on much forwarder in these Molds each if not on a hot-bed the rich Mould would bring on Plants much stronger than the poor provided the seeds be of such Plants that are quick of digestion Pidgeons dung sown thin upon cold Land and early in the Spring is very good for Barley But if sown late and on dry hot ground it will then do more harm than
they were never Transplanted before for there is a great deal of Reason to be given that the oftner you Remove a Tree the likelier 't is to grow when it is Removed again provided it be not too great Besides Experience doth plainly shew the same for I have often found that a Walnut-Tree set of a Nut and never-removed in its Minority but still keeping his place of Situation till it is six or seven Foot high that in Removing such a Tree you shall find near as much hazard in the growing of that Tree as in Removing an Oak of the same stature provided the Oak hath had his Abode in open Air and not been tenderly Nursed up in a Wood for such Trees let them be of what kind you will are nice to be removed out of their warm Habitation But at this I have hinted before Now to shew you some Reason why any Tree being Removed before is the likelier to grow when removed again Observe these few Rules First 'T is the Nature of all Trees to put forth one Root first and then some side-roots according to the Kind and Nature of the Ground and this most stately Tree doth commonly run to the bottom of the Soyl that is fit for his Nourishment before it puts forth many side-roots especially in a loose hollow Ground and then at the end of the tap-root it puts forth feeding Roots and when this Tree comes to be pretty big it having few feeding Roots near home the Tree can hardly be taken up well without losing most of them which will be a great hazard to the loss of your Tree Secondly But when a Tree is taken up young as at one two or three years old then there is but small head so that a little Root will maintain that and then this little Root lying not deep and in a little compass of Ground may be taken up with less loss to the proportion of the Head than a greater Thirdly When you have taken up these young Trees in cutting off the end of the tap-root and the ends of the greatest of the others those very ends so cut off with the slope lowermost will at that place put forth many small Roots which lying near to the Body of the Tree are the easier to be taken up with the Tree when 't is Removed again Lastly Custom in Removing of Trees tends somewhat to their growing being Removed for I sansie that if you could get some Acorns of an Oak that had with his Fore-Fathers been accustomed to Removing as our Apple-stocks are I do Judge it would be then as patient of changing his Habitation as they From that which hath been said I hope you will conclude with me that 't is best to Remove either Forest-Trees or others when young for if you Remove them when they be older the better the Ground is the more the Tree runs down with a tap-root therefore if never Removed before the worse to remove off from such a Ground Thus having Ordered these Young Trees till you have Nursed them up to the stature of six or seven Foot high you may afterwards Transplant them into your Walks Wood or where else your Fancy pleaseth onely in Transplanting Observe this Make your holes four Foot wide and two Spade deep at least half a year or a quarter at least before the time of Planting if it be a year 't is the better provided you keep that Mould which you threw out of the holes clean from Weeds and Grass by turning it over as Occasion requires and if you think your Ground be poor or of some contrary Soyl to what your Tree Naturally delights to grow in mix it with some such like Earth as your Tree doth best delight to grow in as for an Oak if your Ground be Gravelly mix it then with the upper Spade of Ground that is a Brick-Earth turning these together with the Earth you did throw out of the holes if Clay mix it then with a light Loom or a fat Sand or small Gravel and if the Ground be poor a little laying of rotten dung in the bottom of your holes but let none be among your Earth when you set your Trees that is to touch the roots of them Having thus prepared your holes for your Tree and your Earth if your Ground be a dry Soyl then begin as soon as you find the Leaf to fall that is in October 'T is not the Hill or Valley North or South Situation which makes the finer or tougher Grain but if there be a seeding Ground on the top of an Hill or on the North side more than there is in the Valley or South-side there then will be the toughest Timber for where a Tree grows most in a year that Oak is the toughest Timber and there that Tree shall have the most sap as on a deep Loomy Ground But let it be Hill or Valley if it be a shallow ground and the bottom Gravel and not mixed with Loom or Clay there Oaks will grow slow and the Annual Circles being close together the Timber must then be the finer Grained and the sap of such Oaks is little as I have many times Observed Experience and Reason which I have alwayes hitherto taken with me as Guides in my Travel and Search after Nature have confirmed me in this A light Brick-Earth or a Loomy-Clay produce the stateliest Oaks soonest and toughest Timber for there they grow quickest Your Clays produce great Oaks for that is a holding Ground although they grow sometimes slow yet they last long Your Gravel produceth many Oaks and streight they grow slow the Timber is fine and they decay while they be young the Reasons of this I have told you before Having made Ready your Holes and taken up your Trees well I Advise you to open the Earth well round your Tree keeping the side of your Spade to the Body of your Tree to prevent Cutting the Roots when you take them up and also to digg deep round the Tree that when you come to pull up your Tree it may come up easily which will prevent those Roots which grow Elbow-like which if they do not break off in pulling up by straining them to pull up they will crack so in the Elbow that they will never grow nor put forth Roots below that place therefore for such Trees as be ticklish to Remove take the more time lest you verifie the Old Proverb which saith Too much haste Oft makes waste Such Roots as you find Bruised or much Cracked cut them off till you come at firm sound Root Such Trees as are slow-growers as the Oak is you may prune up to the smaller Head as if your Tree be taper and streight you may prune up such a Tree to one shoot but if your Tree be not taper then leave two side-boughs or more to receive some of the Sap which will make the shoot that you intend shall lead to make the body of the Tree the smaller and so
plant them in your Nursery as you are directed for Walnut-trees there keep them with digging and pruning till they are fit of stature to plant out they grow in good shape and last long it is a fine tree for VValks it likes best a strong ground but let it be good and there they will bear store of Fruit and grow to be large fine Trees They be very subject to put forth suckers by which they be easily increased from the Roots of the Mother-tree but how to do that see Chapt. 7. there you may be fully satisfied how to raise them When you have got them to five or six foot high bud them they will bear sooner more and better c. CHAP. XVII Of Raising and Ordering the Cherry-tree I Know many will say that it is not proper to rank this among Forrest-trees but if such did but see the fine stately Trees that we have growing in the Woods at Cashiobury they would then conclude it proper for Woods and if for Woods then for Forrests Where they like the ground they make a glorious shew in the Spring their white Blossoms shewing at a distance as though they were cloathed with fine white Linnen their Blossoms are a great Relief to the industrious Bees at that season the way to raise and order them is as followeth And first you must know that the best way to raise them is of Stones Let your Cherries be very ripe for the riper your Cherry is or any other Fruit the plumper and better is the Kernel The time they be Ripe is according to the kind but it is the black Cherry which growes common in Woods and Hedges about Cashiobury which is the Tree fitting for VVoods and therefore how to Raise it I shall shew though there be much difference in these also for we have some full as large and good as the Corowne and at a place called Red-heath at one Mr. Baldwins they have some sorts not inferiour to the black Orleance which are produced naturally from the Stones without Budding or Grafting or any other help but the Nature of the Ground which indeed is very natural to them They are ripe in July and the largest sorts are ripe latest the Fowls of the Aire will give you notice of their time of being Ripe by their visiting them which are as so many Messengers to awaken the industrious to take care in time to preserve them and to the careless man and Sluggard to take that away from him which he will not take care of For as the wisest of men saith Prov. 20. The Sluggard will not plow by reason of cold therefore shall he beg in Harvest so he that will not take care in time shall want when others have But we have such store that what the Jack-dawes Jayes Mag-pies c. eat they are not missed with us and though the Fowls do begin to eat them as soon as they turn blackish yet Nature hath tied them on so fast to the stalk that they can but take off part of the flesh and leave the Stone and rest to feed the Kernel for the wonderfull wise God hath ordered most sorts of Fruit so that some by their bitter sower or other tastes are so well defended that neither Bird nor Beast will touch them till the Kernels be ripe or near it and then the fleshy part and Kernels also are pleasing to their Pallats When the Fruit is Ripe gather them and have the fleshy part eaten off or taken off by rolling them in Sand that is drye with some heavy Plank upon them drawing it too and again to take off the flesh when you have so done drye them for three or four dayes then put them into pretty moist Sand and so keep them till the beginning of February in house and then sowe them in a Bed of light gravelly Mould if your Bed be not naturally so make it so keep them clean from weeds for two years and then you may plant them in Woods Coppices Hedge-rowes c. or in your Nursery to raise other Kinds of or there to stand till they be fit for walks for where the Ground is Natural they be very proper for walks The ground they like is a dry Soil the bottom Gravel the surface mixed with Loom Or you may sowe them on Beds as soon as you have taken the flesh off and they will do very well and come up the Spring following and then you may plant them at two years shoot where you please but if you keep them too long out of the Ground before you sowe them they will lie two Winters in the ground before they come up Note this that all sorts of Stone-fruit would be committed to the Earth as soon as the Fruit is Ripe the Flesh taken off and the Stones a little drye for all sorts of Stone-fruit if well kept and sown or set in time will come up the Spring after but if you keep them too long out of the Ground they then will stay till the second Spring and sometimes never come up at all At any time when you Remove a young Cherry-tree you may prune off his head close if you please to one shoot for they Naturally grow taper and straight They are subject to increase from the Roots of another Tree but if you would help Nature in Raising of them that way see Chap. 7. It is a good wood to plant in Coppices for it produceth a strong shoot and it is like the Elm apt to put forth several young Trees from the Roots of other Trees but especially if you fell a tree that is not too Old and it be in a light Ground for then it will bring many from the Roots of one tree and so thicken your wood much It produceth great Trees in a light ground that being the Soil it liketh but in a stiffe cold Ground it is not so ready to grow nor bring such fine high taper-trees nor increase so from the Roots as it will on light ground Once I measured a Cherry-tree in Cashiobury Wood-walk first by the Quadrant and so I found it 85 foot high but for more Exactness being the Tree leant by reason of another which was blown upon it by a high wind I saw it measured by a Line let from the top-shoot to the Ground and it was 85 foot five Inches therefore I think such trees as this might well be accompted among Forrest-trees When you transplant young Cherrie trees do not set them too deep nor indeed no other sort of tree but especially those that naturally run shallow as all sorts do that be subject to put forth young Trees from their Roots such is the Elm Abele Sarvice Cherry c. This tree is wanting in several parts of this Land But you that want it I would counsel you to get it as soon as your Ground is convenient for it CHAP. XVIII Of Raising and Ordering the Line-tree THis Tree is called by most Herbals the Line-tree or Linden but
it was sent me by a fair Lady saith he To every Gallon of Birch-water put a quart of Honey well stilled together then boyl it almost an hour with a few Cloves and a little Limon-peel keeping it well scumm'd when it is sufficiently boyled and become cold adde to it three or four Spoonfulls of good Ale to make it work which it will do like New Ale and when the Yeast begins to settle bottle it up as you do other winey Liquors it will in a competent time become a most brisk and spirituous Drink which is a very powerfull Opener This Wine may if you please be made as successefully with Sugar instead of Honey lib. 1. to each Gallon of water or you may dulcifie it with Raisons and compose a Raison-wine of it I know not whether the Quantity of the sweet Ingredients might not be somwhat Reduced and the Operation improved but I give it as Received For Distempers in Man it is good for Cure of the Ptysick most powerfull for dissolving the Stone in the Bladder curing as I am told Consumptions and such interiour Diseases as accompany the Stone in the Bladder and Reins This Liquor is so strong that the common sort of Stone-Bottles cannot preserve the Spirits so subtile they are and volatile and yet it is gentle and very harmless in Operation within the Body and exceedingly sharpens the Appetite being drunk ante Pastum This from the Learned Author and thus much of the Birch And now I proceed CHAP. XXIV Of Raising the Hasel OF the Kinds there be many and some very good Fruit as the Red and VVhite Filberds the great French Nut c. also your wild Nuts do differ much in shape and goodness My Lord had once a Quantity of very good sorts sent him from beyond Sea they had a very tender Shell therefore I took care to raise some of them and did severall but when they came to bear they were no better than our Hedge-nuts VVhen they be Ripe I need not tell you for every Boy can order them all winter as you are advised to keep your VValnuts and sowe them at the same time in the Spring they will grow almost on any Ground provided not too wet but best on your dry ground therefore set them on your high and dry Banks between your Fences but Early in Winter if they hold but the first year they will produce good Stubs you may increase them by Suckers or Laying but the best way is from their Nuts I would have you to benefit your self by Laying this and other Woods in your Woods that be thin of wood I dare assure you that for every Shilling you lay out in this Husbandry in a few Years time every Shilling shall be paid you yearly for many years after CHAP. XXV Of Raising the several sorts of Poplers THere may be many sorts of this VVood but I know but Four the best is that large white Popler a great leaf white on the lower side it shoots with a strong whitish shoot which the Dutch call Abele The Second is a sort much like to this both in Leaf and Shoot which grows in many places of this Land and is in most places called the white Popler The Third is a sort that hath the leaves and shoots more small and not so white it groweth in many places and in most of them is called the Aspen or Asp-tree These three sorts are to be ordered all as one the other differs much both in the Nature of growing and ordering therefore a word or two of these I never yet did Raise any of them of Seed but I do believe they have a Seed in that downy substance they shed in the Spring they increase naturally very much from the Roots but they may be help'd much by the Rules in the Chapter before which sheweth you how to raise Trees from the Roots of another Tree by which Rules from two of the Abele Trees my Lord had from Holland I have raised above a hundred But if you fence in a place round the Tree to keep Cattel off and keep down the great weeds a little they will put forth many young Trees from the Roots of an old one especially if you prune up or thin the Heads of any of these sorts they will then yield the more but if you do not value your Mother-tree but desire to get a great stock of young ones then you may fell the Mother-tree at the ground and if it be not very young or old the Roots will put forth in young Trees the Quantity of the Body and Head of that Tree and so will the Elm Cherry c. then how usefull such Trees are to set in the places of VVoods that be thin I leave you to judge Though this Tree is none of the best of VVoods besides the aforesaid Properties I can satisfie you it will grow and increase on the very worst of your grounds as well drye as wet You must forbear to head any of these three sorts unless young or that you leave some young shoots to draw up the sap except you are minded to destroy the old one you head for if the Lops be very great it many times kills or makes the Tree hollow therefore lop young Some will tell you they grow of Chips but that is false they rarely will grow of Cuttings They are best in VVoods though some advise you to plant them in VValks but they be not good for walks for the Suckers they produce from the Roots will be troublesome The greater sorts are proper to set on the East VVest or North Prospect at a distance in or by the side of a wood for their white Leaves shew finely when the Sun shines upon them and make fine variety with other Trees that have dark green leaves I commend them to you for to plant in woods of barren ground for there they increase much and yield much wood And so I leave them and come to the other which differeth from these both in Leaf and Shoot and manner of growing This last kind is in most places called the water-Popler its Leaf is a pale Green shaped something like the other but it is not white below the shoot is of a yellowish green this loves to grow by Rivers sides or in Ground that is wet or such as holds water much Therefore you that have such Grounds get some of this Tree to set in them It will grow of Truncheons from two foot long to eight the first being the best to set for Stubs the other you may make Pollards of for it is a good profitable wood bringing a good Lop in few years and that on some Grounds better than the Willow For your instruction in setting the small setts see Chap. 6. and for setting those of six seven eight or nine foot long for to make Pollard-trees keep the lower end of your set and also the upper free from cracks and cut each sloaping off as for the bigness let
it be about two or three Inches Diameter If you make your hole with an Iron Crow make it big enough that you do not thrust up the Bark when you thrust them into the hole or if you make them with a Stake observe the same but if you fear the Bark to part from the wood tie it about the lower end with a piece of Wier c. set them about one foot and a half deep if great deeper or if you have a quantity to set and would set them well then have an Auger made somewhat like to a Pumps a little bigger than your sets so may you set your sets in and ram the Earth close to them but however you set them be sure to Ramme the Earth close to them I preferre the beginning of Winter for the best season unless your Ground be very wet then deferre it till February But if you have ground that is wet and barren and that you are minded to plant make Dreins two spade-deep and a yard wide and at every two yards asunder cast up the Earth upon the two yards of ground you left and sow it the first year with Oats to mellow the Ground which may pay a good part of your Charge if not all the next Winter set it with these sorts of woods Water-popler and others Alder Willow Withy Sallows c. and in four or five years after you may have a good Fall of wood so may you have every five or six year after for many years To encourage you Esquire Evelin tells you of an Abele that did shoot in one year seventeen foot in length and as thick as your VVrist and also informs you of some VVillowes that have shot no less than twelve foot in one year Therefore to those Gentlemen that have wet or moorish Ground which is bad and will not grase well do I direct this good Husbandry especially where wood is scarce and fells well The Charge to do this will not be great and to satisfie you the more I shall here shew you if you dig two spade deep then there will be but one third part of ground to dig that is to dig your Trenches one yard wide and leave two yards there to lay the Earth and to sow one year or to set the sets as soon as you have made the ground ready 160 Rod in one Acre divided by 3 gives one 3 d. of 160 which is 53 and â…“ This 53 doubled neglecting the â…“ as needless in such a business is 106 Now if I allow 3 d. a Rod for one spade-deep that is 6 d. for two and then 2 d. a Rod for setting is 8 pence the Rod leaving the Sets out and not counting them because I do not know the scarceness or plentifulness of them where you intend to plant though they will cost but little Now if I divide 106 by 2 being 2 Six pences is one Shilling it gives 53 s. and then divide 106 by 6 being 6 Two pences makes One shilling is 17 s. 8. d. By this it appeareth that if the Ground be planted this way having the Trenches digged two foot deep which is the best way to plant any sort of Ground if the soyl be shallow as I shall shew fuller hereafter the Charge excepting the Sets is but 3 l. 10 s. 8 d. where men can dig such ground for 3 d. the Rod. But if the Ground be not very wet or the Soyls surface very shallow then may you dig one yard and leave another throwing half your Earth on one side and half on the other Suppose you were to plant an Acre of Ground this way there will not be half digged especially if the ground be an oblong square but if you count it at half that is 80 Rod which at the same price 3 d. the Rod is 20 s. for if you divide 80 Three-pences by Four the Thirds in a Shilling the Quotient gives 20 then 80 Two-pences for setting is 13 s. 4 d. for if you divide 80 by 6 the Two-pences in one Shilling it gives 13 in the Quotient and 2 over which 2 Two-pences is 4 d. that is then 13 s. 4 d. and 20 s. is one pound 13 s. 4 d. charge Yet as I told you the more oblong the piece is it will cost somewhat the less provided you divide your ground into yards or as near it as you can and leave a yard next the side where you begin and one at the side where you end Having shewed you the Charge or pretty near it and also two wayes how to prepare your ground you may set Truncheons of VVater-popler all sorts of Sallowes Alder VVillowes Oziers c. of Roots Abele Popler and if not too wet Elm Ash c. Let none of these soft woods stand too long unlopt if Pollards or unfelled if Stubs for the Reasons before mentioned Of all the Poplers VVater-popler indures best lopping when great then the Abele the Asp worst when the boughs be great This VVater-popler doth not increase of a Runner as the other doth I suppose this is the same which some call the Black-popler It growes in several places about Ware by their Ditch-sides and brings them good profit and therefore you that have wet grounds get some of this to set by your Ditches one Rowe of this and one of VVillowes for if you set one of these worth a half-penny if they grow they will bring you that yearly for twenty years or more Prune all soft woods at the latter end of VVinter c. CHAP. XXVI Of Raising the Alder. THis Tree may be raised of Truncheons as the other I last writ of some say of Seeds but if you cut them about two foot and a half long and set them two foot in the ground if the ground be proper for them they will certainly grow and yield you good Profit They love a wet moorish ground and will not grow on dry ground they will grow well on your boggy Grounds which seldom yield good Grass Some advise you to fell them every third or fourth year which is good Counsel but do not deferre above five or six years the wounded place will be too great if you stay longer and with wet will grow hollow if it be great before it can overgrow the wound As for soft VVoods or Aquatick Trees fell or lop none till to wards the Spring viz. February is the best Season and the Moon encreasing CHAP. XXVII Of Raising the Withy Willowes Sallow Oziers THE Withy doth best grow on ground that is not very moyst but yet the moysture must not be far from him as on the weeping side of a Hill where some Spring breaks out or on Banks by Rivers or Ditches sides or on Banks in your Moorish ground c. The VVillow loves to grow on such like ground both this and the former are set in such places as the Water-popler is and of such sets as it is to make Pollard trees see the Chapt. before of the Water-popler
and Chap. 6. which teacheth how to set all sorts of Cuttings Remember to keep them well fenced for two or three years and to cut off all the side-shoots which they will be subject to put out below the Head and thin the head as you see it convenient leaving not above six or eight for Arms so doing will make the body of your Tree swell and lay hold on the Ground the better And as for the variety of Kinds of these and the following I shall not trouble my self to inquire after for I intend only to shew you how to Raise them not to describe them and if you know how to raise some you may then soon be able to raise them all But there is one sort more which is called the smelling VVillow which deserves to be taken notice of it shoots a great shoot bears fine broad shining green Leaves and will grow on most Grounds that are not too drye It bears a sweet beautifull Flower and worthy to be set in Orchards You that have Rivers run by your Orchards plant some of this if you have not yet if your ground be moist and pretty good it will grow mightily and yield Ornament and Profit It is easily increased of Cuttings which if set as is shewed in Chap. 6. will grow every one Only mind if your Ground have a dry Bottom then set them on the North side of a wall beside the Beauty and Smell the industrious Bees love it much It is as easily increased as any Sallow and bears as good a Lop then endeavour to make it as common From one small Plant I have Raised some hundreds and have set several in our VVood-walks at Cashiobury where they grow well notwithstanding our dry Ground but they were Rooted before I set them there I commend the like Husbandry to the Lovers of Planting And to those that are Lovers of that busie Martial Creature for it 's an Early Relief to them It may also be very plentifully increased by Laying for if it be but covered with ground it will Root Of Sallows there be three common sorts all of them love a moist Ground but that with the Round Leaf will grow on Banks as in Hedges for if you set them for Stakes they will take root And though they be no very good Fence yet they will yield good Profit The two other grow best on Moorish ground and there will yield great shoots they will grow of Cuttings much and may be increased well by Laying both which wayes you may thicken your VVoods very much but then you must keep out Cattel especially all Deer for two or three years and above They may be raised by seed as the Elm is some years for the seed is not all years good with us no more is the Elm and Line I have raised many of them of seeds in the downy substance but they be so easily increased by Cuttings and Laying that you need not trouble your self to raise them of seed It is as profitable a wood for under-wood in Woods as any you can set in them for Fire producing strong and great shoots Therefore where you stock up Trees in your Woods set two or three Sallow Truncheons with some other VVood that is subject to run as Elm Cherry Abele c. so may you have a thin wood made a thick good wood or if you have a Ground that is Moorish and will not yield good Grass then plant as is before shewed of the Water-popler and it will yield you quick and great Profit If you would see more largely of these Sallowes c. see Esquire Evelyns 19 th Chapt. He tells you you may graft Figs and Mulberries on them and that they will thrive exceedingly The first is true you may graft on them but you had best trye the other for I fear 't is borrowed from Pliny c. but I forbear Of Oziers there are several sorts and are all raised of Truncheons as the Sallow They love a moister and more Moorish ground than the Sallow or Willow The Basket-makers know best the time to fell them which may be done any time in Winter they must be kept well fenced from Cattel and thus I shall conclude of the Aquatick Trees Only let me desire all those that have Moorish ground and such as yields little Profit especially where wood is scarce but to make use of these sure Directions and I do engage you a great and certain Profit CHAP. XXVIII Of the Pine Firre Pinaster c. THese stately Trees want more Respect with us than they have And there are three things which make it so The first is Ignorance in planting them and that is they miss the right Time or Season of the Year to set them planting them when other Trees are planted as from November to March which is the very worst time in the Year but the best time to Remove these or most sorts of Greens is from mid March to the latter end or from mid August to the last which are the very best times unless for tender Greens and I shall not so much as name any of them As to the Ground they love not Dung but a fresh gravelly Soyl mixed with Loom also mind but the Roots and they will tell you that these sorts of Trees must not be set too deep therefore take heed you commit not that fault to them for if you look into Gerrards Herbal with Johnsons Additions to it pag. 1364. you are there informed by that laborious Author that Firres grow on the tops of Rocks in great plenty and also large Trees in the cold Countreys of Norway c. and of Pines that grow in the cold Countreys beyond Denmark as in Russia c. then certainly they may and will grow here in England very well if you will but mind to set and preserve them Then a second Reason why men do raise but few of these and plant but few may be because they love them not and it is with other men because they many times die or do not grow well with them and this makes them not fancy them But such Men want good Instructions and I hope I shall give them some that will make them again in Charity with these fine Trees but others there be that have ground and fit places to plant Trees in but mind them not these men do not love Trees no nor themselves nor their Posterity The third great hinderance of planting these and other Trees is there are many men that love planting and improving of Trees but are hindered by not having ground of their own convenient to plant in and if they Nurse up or plant Trees for their Landlords they many times meet with but small encouragement for so doing for many times they be turned out of their Farm before they come to perfection or if there be any that are come to be fit to fell many times another man shall have them as cheap as he that Nursed them up in
one Acre or 160 Rod 4840. Or if you would work this Question by the Line of Numbers and your Compasses set one point on one Extend to 5 and ½ the same will reach from 5 and ½ to 30 and ¼ Secondly Extend your Compass from one to 30 and ¼ the same will reach from 160 to 4840 Thus you may prove your work by two turns of your Compasses Now finding 4840 yards in one Acre of ground and for every yard one Set at 120 for 4 d. comes to Forty Groats and Forty over which is 13 s. 5 d. 1 q. and ⅓ of q. for forty Groats is 13 s. 4 d. then to know what the odde Forty come to the Rule ranks it self thus If 120 cost 4 d. or 16 q. what then will 40 cost So you see that these 40 will cost 5 q. and 40 over and if you divide this 120 by 40 there then will be 3 in the Quotient which sheweth that 40 is ⅓ of 120 So that 4840 Sets at 120 for 4 d. will cost thirteen Shillings five pence one farthing and one third part of a farthing For Truncheons of Sallow and Willow 3 s. and for Seed 10 s.  l. s. d. Plowing 00 04 00 Digging 01 06 08 To a Man to set 00 06 08 For Sets 00 13 06 For Truncheons 00 03 00 For Keyes Nuts and Seeds 00 10 00 Whole Charge is 03 03 10 Thus have I shewed some wayes for the planting of Woods and also what Charge it will cost you though I have spoke of the lowest Rates that good digging Ground can be done at and where men work for 10 d. per day yet if you love planting and your Ground be a bad Ground to dig as a Gravel or stiffe Clay and that your Sets be scarce or that you be minded to plant more in your Ground which will be the better then if you allow as much more to each Acre the Charge may be computed accordingly and you will find it not to be great There are more wayes to plant Woods but these I take to be the best or thus instead of making your Holes Round you may make them a long square and the holes will be the easier to make after this way See Fig. 2. This that hath been said I hope will be some satisfaction to those that love planting of Woods and are to seek in the wayes which if it be I then shall be well satisfied for my design is a General more than a Particular Good Now having finished your Wood take care to keep it well fenced from Cattel of all sorts and when it is about seven or eight years growth then fell it pruning up those to a head you are minded to leave for Standards leaving half as many more as need to stand for Timber-trees as Oak Ash Elm Beech c. felling the rest at the Ground not flat off but well sloped up And if you have Popler Abele Cherry Elm Sarvice c. they will spring much from the Roots and thicken your Woods if not set some in CHAP. XXXII Of planting Young Hedges and how to improve and keep Old Hedges THere are and may be made many sorts of Hedges of one particular sort of Wood alone some for Ornament only some for Ornament and Profit and some for Ornament Profit and a Fence Juniper I take to be one of the best for to make a low Hedge of any Plant or Tree we have growing in England for it growes naturally very thick is a slow grower and hath alwayes a fine fresh green Colour and the severest of our hard Winters will not make it change his Countenance I confess it is something ticklish to be Removed for its being not used to stirre far from home makes it many times lose its way and its Life too if led far from its native place at unseasonable times or by an ignorant Guide and put into such an Habitation as is not suitable for it to Live in I have with good success removed it above Thirty miles namely from beyond Cashiobury to Little-Hadham there I made my Ground notwithstanding it was naturally a stiffe Clay by mixing it well with Gravel and Sand I Removed it a little after Bartholomewtide and I did not lose one Plant in ten but they do flourish in two little Hedges most gallantly I shall not speak of that most healthfull Aromatick Seed which it beareth nor of the use of this Cedar but if you would be further satisfied see Esquire Evelins Discourse of Forrest-trees or any Herbal I have not as yet raised any of it of Seed but I am now making a tryal which if they once come to endure Removing while young I doubt not but then they will be better to Remove when old Holly makes a most stately and beautifull Hedge and had we but store of the White-berried Holly to mix in the Hedge with the Red it would make it the more Ornamental It s Ground that it most delights to grow on is drye and gravelly See more in the Chapter of Holly Or had we but store of the strip't to make Hedges with it would be very Noble indeed Hornbeam may be kept in a good shape for a high Hedge and very thick even to the ground It is alone one of the very best home-bred natural Forrest-trees that shed the Leaf to make a Hedge of and is senceable unless against the rudest sort of Cattel Box maketh a good Hedge and lasting I mean the English though the others are pretty for Hedges both the Gilded and the Dwarf but these two being not proper to name or to discourse of among Forrest-trees I shall only name them and many other sorts and so pass forward Laurel as we call it or Bay-Cherry makes a good Hedge and if well kept very fine Standards Hard Winters do pierce it on some Grounds but on most it is durable it is easie to increase and will grow well on most Grounds Keep it but down and it will grow strong below and thick and then make a very fine Hedge Arbutus or Strawberry-tree is a Curious Plant for a Hedge onely it is very tender especially while young for the Leaves being constant whilest Life lasteth and of a fair Green finely dented about the Edges and its pretty white Flower in Summer with its Strawberry on the beginning of Winter all together adde a great deal of grace to this Plant. Cypress would make fine Hedges but for two faults for first in in some Grounds it is tender and will not abide our hard Winters And Secondly it doth not love to be headed for that makes it still more tender Cut it not late in Summer Mezereon or Dwarf-bay both the Red and White together make a pretty low Hedge and shew very beautifully Early in the Spring Alaternus or Ever green Privet makes a fine thick green hedge it would be supported with a Frame especially while 't is young Pyracantha or prickly Corall makes a good thick
as soon as ever the Spring-shoot is over which is near Midsummer and take out some great boughs then if you mind your Time and do it with discretion you may force that Tree to put forth blowing Buds and blow and bear the year following Thus have I shewed you some wayes and hints of pruning Trees though I know some that are against Pruning them at all So are there some that are against Learning but 't is convenient for Trees to be pruned well as also it is very necessary for men to be brought up in Learning for thereby both produce much the better Fruits therefore Be gone from hence thou knotty-natur'd Turk There 's nought design'd for thee within this work This was for Christians made and such as be Lovers of Trees and Ingenuity This was intended onely for the wise And none but Ignorants will it despise Let fools laugh on and wise men plant as fast And see who 'l have the better on 't at last I shall here shew you what the good Esquire saith in his Discourse of Forrest-trees pag. 74. which he quotes from an ancient Author 'T is a misery saith he to see how our fairest Trees are defac'd by unskilfull Wood-men and mischievous Borderers who go alwayes arm'd with short Hand-bills hacking and chopping off all that comes in their way by which our Trees are made full of Knots Boyls and Cankers to their utter destruction Good Husbands should be ashamed of it As much to be reprehended are those who either begin this work at unseasonable times or so maim the poor Branches that either out of laziness or want of skill they leave most of them Stubs and instead of cutting the Arms and Branches close to the Boll back them off a foot or two from the Body of the Tree by which Means they become â—hâ—low and rotten and are as so many Conduits to receive Rain and the weather which perishes them to the very head deforming the whole Tree with many ugly Botches which shorten its Life and utterly marre the Tree By this Animadversion alone it were easie for an ingenious man to understand how Trees are to be govern'd which is in a word or two by cutting clean smooth and close making the stroke upward and with a sharp Chizzel or Bill so as the weight of an untractable bough do not splice and carry the Bark with it which is both dangerous and unsightly and by endeavouring to keep the Tree taper by leaving some little Boughs on the sides I have here shewed you how to prune Forrest-trees with somewhat of high Standard Fruit-trees but if you would see more Books then see Esquire Evelyns Discourse of Forrest-trees and for Fruit-trees the Curate of Henonville's Book But here note if you should have any Trees that should be stundied or very crooked or much cropped by Cattel the best way is not to stand to prune up such Trees to a Head but first to fell them close at the Ground and then they will put forth young straight shoots one of the best you must nurse up if you intend it for a Timber-Tree if for under-wood then let them grow with all the heads the Roots will put forth The Spring is the best season for this And thus much at present of pruning Forrest-trees for I tell you there are more Trees spoyled by bad Lopping or Pruning or for want of good Lopping or Pruning than there are of all Diseases belonging to Forrest-trees unless they be accidental as spoyl'd by Cattel c. CHAP. XXXV Of the Diseases of Trees THere be several Diseases and Casualties that do spoyl Trees which sometimes happen in the Roots and sometimes in the Body or Head 1. The Roots may be the decay of the Tree as if they stand in Ground contrary to its Kind as the Beech on cold Clay and wet Ground or the Alder on sharp dry Gravel c. which is contrary to each Kind and must not thus be set 2. It is also a great fault to the Roots of Trees to set those Trees which naturally love to run shallow too deep or indeed any other 3. When Ground is very stiffe or Rocky it must be digged or plowed to make way for the Roots to run in and contrary Earth layd round about the Trees Roots 4. Great weeds must not grow round the Tree for they will rob the Roots of their Nourishment also they must early be weeded from Seedlings or small Plants least they choak them 5. Ivy and Travellers Joy Bryany and such Climers must be pull'd up round your Trees least they pinch or make them crooked and so spoyl them 6. Suckers must carefully be pull'd off whensoever you see them break out opening the Earth so that you may well come at the place of the Root where they grow out and then pull or cut them off close If you find them rooted you may set them again but then you must observe Winter-season but such Trees as yield Suckers from the running Roots as the Elm Cherry c. if it be in Woods and they thin leave some of them as you please they will do the Tree no harm be sure to take suckers clean off from the Body the first year 7. The Bodies are most commonly in danger if Deer Hares or Connyes can come at them whilest they be young therefore if you plant where Deer or Connies are you must take care to fence them well with Frames of wood and look to keep them so or else never plant at all for in one day or night they will bark round several especially the Ash Line Abele Poplar c. And take great care to keep your Apples and Pears from Hares and Connies in hard Winters for they will spoyl them all if they come at them The best fence to secure your Trees from them is to tie Thum-bands of Hay or Straw round them so high as they can reach keep this renewed early every Winter 8. Great Boughs ill taken off as I have many times said before spoyls many a Tree therefore take them off close and smooth and not parallel to the Horizon Cover the wound with Loom or Clay well mixed with Horse-dung and keep it so covered for if the wet fall perpendicular on such a place it will in little time make the whole Tree hollow by the wet getting in there which comes by great Lops and bad Lopping as you may see in too many Elms Ashes Horn-beams c. spoyl'd by such carelesness 9. If a Tree be Bark-bound then slit through the Bark with your knife from the head to the Ground The Spring is the best season This will do most Trees good and no harm to any 10 If Worms be got between the Bark and the body of your Tree they must be cut out and the place done over with Loom 11. Cankered places or gall'd or boughs broke are to be cut smooth and covered over with Loom the Canker must be cast clean out If a great bough
Content of Man and these two Jewels no man that well understands himself would willingly be without For it is not onely set down for a certain Truth by many wise Men but confirmed by Experience The Learned Lord Bacon commends the following of the Plough in fresh Ground to be very healthful for Man but more the Digging in Gardens saying It is best to take the Air of the Earth new turned up by Digging with the Spade or standing by him that diggeth He tells you also that he knew a great Man that lived long who had a clean Clod of Earth brought to him every Morning as he sate in his Bed and would hold his Head over it a good pretty while c. See pag. 203. of his Natural History For though the Earth be two-fold External or Visible and Internal or Invisible the External is not the Element but the Body of the Element in which is the Sulphur Mercury and Salt for the Element of the Earth is Life and Spirit wherein lies the Astra's of the Earth which bring forth all growing things for it hath in it self the Seeds and seminal Vertues of all things for as it is made fruitfull by all the other Elements so it bringeth forth all things out of it self as Trees Herbs and Flowers and every one of these is again the Astrum and Seed See Philosophy Reformed p. 38. Thus is shewed that the Earth hath in it the Virtues of all Herbs it must then be also healthful as they be But for that part of the Earth that is neer the Surface the Plants suck most of its Virtue into them therefore that which lieth deeper may be the more healthfull for Man to smell of for Consumption Loss of Appetite c. And Trees do not onely catch the Mildew and other offensive Dews with their Leaves but screen the Aire of other bad ones and makes it much the healthfuller for Man Therefore you that live neer to Fenns Moors and other unhealthfull places plant your Seats round with Trees and some of those that yield healthfull smells For it is very certain what the aforesaid Learned Author saith p. 204. That Odours do Nourish for he saith he knew a Gentleman that would fast three or four dayes without Meat Bread or Drink by onely smelling to a great wisp of Herbs c. And in p. 44. in the History of his Life and Death saith That Odours are especially profitable for the Comforting of the Heart And further he saith We commend above all other Odours that of Plants growing and not plucked taken in the open Aire as Violets Gilly-flowers Pinks Bean-flowers Line-tree Blossoms Hony-suckles Wall-flowers Roses Mints Lavender c. Orange-trees Citron Mirtles c. Therefore to walk or sit neer the breath of these Plants would not be neglected Thus you see this Learned man takes notice of the Line-tree and if the simple Water that is distilled from the Flowers be good against the Plague or other infectious Diseases as certain it is then sure the smell from the Blossoms themselves must be very good therefore excellent to plant neer your Houses And as I have heard a wise Mans Opinion was That the Line-trees in the Cities in Holland adde much to the Health of the Inhabitants and it is my belief I have hinted at the bigness of one Lime or Line-tree in the ensuing lines and shall here shew you for your further encouragement to plant and preserve Trees the Content of one Tree as I had it from the Honourable Sir Henry Capell as followeth A Witch-Elm in Sir Walter Baggott's Park in the County of Stafford Two Men five dayes felling it It lay 40 yards in Length The Stool five yards two foot over Fourteen Load of Wood brake in the fall Forty eight Load in the Top. Eighty pair of Naves were made out of it Eight thousand six hundred and sixty foot of Boards and Planks It cost Ten pounds seventeen shillings Sawing The whole Substance was conceived to be 97 Tuns It was felled in the Year 1674. And now I shall set before you some Rocks which are in some Books and for their strangeness are entertained too long to the Abuse of many But these which I mark here pray endeavour to avoyd First Error It is affirmed by some that if you put your Seeds in a Box Shell or Squill and so set them in the Ground these seeds will unite in one and so bring forth larger and better Fruit but if they should joyn in Roots or Branches that will not make the Fruit the better or larger nor of two kinds in Taste as some have said I rather think that putting seeds into such things will stupifie them and destroy them but if they should unite in one shoot that shoot that groweth the fastest would lead all the sap into its Head and so strain it through its Pores that it would make no more Alteration of a Fruit that such a shoot would Naturally have had than a Graft doth by being grafted on several stocks For what Alteration there is of Plants it is from their Seed and is stamped in them at their first Conception and Nativity which the Art of Man helpeth and may improve somewhat but never to alter the Kind by Budding Grafting c. I shall not trouble you and my self in Answering these following Errors but if you be not satisfied with my saying they are so I shall answer them when you desire me as well as I can So I shall onely name them and shew you them as I have found them Second Error To water Seeds with coloured water or Plants to make them produce what coloured Flowers or Fruit you please It is in vain to think so Third Er. To graft or bud Stone-Fruit or Kernels or Nuts or to bud such Fruit as beareth Kernels on such as beareth Nuts or Stones or to bud Fruits-trees on Forrest and the contrary or to graft or bud Figs on Peaches or Apricocks or to bud any sort of Trees on Coleworts or to bud Peaches on the Mulberry-tree to have them Early or to bud Damsons on Gooseberry Mulberry or Cherries to have them Ripe all Summer or by budding Cherries on these Stocks and to wet them in Honey and Cloves makes them taste sweet and spicy or by budding or grafting to make a Fruit taste half an Apple and half a Pear or half a Pippin and half a Pearmain or an Apple half-sweet half-soure or to graft a Rose on a Holly or to graft Cherries on other Stone-fruit to come without Stones or to graft a Vine on a Cherry or to take the Pith out of two Grafts and then joyn them together and graft them brings a Fruit without Kernels so they may when both grow or to graft a Cyon with the small End downward will make it bring a Fruit without Core These and the like are great Errors and very false in Grafting and Budding Fourth Er. To set a whole Apple or Pear the Pippins will come
forth in one shoot or to set any sort of Fruit with the fleshy part on are also great Errors Fifth Er. To bore holes in Trees and to put Honey or other sweet things into them to make them bear more and sweet Fruit is also a great Fallacy Sixth Er. To think that the Sap of Trees at the Approach of Winter falleth from the Head into the Root is a gross mistake Many more there are which I could count up but these are too many either to be written or kept in Memory Thus having shewed you some Errors I here beg Pardon for mine own that are in this Book I know I have committed Tautology the Reason is I have been long in taking true Observations but I hope that which is so usefull cannot be too often repeated I have used Arithmetick the more because it is so usefull to the ingenious Planter for I have not laboured to please my self onely but for all those that seek Wisdom For the Gifts of God are improved by communicating and Knowledge thriveth as Ingenuity is improved and communicated for Ingenuity hath these Properties of Memory and Charity the more you use it the better it is and the more you give of it the more you shall have And now I shall shew you how I did proceed in that which I was born to not made I alwayes took Notes of what I did set or sow the Time and on what Ground c. and when it proved well I noted it so but when ill I did endeavouras much as I could to know the Reason which when once I found I noted it well I also alwayes was very wary of taking things upon trust for many Learned men have abused their Works by so doing and if any man told me any thing unless he had sufficient Experience of it or could give very good Reasons why it was so I alwayes was incredulous of it unless my Judgement told me it were possible or he by Discourse made it plain to me For no man ought to deprive another of the Liberty of Humane Ingenuity that hath Light of Nature to discern and judge by I have often been blamed by Noble-Men for not consenting to the Opinion of some of their Favourites for when their Notions were not grounded on Reason or had not been proved by Experience though never so new I could not well entertain them So if you find any thing in these few Lines that hath not Reason in it prove by Experience whether it is true or not And do not say It is so or so because I say it but as you find it And let me be plain with you further alwayes when I undertook any difficult business I was as carefull as I could be to elect a fit time to begin that business in And to the prayse of God I speak it I alwayes had the greatest success in my greatest undertakings though many times I have been altogether Ignorant in them and many times failed in small things when I thought of the least danger I know some will smile at this Truth but let them laugh that win I never lost by it The wisest man that ever was tells you There is a Time for all things and certainly there is in Sowing Grafting and Gardening For it shall be my Opinion To think and judge as cause I find My Rule is not anothers Mind Or as the ingenious Mr. Cowley hath it from the Learned Dubartas Senseless is he who without blush denies What to sound Senses most Apparent lies And ' gainst Experience he that spits Fallacians Is to be hiss'd from Learned Disputations And such is he that doth affirm the Stars To have no force on these Inferiours But to conclude I have here shewed you some Rules how to prune Forrest-trees which well done adds much to their shape growth and long life Every one that makes any Observation of Trees seeth this truth confirmed in their sshape and though many are against pruning of Forrest-trees yet it adds much to their growth and if done by a skilful hand and at fit times it adds much to the goodness of the Timber though several it's possible will tell you to the contrary for it is the borrower that things of trust that is Truth 's greatest greatest Opposer But to confirm the growth by pruning take this Example There grew a young Oak near the Orange-house at Cashiobury about nine inches Diameter with many young Boughs on the sides which robbed the Head so much that it did shoot but little having more boughs than the Roots could well maintain I took off the side-boughs in the year 1669 and in the year 1675 My Lord ordered me to fell it it standing too near a Walk we had made My Lord being at Cashiobury and discoursing of pruning Forrest-trees with the ingenious Artists Sir Samuel Moreland and Hugh May Esquire I shewd them the Truth confirmed in this Tree for that year it was pruned it did grow â…– of an Inch which was near as it had grown in five years before It continued that growth very near for the six years after as did plainly appear by Annual Circles to them and me And as good Pruning doth help the growth of Trees so also it doth prolong their Life For it is well known that the pruning of some Annual Plants will make them live more years than one for good Pruning may take off that which ill pruning hath left or the wind which otherwise would destroy the Tree in little time And as I have said something in this Book of Pruning Forrest-trees so I wish some able man would shew some Rules or his Judgement of Pruning all sorts of Fruit-trees and Plants that bear Fruit that there might be some light for a man to see to ground his Reasons on for we are much to seek both in the manner how and the Time when to Prune our Fruit-trees both to Improve them and their Fruit. I also have shewed you several Rules of Artificial Arithmetick by the Canon of Logarithms and several Rules of the Line of Numbers or Gunters Line which for their excellent uses cannot be made too common or too well known to the Ingenious And Lastly I have not bushelled my Light but have set it to the Publick view which if it enlighten thee in the good and true way which I intend to thy benefit and pleasure it 's possible I shall doe thee if the Lord permit some other piece of service farther to direct thee in the Truth My request to thee is to Correct the mispointing or paging for my business is such that I cannot see it Corrected my self but trusting in your goodness shall conclude Small faults if you 'l pardon and some amend Then I 'le be yours to my Lifes end From Cashiobury near Watford Novemb. 16. An. 1675. M. Cook CHAP. I. Of the several Wayes of Raising Trees The best for Forrest-trees is by their Seeds Keyes or Nuts c. YOu may raise most sorts
of Trees by Laying the Ash being one of the worst of any I have experienced but it will take by Laying if you be an observer of the growth of the Ash you then may read the Reason plainly if that you keep but the eyes of your Understanding open which I take to be this Of all the Trees that I know an Ash shoots with the straightest shot from his Seed and so continues till it comes to a great heighth unless by accident therefore seldom touching the ground by its own growth But if it should it having no Arms to defend it against Cattel and they being great lovers of the tops and leaves prevent its natural Increase that way finding it self rarely or never encreased by this kind of propagation it being not accustomed to Laying therefore the harder to grow Your Oak will grow of Laying so will your Elm very frequently as I have seen in several Hedges without any thing of Art As you may see the great leaved Elm thrive well of a Layer on a bank by the Road-side from Ware to the Right Woshipfull Sir Thomas Leventhorps house called Blacks-Ware It is worth your noting to increase this usefull wood in your Hedges as also other sorts of Wood which will be much for your profit and also a great improvement to your Fence though it be at present altogether neglected Of the manner and several wayes of Laying see the Fifth Chapter 2. Several sorts of Trees will grow of Cuttings the Manner and Time I shall shew in the succeeding Chapter But let me now invite you when you fell your Woods to give some of these Cuttings Quarters in the Naked places and you shall find them afterwards to pay you well for their Board Remember your Hedges also where they want Guests to furnish them You may raise many sorts of Trees by the Roots or part of Roots of other Trees The Kinds and Manner are shewed hereafter which if you love your Woods and your self you may take notice of 3. Many sorts of Trees may be increased on other Stocks by Budding or Grafting but this is more proper for Fruit-trees than for your Forest For take it for granted that it hinders the aspiring growth of Trees and makes them bear more I know my Lord Bacon tells you of Budding the Elm and it will have greater leaves than ordinary It is likely if you bud the great-leaved Elm upon the small-leaved whilest it is young and full of sap it will have larger leaves especially than an old tree but that I judge signifies little Enquiry may be made whether by budding the Elm and also the Line-tree if it would not make their seeds keep better than they do many years with us I wish it were tryed As for the manner of Budding and Grafting I referre you to other subjects for there are many have written largely thereof 4. The last and best way to raise your Forrest-trees is by their Seeds and how to do that I shall shew you in every particular Chapter by me experienced I wish every Noble-man or Gentleman that takes delight in these stately Monuments would follow the Example of the Right Honourable and very much knowing in these Lines the Earl of Essex who hath now several thousands of my Raising Let me be bold to tell you that one Ash-tree raised in a Nursery and ordered as is hereafter shewed is worth five taken out of a VVood. For there you shall have them grow taper and strong so that when you remove them cut but off some of the side-boughs and set them with great hopes of a stately Timber-tree But if you take them out of a VVood then will they be not so well rooted nor taper but top-heavy therefore you must be forc'd to take off the Heads before you set them and then expect at best but a good Pollard and it is possible you may wait long before you get him to thrive For the head being taken off leaves such a wound which is long a curing which you must doe or else his Roots will not maintain that Head Ever let me advise you to be as sparing in taking off the leading top-shot of an Ash or VValnut as you can possible Thus have I shewed the several wayes to raise Trees for the performing of the same read hereafter and this is certain that a few of your Trees raised in a Nursery are much better than those you take out of VVoods My Lord was a little before I came to him at some Charge more than ordinary to raise some Oaks Their way was to fence in a great Oak in the Park and then digged the ground and when the Acorns were most of them down then they raked them in By this Husbandry my Lord had got eight young Oaks about six year old I perswaded his Honour to take up his Fence satisfying him we should raise them at a much cheaper lay He therefore ordered me to take up these Oaks very carefully I having two Men then at work with me I bid the elder goe and take up these Oaks but could not get him to goe by no means he also had possest the other with such a tragical story that I could not perswade him which was that there were few which took up an Oak but either they or it dyed in a little time after I told them that it was possible the Oaks might die in a short time but they never the sooner The Reason may be the same with that before of raising an Ash by laying It being not used to be removed makes them the more difficult to grow when they are But I went and took up my eight Trees and lost Six of them the Winter following Had they been taken up at two years growth and the tap-root cut you afterwards might remove them with little danger I judge if you can it will not be amiss to save your Acorns or seeds of this Tree that hath been removed CHAP. II. How to observe and know the Nature of Seeds so as the better to raise them I Ever observed the shape taste skin or shell that my Keyes Nuts Stones Kernels or Seeds had and if I found by their shape they were pory and by feeling spongy tasting little or very mild I then did conclude to sowe these sorts of Seeds as soon as they were ripe or as soon at least as I received them which if they were kept but a little after the time of their being ripe I then expected but little success of those Seeds To give you a taste of this Novelty observe but these few among many more that is the Elm Sallow Popler c. and Angelico Paspere or Garden Samphire Scosanara c. I know 't is a Tradition that the Elm and Sallow have no seeds Then how could I raise several of them of Seeds as I have done But if you will not believe me I pray you ask the Earl of Essex or several others therefore Be gone Tradition never more appear Out
of the Kallendar before next year Truth with Experience through this Nation Shall Sainted be by a right Observation Leave room Astrologers for Truth and see You write it next year in your Diary Now those Seeds that are of Taste mild Skin or Shell close you may keep them till the Spring approach and longer if temperately dryed and dry keep as your Acorns and your Chesnuts c. but the Spring after they be gathered is a sure season to sow them therefore deferre no longer But as for your Seeds that are of a hot or bitter taste or have close skins or shells you may keep them till the Autumn following after they be gathered if occasion be if they be ripe gathered and dry kept so the fleshy part be clean taken off when that is ripe Though I know an ingenious person did hold that to sow them with their flesh on as Peaches or Cherries they would grow as well as he said but that was his mistake For the fleshy part was ordained by the Almighty for the use of Man Beasts or Birds and tends nothing to the growth of the Seed or Stone but rather to its dissolution by stupefying it as I have tryed by sowing the Kernels of rotten Pears and Apples which would not grow though but a little time rotten There be many Stones Keyes and Seeds which be of a hot and bitter taste as your Ash Peaches Almonds the Mizerion Mustard-seed c. yet though I say they may be kept long yet I advise you not to neglect your season for many of these Seeds and others will lie near two years in the Ground before they come up if you sowe them in October it will be the Spring come Twelve-months before they come up and if you sow them Early in the Spring they then will come up the next Spring Another way whereby you may know Seed of this Nature is by their long hanging on the trees for there Nature finding it self strong taketh the less care to seek out early to preserve its kind and also Almighty God hath made these very usefull for the Creatures in this world therefore hath ordered it thus by his Divine Providence The Ash Holly c. hang long on the tree and lie long in the ground the Elm Sallow Sycamore fall soon and come up soon CHAP. III. The Shape of Seeds and their Weight do Inform you how to set them THe very Form and Shape of Seeds hath instructed me how to set them as an Acorn falls to the ground most with its small End downwards Thus if they fall upon Mold or Moss you may observe the most of them to be on one side with the small end tending most to the Earth And I suppose that this posture is the best for to set any Stone or Nut if you will be curious For if you observe any Seed of what Tree soever it be that grows in England first it puts forth a Root at the small End and when that Root hath laid hold of the Ground then it puts forth the shot for the tree at the very same place where the Root came Then seeing that both Root and shoot put out at the small End if set with the small End downwards the Body of the Stone or Seed may hinder the shoot so that it is the best way to lay them on their sides in the Ground if they be heavy seeds you may sow them the deeper as Acorn Peach Apricock Walnut Chesnut c. about two or three Inches deep If light Seed then cover them with but little Mold as the Elm c. as ½ an Inch deep To conclude then lay the flattest side of your Seed downwards as if it be a Peach stone set it as it will lye on a Table or the like and it will lie with the Crack where the shell parts uppermost and the other crack lowermost to let out the water as I judge for Kernels in Stones or Shells do not love too much water at first Thus have I shewed you the several wayes to raise Trees That is how they may be raised and how to know the time at least to assist you to know the time to set them by their shapes c. as also how to set them the best way by their Form and Weight which may be some assisting to you if you meet with far-Countrey seeds My Lord had thirteen sorts of strange seeds sent him as I remember from Goa I never saw the like nor none that saw them here By the help of those aforesaid Reasons I raised ten of the thirteen sorts though some of them lay almost a year in the ground But I also must tell you I lost all my ten sorts the first Winter but one sort and that the second for want of a Green-house some of them I suppose were Annuels I shall give you one Chapter more of Seeds and then I will shew you fully what as yet I have but named O great Jehovah thee I doe adore Thy works I do admire and thee implore So to assist me as that I may write With Solomon's Wisdom that I may indite My few lines so that they may be Vsefull unto this Land pleasing to thee CHAP. IV. Observations of all sorts of Keyes and Seeds LEt your Keyes be through-ripe or when you find them to begin to fall much which is a sure sign of any Fruit or seeds Ripeness unless by accident gather them off some young straight thriving tree My reason of gathering them from off a young thriving tree is then will your Keyes or seed be the larger and solider therefore by consequence they be the abler and likelier to shoot the stronger and to maintain themselves the better And I know by Experience that the seeds gathered of old Plants or Trees or old seeds so the seeds be perfect will come up somewhat sooner than the seed of young Trees my aforesaid Reason doth this somewhat demonstrate or take it thus Nature finding her self weak in these Seeds doth like a provident Mother seek the sooner to provide for her weak Children as a great Philosopher and Naturalist saith That Nature is one in divers things and various in one thing See Parad. pag. 90. of the Tree of Life And to gather them off a straight and thriving tree 't is likelier they will run more up and grow straighter than those which be gathered of Pollards This I know that Nature doth delight very much in Imitation and in Plants and Trees like doth endeavour to produce its like though I know that by the scituation or ground or grafting of some sort of Stocks that by any of these the trees may and will alter something both in growth and largeness of Fruit and earlyer or the contrary but the species will be still the same To which I adde good keeping or dressing of any tree doth much improve its growth and largeness of Fruit or Seeds Now the Seed being that part of the Plant which is endowed
good for it will burn up your seeds or plants this dung is too hot and quick for the seeds of Trees for 't is the nature of Pidgeons to eat Salt and to go to the sea-side early in the Mornings and there to pick up Salt which the heat of the Sun makes by drying up the salt water and then leaving the salt upon the sand Now this Fowl feeding so much upon salt the dung of it is hotter and salter than any Fowl I know Now the Reasons why it is good for cold Lands and withall to sow it Early are these Every one knowes that 't is the Nature of salt that the dryer and hotter 't is kept the more it keeps its own Body and doth not turn to water And when it stands in a cold and moyst place it then dissolves in a little time to water and when 't is turned into this Element of VVater then is it fit for the nourishing and feeding of seeds especially Annuals For they be alwayes prepared to set forward in their Journey provided they meet but with suitable Entertainment But the seeds of most Forrest-trees they will stay the time that their and our great God hath allotted them But then why Salt should be a feeder of Plants or Seeds I take the Reason to be this namely Salt-water yet I do not mean of Salt in a great quantity and in meet places that will turn it into water I have oft observed that Salt if fallen upon a Board or other place it will be long a drying and if Heat have made it drye then Dews or Rain make it moyst again then it steams forth and that it is which nourisheth all Plants VVhen if on a hot and dry ground and late in the Spring if dry weather come then it doth not nor cannot yield its steam or fume as Paracelsus in his Philosophy to the Athenians lib. 3. p. 57. saith Every Body or tangible substance is nothing but a curdled fume whence saith he we may conclude that there is a manifold Coagulation one of VVood another of Stones a third of Mettals but the Body is nothing but Fume smoaking out of the Matter or Matrix in which it is So that which groweth out of the Earth is a fume rising out of the Moysture of Mercury which is various and sendeth forth several fumes for Hearbs Trees c. I do remember when I was a Boy about fourteen years of Age the Sea brake a bank into a Marsh of my Fathers in Lincoln-shire and did over-flow that Marsh and some others with salt Sea-water the next Summer proving dry all our Grass was clearly burnt up so that I was very much concerned for some particular Reasons thinking that all our Grass had been quite killed and indeed so it appeared The next Summer proved wet so that towards the latter end we had some Grass again and the third Summer we had Grass enough but the fourth and many after in abundance So that it appears the ground was stupified with too much Kindness at first but after the Rain had allayed the too much strength of the Salt water then the Grass could well digest the gentle Fume I would have those that lay Salt on their Gravel-walks to kill their weeds observe if in a few years more they do not produce more weeds than some other that had not Salt laid on them at all Sea-sand is a very good Compost for Ground especially for stiffe Ground for there it doth the too main parts to plants or any seed or tree that is it makes way for the tree or seed to root in stiffe ground and makes a Fume to feed it but this is too nimble for the seeds of trees unless a very little observe the Reasons before Mault-dust is a most excellent Compost in a small quantity for many sorts of Annual seeds as I have oft tried with good success but the Reasons are still the same for this being a small part of the roots of the Barley and being very dry drinks in the Element of water which is the principal and first matter of all things as a learned Author hath it in the Genealogy of Minerals p. 44 So wonderfully hath God created VVater the first Matter of Nature which though it be so tender and feeble a substance yet from thence is created the most solid and durable Fruit that is from the fume of an Oyly Earthy water is the Life of all Plants The parts of the dust being thus filled upon the Suns attracting that and the Plant the Root embraces this Fume This little root it having not life to grow turns to Earth and its Grave is a room to lead the root of another Plant in it will give good entertainment to its own Kind Thus you see the Destruction of one is the increase of another A little of this is good for some seed of Forrest-trees but sow it not too thick for any thing lest it mold or turn Musty Note that the place which is best for the root to be in when the Tree or Plant is growing is the place that bringeth it soonest to Destruction when dead and contrary for a Tree cannot live in water or alwayes dry and those preserve the Timber longest when the Tree is dead This may be further improved by ingenuity Note also that the place which is best to keep the Fruit of a Tree in is the very worst for a Tree or Plant to grow in and contrary Old Rags of Woollen Cloth as is found by Experience by the industrious Farmer cut into small pieces are a good Compost for their Ground they draw the Dew and Rain to them and keep it till Sol's presence makes it fit for the Roots of the Plant I judge them to be best for a pure dry soyl because they hold their Moysture long and I suppose 't is a soyl that is lasting for Wooll will not rot with wet suddenly A little of this for the Trees or Seed on a dry Ground will do good to them as appears by the aforesaid Reasons For Annuals better Conny-clippings are of the same nature but I do suppose they will not last so long and are better for a stiffe ground Saw-dust if well rotten and of soft woods is very gratefull to the tender Roots or Seeds of any sort 't is good for dry ground for it holds water and makes way for the Roots of Trees very well and is as good as most Preparers are Rotten-dust out of hollow Trees especially those of soft wood is a rich Leader of tender young Roots the Reason is shewed before Soot is good to kill Moss for its heat kills the Roots for they lye on the top of the Earth and good also to keep worms from doing harm to your Seeds Sea-coal Ashes are very good in cold stiffe ground either for Trees or any other Plant to make that ground work well and to keep it hollow for the Roots to run in c. Rubbish of Buildings that
is broken Bricks and Stones and Lime is very good for the Roots of Trees in a stiffe cold Ground the Reason is told you Chalk broken small into pieces is a very good Compost for stiffe cold grounds There is much difference in Chalk but that which is soft fat Chalk is good for such Ground as aforesaid and for ground that is not very stiffe Let your Reason instruct you further Lime is a very rare Compost for cold Grounds and stiffe Clayes for its heat causeth a fume and its tenderness makes way for the Roots to fetch home their Nourishment and its heat is great at first therefore lay not on too much on no ground and let that be slacked If your dry ground be it your Tree delight to grow in and you are forced to set them on wet then adde some of this Lime among your Earth Clay especially that sort which is a light Brick-Earth is very good for such Land that is a light shovey Gravel or hath too much sand in it Such grounds as these they do not retain the spirit of Plants for when Nature hath by the two Lovers Star-Fire and VVater generated their Babe such ground as this doth drink down too fast and again doth drye too hastily so that the water cannot have time to leave nor to prepare its slime which is the Mercury that makes that fume which feeds all Plants and their seeds But this Clay must not be digged too deep for then it wanteth of that which feedeth Plants c. I have taken the green Slime that is common in standing waters I do not mean the Frogs Spawn which is cast many times into this and have dryed it and beat it into fine dust and then have mixed it with good fresh Earth and have found very good success in raising several sorts of Flower-seeds and others Though I have Notes of them yet it is out of my Road to speak of them now being I am Writing of the stately Forrest-trees However I may its possible write somewhat of them if the Lord permits and according as I find these few Lines Accepted of by some of the Royal Oaks of this our Age. For I do suppose that there is not one thing in Gardening yet well known For as a Learned Author hath it he that knows a thing well must know what it was is and shall be Therefore all humane Knowledge is but a shadow of superficial Learning reflecting upon mans Imagination but not the least thing comprehended substantially But to the business in hand take Clay or Loom and lay it on your Ground not too thick the beginning of Winter and there let it be till the Frost hath made it fall into Mould then in some dry open time harrow it all over and if it be Ground you plow then plow it in a drye time but if it be Ground you trench for Forrest or Fruit-trees observe to order it so for by thus doing the Clay will mix with the Sand or Gravel much the better The better that any man cheweth his Meat it is certainly the easier to digest and the dryer you put it into your ground provided it hath but time to water it self well before your trees be set 't is the better for then it draws the Mercury and stores it up till the Roots have occasion for it for 't is quickly exhaled out of sand but the Clay holds his store till a time of Necessity and then contributes to the Roots that is in drye weather and the smaller you make it to mix with your ground the likelier the small Roots as well as the great are to meet with it Note further that the smaller your Plants be the finer must your Earth be made by skreening fifting beating turning c. I know by good success this to be true for the Right Honourable my Lord and the more to be honoured because a great Planter and as great a Lover thereof gave me order to make three Walks of Line-trees from the New Garden to the New Bowling-green and withall to make them descend towards the House as neer as we could which to doe I was forced to cut through one Hill thirty Rod most of the Hill two foot-deep into a sharp Gravel and the greatest part of all the length of the Walks was the same they being Trees that I raised of Seeds most of them and the rest of Layers at Hadham-Hail they being with my Lord ever since their Minority and he many times their Barber engaged him to have the more particular Kindness for them therefore he ordered me to doe what I thought good in preparing the ground for them which I did as followeth First I levelled the Hill and when I had brought the Ground neer to the Level concluded on I staked out my ground where every Tree should stand and then ordered my holes to be made for my Trees each hole three foot-deep and four foot-wide being the ground was so bad This I did neer a Year before I set my Trees and having the convenience of Brick-Earth near I got near a Load to every hole and mixed this with the Earth digged out of the Holes turning it over twice and in dry weather throwing out the greatest Stones but the Turf I did throw into each Hole the grass-side downward as soon as they were made but the Hill of Gravel I trenched that with Loom Cow-dung and the Litter under the Cow-racks two Spade deep and five foot on each side every row of Trees Thus having prepared my ground and the season of the year come about the beginning of November 1672. I had the Trees taken up with good help as carefully as I could and carried to Cashiobury the place of their now Abode and then having good store of help and good Mould prepared of the smallest and finest I set the Trees with the upper part of the Roots of each Tree level with the top of the Ground making a round hill half a foot high about every tree and the Compass of the Hole Having prun'd the heads of each Tree and cut off the bruised Roots and the Ends of such roots as were broken I sorted the Trees and observed this Method in placing them namely I set the highest next the Bowling-green and so shorter and shorter till the lowest were next to the Garden which I did for these Reasons Next the Green was the worst Ground and the Trees more in danger of being spoyled by reason of a Market-path that goeth cross that end of the VValks to Watford Thus having set my Trees streight in their Rows and trod the Earth close to their Roots and made my Hills I then laid round every Tree upon those Hills wet Litter taken off from the Dung-hill a good Barrow-full to every Tree and covered that with a little Mould leaving them to take their rest for a time but early in the Spring I found them to begin their Progress and that Summer they had such Heads
shot forth that I was forced to cut off some of their Heads that is the side-boughs to keep the Wind from breaking them There is in these four rows of Trees 296. and of these I lost not one Tree the first Year but they did grow and shoot so well that there were several Noble Men that saw them did think as they said that they were not removed the Year before but the year after we had three spoyled by some base Men or Boys Of the very same parcel of Trees my Lord gave Sir William Temple thirty of the best of them which he himself saw chosen out they were Set at Sir William's House at Sheen a much better Natur'd Ground than ours yet they lost all but six of them the first Year I saw a walk of Line-trees but I think they were the Bastard-kind which we have growing in many of our Woods in England set at Debden-hall the Right Worshipful Sir Richard Brown's House the Natural ground was not bad for them but how they were Ordered I do not know for they had the first year not above one in ten that did grow any thing considerably I saw the like or worse spoyl of the same Trees at my Lord Chief Baron Turnor's near Startford where the ground might easily have been made very good for them I onely write this to perswade Noble Men and others that are Lovers of Planting to remember the old saying viz. A thing once well done is twice done And those that are resolved to Plant that they make their Ground fit for those Trees before they set them and not bury them in a hole like a dead dog as too too many do Let me then beg that they may have good and fresh Lodgings sutable to their Quality and good attendance also to preserve them from their Enemies till they be able to encounter with them they that will not do this let them never resolve to Plant Trees for why should they spoil the least of those stately Monuments and in so doing throw away their Monies For let such note that Nature bestows not her gifts but where she finds sutable Convenience therefore order your Ground well and then you may see a good success as my Lord hath had in several of his Plantations though as bad ground as most is to Plant on One Night me thoughts walking up one of my Lords Line-walks I heard the grateful Trees thus Paying the Tribute of their thanks to his Lordship Like Pyramids our Stately Tops wee 'l Raise To Sing our Noble Benefactor 's Praise Freshly we will to After-ages show What Noble Essex did on us bestow For we our very Being owe to him Or else we had long since intombed been In Crop of Bird or in Beasts Belly found Or met our Death neglected on the ground By him we cherish'd were with Dung and Spade For which wee 'l Recompence him with our Shade And since his kindness saw us prun'd so well We will Requite him with our Fragrant smell In Winter as in Gratitude is meet Wee 'l strew our humble Leaves beneath his Feet Nay in each Tree Root Trunck Branch all will be Proud to Serve him and his Posterity Thus having shewed you by Example the good Effects of a light Brick-Earth upon Gravel I could also tell the same of a Fat Sand drift-sand small Gravel upon your Clay or stiff Ground but I hope that I have informed your Judgment so much that you will Reasonably conclude with me that the preparing of Ground for Trees is onely to mix Ground so together that there may be convenient room for the Roots to search for their Nourishment and to humour the Tree so that there may be a good part of the Natural Ground which each Tree delights to grow in I know that if your Ground be a stiff Clay then to trench and mix it with fat Sand drift-sand Lime Rubbish or Chalk and Lime are great helps to such Ground either for Trees or Corn or Grass and more lasting than Dung and for Forrest-Trees full as good as Dung For it doth not onely give leave and make way for the roots to run in the Earth but takes away that over-moistness in the cold stiff Ground which hinders Conception by letting the water down into the Earth and by keeping it from Cracking and so Nourisheth the Spirit of the Earth and also keeps it from spending it too hastily Horse-dung is the best to make your hot beds with for such Plants as are commonly raised of them be Annual Plants but it is too hasty for the Seeds of Trees unless it be rotten and well mixed with Natural Mould It is best for your stiff cold Lands and if you lay it upon Plowed Ground which 't is best for then Plow it in as soon as you can for if it lies there to dry there will a great part of the Oily substance which makes the fume for nourishment of Plants be exhaled out by the Sun Let no sort of dung lie long on the top of your Ground unplowedin but plow or dig it in as soon as you can for by lying so it doth not onely lose a great part of its goodness by the Sun especially if it lies thin but where your Dung-hill lies every shower will wash the strength of the dung into the Ground so that if you take the dung off from that place as clean as you can yet you shall have that place bear Ranker Corn than where you thought the dung had lain much thicker if it lies long in a place The Observation of this taught me many good Uses as first to lay dung about the Roots of Trees is much better than stones as my Lord Bacon Advises in his Natural History for this keeps moist the Ground better than they and Rain washes the strength to the Roots as is aforesaid and if you dig in this when the strength is gone and your Trees strong it then prepares way for the Roots and there is a great benefit to your Trees Or if it is not digged-in but lies on the top and there turns to Earth it then feeds the Roots on the top and leads them upward And seeing where Dung lies the Ground is so much improved by the washing-in of the strength of the Dung it may well inform you that Dung steeped in Water is very good especially if you use Dung in Quantity according to the Nature of your Plants and strength of your Ground the weaker your Ground make your Water the stronger There is in some places in Farmers Yards a Water that washeth from their Dung-hills a Load of which is not inferiour to a Load of Dung yet by them totally Neglected but of Waters I shall speak more in the next Chapter Thus having hinted of these two Useful and Common Dungs Cow and Horse in the Example of these Line-trees onely Observe this and then I shall proceed Horse-dung is best for Plants that are quick of Digestion and Growth
Plants have Salt Sulphur Mercury and Spirit in them some more than others according to their Heat or Coldness but that they feed on these is not certain to me But it is as I conceive the Fume Steam or more properly the Spirit of the Earth that they feed on for the Earth is full of Spirit which is the cause of the vast many productions of Plants and Insects which are produced every year and from no seed or sperm but according to the fit Matrix of the Earth and the Star-fire and Virgin Mercury their Dame Nature is then busie to make some Plant or Insect according as she hath provided a Breast to suckle and feed them The Earth is then but onely a Lodging-place and simple Water is onely its Garment for simple crude Water feeds nothing but is rather Destructive as is seen by Water that runs forth on a Gravel and the stream quick there is feldome good Meadows by such Rivers unless there be some Town that washeth it self into the River or good Rich Land or Lanes or the like Your Spring-water unless it have some assistance is the like but of Water see more in the next Chapter And now I shall give you an Example of Earth by which you may well perceive that Plants do not feed on simple Earth nor crude Water My Lord was the Author that told me this and as soon as the Season of the year did permit me I then did try the Experiment which was thus performed I took out of a Hill of good Rich fresh Earth which I had prepared for other things some of the dryest somewhat above a good large Flower-pot full this I carried into a little Room which I had at Hadham-Hall it joyned upon the Bake-house there I spread this Earth thin upon the shelves now and then turning it till it was as dry as dust and as I thought as dry as it well could be provided it were not burned having thus prepared my Earth I filled a Flower-pot with it which pot and Earth thus filled weighed as exactly as I could weigh it just eighteen pounds and a half March approaching in the year 1666 I put this pot into a hot bed to secure the seeds and withall to help forward my design to preserve them the seeds were Purslain which I sowed in it the quantity was very small I kept this pot in hot Beds till the beginning of May and then I set it under a South Wall where it stood till that Moneth was out and then I set it in the shade from the Meridian Sun there it stood till the latter end of August and then finding my Plants full of seed and at a stand I then cut up the Purslain close to the ground at Noon-time when it was very dry and weighed the Purslain as exactly as I could and it weighed just six pound two ounces Then I took the pot of Earth and set it in a South Window in a Banqueting House to dry turning the Earth to the Sun to dry out some of the moisture for the Earth was wet for I had kept this pot with watering all the Summer as occasion served then I took this pot of Earth and carried it into the little Room to dry the Earth as I did before and putting some of the Earth into a Box and the rest in the pot I made it as dry as it well could be or at least as dry as it was when I sowed my seeds in it and then putting all my Earth into the pot again I weighed it as exactly as I had done before and then the pot and the Earth weighted just eighteen pound and seven ounces there was I confess the roots of the Purslain but when they were dryed I do believe they did not weigh one ounce and this one ounce that it lost of weight might be Earth dashed over with Rains Now these Plants weighing so much and the Earth wasted or decreased in its weight so little doth plainly shew that Plants do not feed onely on Earth for I do believe this that the earth that was wasted was dashed out of the pot by hasty watering and by sudden showers of Rain or perchance some might go out of the holes of the pot with the Water Now though Plants do not feed on earth yet Earth is the Nurse and receptacle of most things and the Earth is spongy and porous fit to receive the several Influences of the Heavens of Heat Rains and Dews and stores them up for the Conservation of her products and when the seed or plant desire it is put into Motion by the Coelestial heat the earth freely gives out of her store according as the Plant can dispose of it And if there be no Plants to feed on this Spirit of the Earth then many times Nature makes some which do for the earth will produce several Plants of its self without seed or root but they be Plants of no long lasting and when they die they then turn to Air and Spirit as all things do for there is nothing that is at a certain stay for all things have their time of increasing and their time of decaying till they be turned to that of which they were made No man can see Trees grow yet all men know that they doe It is plain to see when a Trees is decaying yet to know how long it will be before it is of its own decaying turned to Earth or Dust is hard to know Though it is Reported that an Oak is a hundred years a growing a hundred years stands at a stay and a hundred years decaying yet this is very erroneous for on shallow Grounds an Oak will not grow so long and on deep ground much longer and neither it nor any thing else stands at a stay but when it doth begin to decay it keeps on according as it meets with Accidents till it comes to dust Thus have I ghess'd but whether right or no The Criticks lash I 'm sure to undergoe I to th'ingen'ous Practiser direct These lines which hope with him to gain Respect For Learned men oft-times mistaken are When Fools as oft ghesse right though unaware CHAP. IX Of Water for Trees and Seeds and watering them I Have oft observed your Cisterns and other places that are onely filled with Rain-water that that water will in a Summers time produce several sorts of Insects and some sort of Water-plants and also that it will leave a green slime not much unlike to Plants which substance or slime as I tearm it would certainly be spent into Plants were there but some quantity of Aquatick Plants put into this water such as Mints of any sort yellow Water-flagge Flower-de-luce Crabs-claws or water Sen-green Brook-lime Ducks-meat c. I once made an Experiment to trye this which I have here inserted and thus it was I took two water-pots and filled them full of water out of a Fountain which had been filled by Snow and Rain the Winter before and
well and Seeds and small Plants often use not VVell-water especially for tender Plants for it is so strained thorow the Earth that it hath little spirit to mak Nourishment in it for Plants Rivers that run quick and long on sharp gravel are little better therefore if you must use such let them stand some time in the Sun in Tubs c. mixed with Dung Let the Quantity and Quality of your Dung be according to the Nature of your Plants as if your Plants be great growers and require heat then put Horse-dung c. in the water If your Plants be fine and tender then put Sheeps Dung or Cows-dung c. into the water remembring that if you think your ground be bad you must adde the more Dung If your VVater be bad as is aforesaid and that you put Dung into it to help it let it then stand in the Sun and open Aire uncovered Take care you water no Plants with standing stinking Ditch water nor no water that stinketh for sweet water not too clear and fresh Mould not musty or tainted by stinking weeds c. is as proper for tender Plants as sweet and good Food and warm and clean Lodging is to a tender fine-bred man Rain-water I take to be very good if not too long kept yet if your Vessel be large the oftner you stirre it the longer it will keep sweet Large and Navigable Rivers such as our Thames that receive much Soyl by the washing of Streets and the many Sinks that run into it and which by its own motion doth cleanse it self from that which is noxious both to Man and Plants is a most excellent Water for all sorts of Plants The larger that Ponds be the better their water is for Plants and if they have the shoot of some Stable-yard into them it addes much to their goodness the opener they be to the Sun the better and the more of motion they have as by Horses washing in them or Geese or Ducks swimming in them 't is so much the better for the swimming of Ducks in Summer in your small Ponds will keep the Water from smelling Now having shewed you several wayes of raising Forrest-trees with some other hints of their Seed c. and of Compost for them and of VVater and VVatering them I now shall shew you the manner how to raise them of Seed which is to be preferred before all others though some of the aforesaid wayes for some Trees are much easier and quicker Good Aire for Plants as well as Men is much assisting to their Health and Life for without this nothing can live and that which is most healthfull for tender Men is also the best for tender Plants Aire takes up the earthy Exhalations of all sorts and there mingles them together and being touched with Coelestial Fire it reduceth them into general Principles for great uses I shall say no more of Aire for it is an Hermaphrodite and is inclosed in Water therefore near a-kin to it CHAP. X. Of the Oaks Raising and Improving I Shall not trouble you with the several kinds there be though the Learned J. Evelyn Esq Reduceth them to four in his Discourse of Forest-Trees but if they were distinguished by several Names as we do our Pears you might find as many varieties onely according to the shape and taste of the Acorn for as we know by Experience that several of our Pear-Trees grow Pyramid-like as the Oakman-berry and Bordon-Musk-Pears c. And some likewise grow much spreading as the Winter-Bonchristian the back Pear of Worcester c. Even so do some of your Oaks therefore if you desire aspiring Trees take care to gather your Acorns off from such Trees or rather gather them from under some such Trees when fallen and in a dry time if you can When you have so done lay your Acorns thin in some open Room to dry and when they be dry keep them in some dry place till the latter end of January and having prepared some good fresh Loomy Ground by digging and keeping it clean before-hand sow them and let them be covered about an Inch and a half or two Inches deep by sowing them at this time you shall save a great many which otherwise would have been spoyled by Mice or other Vermin but if it happen to be a wet time when they fall then will they begin to spear out in a short time after And then so soon as you see them shoot forth a little bud at the small ends commit them to their Spouse as soon as may be for when they be come to the time that the Almighty hath alotted them and be sed and made lusty by the dews and showers of the Heavens then the Star-fire impregnats the Moysture in the seed and then the seed throws off or endeavours to do it and then takes his Lodging in the Earth where he prepares a room for his Off-spring that is as soon as the seed hath imbibed himself in the Water and received heat for without both these no seeds can produce its kinds the Body of the Acorn cracks and the spear shoots into the Earth and as soon as it hath got Entertainment there and the Season of the year agreeable the Body of the seed either turns into leaves or spends it self into leaves and that little small part of the seed the spear that shoots forth Root and then shot and leaves so that if the Acorn hath had a convenient quantity of heat and moisture but if too much of either of these that is deadly to all seeds then the seed spears forth and if it be not committed to the Ground before it be dryed and the spear withered then for certain that Seed Acorn Nut or Stone will never grow For Nature if once set on Motion will rather cease to be than alter its course for Nature hates violence neither can the seed receive this precious sperm without these two Father and Mother and these two must have a sutable Agreement between them for though one Vessel be sufficient to perfect the Infant in the Womb yet Nature hath not been wanting to provide several Breasts to Nourish it Therefore if your Acorns have taken wet and the heat hath made them spear you must sow them as soon as you can and venture them a whole Winter in the Ground remembring to keep some Traps set to catch the Mice In the Spring following they will come up keep them clean from Weeds and let them stand two or three years on their first bed then having prepared a piece of good fresh Ground by adding some rotten dung to it if poor or good fresh Rich Ground which is better than dung cut the tap-root and the side-boughs and set them as you do other Trees in your Nurseries keep your Ground with digging and the Trees with pruning up every year thus Order them till you find them fit to Remove and you will then find no such hazard in the Removing them as if
your Tree will be taper but top your shoots all but your leading-shoot which will make the Body of your Tree swell the more and hinder them from equalling the leading-shoot and by topping the other it will grow the stronger I need not tell you which shoot you should leave to be the leading-shoot for your Tree not Questioning but Sence and Reason will teach you to leave that which grows streightest and strongest if you do leave any shoots as most often it is necessary leave them not right against one another for that will make the Tree grow too suddenly thick in that place but leave them one above another so will your Tree grow the more taper for it will be less and less upward between the shoots which shoots you must take off Year after Year as your Tree runs up in height minding still now and then to leave some side-boughs to keep the Tree taper or else you will want your height of Timber or your Tree may grow top heavy and so Crooked I speak of Timber-trees or the ways to Order Trees for Timber for I wish all Oaks were fit for Timber but if your leading-shoot be much Crooked then top it underneath a bud that tends upward so low as if that bud lead away it may grow near streight up or cut off the leading-shoot under another that grows more upright Ordering it to be the leading-shoot so as your Tree grows mind to lead it up every Year according as you see Cause taking care to keep off the Suckers especially the first Year unless you find the Head grow too great for the Body then leave some side-boughs to receive some Sap and to make your Tree taper but this you shall hardly find in Oaks in their first Years growth namely to grow too much in Head Thus endeavouring to keep your Tree of what sort soever it be if it be for Timber with no great Head still keep the leading-shoot uppermost by sometimes heading the other side-boughs about a Foot or more from the Body or else they will be ready sometimes to make your Tree top-heavy therefore keep your Tree till you have got it to the height you intend by keeping it as is above-said and if you find it is not taper by these means then in the Moneth February slit the Bark quite thorow on three or four sides according to the bigness of your Tree but if small but one or two so if the Tree be three yards high to the Head then let three slits go up one yard two slits two yards high and one to the top But if it be a streight Tree and taper as you would have it if the Bark be bound slit it on one or two sides from the Ground to the top If your tree be young though thriving it will do it no harm but much good for you may see in many thriving trees the Bark part of it self telling you that it wants your help therefore observe Nature and assist her in all your undertakings for Wisdom standeth not onely in the Streets but in the Woods calling to you to learn of her Note also if you find any tree Crooked slit it in the ham at the afore-said time and take off some of the lower side of his Head and you will help the crook of the tree whether it be great or small and in time by so doing it will grow streight for by slitting the Bark in the ham it makes the tree swell there and so sets the tree streight therefore make two or three slits in the ham according to the bigness of the tree and crook but if the tree be pretty great then take your Bill and cut the Bark thorow in the ham in several places about two or three Inches asunder let the Cut be cut slanting upward a little cross the Diameter of the tree by so doing you will stop the Sap in that place the Bark will dilate and the place grow greater and so the tree will grow streighter Sometimes if your tree be not taper in Summer when it shoots much the weight of the Head will draw the Body crooked and the Head will incline to the Ground in such trees Leave shoots on the Body to check and receive the Sap and to keep it from abounding too much in the Head but when you find your tree grown crooked by the Head in Summer with Leaves and Boughs weighing it down as soon as you find it begin to leane take off some of the Boughs on the leaning side and top some according as you see cause By this Summer-pruning you may keep your tree streight therefore Observe it I have found good success on Walnut-trees and Lines by it c. But though Oaks grow Crooked it is not often by their great shoots for on most Grounds it grows slowly but sometimes their Head or leading shoot being cropped off by Cattel it then breaks out on the sides into several leading shoots and one leads one way and another another and so distributeth the Sap which makes the tree not onely grow crooked but slowly and sometimes the early shooting of the leading-shoot in the Spring causeth the same For Frost coming upon the tender leaves and leading-bud kills them and then it is forc'd to break out a new on the sides this happens often-times to young seedling Oaks in long Grass which would gladly be more in the open Air but by making too much haste many times they lose their Heads for it Now in such Cases you must take off some and cut some half a Foot off from the leading-shoot preserving that which is most likelie for the leading shoot which though it be crooked despair not for Naturally it will grow streighter and if you use pruning and the afore-said Rules it will be streight much the sooner But in case you find your Young Oak very much stubbed near the Ground and never a shoot that is fit to lead to make a Tree in such a young Tree you must cut it off close at the Ground in the Spring-time so shall you have one fine shoot or more but be sure take off all but one and then you shall find that shoot thrive very much till it hath got such a Head in bigness as the Head was before and the Bark being then fine it will enlarge it self for the growth of the shoot and give good way for the Sap to run into the Head and so make a fine Tree therefore if your Tree be stunned or much Crooked then take this course to head them close at the ground and the Summer following neglect not to take off all the shoots but one for at Midsomer it is as good nay better to prune some Trees than in the Spring for then the Sap will soon cover round that wounded place and if not heal it quite it will preserve it from much harm till the Spring following and at that time shoots will not break out much into the head to make it
such up you spoyl their spearing by breaking it off or by letting in the drye Aire and so kill it therefore keep your Beds clean from weeds and about the middle or latter end of August they will be come up About the midst of September sift a little richer Mould all over the Bed but not so much as to cover them thus doe the next Summer and take off the side â— boughs though young and when they have stood two years on that Bed then plant them on beds in your Nursery keeping them with digging and pruning up yearly till you have got them to the stature you think convenient to plant abroad In setting this or any sort of Tree forget not to top the ends of the tap-root or other long ones and also not to leave a bruised End uncut off You may set them in streight lines in your Nursery about a yard one Row from another and about a foot and a half one Tree from another in the Rowes mind the Natural depth it first did grow at and set it so when you remove it have a care of setting any Tree too deep and also keep not this Tree nor a Walnut long out of the ground for their spongy Roots will in a little time grow Mouldy and be spoyled Therefore if you cannot set them let them be covered with Earth and then you shall find this Tree as patient in removing and as certain to grow as any Tree I know The ground they like best is a light Brick-earth or Loom as I said before that they dislike most is a rocky ground or a stiffe clay but if one have a mixture of Brick-earth c. and the other of small Gravel Drift-sand Sand c. then there they will do pretty well They naturally increase very much of themselves and the more where they meet with natural ground if you fell a thriving Tree and fence in the place you then may have a store to furnish your Woods and Hedge-rows with the worst and the straightest to nurse up in your Nurseries for to make VValks Avenues Glades c. with for there is no tree more proper for the certainty of its growing especially if you make good large and deep holes and where the ground is not natural there help it by some that is and then you may hope for a stately high growing Tree if you take care in pruning it up as is before shewed of the Oak You need not much fear its growing top-heavy for it having such a thick bark the sap is subject to lodge in it and break out many side-boughs and the Roots apt to break out with suckers the more when pruned therefore prune it up high and often but let the season be February for then its fine dark green-coloured Leaf and long hanging on it is the more ornamental and fit for walks As for the way to increase it from the Roots of another Tree I doe referre you to the seventh Chapter which will shew you fully how to perform the same observing but them Rules you may raise many fine young Trees from the Roots of another much better than naturally they will be produced from the Roots I advise you where you find your ground Natural in your Hedge-rowes there to plant some of this most usefull wood for it will run in the Banks and thicken your Hedges with wood and is very courteous to other sorts of wood growing by it Do not let ignorant Tradition possess you that it will grow of the Chips or of Truncheons set like Sallowes though the Author of the Commons Complaint saith it will for I assure you it neither doth nor will In Lopping of this be carefull to cut your boughs close and smooth off minding to keep them perpendicular to the Horizon the better to shoot off the wet It will grow well of Laying as is before noted and also directed in the Chapt. of Laying in which if you take but a little labour more than ordinary from one Tree you may have in a few years many in your Hedge-rowes or elsewhere therefore deferre not but put this in practice especially the great Kind My Lord Bacon adviseth to bud it to make the Leaves the larger but that is needless Part of these Rules I wrote some years agoe at the request and for the use of the truely ingenious Planter and Lover thereof Sir Henry Capell and I shall give you the same Conclusion now that I did then to him which take as followeth Since Gard'ning was the first and best Vocation And Adam whose all are by Procreation Was the first Gard'ner of the World and ye Are the green shoots of Him th' Original Tree Encourage then this innocent old Trade Ye Noble Souls that were from Adam made So shall the Gard'ners labour better bring To his Countrey Profit Pleasure to his King CHAP. XII Of Raising and Ordering the Ash AND as for Raising the Ash I shall give you the same Rules as I did to the aforesaid Honourable Person the same time before the Discourse of Forrest-trees was written Let your Keyes be thorow ripe which will be about the middle or end of October or November When you have gathered them lay them thin to dry but gather them off from a young straight thriving Tree My Reason to gather them off a young thriving tree is because there will the Keyes or seeds in the Keyes be the larger and solider therefore by consequence they are the abler to shoot the stronger and to maintain themselves the better and longer Though I know by experience that the seeds of some old Plants will come up sooner so the seed be perfect than the seed of young Plants and also that old seed so it will but grow will come up sooner than new Seed My aforesaid Reasons do in part demonstrate this Or thus Nature finding her self weak doth like a provident Mother seek the sooner to provide for her weak Children for Nature is one in divers things and yet various in one thing Now if you gather them off from a straight tree 't is the likelier they will run more up and grow straighter than those which be gathered off a Pollard or crooked tree for it is well known and might be proved by many Instances that Nature doth delight in Imitation and the Defects of Nature may be helped by Art for the great Alterations which many times we find visible in many Vegetables of the same species they all proceed either from the Earth the Water or the Heavenly Influences but the last is the greatest Author of Alteration both in Sensibles Vegetables and Animals However Like still produceth its Like and since there is such plenty of Forrest-trees that bear seed you may as well gather all sorts of Keyes and Seeds off or under such Trees as not As for the time of sowing them let it be any time between the latter end of October and the last of January for they will lie till Spring
come twelve Months before they appear if your ground be not very subject to great weeds you may sow them with Oats if you be minded to make a Wood of it and in your VVoods on the top of your Ground but if they be prepared before-hand they will be much more certain of growing therefore if you would be sure to raise good store of them for to make VValks or furnish your VVoods with c. having gathered your Keyes and ordered them as is aforesaid prepare some sifted Earth or Sand which is better by keeping an equal warmth and moysture to prepare them for spearing Having prepared your sand and a house to lay them in where the Air may freely come then in this House lay one Laying of Sand and a Laying of Keyes parting your Keyes well so doe till you have Laying after Laying covered all your Keyes in the Couch any time in VVinter as is before directed Let your Sand be pretty moyst and so keep it all that year and having prepared your Ground by often digging and a tender Soyl which the Ash loves then about the latter end of January sowe them on this Bed covering them about one Inch or an Inch and a half thick Do not let them lie too long uncovered when you take them out of their Couch for then they will be speared and if they lie too long in the Aire it will spoyl them Do not sowe them in frosty weather but if Frosts be stay till they be over Mind to keep them clean from weeds the first year for they will shoot but little the first year but the second they will shoot strongly the VVinter after you may transplant them upon Beds pruning the little side-shoots and topping the tap-root Keep them with digging and pruning every year on these Beds and in few years they will be fit for Walks Woods c. and one of these thus ordered shall be worth ten taken out of VVoods for they will be taper and fine trees VVhen you remove an Ash take not off his head if he be not too top-heavy that you can possibly help it for an Ash and a VValnut are two of the worst Trees I know to head they having such a great Pith but the side-boughs you may be bold to take off provided you take them off close and the Boughs not very great It is not very apt to break much into side-boughs and heals over the wound as well as any tree except the Beech then why will you have low Timber-trees of Ashes when you may as well have high ones Therefore prune up your young Ash-trees well and often And if you follow but these Rules you may raise them as easily as Barley and as thick As touching the several Kinds some Authors will have two sorts the Male and Female but there is no such thing as Male and Female among Plants though some Plants are so called for what Act of either do any two Plants communicate to each other The greatest difference that ever I observed in young Ashes among the many thousands that I have raised was in their Bark for I have had some that have had blackish Bark some reddish the Leaves alike but what difference there will be in the Keyes and Timber I yet know not The Ash is not fit to be set near fine Gardens for the Leaves turn to soyl suddenly and so spoyl your VValks also the Roots run so shallow that they will rob your Borders and spoyl your Fruit-trees They are as bad by your plow'd Ground for the Roots will so draw the strength of the Ground from the Corn that it will languish and pine away And this I have observed that the Summer after a Tree is lopped it shall rob the Corn more than another bigger standing by it as may be visible by the growth of the Corn I have wilfully experienc'd it and I conceive the Reason to be this the Sap riseth into the head of the Pollard as usually it did and so into the Boughs but finding the Boughs cut off it filleth the Head so full that it causeth it to swell in the Spring and this is the reason Pollard-heads are bigger than any other part of the body of the Tree the head being so full that it can contain the sap no longer it then breaketh out into abundance of young shoots and when they set once a growing they grow apace and so the Bark of them being thin and open for the Sap to run in they receive as much as the Roots can possibly provide for them and endeavour to enlarge the Head to that magnitude as it was at before But though the Ash doth harm to grow near or upon plowed Ground yet it is the usefullest wood that growes for the Plough and other uses belonging to the Plough-man It is a quick-growing wood and will grow pretty well on most sorts of Grounds provided they be not too wet or very shallow It grows best on such Grounds as have their surface of a loose Nature so that it be not too shallow It produceth excellent Timber for several uses and is such a quick-grower that from a Key in Forty years one Ash was sold for Thirty pounds sterling as witnesseth the ingenious Author of the Discourse of Forrest-trees pag. 22. And this I can tell which my Lord and I measured of the shoot of an Ash that stood between the Wood-yard at Hadham-Hall and a place where I used to raise Melon plants that the second years shoot was Eight foot within two Inches which had it shot but a few years at this rate it would soon have been a very great Tree and worth a like price Of all the VVood that I know there is none burns so well green as the Ash and that is one Reason that many a fine Pollard is spoyled For your bad Husbands as they are tearmed are as unkind to Trees as they are to themselves For their want of Wood early in the VVinter makes them flie to the Ash whence they hack off the Boughs and thus leave him all Winter in which time the wood being not very hard that drinks in the wet at these wounded places and before the Spring comes to heal it over decayes and so by that means every Winter receiveth the wet more and more till it hath destroyed Root Body and Branch On the other side there are some which will not lop their Trees till they bear very great Boughs and then lop off them smooth and well cut off though it be in the Spring yet in such great wounds before the Sap can cover the place the wet makes a hole in some or many of these places and so you lose both Body and Lops in a few years Besides the lopping of Trees young that is at ten or twelve years at the most by so doing you keep your Tree much the longer alive and you shall have shoots of Trees at first felling grow more into wood in one year than they do
his Hedge-Rows c. or his Predecessors But I could and do wish that Owners would encourage their Tenants by allowing them so much Money for every Fruit-tree and so much for every Forrest-tree they plant in their Grounds and look to them well till they be past Cattles spoyling them this would help both the Owner and his Tenant and many a good Tree might be in waste places where now none is this would make the Farm much better and pleasanter and so we might have more plenty of Fruit and Timber and Knowledge in Planting would be greatly improved Now suppose you should plant on good Land and in open Fields you would be no Loser by it As if you should plant Oak Ash or Elm in Pasture-ground at three or four Rod asunder they would do your Land no harm nor would you lose any ground save only just where the Trees stand now it must be a good Tree that takes up one yard square nay the Leaves and Shade may do your Cattel as much good as may countervail the loss of that Land as if your Land be worth 20 s. an Acre that is not a Penny a Yard as here I shall shew 160 Rod square makes an Acre and five yards and a half square is a Rod. You see that in one Rod square there are 30 yards and a quarter for the Decimal Fraction 25 is ¼ of a 100 or thus 5 times 5 is 25 and 5 halfs and 5 halfs make 5 whole Rod and a half and a half make but ¼ which is 30 yards and a quarter Here you see that 4840 the yards in one Acre divided by 12 the Pence in a Shilling gives 403 shillings and 4 remain that is one Acre at a Penny a yard comes to 20 l. 3 s. 4 d. But it may be sixty years before a Tree takes up so much ground then at half that Age it takes up but half so much ground then 60 half-pence is but 2 s. 6 d. and your Tree at that Age and on such Land may be worth 30 s. or more which is Profit and Pleasure c to the Planter But to our business Johnson tells you of some ten sorts of Pines but I know but two or three in England one is common and is raised of the Seed sown in good ground and in the shade in the Month of February If it be frosty put it into Earth or Sand and keep it in the house till the weather be seasonable they will not grow of Cuttings nor Laying well they be bad to be Removed when old because the Roots run far from the Body in few years and if broke or cut off they will not readily break out at sides and ends therefore Remove them young at two or three years old and at the times beforesaid and then you may expect glorious stately Trees None of all our green Trees in England may compare with them Prune them as the Firre They be fine to set round a Garden or Bowling-green for the Leaves will not do any harm Of Firre-trees we have two sorts they be easily Raised of Seeds sown as the Pine one sort will grow of Laying or of Slips set about Bartholomewtide but then you must cut them one Inch or two from the Body and cut that Stump close off the March following and cut all other Boughts that be needfull at that time and you need not fear hurting your Tree though my French Curate be against it The best way to keep them is in Stories about a yard between one another but do not cut their Ends as some doe neither let them grow thick on a heap but if you keep them in Stories they will grow taper and you may take off some when you see Cause and so help them up to a great height and straight as an Arrow for they naturally grow in a good shape Lay the Clogs before the fire and they will gape so may you take out the Seeds the better Pliny calls one sort of Pine the Pinaster Johnsons Herbal pag. 1350. CHAP. XXIX Of Raising the Yew Holly Box Juniper Bayes and Laurel c. THere be a great many more Trees some of which shed their Leaves and some keep them all the year besides those I have spoken of before but these be the most of our Forrest-trees and as for those that doe belong to the Garden I shall not so much as mention them The Yew-tree is produced of Seeds rub the fleshy substance off then dry them and when they be dry put them in sand a little moist in a Pot or Tub let this be done any time before Christmas Keep them in house all Winter and under some North-wall abroad all Summer the Spring come Twelve-month after you put them in Sand sowe them on a Bed the ground not too stiffe keep them clean and prick them out of that Bed into your Nursery when they have stood two or three years there you may bring them to what shape you please It is a fine Tree and worthy to be more increased Holly may be raised of the Berries as the Yew or by Laying it loves a Gravelly-ground as most of our Forrest-greens doe it is a curious Tree for Hedges and will grow under the dropping of great Trees It well deserves your love yet is somewhat ticklish to remove but the best time is before Michaelmas if your Ground be stiffe and cold mix it with Gravel but no Dung. Box the English and Edged c. do grow well of Slips set about the latter end of August or in March It is very pleasant in green Groves and in Wildernesses though it hath a bad smell after Snow Juniper is raised of the Berries it is ticklish to Remove it is a pretty Plant for the aforesaid places the Berries are very wholsome the Wood burnt yields a wholsome and pleasant Persume so doth the Plant in the Spring Bayes is increased plentifully of Suckers or you may raise them of their Berries They love the shade and are fit to be set in green Groves Laurel or Cherry-bay is increased by Cuttings set about Bartholomewtide and in the shade best or by the Cherries It is a glorious Tree for Standards on most Grounds but on our coldest and openest it holds out our hard Winters best It may be kept with a clear stem two or three foot high and let the Head be kept round so that if you have a Row of them the Trees all of a height and bigness and the Heads all of a shape no Tree is more pleasant It is fit for Groves Wildernesses Hedges c. It will grow well on any ground threfore make use of this beautifull Tree The Oak at first doth like a King appear The Laurel now at last brings up the Rear The one does tender Plenty and Renown The other offers Pleasure and a Crown The Elm the usefull Ash and Sycomore Together with the Beech and many more They promise all content to those that look To practise what
is written in this Book CHAP. XXX General Rules for planting Forrest-trees in Avenues Walks or Orchards as in a Natural Ground FIrst as to the Ground your Ground that hath been fed for many years Winter and Summer as your common Pasture-ground or the like such Ground if it be any thing good is the Best The next is your Meadow-ground and then your plowed Land if your Land be of Soyl alike Thus I preferre them Several Reasons might be given for this but I shall instance onely in these few As namely your Ground that is constantly fed hath likewise constantly a supply of Cattels Dung and Urine with the variety of Kinds which addes much to the strength of the ground and likewise your Pasture-ground though it abound with great variety of Herbs or Grass according to the Nature of the Ground as also your Meadow-ground doth yet your Pasture-ground hath not only a constant supply of Soyl by one sort of Cattel or other but the Grass which growes on it doth seldom run to flower or seed which when they doe they draw forth much more of the Salt or Spirit or strength of the Earth as we find the Herbs or Grass on Meadow-grounds most commonly doe Therefore I judge your Commons the best and both common Field Ground and Meadow better than constant plowed Land for that being kept with plowing to prevent what naturally it would produce this makes the Ground the Better for 't is certain that where your Houses stand or High-wayes are there the Earth is full of Salt and Spirit or the Life of Plants not only because there is often some Assistance of Soyl which I confess makes it much Richer but also because it cannot produce those Plants which naturally it would were it not Restrained For still it receives a constant supply from Nature and as the Holy Scripture saith the Almighty causeth the Sun to shine on the Vnjust as well as the Just so also hath the foresaid Earth the secret Influence of the Heavens as well as any other unless Accidentally prevented but this by the way Now as for your plowed Land 't is granted to be much better for plowing but this being sowen with Annual Grain very much draweth out the strength of the Earth for I judge that your Annuals are much more drawing Plants than those which will last several years it being in my Judgement with your Annual Plants as it is with a man which hireth a House for a Year when his year is out he knowing he must remove cleareth the House especially of his own when as your Durable Vegetable like a man whose house is his own is favourable to its situation having a kind of secret Knowledge as I may say that there they and theirs may continue many years If this be understood I hope you then will say with me that your common Pasture is best to plant on next to that Meadow then plowed Land that is if all three be of equal goodness and soyl CHAP. XXXI Of planting Forrest-trees to make Woods or to fill up Naked places in Woods where they want TO tell some men of planting of Woods is very needless for there are too many men more inclined to stock up than to plant them but I suppose the greater sort of Men and I am sure the best sort are more inclined to preserve and plant than to destroy and stock them up To those then that love either their Countrey or themselves or especially their Posterity and have any kindness for stately Forrest-trees do I give this Advice First Let the Ground be of what Soyl soever be sure to plant most of such Trees as will grow best on that Soyl As if it be Gravel then Beech Holly Hasel c. if mixt with Loom then Oak Ash or Elm c. if stiffe then Ash Hornbeam Sycomore c. if a light Loom then most sorts and withall have an eye to the adjacent Trees and which sort soever you see thrive best be sure to furnish your Ground with store of them Secondly If your Ground be moyst then set in good store of the Cuttings of Alder Willow Sallow especially the two last on any Ground for if there comes a wet Spring or a moyst Summer many of them will grow and produce good under-wood if set as is directed in the 26 th or 27 th Chapters Though the Ground be drye and a Gravel-Bottom yet they will thrive and produce good shoots in a little time as I have found true at Cashiobury c. Thirdly If you be minded to sow seeds then you must prepare your Ground with a good Tillage before you sow your seed as much as you doe for sowing of Barley and having all your Seeds ready prepared by being kept some time in a House till they be fit to spear or speared a little then about the beginning of February sow them The particular Chapter of each Kind will tell you how long it is before they will spear If you plow your Ground into great Ridges it will make the Earth lie the thicker on the top of each Ridge and there the Roots will have the more depth to search for Nourishment and the Furrowes will in little time be filled up with Leaves which when rotten will lead the Roots from one Ridge to another If your Ground be very drye then plow your Ridges cross the descent of the Hills not to drayn the water off but to keep it on your Ground and if your Ground be very wet then the contrary But be mindfull to sow most of those seeds your Ground is most naturally for The most of these seeds following may be sown on your Ground Oaks Ash Beech Sycomore Hornbeam Crab or Apple Cherry Walnuts Chesnuts Holly Hasel-nuts Maple Sarvice c. Which of these you find are not Natural for your Ground neglect them Some do sow their Seeds with a Crop of Barley but the season of sowing of Barley is too late for your seeds if they be prepared before-hand but if you will be so saving as to have a Crop of that Tillage then sow your seeds with Oats for they may be sown with the season of your seeds Do not sow your Oats too thick and they may do well but the best way for your seeds is to sow them without any Crop of Corn. Fourthly If you are minded to have a Wood soon then plant it with Setts and if your Ground be a good Natural Ground for Trees then you may make only holes two foot wide and as much deep and about half a Rod asunder so there will be four holes in every Rod square But for fear my Reader should be at a stand here and ask me how four Trees may stand in a Rod square or four holes made in a Rod square and yet the Middles be each half a Rod or eight foot and ¼ asunder I shall here satisfie him by Example and it shall be of a supposed piece of Ground three Rod square
you may make your holes square if you please See Figure 1. This is much like to that Question Whether is half a Foot square or half a square Foot most When as I have heard some say they were both alike but it was their Mistake For ½ a Foot square is only 6 Inches every way that is 6 times 6 is 36 and 6 times 36 is 216 Inches when as half a square Foot is the half of a Cubical square foot the number being 12 the square Root is 144 for 12 times 12 makes 144 and 12 times 144 makes 1728 the Cube Now the half of 1728 is 864 which is half of a square Foot then if you divide 864 by 216 you will find 4 for the Quotient so that half a Foot square is but ¼ of half a square foot This I have demonstrated as plain as I can that I might be understood by every Countrey-capacity Now if you were to plant one Acre of Ground after the aforesaid manner the Charge would be as followeth If it be a good digging ground you may have 20 holes made for 12 d. two foot wide and two foot deep so there would be four times 160 holes which is 640 holes at 20 for 12 d. that is 32 s. and then I allow for every hole 2 Setts so then it will take 1280 Setts which will cost you together about 4 d. the 120. of any sorts of wood which comes to about 3 s. 6 d. then for every hole 2 Sallow or Willow Cuttings 3. s. then 5 men to set them 6 s. and then Keyes and Seeds to sow among your Setts next Spring 5 s. 6 d.  l. s. d. Making Holes 01 12 00 Setts 00 03 06 Sallow Truncheons 00 03 00 Men to set them 00 06 00 Keyes and Seed 00 05 06 Whole Charge 02 10 00 So that the Charge of one Acre of Ground planted this way will cost you about 2 l. 10 s. where Work-men and Sets may be had at such a price the Spring after I advise to sow Acorns Sycamore-Keyes Apple and Crab-stampings c. Let this sowing be done so oft as you find Stampings and Keyes to be had till you find your Wood very thick I did sow all the Stampings of Apples and Crabs at Cashiobury among our young Woods which I had set and the Ground not producing a strong Grass to choak them they came up thick and did well But take care you let them not lye too thick long for if you doe the stampings will heat and kill the Kernels sow them therefore as soon as they be pressed or else lay them thin or keep them parted with dry straw But if your ground be bad and a shallow Soyl or that you would help an indifferent ground and are willing to be at some more Charge to do it then do thus which in small time will pay you or yours well for your Charges Observe which is the Best way to lay out your ground and then divide it into four yards distance at both ends by little stakes and make Rowes of stakes by setting up some few between the two at each end which are only to direct you to lay your work straight by plowing one yard of each side your Stakes If your Ground be Green-sorde then plow it as is aforesaid which will make the better for the Roots of your Trees to run in Thus having plowed two yards and left two yards unplowed all over your Ground a little before the season for planting and when the season for setting is come that is as soon as most of the Leaves are off having prepared Sets and Work-men let them dig up the two yards that are unplow'd laying one half of that Earth upon one of the plowed pieces and the other half upon the other and as you lay up that Earth upon the plowed pieces there set your Setts about a yard one from another with store of Sallow-Cuttings with them digging that ground which you lay on your plow'd Ground a good spade-deep and then it will be near a foot thick to set your Setts in Thus goe from open that is unplow'd to open untill you have set all the plow'd pieces in your Ground One man having the Setts ready will set them as fast as four men shall dig that is two men on each side the Beds or Ridges one a little before the other so finish Bed after Bed till you have gone over and finished the whole Ground which you designed to plant that Winter and endeavour to get all your planting done by the latter end of January or beginning of February for this Reason that is having provided Keyes Nuts and Seeds as is before directed and is in each particular Chapter more fully discorsed about that time sow them Viz. about the beginning of February unless it be a Frosty season for then you must stay a little longer so sow all your Beds over with seed and cover them a little with the shovelings of some neighbouring Ditch In doing thus you may be certain of a good thriving Wood in a little time though the ground you plant on be almost never so bad This I doe suppose to be as good a way as most are for planting of Woods Therefore according to the Latine Proverb Serere ne dubites Doubt not to plant and I wish I could perswade Noble-men and Gentlemen that have Ground that is not very good for Corn or Grass to plant it with Wood especially in those Countreys where wood is scarce I dare insure them that it would be to them or their Successors a very great benefit and also a great Ornament to their Naked Grounds Now I shall endeavour as near as I can to give you an Accompt what the Charge of this may be which did I but know your Ground and what wages your Work-men in such places have for one dayes work I could then do more exactly But we will suppose the Ground to be a good digging Ground that may be afforded to be digged and laid up for 4 d. the Rod-square and our Example shall be of one Acre of Ground of which you may well perceive by what is before shewed there will be but one half plowed and that half planted First then for a good deep plowing of half an Acre of Ground 4 s. Secondly For half an Acre of Ground digging at 4 d. the Rod for if 160 Rod make one Acre then 80 Rod is half an Acre and then 80 Groats for the digging comes to 1 l. 6 s. 8 d. Thirdly If every Four men must have one man to st to them then there must be near one fourth part more for him which one fourth is 6 s. 8 d. Fourthly If we allow for every yard square in this half Acre one good Set besides Truncheons of Sallow and Willow c. The Number of yards in a superficial Rod square is 30 and ¼ The number of superficial sq Rods in one Acre 160. The number of sq yards in
Hedge and a very fine shew when it is full of its fine Red berryes which appear like Beads of Red Corall among the dark green Leaves It likes our Entertainment so well that it will grow well on most Grounds our Winters disturb it not and 't is very easie to be multiplyed or increased by Laying or Cuttings They that have store of Ground and are Lovers of Plants I hope will not be without these few named and many more that will be very acceptable but they be not some of them so proper for Hedges Many more there be that would make very fine Hedges for pleasure if well kept as the double-blossom Cherry the Laurus Tinus or wild Bay Primme Savin c. These few are only for Ornament and make any of them fine Hedges alone or you may mix them with Judgement and they will then be very pleasant Now I shall shew you a few of those that are for profit and Ornament such are the Summer-Pears on Quince-stocks for that makes them the more Dwarfish Cherries make a fine Hedge but especially the small-leaved as the several sorts of Flanders great Bearers c. Plumbs Quinces Codlins Barberries c. all these make fine Hedges but must have Supporters In the three last there is this fault that the better they be kept I mean the handsomer the worse they will bear But I am got two steps too far into the Garden and now I shall give you an Accompt of such as are proper to fence in your VVoods Orchards c. which is the scope of my Discourse for such are both profitable and pleasant though not so Ornamental as the other before and if you would make a Fence of one particular sort of Wood the very best is your White-bush or White-thorn Your Crab-stocks make also a stout strong Fence and if you leave at every twenty foot one to run up keeping it with pruning till it is five or six foot high and then graft it with Red strakes or other good Syder-fruit such a Hedge would be very pleasant and profitable You may so order your Stock and Tree whilest they be young that by pruning you may have the head of your Tree to hang into your Ground a little over your Hedge Let me desire you to make such a Hedge where you have occasion to make one As for your Stocks they are as easie to raise as Barley and they are as certain to grow on most sorts of Ground as any one wood I know For common and publick Fences there is none to compare with these two for certainty of growing for a thick strong and an armed Fence Black-bush makes a good strong Fence but it hath one Inconvenience that is it will not keep within its bounds but will run very much into your ground and there be very troublesome to keep out Therefore if your Fence be for Wood it may do well for the Reason aforesaid Also when you plash it it will often be ready to die by Reason that it shoots so much from the Root Thus have I shewed you some sorts of Woods to make your Hedges with I shall now give you some Directions how to make them and here observe that for all those which are for Ornament only You must prepare a Border by good digging and clean picking it from weeds adding some good Natural Earth such as the Kinds you set do most naturally grow in which let be well prepared against the season for planting and then make use of your time The greatest sort may be set about a yard one from another such as your Holly Laurel c. the other about two foot or less such as your Juniper Mezereon c. Let this be the most but if you have store of Plants set them thicker be sparing in heading most sorts of Greens For those that are for Ornament and Profit the Ground must be made good trenched deep and mixt well with Dung they may be set about six foot asunder You may make very curious Hedges of Pears Cherries c. But I am too far got into the Orchard or Garden I must retreat to my Forrest-trees to shelter me from the Gardiners Anger Of those sorts that are for Ornament Profit and for Fence I have told you that there are two peculiar sorts viz. the White-thorn and the Crab which are indeed the most proper to fence in our Forrest-trees and woods of any I know I know most Hedges which are mixed with many sorts of wood are apt to come too fast without planting Sets of White-thorn which in most places are plentifull to be had bur if you would Raise them of Haws order them as is shewed of the Cherry or Yew-berries Now to Raise your Crab or Apple-stocks though the Crab-stocks are better than your Apple-stocks for the Crab grows more rugged strong and is more lasting but Stocks raised of Apple-kernels will do well let your Ground be well prepared by Digging and picking it clean from weeds mix it with some good rotten Dung then when the time is that they beat their Crabs for Verjuice or Apples for Syder then prepare your self with so many as you think are convenient for your Ground and as soon as they be stamped sow them if you can for if they lie long in the Stampings that will heat and spoyl your Kernels Therefore if you have them to fetch far or that you cannot sow them instantly then let them be sifted from the body of the Apple and spread thin or mixed with drye Sand till you have opportunity to sow them or you may keep them in Sand the Kernels I mean a little moyst till February and then sow them but be sure your Ground be well prepared before-hand with good tillage and clean picking cover them about one Inch or a little more with fine Mould afterwards when they come up keep them constantly clean from weeds Remembring if you sow at Michaelmas that you take care to keep Traps set for fear Mice rob you of your Kernels Thus may you Raise what Quantity of Stocks you please which at two and three years old you may set where you would have them to stand for to Raise Trees or to make Hedges for fenceing in your Ground Keep them clean from Weeds by Digging or Hoing Thus having shewed you how to furnish your selves with store of Stocks in a little time which will make you as strong and good Fences as most wood whatsoever and are very profitable too both to yield good Liquor for Drink and to bring good Fewel to the Fire I shall now shew you how to plant these Quicksets both for Hedges with Ditches and for Stant-hedges as some call them without Ditches First Strain a Line where the inside of your Ditch must goe next your Hedge then mark along by the Line sloping as you would have the Bank of your Hedge to slope then strain the Line on the other side of the Ditch and mark it out sloping inward
to the Ditch as you did the other side For Example suppose you make your Ditch a yard at the top and three spade or a yard deep let it slope so on both sides that it may come to a foot wide at the bottom but let the Hedge-side slope the most then if your ground be Green-sword and stiffe Land with a Turing Iron take all the Turf off the breadth of your Ditch then cut out a Triangle-piece all along next the bank turn hat upsidet down for to make the slope of your bank Lay some of the Turf you cut off or all of it on the back-side of that Triangle-piece thereon set one Row of Quick covering the Roots with Crumbs of Mould the Ditch one yard and the Bank a yard as you may see in Figure 3. where A. is the Triangle-piece cut out of the Ditch B. the piece laid on the Bank with the Turf laid grass-side downward and the Set on the top of that piece then level up the Bank till it comes level with the top of the piece B. and then lay on such another Angular piece and on the top of that a Quick-set as the other then level up as before and set another Angular piece with the Quick on the top so have you three Rowes of Quick-set which let stand about one foot from another in each Row and if your Ground or the Bank be dry set them a foot deep and if you will you may set one row on the top of the Bank but three Rowes set each against other open triangle make an excellent Fence if set as is aforesaid See Fig. 3. And note that the higher and larger you make your Bank the better your Quick will grow for this Paradox is true in planting That the more you spend the more you shall get but if your Ground be a light Soyl then you need not take off the Turf from the triangle-pieces because the Turf will make such Ground hold up the Bank the better but then it will grow out at the edge of the Angle and so will trouble you the more to weed your Quick and besides you will want it to lay in the midst of your Bank which would feed your Sets much and make them grow the better But if you would make a Stant-hedge without a Ditch the usual way is to dig a Trench about a foot and a half wide therein set two or three Rows of Quick which on good Land may prove indifferent well but if your Ground be bad or that you would make it grow and prosper well on any Land then dig a place where your Hedge must stand one yard wide and make a Bank with Earth one yard high being one yard at the bottom and narrowed by degrees to a foot at the top set two Rows of Sets on each side this Bank as is shewed before about planting the Bank by the Ditch or you may make this Bank two foot wide below and two foot high setting one Row of Quick on each side and one on the top as is before directed and ever observe that the larger you make your Banks the better your Sets will grow as is before noted You may if your Fence be near to an High-way have Earth sufficient from thence to make this bank which will be a little fence of it self and help the growth of your Sets much or you may slope off your ground a foot deep by this Bank and some ten foot off come out to the Level of the Ground there may you furnish your self with Earth to make the Bank plowing or digging up that ground where you took off the Earth adding a little Dung to it which you may sowe in the Spring with Corn or Hay-seed and your Ground in little time will be never the worse especially if the Soyl be good Thus having set your Hedge cut off all the sets within one inch or two of the ground and keep them weeded for two or three years and when they have shot two years on good or three years on indifferent ground cut them off within three Inches of the ground but if there be some places too thin there lay down some into the gaps and cover them and the rest over one Inch with Mould leaving the Ends of the the Layers out which will draw Root and thicken your Hedge Let his be practised at all times when you make or lay your Hedges But note if your Hedge be set with Crab or Apple-stocks that you leave one standing uncut up at every twenty foot or at every ten or twelve foot if the Ground be your own on both sides the Hedge then may you so order them by pruning or staking that one may lean into one ground and the other into another c. Prune up these Stocks yearly till you have got them out of Cattels reach and then graft them with Red-strake Jennit-moyl or what Syder or other Fruit you please but if your Stocks be of Apple-kernels you may let them stand ungrafted and they will yield you very good Syder-fruit but Stocks ungrafted will be the longer before they bear and also when you graft you may be certain of your Kind but if you find a very natural Stock that is likely by Leaf Shoot and Bud try it by so doing you may have a new fine Fruit if you like it not you may graft it when you please The rest of the Hedge when it hath shot three or four year you may Lay for to make a fence of it self for you must mind to keep it from Cattel till it comes to be Laid and one or two years after And now to Lay it I shall give some few Rules which may direct you when you Lay any Fence-hedge of what sort of wood soever it be First at every Laying lay down some old Plashes or young ones if your Hedge be thin but let them point with their Ends to the Ditch-side of the Bank keeping the ends low on the Bank they will the better thicken the bottom of your Hedge and keep up the Earth of your Bank Secondly At every Laying lay Earth on your Bank to heighten it and to cover your Layers all but the Ends which Earth will help your Quick much and make the Fence the better by heightning the Banks and deepning your Ditch Thirdly Do not cut your Plashes too much but just so much as they may well bend down and do not lay them so upright as some of our Work-men doe but lay them near to a Level the Sap will break out at several places the better and not run so much to the ends as it will when they lie much sloping If you have Wood to spare cut up most of those that grow near the Ditch but hang the Bank then with Bushes to keep the Cattel from cropping them the first year these will shoot strong and secure your Hedge well keep up the Bank and thicken the bottom of your Hedge c. Fourthly
Lay your Hedge pretty thick turning the beard on the Ditch-side but do not let the beard hang uncut as the common workmen do though it doth make a good shew at first making but cut off all the stragling boughs within half a foot of the Hedge on both sides then will it shoot strong at these places and thicken your Hedge much the more Of this Reason may inform you as it did me and Experience will afterwards confirm it Fifthly If you have got a good high Bank make your Hedge so low as you think it may but just serve for Fence the first year for it will soon grow high and the lower your Hedge is made the Quick will grow the better and the bottom will be the thicker but take care to keep out Cattel from the Field-side the first year after it is made Sixthly If you would have a good Hedge for Fence you must fell it often doing as is aforesaid and take care at every felling to root out Elder Travellers Joy that is Bull-bine as some call it Briany c. and also leave not too many high Standard-trees or Pollards in it the Elm is one of the best Doe not use too much dead wood in the bottom of your Hedges for that choaks your Quick but if you have a gap make your dead Hedge at a distance Much more I could say of Hedges but I forbear Only I cannot pass by the Learned Esquires good Advice in his Discourse of Forrest-trees pag. 50. which is this I do only wish upon the Prospect and Meditation of the Vniversal Benefit that every person whatsoever worth Ten Pounds per Annum within his Majesties Dominions were by some indispensable Statute obliged to plant his Hedge-rowes with the best and most usefull kinds of them especially in such places of the Nation as be the more Inland Counties Thus far the Learned Author To which I adde that if they did not plant so many Trees and keep such a number planted they should be compell'd to plant ten Crab-stocks for the want of one Tree c. If this were but as much in use with us as it in Hereford-shire and once grown to a Custom we should in few years banish out forraign Drinks by this our excellent and most wholsom one Besides our Trees in shallow ground would thrive better in Banks of Hedge-rowes than in the middle of the Ground Again saith he Vndoubtedly if this course were effectually taken a very considerable part both of Meat and Drink which is spent in our prejudice might be saved by the Countrey-people even out of the Hedges which would afford them not onely the Pleasure and Profit of their delicious Fruit but such abundance of Syder and Perry as should suffice them to drink of one of the most wholsom and excellent Beaverages in the World Old Gerrard did long since alleadge us an Example worthy to be pursued I have seen saith he speaking of Apple-trees lib. 3. ch 101. in the Pastures and Hedge-rowes about the Grounds of a worshipful Gentleman dwelling two miles from Hereford called Mr. Roger Bodnome so many Fruit-trees of all sorts that the Servants drink for the most part no other Drink but that which is made of Apples the Quantity being such that by the Report of the Gentleman himself the Parson hath for Tythe many hogsheads of Syder An Example doubtless to be followed of Gentlemen that have Lands But Envy saith The Poor will break down our Hedges and we shall have the least part of the Fruit However I advise you to go forward in the Name of God Graft set plant and nourish up Trees every corner of your Ground the Labour is small the Cost is nothing the Commodity is great your selves shall have plenty the Poor shall have somewhat in time of want to relieve their Necessity and God shall reward your Minds and Diligence Thus far honest Gerard. And in truth with how small Charge and with how great Pleasure this were to be effected every one that is Patron of a little Nursery can easily calculate But by this Expedient many thousands of Acres sow'd now with Barley might be cultivated for Wheat or converted into Pasture to the increase of Corn and Cattel besides the Timber which the Pear-tree doth afford comparable for divers curious uses with most this also would make Timber the more plentifull the decaying Trees and pruning would be good Fire-wood One thing more I do wish were practised in our Hedges and those fined severely that did not observe it viz. That there should not an Oak in any Hedge whatsoever be headed but that the Owner might have liberty to shread them up as some do Elms though not to stock or fell them till such an Age in such Banks we should have the best Timber and enrich the Owner c. CHAP. XXXIII Of planting several sorts of Forrest-trees in order to making the best advantage of Ground as Orchards or the like SUppose you were to plant one Acre of Ground or more with Walnuts or Chesnuts or the like and would have it planted to the best advantage that is to have your Trees stand in good Order to the Eye and to have as many Trees as conveniently you can in your Ground which is supposed all men would have and yet your Trees to stand at convenient distance Now I say supposing your Ground to be one Acre and a Geometrical square in such a ground you may begin your first Row on which side you please to stake out your Ground for the holes to be made you must first resolve what distance your Trees had best be planted at remembring that if your ground be good and a deep ground then you may plant your Trees at somewhat the greater distance Of the Ground that most Trees delight in you may see in the particular Chapter speaking of each Kind Your Best way is to plant them Triangular and not square as some doe for you can plant them in no form or order whatsoever to be more pleasing to the most Noble Sense than to have every three Trees to make an Equilateral Triangle nor in no other way whatsoever to have so many Trees to stand in such or any piece of Ground whatsoever at such a distance For satisfaction and likewise to demonstrate it more fully observe these two following Figures of the aforesaid piece of Ground which is one Acre and is a Geometrical Square But before I shew you a Draft or you stake out your Ground for your holes to be made first consider well these few Rules First Observe the Distance that your Trees ought to be planted at alwayes remembring that if your Ground be good and a deep Soyl that then your Trees will hold the longer and by consequence grow to the greater perfection therefore plant at larger distance As for Example If I were to plant this Acre of Ground with Syder-Apples as for Instance all red-strakes which is an excellent Syder-Apple and is likewise
a great Bearer and a Tree that doth not last very long my Ground being also a shallow Ground I think of 22 foot asunder to plant these Trees at or as neer that as the Ground will permit Then Secondly I go round my Ground and observing my Fence well and finding no great Trees in it I then resolve to set my Trees at six foot from my Fence but note if there be great Trees in your Hedge that fences your Ground then this is too nigh then I set off six foot at one Corner of my Orchard and six foot at the other Corner of the same side which is the East side then I set off six foot at one Corner of the West side it matters not which only that End which is the Levellest is the best for Measuring Having set these three stakes I strain a Line from one stake to the other on the East side then I lay a square to this Line removing it along the Line till I find the other End of the Square point exactly against the Stake on the west side then laying a Line right square to that Line till you come at the Stake on the VVest side I then measure by this Line as many 22 foots as I can noting how many times 22 foot I find and what you find is over or more than 11 foot then make your distance the less to make that up the equal distance for one Tree more but if it be less than half the distance your Trees are to stand asunder then adde that which is under the 11 foot to the number of Trees that be to stand asunder Observe but this and then you need not fear that your Trees will stand too far off on one side and too near on the other it being the same Charge to plant in good Order as at Random as too many doe nay many times less Charge and how much more pleasing Order is I leave them to judge to whom the great God of Order hath given a great delight to imitate him in his glorious works But as for this my piece of Ground which I pitch on only for Example viz. One Acre and a Square I must find the square Root of 160 Rod or as near it as my Chain will give and then substract but the 12 foot out for the distance of the Trees from the Fence and divide the Remainder by 22 the Quotient tells you how many Trees will stand in a Row the over-measure substracted from or added to as your Reason teacheth you Note this that it is most commonly the best way for your Rows to goe the longest way of your Ground for though your Trees stand 22 foot asunder yet your Rowes in their straight Lines will not stand so far Now to find the square Root there are very many Rules but none that are to my Apprehension so exact and easie as by Logarithmes find but the Logarithme of your Number then take half that Log. the Number answering is the square Root Exam. The Log. of 160 is 2. 204 11998. The half of this Log. is 1. 10205999. The nearest Number answering this Logarithme is 12 Rod 65 100 that is 12 Rod 65 Links of a one Pole-Chain divided into 100 parts The Proof may appear by these three Examples following By this it doth plainly appear that 12.65 is the nearest Number that can be found by your Decimal Chain it is but 225 10000 more and by Logarithmes but 2 of a Link put into 100 parts therefore exact as need be for this purpose unless it were for Calculation in Astronomy or the like And you see that 12.64 multiplyed in it self amounts to 159 Rod and 7696 10000 so that I take 12 Rod and 65 of 100 to be Length or Breadth it being a Square they both be as one Now being the Question is propounded in Feet we must turn this 12 Rod and 65 100 into feet also but note you may work the same by the Links of your Chain better than by foot Measure but some 't is possible have not a Chain therefore observe both wayes and first by Foot measure 12 Rod multiplyed by 16 Foot and a half shew the Feet in 12 Rod. Then for the 65 Links of one Rod put into 100 parts or if it be your four Pole-Chain as is most usual now put into 100 Links then are these 65 Links but 16 Links and a 1 49 by that Chain then by the Rule of Three say if 25 the Links in one Rod be equal to 16 foot and a half the feet in one Rod how many feet are equal to 16 Links and a Quarter The Question ranks it self thus in Decimal Fractions As 25 is to 16. 50 so is 16. 25 to 10 foot 725 1000 of a foot Do you desire to know what this Fraction 725 1000 is in Inches or Barley-Corns which be the lowest vulgar terms in surveying to satisfie you and also my self and likewise to instruct those that desire to learn this Excellent Rule the Rule of Three which rightly for its excellent Use is called the Golden Rule Observe this if one foot or 12 Inches be put into 1000 parts as here it is and must be being 't is the Integer or whole summe of 725 the Rule orders it self thus as 1000 is to 12 Inches so is 725 to 8 Inches 700 1000. Now to know what this 700 1000 is in Barley-Corns do as before say thus If 1000 be equal to 3 Barley-Corns what is 700 equal unto I say as here you see it proved that 700 is equal to two Barley-corns and one tenth part of one for 100 is one tenth of 1000. By this it doth plainly appear that if 12 Rod 65 100 be turned into feet it maketh 208 foot 8 Inches 2 Barley-corns and one tenth of a Barley-corn So that you see the square Root of an Acre is near 208 foot 8 Inches two Barley-corns neglecting 1 10 because 65 100 is somewhat too much Now from this 208 foot 8 Inches I take the 12 foot for the Trees to stand off from the Fence there remains 196 foot 8 inches then I divide this by 22 the distance the Trees are to stand asunder So I find there may stand ten Trees for here you see there may be open places and 20 foot 8 inches for one more so there wants but one foot 4 Inches or 16 Inches to make 10 Trees in a Row for there is alwayes a Tree more than the open Note that in planting of Walks this is of good use that as I said before to make one Tree more this 16 inches I divide by 9 being there are 9 opens between the ten Trees the Quotient is near 2 inches which substract from 22 foot and there remains then 21 foot 10 Inches and so much must every Tree stand asunder the proof is as followeth Here you see that'tis 196 foot and 6 Inches it wants but 2. In. Then to know what distance your Rows may stand asunder the Rule is If
you make an Equilateral Triangle the perpendicular of that is the distance between the Rows which Triangle I have drawn by the same scale of the Orchard See Fig. 4. See Chapter the 44 th The breadth of my Paper 6 inches the Plat 196 foot and 66 of 100 for the 8 inches my Scale is neer 33 parts in one inch but I take 32 because it is an even number See Fig. 4. If you will trye the Perpendicular of this Triangle 't is but 19 foot so that there are 3 foot between every 2 Rowes saved by Planting your ground this way more than those that plant their Ground to have every 4. Trees to make a Square the Trees standing in both at the same distance But finding that but little Paper beareth the full breadth of 6 inches the quarter of a sheet and this being less square by twelve foot than my full Draught should be this being only for the square of the Trees I draw and proportion my Scale to the breadth of 5 Inches and a half 208 foot divided by 5 and ½ sheweth that your Scale must be one Inch divided into 37 parts and better but for fear this Scale should be too great I draw my Plat by the Scale of 40 in one Inch so if you divide 208 the breadth of the Ground by 40 it gives 5 Inches and 8 40 and so broad must the Plat be as you may see by the Figure Thus may you enlarge your Draught or diminish it on your Paper as your pleasure is But 't is better to draw all your Draughts as large as your Paper will give you leave the distance of the Trees in the Draught is 21 foot 10 Inches asunder See Fig. 5. By this you see that if you plant your Trees triangle this Acre of Ground hath 11 Rowes and 104 Trees but if you begin either side with 10 as before I began with 9 then will there be in this ground 105 Trees but to know how many Rowes you may have in any ground doe thus and you may presently satisfie your self you see the ground from one out-side Row to the other is 196 foot 8 Inches which divided by 19 the distance that the Rowes be asunder neglecting the Fraction as needless now gives 10 distances Alwayes remember that there is one Rowe or in a Range of Trees one more than the Distances in this Draught the Trees stand at the same distance but square See Fig. 6. By this last Draught it appeareth that if you set the Trees at the same distance and set them square that then there will be but 9 Rowes and 90 Trees in this square Acre of Ground but if you plant them Triangle then will it hold 14 or 15 Trees more But if your Plat of Ground be a long square or any other Irregular Figure then will your Triangle-way hold a great many more in proportion to the Quantity of Ground besides it makes many more Rowes therefore more pleasing to the Eye Note this well for setting your Trees exactly having found the distance they are to stand asunder and likewise how many Rows with a Line laid or stakes true set where your first Row must goe the said stakes will be of good use to set the Trees by when your holes be made having resolved on which side you will begin which alwayes let be the side you find most in sight set down your two Corner-stakes for the first and last holes to be made then with your Assistants measure exactly in your Row by the Line 21 foot and Ten inches but in case there should be odde measure then proportion it as is shewed before by making one Hole more or less as you see cause Then having two men to assist you with a Chain for Line will reach or shrink measure exactly the distance of two Trees let one hold at one Tree and one at the next in the Row you standing at the Angle with the Chain equally stiffe put down a stake at the Angle and so go on to the next two Trees pitching down your stakes perpendicular And also considering the Thickness of your Stakes thence let your two men go to the next and you setting down one at the Angle till you have staked out the whole Ground this doe when you come to set your Trees being carefull to keep your Chain strained both sides alike and to allow for the crookedness of your Trees and when you have got two Rows planted then your Eye will assist you well enough to observe the Rowes as you go on Note also that if your Ground be large and a square then your best way will be to find the middle Row and set that off square from that side of your Ground you mind most or find to be straightest there begin to mark out your holes and also to plant your Trees but if your Ground be Irregular or have an Angle on one side then begin on your straight side and run the odde measure into the Angle as far as is convenient to plant in such a Ground you need but find what distance your first Row must be set at But if your Ground have both the sides straight then it will be convenient to set the side-rowes at equal distance from your Fence Thus you may well perceive that it is but measuring the length and breadth of your Ground and proportion one to the distance your Trees be to stand at the other to the distance the Rows are to be asunder and you may proceed to stake out your Ground After this method you may plant any sort of Forrest trees in Groves The best way is to stake out your whole Ground before you plant a Tree or make one hole by so doing you may well perceive where a fault is and easily mend it in time though some are of opinion otherwise but I shall leave them to their own Judgement and satisfie my self with Experience and Reason But for fear any thing should be dubious to you that I have writ observe but the setting out of these two Rows and then I hope it will be plainly demonstrated to you how to proceed Suppose the Length of your Ground should be the length of the Line marked at the End thus See Figure 7. Having staked out your first Row as before is shewed and having the Chain exactly the distance of two Opens then bid one of your men take one End and the other man the other End you holding exactly the Middle bid one hold at the stake one the other at the stake two then pitch you down your stake right at the Angles as the pricked Line sheweth So let your two men remove from stake to stake and you from Angle to Angle till you have staked out your Rowe and then let them come to that Row you last set out and goe on to another so proceed till you have staked out your whole Ground Thus much for planting Trees in Orchard fashion I have been the larger to
shew the best way for improving your Ground presuming that every man that fenceth in a ground would plant as many Trees as he can in it let such but mind what I have delivered and what I shall deliver in the next Chapter I hope it will be satisfactory to him if it be it will be the like to me But what Order soever you plant your Trees in make your holes good before Set not your Trees too deep and keep them staked the first year covering the ground over the Roots with some Litter or Dung and over that a little Mould to keep the Sun from burning the Dung and exhausting the strength In the Spring walk over the Ground you planted in Winter and set your Trees to right and tread the Mould to the Roots especially if the Spring be drye keep all the cracks filled with Mould after your Trees be set keep your ground with digging or plowing for three or four years at first but the longer the better your Trees will run and thrive in the loose Ground much but if you do not so much mind Order in Planting but would keep your Land for Corn and yet would gladly have Fruit-trees too which may very well be and you may have good store of Fruit and not much the less Corn then plant your Rowes about thirty foot asunder the longest wayes of your Ground and set the Trees in the Rows about 15 foot asunder and let the Trees in each Row stand exactly square so may you have a very fine Orchard and little or nothing the less Corn Many years may you have as much Fruit as is worth a good Crop of Corn off so much Land and not the less Corn which may well encourage you to planting if you dare believe me but if not be but so kind to your self and me as to trye whether I tell truth not Be sure to keep Cows out of your young Orchards Sheep will do no harm provided you wisp your Trees about with Thum-bands whilest young which is the best way to keep them from the destructive Hares and Coneys CHAP. XXXIV Of Pruning Trees some general Observations ALthough I have shewed you how to prune most sort of Trees in each Chapter where I shewed you how to raise them yet I shall say a little more and all will be too little for the Curate of Henonville tells you in his Book of the Manner of Ordering Fruit-trees That it is a Thing very rare among Gardners to Prune Trees well for the doing of it well depends more upon their Ingenuity than upon their Hand It is also very hard to give Instructions for it because it consists not in certain and general Maxims but varies according to the particular Circumstances of each Tree so that it depends absolutely upon the Gardners Prudence who ought of himself to judge what Branches must be left and which are fit to be cut away c. Indeed that erroneous Custome and Saying which is among most men of Timber-trees not to prune them at all or if you doe to cut off the boughs at distance from the Body hath made many a good Fruit-tree lose its life sooner by many years than it would have done and also hath yielded to the Owner much less and worse Fruit than it would have done Therefore whatsoever Bough you cut off from Fruit or Forrest-tree cut it close and smooth and the lowest side closest then will it not hold water and every year the Bark will surround and overgrow the wound by little and little till it hath quite healed the place But if you leave a Stump it 's likely that will hold water and make a hole into the very Body of your Tree and so in little time make it sick and kill it which before would bear you but little and poor Fruit Or if the Stump hang down so that it doth not hold wet then the Tree must be as big as that Stump is long on all sides before it can over-grow that place or if the Stump rots and breaks off then many times it leaves a hole in the Tree which if it tends much upward so that it takes water it certainly kills the Tree and if the Tree be not a very thriving Tree it will be very long before it overgrowes that hole though it do not take wet Therefore what boughs you cut off cut them off close unless the Tree be very old and the boughs great such I do not advise you to meddle with but if you doe cut them at a distance from the Body alwayes remembring to let the wound be smooth and to tend as much from the Horizon as may be All boughs that grow upright be they great or little cut them not right cross over but cut them sloping upward and let the slope aspect the South East or West if it may be and in those boughs that lean from the head cut the slope on the lower side the slope tending downward so will they cover over the better if the wound be great cover it over with some Clay well mixed with Horse-dung to keep it from the weather and it will cover over the sooner Many a good Tree is spoyled by grafting of it in bad places as I have seen in some hundreds of which I have not spared as oft as I could to tell the Owners but few would believe me for sometimes they cut off great boughs till they come to 6 Inches or thereabouts Diameter there they put in four or six Grafts in the Bark and sometimes two in the Clift and saw the bough right cross over though it grow upright in which if the Grafts do grow the head is so great and they growing Round as it were endeavouring to cover over the wound make such a hollow place like a Dish on the Head as holds water and kills the Tree which is many times dead before the Grafts can cover over the head or if the Tree doth not thrive very well they keep that place will covered with Loom or Clay mixed with Horse-dung and sometimes they head the Tree very low and thereby check it so much that it dyes in little time after Sometimes they cut off such great boughs and do it so ill that though the heads grow yet in little time these wounds kill the Tree Though I shall not here teach you how to graft yet let me advise you when you graft high great Trees not to cut them too low but to prune them up till they come to the thickness of your Arm or less and then graft them for then will the Grafts soon overgrow such places Leave a good many of these Heads on according to the bigness of your Tree that if some miss you may take them off the next Spring and yet have enough for the Head If you graft in the Bark you must remember to head your Grafts about Midsummer or else they will be subject to blow off put your Grafts in alway on the upper side
be broke and the Tree old cut it off at a distance from the Body but little boughs close 12. If a Tree be blasted in part or the whole head cut all that is blasted or dead close off to the Quick and take out all dead boughs Keep Catterpillers from the heads of young Trees lest they eat off the Leaves and Buds and kill your Tree 13. Take care to destroy Moles and Mice by Traps or Poyson for Moles will make hollow the Ground and much harm your young Trees Mice will eat all the Bark off round the Body in hard Winters and kill your Tree but mind you in time to prevent them 14. Rooks do destroy many a Tree both old and young before their time As to old Trees by pinching off the tops and breaking off the Buds and young Trees by lighting on their heads their weight breaking off their young tender shoots and Buds causes the Trees to die and also they destroy Seedlings where they breed their Dung brings forth great weeds as Nettles c. and so choaks the young Seedlings therefore kill all of them you can at breeding-time by shooting them and setting Lime-twips on the tops of your young Trees You 'l thrive the better if you destroy them CHAP. XXXVI Of Felling and Ordering Woods and Coppices IF you love to have a thriving Wood and to improve it for your best Advantage your best way is not to let it stand too long before you fell for the oftener you fell your under-wood the thicker it will be as at ten or twelve years growth on a shallow ground and twelve or fourteen years growth on your deep Soyl and best grounds for there be many Inconveniencies in letting your Woods stand too long before you fell them or Trees in Woods that do not prosper First When you let your Woods or Coppices stand long before you fell them you cannot come to survey your Timber-trees to see which be decaying and in so doing you are uncharitable to your Countrey no good Common-wealthsman no good Husband for your self and no good Christian For why should any Reasonable man let his Trees stand in his Woods or elsewhere with dead tops hollow Trunks Limbs falling down upon others and spoyling them dropping upon young Seedlings under it and killing them The ill husband while many of his Neigbours want such Timber nay possibly he himself there he lets his Trees stand which were formerly worth 10 or 5 l. a Tree or more till they be not worth the half that they were Here he loseth the use of his Money more than Twenty in the Hundred if it be an Oak he loses the Bark with the use of the Ground where 't is likely several young Trees might have been if that had been taken down in time I know that some persons of Quality say that this is a great Ornament to their Ground But I think no greater than it would be to their persons to wear a Garment very Old with half a skirt a piece of a Sleeve and all the Trimming off But I shall never pronounce such Judgement against trees having ten times more Mercy Such as be thriving unless they stand too thick I would intreat you not to cut down for you do not lose so much by suffering the Tree that is decaying to stand but you hinder you or yours as much in cutting down a young thriving Tree There are too many men in this Kingdom who before they sell their Estates will many times fell off all their Timber that was good and which would have thriven well for many years and so by the Moneys they make of that they lengthen out the time before they sell I wish that my Vote though single could perswade those men that are resolved to sell such Timber that they would also sell their Land with it and I do not question but the Purchaser if a Lover of Timber as most Purchasers are would then give more for the Timber to stand by at least 12 d. in the pound rather than have another man to buy it off from his Ground I once observed an Ash-tree in the Wood-walks at Cashiobury which stood in the Walk that I made through the Wood-walks to Hemsteed High-way which Ash I measured as followeth according to the customary way of measuring by the Line of Numbers it was a fine straight tree tapering a little so that I needed but to girth it in one place it girthed just 72 Inches and was 58 foot long from the place where the Root was sawn off to the place where the head was cut off The fourth part of 72 Inches is 18 Inches The Rule is as 12 To 18 the Square in Inches So is 58 foot the Length To a fourth Number And that fourth Number tells you the content in feet c. Extend the Compasses one point fixed in 12 the side in Inches of a superficial foot square to 18 Inches the square of the Tree keep the Compasses fixed and set one point on 58 the Length of the Tree in feet but it must be the 58 on the left hand or else the Compasses will go off the Rull and then turn the Compasses twice to the Right hand and the last movable point of the Compasses will fall upon 130 foot and something above a half but that Division is so small a man cannot read well how much it is if it be above half a foot This is the customary way with most men to measure trees though it makes less than there is which in reason ought to be considered in the price and not in the false measure but I will here shew you how to work both the customary and the true way by the Rules of Natural Arithmetick that so you may trie whether you have measured right by the Rule and Compass or no and also that you may see the sweet Agreement between Geometry and Arithmetick And first to work it by the customary way here we take the fourth part of the Circumference to be the side of the square of the Tree though erroneous and measure it as a Cylinder The fourth part of 72 In. is 18 In. which multiplyed in its self gives 324 the superficial Inches of one end Then 58 the Length multiplyed by 12 gives 696 Inches the Length of the Tree in Inches And 696 Inches multiplyed by 324 Inches gives 225504 the square Inches which summe divided by 1728 the square Inches in a solid foot gives 130 foot and a half I thought by the point of the Compasses it had been a little above ½ a foot but it is just half a foot Thus having shewed you both by Lines and Numbers what there was of this Tree the customary way I shall here shew how many foot of Timber there is in it the true way still supposing it to be a Cylinder that is a round Figure of equal Circumference in all parts there be several wayes to measure it as by having the Circumference or by having
the Diameter at the End or by having the side of a square equal to the Base thereof but we having the Circumference which is 72 Inches I shall proceed that way And first by the Rule and Compasses the Circumference being 72 Inches and the Length 696 Inches how many solid feet are there in such a tree As is the standing Number 147 36 To the Circumference 72 Inches So is the Length in Inches 696 To a fourth Number And from that to the Content in feet 166 and near half that Division being so small it cannot well be read on a two-foot Rule Extend the Compasses from the 147 â—6 â—â—0 point to 72 on the left hand keep the Compasses fixed and set one point on the Number 696 the Length in Inches and then turning your Compasses twice from that Number towards the left hand the point will fall upon 166. and near a half the solid Content in feet Or more easily thus As is the standing Number 42. 54. To 72 Inches the Circumference So is 58 foot the Length To a fourth and that fourth to 166 foot and a ½ fore Extend the Compasses from 42. 54 to 72 the Circumference in Inches that Extent will reach from 58 foot the Length to another Number and from that Number to 166 foot and somewhat more but how much more I shall shew you with my Pen and the ordinary way of working though Log. is much easier but some may not have tables or not understand them if they have Now having the Circumference given which is 72 Inches we must find the Diameter and the Rule is As 22 is to 7 so is 72 to 22 91 100 Inches the Diameter near 23 as here it is wrought Or you may do it by two turns of your Compasses Extend your Compasses from 22 to 7 the same Extent will reach from 72. to neer 23 for it wants but 2. of 22 Or if you will have it in more exact terms then Now for the Content of the Head multiply half the Circumference by half the Diameter and it giveth the superficial Content This multiplyed by 696 the Length of the Tree in Inches giveth the solid Content in Inches and that summ divided by 1728 the Inches in a Cubical Foot sheweth you how many foot and parts are in the tree The whole Content in Cube-feet is about 166 and a little more for if you come within ¼ of a foot in such summes as this with the Rule and Compasses 't is well When this Tree was sawn off a little above the Root I told just 72 annual Circles some of them were the greatest that I ever yet saw in any tree and those were about the middle of its Age some three made above one Inch so that the tree then did grow above two Inches in Diameter in three years time but at first and of late for some 6 or 7 years it did increase but little for it was neer at its full growth so that if you multiply 12 the Semi-Diameter for it was 24 Inches at the Root-end by 6 it gives you 72 so that it did grow one year with another 2 Inches in 6 year or one Inch in Diameter in three years I do not bring this Tree in for its Greatness but for its quick growth and fine Length of Timber which was helped by its situation it standing in a Valley and set round with many other great trees If this tree had been sold alone it being such a straight Tree and such a tough grane for your great grand Trees are alwayes the toughest to some Pike-maker c. it had been worth 1 s. 6 d. the foot at which price the very timber comes to 09 l. 15 s. 09 d. then the Head and Roots would well pay for the Stocking and making up the wood and make up this summe Ten pound too I do not bring this to compare with Trees that are and have been for the ingenious Author in his Discourse of Forrest-trees pag. 84. tells you of a Tree worth 50 l. as affirmed by Capt. Bullock but I mention it to shew those that love Trees what Profit a thriving tree brings them yearly And I dare affirm that they had better pay Use for Money than cut down a tree that stands in a good place and is in a good thriving Condition therefore if your trees be growing and increase in shoot be not too hasty in felling and when they are decaying it is too late therefore let them not decay too long before you fell them When your Wood is come to the growth you intend to fell at if your Wood be thick of wood then fell the Timber-trees and underwood as close to the ground as you can but if your wood be thin then stock up your trees especially if great timber and the Winter after into these holes where you stocked up the trees set Elm Cherry Popler Sarvice aud Sallow-Cuttings so will these trees which are subject to grow from the running Roots thicken your woods the Roots will pay for the stocking you will save a soot or two of the best of timber and the Roots of other wood will grow the better in the loose ground where you made the holes whereas the old Roots would keep the Ground from nourishing or any from growing there for many years If your Ground be a shallow Soyl do not fill up the holes quite but set in some Running wood the Ground being deep by the hills will make the other wood grow better and the ends of several Roots being cut will shoot forth at the sides of the hole and the holes will receive Seeds which the wind will blow into them and there being weeds to choak them they will grow well For these Reasons I stocked up all the great trees which we felled in our Wood at Cashiobury and I set in an Elm and a Cherry by the sides of the holes and the Spring after there came out of the side-roots of Maple Cherry c. which made good shoots and many Sallows came up in the holes whereby our Woods were very well thicken'd to the Conteut of my ingenious Lord though many people were much against it because it was not used so to be done If your Wood be thin at every felling lay some boughs which are most convenient into the thin places and before next fall you will have them well rooted and good shoots from them A man will doe a great many in one day for which you will be well satisfied in time December and January is the best time to fell Timber but the Oak in April if you would have the Bark when the Moon is decreasing and the wind not East When the Stubs of your under-woods are grown great stock them up This is found to be good Husbandry with us in Hartfordshire which they call Runting their Woods it makes way for Seedlings and young Roots to run the better Do this at felling-time wheresoever you have felled Trees at the Ground When
I take the mean Diameter to be 9 In. As 7 to 22 so 9 to 28 and 2 7 the Circumference of the hollow ¼ is 7 In. then as 12 to 7 so 12 foot to 4 and ¼ near which taken from 39 foot and ½ leaves 35 foot and ¼ for the sound Timber of that piece CHAP. XXXVIII Of making Walks Avenues or Lawns AS for making of Walks in Gardens I shall not speak of that in this place because I have resolved to keep my walk without the walls there are several Books of Gardening that have many Drafts and Knots in them but they be all done by ghess and none of them fitted to a scale to inform what Ground they be most proper for so that they be as fit for Butter-Prints as for Knots in a Garden Most Walks that are made abroad they either terminate or end or lead to the Front of a House or Door or Garden-gate or other Gate High-way or Wood c. Now if you would make a Walk from any one of these and have resolved upon the Center or Middle Line of the Walk as the Middle of a Door in the Front of a house or the like there pitch up a straight stake and then from the square of the Front c. raise a Perpendicular from this Stake and at a convenient distance in this perpendicular Line set up another stake let these two stakes be two little stakes at first but that at the Centre alwayes the highest these two stakes being thus fixed and you fully concluding them to be in the Mid-line then come to the Centre-stake and having in readiness a Quantity of Stakes according to the Length of your Walk bid one of your assistance go as far as you can well see back-sight and fore-sight and there by the motion of your hand or hat and his own back-sight let him fix upright one stake as exactly as may be in the Line then take up the two little stakes and at the Centre fix in a stake six foot high straight and upright with paper on the top and exactly in the place where the little stake stood Thus having got two stakes placed the Middle-stake and the Centre-stake you may if your Walk be level and the ground clear and the Walk not above one mile long set up one stake at the End in the Mid-line looking over the head of that stake and the other moving it till these three stakes be in a Right Line so may you have the middle line of your walk by these three stakes exacter than by more for the fewer stakes you use in your mid-line the better because that if you be but once a little amiss the more stakes are used you will be so much the further out of the right way And note it is better to take your sight over the head of your stakes than to look by their sides therefore you must have the Center stake highest the next a little shorter and so the next shorter than that c. but if your Ground be not level then order your stakes accordingly as thus And if your Ground be not level or be of such a length that you cannot well see from End to End then you must place down more stakes viz. between the Middle-stake and Centre-stake one and between the Middle and End-stake one if need require more I have oft made use of a sight-stake which I had only to find the place where my other stakes should stand this stake was made with a slit in the head half a foot deep which I looked through over the heads of the rest till I found the place where to set my stake right in the Mid-line It is of good use and Fig. 13. may somewhat represent it you may make it to slide up and down the better to come to the Level of the head of the stakes See Fig. 13. When you take sight to set any stake true in a Line with others stand at a little distance with your Eye from the head of the stake so shall you set it Exacter in the Line than when your Eye touches the head of the stake set your stake so that you may onely see three stakes in a Line let your Walk be of what length it will Having thus staked out your Mid-line strain a Line in this Mid-line and lay a square to that Line so set off the breadth of your Walk exactly square to your Middle-line then set up stakes as you did against every stake in the Middle of the Walk and when you have got the Lines true where your Trees must stand then drive down Oak-stakes in the Line to the head and then it is but putting down high stakes by these when you come to set your Trees Then having resolved on the distance to set your Trees at and provided good store of small stakes take your Chain and not a Line for that will retch and shrink and with your help set little stakes downright in this Line and square where you would have every Tree to stand these stakes are to make your holes by which I would have at least three foot wide and two foot deep and the holes made a Quarter of a Year before you set your Trees if it were a year 't were the better keeping the Mould turn'd over now and then and mixing it with Earth or Dung if need be then when the time of Planting is come begin betimes however on dry ground set up Stakes by every Oak-stake you left in the Row before having pruned the Roots and Heads to an equal height set them right one Tree against another square And if your Trees be not all of one Size set the greatest first right one against another and so lesser and lesser by degrees minding that both Rows go on square together and be sure you mind to let your Trees be at equal distance from End to End then if you have a point fixed at both Ends you must run over that distance you resolve to plant your Trees at before you set your Stakes and if you find it is over or short of equal distances then must you adde or substract this odde open to or from the rest to make them all of equal distance See Chap. 33. Now having your Trees and all things in Readiness set them by the Stakes standing in the Rows minding to set every Tree to range with the Stakes by back-sight and fore-sight Cover and part the Roots with fine Mould and when they be all covered lay on some Rotten Dung over that Mould and then cover that Dung with a little Mould this Dung will keep them from friezing in Winter and from drying too much in Summer and also well prepares the water for the Roots Thus having set them take care to fence them in at such places where need is so will you as well as I reap a great satisfaction if you let not the Dung touch the Roots Do not mask a fine Front nor vail a
but these we have here made are called Ambligone that is a Triangle which hath one obtuse and two acute Angles c. Thus having shewed you most of the Regular Figures through which a Walk may pass or in which a Walk may end I shall now shew how a VValk may pass through a Square and so proceed See Fig. 26. You may make your VValks according to this Figure or you may have the VValks break into the Square in the Middle on every side which Figure will do well with a Tree in the Centre where the prick is Thus See Fig. 27. How a VValk may end in a Square may well be perceived by this last Figure besides it is common in many places to be seen yet in my Opinion is not so convenient for a VValk to end in as the aforsaid Figures from these foregoing you may make several others according to your Ground for it is a good Rule to Cut your Coat according to your Cloath and to proportion the Figure your VValk ends in according to the best convenience of your Ground Let not your hand alwayes for Copies stay But let an active Fancy lead your way Proportion still your Figure to your Ground Whether it be Triangle Square or Round Some of these Figures are also the best to make your Lawns that is a spacious Plane joyning to your House which let be in Largeness according as your Ground will permit as 100 Acres or more This Lawn is most convenient to be on the South side or East side of your House For if it be on the VVest side it giveth the more way for the west wind which is most commonly the greatest to harm your House by its free passage thereto Also if your best Rooms front your Lawn as they alwayes should doe the Afternoon being the most usual time in which great Persons do solace themselves in these principal Rooms the Afternoon Sun will then be Offensive to such Rooms and the Prospect will both be hindred and not so pleasant for the Sun by shining against you and from the Object doth by both hinder your Prospect and most Prospects are most pleasant when the Sun shineth on them These Inconveniences which arise from your Lawns being on the west side of your House being considered I thence conclude by the Rule of Contraries that it is most convenient for your Lawn to be on the East side of your House for there you have your Rooms shady in the Afternoon the Objects which you view from your house much beautified by the Sun shining upon them in the Afternoon c. For the aforesaid Reasons your Lawn may do very well on the South side of your House for the Sun shining most part of the day on that side of your House doth much adde to the beauty of that Front which ought to be the best Front of your House therefore a large Lawn on that side doth much help the Prospect to the House and also from it A Lawn on the North side is no wayes convenient for that layes your House too open to the cold North winds c. VVherefore let your North and VVest sides be planted with VVoods Orchards c. A Square is no ill Figure for a Lawn thus VVhere there may be three Avenues break out at the three Angles or one at the Angle opposite to the House And if your Lawn be Rising Ground to the House some Trees set thin on the Lawn will be very pleasant See Fig. 28. Your Lawn may be bounded with VValks if you please which in this Figure will do well or you may have a single Row of Line-trees to bound your Lawn with set at a good distance one from another they will shew the shape of their heads the better As the Pricks are on the Lawn so may your Trees stand but leave the Front clear except the Lawn be much falling Ground from the House Let the Figure of the House be in the form of these two Fig. 28 29. or any other yet let the Lawn be on both sides the Front alike making an Angle at the middle of the Front or at some Court gate right before it and breaking off as you see in the Fig. at a convenient distance from the House A single Row of Line-trees set at 4 Rod distance as they be in the Fig. will be pleasant to bound your Lawn See Fig. 29. From these two you may make several but still mind to make such as will best fit your Ground A Circle is a good Figure for a Lawn onely it must break off before it comes against the Front A Triangle is also a very proper Figure for a Lawn but let it not be too Acute at the Angle which leads to the Front but rather Obtuse or right angled at the Angle next the Front as in the two last Figures I have often observed some Fields lying in the form of a Triangle leading up between two Woods or large Hedges and sometimes I have seen a House at the Angle this hath been very pleasant to my fancy especially when it hath ascended up hill and hath had the South South-east or East Aspect Now if Noble-men and Gentlemen that have Ground convenient would but make some such Lawns before their Houses it would be very pleasant and a great Ornament to their Seats They may make these Lawns and clear the wood that is within the Figure of them as it decayes or as they have occasion the Charge would not be great but the Pleasure and Profit would certainly be great and lasting I do preferre your Lime-trees to bound in your Lawn because it is a Tree that will grow well on any Soyl having but care to plant it as it should be beside the fine shape all the Trees will naturally grow in for they will seem as though they were cut provided they be not set too thick for then one hinders the shape of another The Elm is a good Tree for this purpose for it hath a fine green Leaf and if the Ground be Natural for it it will grow to a great Tree and straight if kept with Pruning as it ought to be These Trees you may plant thick round your Lawn The Beech in Ground where it likes makes a stately Tree so doth the Walnut Chesnut black Cherries where they like the Ground are quick Growers and very pleasant in the Spring when they be cloathed in their white Garments and indeed any Tree that is not very dangerous to remove as is the stately Oak and Pines which were the very best were it not for this fault The Firs and Ewes are not so difficult they will do well where they like the Ground c. Now where men have not the Convenience or the Quantity of Ground if they make but 20 Acres in a Field in some good Figure leading to the House it will be the more pleasant and the Charge as little as to do it other wayes CHAP. XXXIX Of several Superficial
up your Instrument be it Water-level or Ground-level with sights and when you have plâ—ced it so high as you may see over the highest part of the Ground as half a foot or a foot then set a stake in the middle the top exactly level with the sights and one on the highest side the top level with the middle stake then turn the Level or Lood back sight and set one Level with these two on the lowest ground So have you three stakes in Line level Keep your Level true to your Middle-stake and turn your Level till it makes Right-angles with these three stakes and set up two stakes at each side one Level with those three So have you five stakes set true Level in two Lines and if your Ground be large you may set up two Rowes more by the Level but in small Grounds 5 stakes is enow Then may you lay by your Level and looking over the head of one to the head of another cause your Assistant to put down stakes between two and two till you have set as many stakes level in your Ground as you think convenient Or you may have a Rule and look over the edge of that it being level with the head of the stake to the head of the other and put stakes down between you and the other stake what Number you please Thus having staked out your Ground with all the stakes heads level and half a foot higher than the highest part of your Ground in some Ground the middle-stake and the stakes in the Cross-line will be the Level-line the Ground must be brought to that is abating the hill and filling up the low-side to the Level of the Mid-line but if your Ground be very uneven then you must measure over all the stakes and take them middle-high for their mean Level and by the Rule of Three proportion your Ground to that Suppose a Valley be 10 Pole long and two foot deep from the straight Line and there is a hill 5 Pole long how many foot deep must I goe in that 5 Pole of the Hill to fill up this Valley This may be answered by the Rule of Three Inverse or back Rule of Three The Rule orders it self thus As 5 is to 2 so is 10 to 4 So if you work it by the Line of Numbers extend your Compasses from 5 to 2 that same Extent will reach from 10 to 4 so then you must goe 4 foot deep in such a Hill to make good such a Valley as is before said Suppose you are to abutt the top of a Hill four foot deep and 1. 2 Pole from the top of that Hill that 4 foot is to come out this is easily performed though a Leveller to the best man in the Land did not understand it set up a stake on the top of the Hill two foot or three foot long above ground and another at the same height where your depth comes out three Rod from that set a stake down till the head comes to be in a Line with these 2 and at that stake you must be one foot deep At 6 Pole another as before there you must be two foot deep another at 9 Pole there you must sink three foot You may set more stakes at equal distances which will direct you that you cannot goe amiss To make any Sloop first line out your top and foot true then if your Sloop be not very long you may have a Frame of Wood made according to your Sloop which will be as a Mould to trye your work by Two foot Rise in 6 foot Level is a good Proportion for a Sloop CHAP. LV. For making Syder observe these Rules WHatsoever Apples you make your Syder of let them hang on the Trees untill they be through Ripe which you may know by these few infallible Rules First if you find the Kernels Brown or the Seed rattle in the Apple as in some they will or if you see them begin to fall much in still weather or if you find them to handle like a drye piece of wood sounding in your hand if you toss them up then you may go to gathering as fast as you please so your Fruit be drye observe that the greener your Fruit is the sourer will your Syder be therefore be not too forward in gathering For gathering your Apples observe these Directions Take care they be not too much bruised for your bruised Fruit if they be a little kept will rott and give your Syder an ill taste and a high brown Colour and not yield so well for your bruised place of the Apple if it doth not immediately rott the Juice of that place will vapour forth and be a dry Red yielding little Taste or Liquor but sometimes a bad taste But to the making of one Hogshead of Syder there is required a great many Apples as if they be good yielding Fruit and not too long kept some 18 or 20 Bushel will make a Hogshead if not as aforesaid then 24 Bushels or more to one Hogshead Therefore though I would not have your Apple too much Bruised yet I would not advise you to pick them by hand But you may lay a Truss or two of Barly Straw under your Tree when you goe to gather them and on that lay some Blankets or the like according to the Bigness of your Trees thereon with Discretion shake your Fruit letting not too many lie on at one time but carry them to the Place where you intend they shall lie till you grind or beat them Thus you may remove your Straw and Blankets from Tree to Tree as your pleasure is Now for keeping them after you have gathered them let it be in some house if you can with convenience and on some dry boards or boarded flowers but if it be an Earth-flower you must lay them on first cover it with good dry straw and so lay them on that for if you lay them on the earth they will decay faster and turn musty before they have done sweating for 't is observed that which is best to preserve Plants is the quite contrary to keep and preserve Fruit for the holy Scripture telleth plain that which a man soweth must first dye before it take root to live and produce its kind Thus it may be with fruit lying on the ground where the secret vapours of the earth tend much to the death or dissolution of the fleshy part of the fruit that the seed might the sooner be at liberty to produce its like in its several kinds for Nature or the secret providing power of the Almighty is at all times and in all places actuating and assisting every species to produce its kind for any who hath but observed the Walnut or Chestnut though one hath got his Fur Gown the other his Noli-me-tangere Cloke as to too of the senses yet notwithstanding when they be able to shift for themselves as I may say then how willingly the Gown and Cloke is thrown aside to
Syder if your Fruit be good and very ripe you may put more if the contrary less let the tubs be covered and stand thus with the water and stampings together four or five dayes and nights if it be cold weather let them stand a week then you may press the stampings and as soon as you have got as much as you think will fill a vessel put it on the fire and scum it well and when you find the scum begins not to rise very fast then take it off from the fire and put it into Tubs or Coolers to cool and when it is cold then Tun it up and when it hath done working then bung it up and in a months time it will be fit to drink you may if you please boyl a little Ginger in it or a little Cloves Juniper berries or other things which you fancy to please the pallet or against some distempers you fear for small things taken in time may prevent dangers very great Syrupe of Rasburies gives a very pleasing taste in Syder Perry may be made and ordered after the same manner only take care your Pears be not too ripe for if they be you will be troubled to get your Liquor fine those Pears be best for Perry that have a hard flesh and stony at the core the juice easily separating from the flesh the Fruit yielding a good plenty of juice the Pears commonly of a harsh taste But those Pears that have a soft flesh as many of our best eating Pears have are not good for Perry as the Burry Borgatmotes Green-feilds Green-chesels and several others of like nature We have a Pear at Cashiobury and it is at other places near Watford it is a little harsh juicy Pear but makes excellent Liquor as my Honourable Lord can testifie and several others its only inconvenience is it is but a small Fruit but the quantity it yields is good I take it to be a kind of wild Pear never grafted but for its excellency aforesaid the kind deserves to be preserved by the curious I know no name it hath as yet Captain Wingate near Welling hath an excellent Pear for Perry I have tasted of the Liquor and have seen the fruit but whether it is a good bearer or no I know not which should be a property in Perry Pear-trees There is a Pear called by my ingenious Friend Mr. Pritchet Gardner to my Lord of Salisbury Rufins Pear which makes excellent Perry and is a good bearer as I have oft been informed by him by the taste of the fruit it is very good for Perry Indeed most sorts of baking Pears make good Perry or any that is Qualified as is beforesaid and that bears well and yields great store of Liquor Mind your Vessels be sweet you put your Syder or Perry in for a little tang in the Vessel will spoil all a Sack Vessel is very good though discommended by some so is your White-wine or Clarret-wine casks or a Vessel where Syder hath been before c. FINIS Here place the Figures The Contents of each particular Chapter Chap. 1. OF the several wayes of Raising Trees The best for Forrest-trees is by their Seeds Keys or Nuts c. pag. 1. Chap. 2. How to observe and know the nature of Seeds so as the better to raise them p. 3. Chap. 3. The shape of Seeds and their Weight do Inform you how to set them p. 5. Chap. 4. Observations of all sorts of Keyes and Seeds p. 6. Chap. 5. Of the several wayes to raise Forrest-trees or others and how to perform the same by Laying p. 9. Chap. 6. Of those sorts of Trees that will grow of Cuttings and how to perform the same p. 12. Chap. 7. Of such sorts of Trees as may be Raised by the Roots of another Tree and how to Raise them p. 13. Chap. 8. What Soyl or Dung is best sor Trees or their Seeds p. 14. Chap. 9. Of Water for Trees and Seeds and watering them p. 20. Chap. 10. Of Oaks Raising and Improving p. 34. Chap. 11. Of Raising and Ordering the Elm p. 50. Chap. 12. Of Raising and Ordering the Ash p. 53. Chap. 13. Of Raising and Ordering the Beech p. 57. Chap. 14. Of Raising and Ordering the Walnut p. 58. Chap. 15. Of Raising and Ordering the Chestnut p. 63. Chap. 16. Of Raising and Ordering the Sarvice-tree p. 64. Chap. 17. Of Raising and Ordering the Cherry-tree p. 65. Chap. 18. Of Raising and Ordering the Line-tree p. 67. Chap. 19. Of Raising and Ordering the Maple p. 72. Chap. 20. Of Raising and Ordering the Sycamore ibid. Chap. 21. Of Raising and Ordering the Hornbeam p. 73. Chap. 22. Of Raising the Quickbeam p. 75. Chap. 23. Of Raising the Birch ibid. Chap. 24. Of Raising the Hasel p. 77. Chap. 25. Of Raising the several sorts of Poplars ibid. Chap. 26. Of Raising the Alder p. 81. Chap. 27. Of Raising the Withy Willows Sallow Oziers p. 82. Chap. 28. Of the Pine Firre Pinaster c. p. 84. Chap. 29. Of Raising the Yew Holly Box Juniper Bayes c. p. 86. Chap. 30. General Rules for planting Forrest-trees in Avenues Walks or Orchards as in a natural ground p. 88. Chap. 31. Of planting Forrest-trees to make VVoods or to fill up Naked places in VVoods where they want p. 89. Chap. 32. Of Planting Young Hedges and how to improve and keep old Hedges p. 95. Chap. 33. Of Planting several sorts of Forrest-trees in order to making the best advantage of Ground as Orchards or the like p. 104. Chap. 34. Of Pruning Trees some general Observations p. 112. Chap. 35. Of the Diseases of Trees p. 117. Chap. 36. Of Felling and Ordering VVoods and Coppices p. 119. Chap. 37. How to take the height of a Tree several wayes the better to judge the worth of them c. p. 126. Chap. 38. Of making VValks Avenues or Lawns p. 135. Chap. 39. Of several superficial Figures and how they are to be measured p. 148. Chap. 40. To Divide a Right Line given according to any Proportion Required and how to Divide Land or VVoods with some uses of the four-pole Chain p. 151. Chap. 41. Of Measuring Holes and Borders that be under a pole broad by which you may the better let or take them to doe by the Pole-square c. with several Tables of Measures p. 160. Chap. 42. Of Measuring Timber and other solid Bodies with several Tables useful thereunto p. 170. Chap. 43. Of the Oval how to make it and how to Measure it with other Observations thereon p. 176. Chap. 44. Suppose you have a Plot to draw on one or many sheets of Paper and you would draw it at as large as the Paper will bear to know what Scale you shall Draw it by p. 179. Chap. 45. To finde what Scale a Plate or Draft is drawn by the content of the Ground being given p. 181. Chap. 46. The Description of the Line of Numbers or Gunters Line p. 181. Chap. 47. Numeration on the Line or to read a Summe on the Line of Numbers p. 184. Chap. 48. Addition on the Line of Numbers p. 186. Chap. 49. Substraction on the Line of Numbers p. 187. Chap. 50. Multiplication on the Line of Mumbers p. 188. Chap. 51. Division on the Line p. 193. Chap. 52. The Rule of Three on the Line p. 194. Chap. 53. The Golden Rule Reverse by the Line of Numbers p. 196. Chap. 54. Of Levelling any Ground and to make Slopes or Batteries c. p. 198. Chap. 55. Rules for making of Syder p. 200. A Catalogue of Books of Husbandry Sold by Peter Parker at the Leg and Star in Cornhil THe English Gardner or a sure guide to young Planters and Gardners in three Parts 1. Shewing the way and order of Planting and Raising all sorts of stocks Fruit-trees and shrubs with the divers wayes and manners of Ingrafting and Inoculating in their several seasons 2. How to order the Kitchin Garden for all sorts of Herbs Roots and Sallads 3. The ordering the Garden of pleasure how to Raise all sorts of flowers and their seasons with directions touching Arbors and Hedges in Gardens likewise several other things fit to be known to all that delight in Orchards and Gardens By Leonard Meager above thirty years Practitioner in the Art of Gardening The Countrey-mans Recreation or the Art of Planting Graffing and Gardening in three Books 1. Declaring divers wayes of Planting and Graffing 2. Treateth of the Hop-garden with Instructions for making and the maintenance thereof 3. The expert Gardener containing divers necessary and rare secrets belonging to that Art with Directions to know the time and season to Sow and Plant all manner of Seeds also how to destroy Snails Canker-worms Moles and all other Vermin which usually breed in Gardens Whereunto also is added the Art of Angling The manner of ordering Fruit-trees by the Sieure Le Gendre Curate of Henonville where in treated of Nurseries Wall fruits hedges of Fruit trees Dwarf-trees high standers c. Written in French and translated faithfully into English at the request of several persons of Honour A Piece so highly approved of in France that it hath been divers times Printed there The Government of Cattle divided into three Books 1. Treating of Oxen Kine and Calves and how to use Bulls and other Cattle to the Yoake or fell 2. Discoursing of the Government of Horses with approved medicines against most Diseases 3. Of the ordering Sheep and Goates Hogs and Dogs with true remedies to help the infirmities that befall any of them Also instructions for taking Moles and husbanding of Grounds composed by Leonard Mascal
2 the other will reach to 12 and so many Pence two Foot will cost and so of any other summe Example 3. If a Load of Timber or 50 foot of Timber c. be sold for 37 s. 6 d. that is 450 pence what is that for one Foot Set one poynt of your Compasses on 50 extend the other to 450 that same Extent will reach from 1 to 9 and so many pence will one Foot cost at 37 s. 6 d. the Load And if you would know what 6 Foot will cost the same distance of your Compasses will reach from 6 to 54 and so many pence 6 foot will cost at the aforesaid price But now having the price of one Foot given you and you would know what that is a Load as if a Foot cost 9 d. the Rule is thus Extend your Compasses from 1 to 9 that Extent will reach from 50 which is a Load to 450 the Pence that a Load costs and if you would know what this is in Shillings extend your Compasses from 12 to one being 12 d. makes one Shilling that Extent will reach from 450 to 37 and a half that is 37 Shillings and 6 pence for ½ a Shilling is 6 d. Example 4. By this Line and Compasses you may soon find the Decimal Fraction of any summe the Integer being but given If it be required to know the Decimal Fraction of 15 s. the Pound or 20 Shillings may be 10000 or 1000 or more for the larger you make this summe the better will the Fraction appear But because great summes cannot be so well wrought on the Line I will take the Integer or 20 Shillings to be put into 100 parts and then if you extend your Compasses from 20 to 100 that Extent will reach from 15 to 75 the Decimal of 15. Thus if you would know the Decimal Fraction of thirteen Shillings if you keep the Extent of your Compasses fixed which you took from 20 to 100 that Extent will reach from 13 to 65 So then 65 is the Decimal of thirteen Shillings If you would know the Decimal of 5 Shillings the same Extent will reach from 5 to 25 the Decimal of 5 Shillings The Decimal of 2 Shillings is 10 the Decimal of one Shilling is 05 that is 5 of 100 for if that Cypner were not prefixed before it then were it but 5 of 10. Thus by these Rules may you know any other Decimal Fraction Example 5. If 100 l. gain 120 Shillings in one Year or 6 l. what will 30 l. gain in the same time Extend the Compasses from 100 to 120 that same will reach from 30 to 36 so that 30 l. will gain 36 shillings in one year twelve months or 365 dayes Example 6. If one year or 365 dayes yield for the Interest of 20 pounds 24 s. or 288 pence what will 60 dayes yield for 20 l Extend your Compasses from 365 the dayes in one Year to 288 the Pence in 24 Shillings that same Extent will reach from 60 to 47 and neer a ½ so that 20 will yield in 60 dayes 47 Pence ¼ and better These few Rules of many will shew you the manner how to work the Golden Rule direct on the Line of Numbers There is also the Golden Rule reverse or backward Rule of Three and though it is not so usefull as the direct Rule yet it is worthy to be known for its excellent uses The Rule of Three direct you see the Number that is sought ought to proceed from the second term as the third did from the first in the same proportion Therefore if you multiply the Second Number by the third Number or the third by the second their Product divided by the first giveth the fourth CHAP. LIII The Golden Rule Reverse by the Line of Numbers THE Rule of Three Inverse is when the Number sought proceeds from the second term in the same proportion as the first proceeds from the third And if the third Number be greater than the first then will the fourth Number be less than the second But if the third be less than the first then the fourth will be greater than the second In this Rule if you multiply the first term by the second and divide the Product by the third the Quotient sheweth the fourth The first Number and the third must be of one Kind and the second Number or middle Number of the three given must be of the same kind with the fourth Example 1. If 24 Men do any piece of work in 16 dayes how many men are required to do such another piece of work in four dayes According to the Rules before named though 24 be here propounded first yet it must be in the Second place and then the Question will order it self thus As 4 is to 24 so is 16 to 96 Or thus As 4 is to 16 so is 24 to 96. Therefore extend your Compasses from 4 to 24 that same Extent will reach from 16 to 96. Or the Extent of 4 to 16 will reach from to 24 to 96 So that if 24 do a piece of work in 16 dayes 96 will do as much in 4 dayes Example 2. If 9 Bushels of Provender serve 8 Horses 12 dayes how many dayes will that serve 16 Horses The Question will order it self thus As 16 is to 8 so is 12 to 6. Or as 16 is to 12 so is 8 to 6. Extend your Compasses from 16 to 12 that Extent will reach from 8 to 6 So that if 9 serve 8 Horses 12 dayes it will serve 16 but 6 dayes If this Question had been in the Rule of Three direct then it would have ordered it self thus If 8 had cost 12 then 16 would have cost 24. But in this Inverse Rule you must begin with 16 which is the third Number and so work backward as is before shewed at large Example 3. If such a Quantity of Bisket will serve 100 men eight weeks how many men will it serve ten weeks In this Example as in the other you must begin with the third summe first and so work back as before for here the third summe is 10 which you must begin withall and the Question will order it self thus As 10 is to 8 so is 100 to 80 therefore to work it by the Line extend your Compasses from 10 to 8 that same Extent will reach from 100 to 80 So it will serve 80 men 10 weeks There be many other Rules which may be wrought on the Line of Numbers But if you would be further satisfied see the works of Mr. Gunter Mr. Wingat c. And I shall conclude with Holy David Psal 115. last Verse as I hope you will with me But we will praise the Lord from henceforth and for ever Praise ye the Lord. CHAP. LIV. Of Levelling any Ground and to make Slopes or Batteries c. TO level any piece of Ground that you can see from side to side or from the Middle to any side goe into the middle and there set