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A28496	Irelands naturall history being a true and ample description of its situation, greatness, shape, and nature, of its hills, woods, heaths, bogs, of its fruitfull parts, and profitable grounds : with the severall ways of manuring and improving the same : with its heads or promontories, harbours, roads, and bays, of its springs, and fountains, brooks, rivers, loghs, of its metalls, mineralls, free-stone, marble, sea-coal, turf, and other things that are taken out of the ground : and lastly of the nature and temperature of its air and season, and what diseases it is free from or subject unto : conducing to the advancement of navigation, husbandry, and other profitable arts and professions / written by Gerald Boate ; and now published by Samuell Hartlib for the common good of Ireland and more especially for the benefit of the adventurers and planters therein.	Boate, Gerard, 1604-1650.; Hartlib, Samuel, d. 1662.	1657 (1657)	Wing B3373; ESTC R27215	105,129	208

the Marle in Ireland and the manner of Marling the land there MArle is a certain sort of fat and clayish stuff being as the grease of the earth it hath from antient times on greatly used for manuring of land both in France and England as may appear out of Pliny in the sixth seventh and eighth Chapters of his seventeenth Book The same also is stil very usual in sundry parts of England being of an incomparable goodness The which caused the English who out of some of those places where Marle was used were come to live in Ireland to make diligent search for it and that with good success at last it having been found out by them within these few years in severall places first in the Kings-county not far from the Shanon where being of a gray colour it is digged out of the Bogs And in the County of Wexford where the use of it was grown very common before this Rebellion especially in the parts lying near the sea where it stood them in very good steed the land of it self being nothing fruitfull For although the ground for the most part is a good black earth yet the same being but one foot deep and having underneath a crust of stiff yellow clay of half a foot is thereby greatly impaired in its own goodness In this depth of a foot and a half next under the clay lyeth the Marle the which reacheth so far downwards that yet no where they are come to the bottom of it It is of a blew colour and very fat which as in other ground so in this is chiefly perceived when it is wet but brittle and dusty when it is dry Sect. 2. The manner charges and profit of Marling the ground The Marle is layd upon the land in heaps by some before it is plowed by others after many letting it lye several moneths ere they plow it again that the Rain may equally divide and mixe it the Sun Moon and Air mellow and incorporate it with the earth One thousand Cart-loads of this goeth to one English Acre of ground it being very chargeable for even to those who dig it out of their own ground so as they are at no other expences but the hire of the labourers every Acre cometh to stand in three pounds sterling But these great expences are sufficiently recompenced by the great fruitfulness which it causeth being such as may seem incredible for the Marled-land even the very first year fully quitteth all the cost bestowed on it There besides it is sufficient once to Marle whereas the ordinary dunging must be renewed oftentimes Sect. 3. The usage of the Marled-land practised by them of the County of Wexford The good usage of the Marled-land to keep it in heart for ever after doth consist in the opinion and practise of some in letting it ly Fallow at convenient times but the ordinary manner commonly practised by the inhabitants of the County of Wexford and counted the best by them is that having sowed it five or six years together with the richest sorts of Corn to wit Wheat and Barley especially that sort which in some parts of England and generally in Ireland is peculiarly called Bear being a much richer Grain than the ordinary Barley it being afterwards turned to Pasture whereunto it is very fit forasmuch as it bringeth very sweet grass in great abundance For the Marle is also used on Meddows at the first with very good success improving the same most wonderfully If the Marled-land be thus used and by turns kept under Corn and Grass it keeps its fruitfulness for ever where to the contrary if year after year it be sowed till the heart be drawn out it 's quite spoyled so as afterwards it is not possible to bring it again to any passable condition by any kind of Dunging or Marling This would ordinarily be done in the space of ten yeares for so long together the Marled-land may be sowed and bring every year a rich crop of the best Corn. Nevertheless this is not generall but taketh place onely in the worser kind of ground for where the land of it self is better and richer there after Marling Wheat and other Corn may be sowed not only for ten yeares together but longer For very credible persons have assured me that some parts of the County of Wexford having bo●n very good Corn for thirteen yeares together and afterwards being turned to Pasture it was as good and fertile as other marled-Marled-grounds that had been under Corn but five or six years Sect. 4. Of the Marle in Connaught The Province of Connaught by what hath been discovered is much more plentifull in Marle than Leinster as in other Counties so in those of Roscoman Slego and Galloway almost in every part of it It is there of three several colours some being white as chalk other gray and some black but none blew as that in the County of Wexford It lyeth nothing deep under the upper-upper-ground or surface of the earth commonly not above half a foot but it s own depth is so great that never any body yet digged to the bottom of it The land which they intend to Marle in this Province is commonly plowed in the beginning of May and lying five or six weeks untill it be sufficiently dryed and mellowed by the Sun and Wind they harrow it and then having brought the Marle upon it five or six weeks after it is plowed again and a third time about September After which third plowing they sow it with Wheat or Barley whereof they have a very rich crop the next year Sect. 5. Property and usage of the Marled-lands in Connaught Land Marled in that manner as we have said may be sowed ten or twelve yeares together the first eight or nine-with Wheat and Bear or Barley and the remaining three or four years with Oates afterwards the land is turned to pasture and having served some years in that kind it may be Marled anew and made as good for Corn as at the first For the observation of those of the County of Wexford that land may not be Marled more than once doth not take place in Connaught where it is an ordinary thing having some space of years to make it again I know some Gentlemen who have caused some parcels of land to be Marled thrice in the space of twenty yeares and have found very good profit by it But whether this be caused by the difference of the ground and Marle appearing also hereby that in Connaught they scarce lay the fourth part of the quantity of Marle on the ground of what they doe in the County of Wexford or by the carelesness or want of experience of those of that County I am not yet fully informed But thus much is known as well in Connaught as other parts that those who sow the Marled-land untill it can bear no more and be quite out of heart wil find it exceeding difficult if not altogether impossible ever to amend or improve

Kilacollie alias Bailieborrough in the County of Cavan vvhich being ten miles long is almost nothing else but a continuance of hils of no great bigness all very fruitfull land both Pasture and Arable In the County of Westmeath from Lough-Crevv to Lough-Sillon and beyond it as far as Ballaneach vvhere Mr William Fleving had built a fair house and Farm ten yeares before the late detestable Massacre and bloody Rebellion of the Irish. These hils are for the most part lovv and small yet some of a good height and bigness the ground lean in many places very stony in some rocky not of any one continuall Rock but-by peecemeals here and there rising and appearing Yet are these hils in severall places wet and moorish aswell in the Rockie as other parts These hills serve only for pasture of sheep In the major part of the Mountainous country of Wickloe the which beginning five miles to the South of Dublin doth extend it self above fiftie miles in length and in severall other parts It hath bin observed in many parts of Ireland but chieflie in the county of Meath and further North-ward that upon the top of the great hills and mountaines not onely at the side and foot of them to this day the ground is uneven as if it had been plowed in former times The inhabitants doe affirm that their fore-fathers being much given to tillage contrarie to what they are now used to turn all to plow-land Others say that it was done for want of arable because the Champain was most every where beset and over spread with woods which by degrees are destroyed by the warres They say further that in those times in places where nothing now is to be seen but great loggs of a vast extent there were thick woods which they collect from hence that now then trees are digged out there being for the most part some yards long and some of a very great bignes and length Sect. 4. Of the higher sort of Mountaines in Ireland As for those other mountains the which with an excessive height rise up towards the Skies they are not very common in Ireland and yet some there be which although not comparable with the Pyrenaei lying between France and Spain with the Alpes which divide Italy from France and Germany or with other mountains of the like vast height nevertheless may iustly be counted among the lostie mountains Of this number are the Mountains of Carlingford betwixt Dundalke and Carlingford the which in a clear day may easily be seen from the Mountains to the South of Dublin the which are more than fortie miles distant from them the Mountains about Lough Suillie in the North-parts of Vlster the which may be seen many miles off in the Sea the Curlews that sever the counties of Slego and Roscoman in Connaught the twelve Mountains in the North-quarter of the County of Tipperary in Munster the which farre exceding the rest of the mountains there are knowne by the name of the twelve hils of Phelim●ghe Madona Knock-Patrick in the West part of the county of Limmerick not farre from the bay of Limmerick which Mountain can be se●n by the ships which are a huge-way from the land yet the Mountains of Brandon hills in the County of Kerry to the East of the haven of Smerwick the which are discovered by the Sea-faring men when they are above fifty miles from the land in the North-west quarter of the county of Waterford called Slew-Boine that in the mountainous country of Wickloe which for it's fashions sake is commonly called the sugarloaf and may be seen very many miles off not only by those that are upon the Sea but even into the land Sect. 5. Nature of the Ground in Ireland and of the fruitfull grounds Next to the fore-going division of Ireland taken from the fashion and outward form of the land commeth to be considered that which consisteth in the nature of the soil or ground some parts of the countrie beeing fruitfull and others barren The fertile soil is in some places a blackish earth in others clay and in many parts mixt of both together as likewise there be sundry places where the ground is mixt of earth and sand sand and clay gravell and clay or earth but the chalke-ground and red earth which both are very plentifull and common in many parts of England are no where to be found in Ireland These grounds differ among themselves in goodness and fatness not only according to the different nature of the soil whereof they consist but also according to the depth of the mold or uppermost good crust the nature of the ground which lyeth next to it underneath for the best and richest soil if but half a foot or a foot deep and if lying upon a stiffie clay or hard stone is not so fertile as a leaner soil of greater depth and lying upon sand or gravell through which the superfluous moisture may descend and not standing still as upon the clay or stone make cold the roots of the grasse of corn and so hurt the whole There be indeed some countries in Ireland where the ground underneath being nothing but stone and the good mold upon it but very thin it is nevertheless very fruitfull in corn and bringeth sweet grass in great plenty so as sheep other cattle do wonderful wel thrive there which kind of land is very common in the County of Galloway and in some other Counties of Connaught as also in sundry parts of the other Provinces But the reason thereof is in those parts because the stone whereon the mould doth lye so thinly is not Free-stone or any such cold material but Lime-stone which doth so warm the ground and giveth it so much strength that what it wants in depth is thereby largely recompensed Sect. 6. Causes hindering the fruitfulness of the ground where the soyl otherwise is not bad Except in the case now by us declared neither Corn nor Grass will grow kindly where the ground though otherwise good is not deep enough as also where it hath a bad crust underneath From whence it commeth that in many places where the grass doth grow very thick and high the same nevertheless is so unfit for the food of beasts that cows and sheep will hardly touch it especially if they have been kept in better pastures first except that by extreme famine they be compelled thereto and that by reason of the coarsness and sowerness of the grass caused by the standing still of the water the which through the unfitness of the neather crust finding not a free passage downwards maketh cold the good mold and the crop and grass degenerate from its natural goodness For the same reason the land in many parts where otherwise the soyl in it self would be fit enough to produce good Wheat or Barley will hardly bear any thing else but Oats or Rye and that none of the best As in other parts the fault is in the soyl it self

dunging so as the inhabitants thereof never trouble themselves to keep the dung of their beasts but from time to time fling it into a River which runneth by them But this happiness and richness of soil as it is very rare over all the world so in Ireland too being confined to very narrow bounds all the rest of the Kingdom is necessitated for the ends aforesaid to help and improve their Lands by dunging the which they do severall manner of wayes Sect. 2. Of Sheeps-dung The commonest sort of manuring the lands in Ireland is that which is done with the dung of beasts especially of Cows and Oxen and also of Horses mixed with a great quantity of straw and having lyen a long while to rot and incorporate well together Whereof as of a matter every where known and usuall it is needless to speak further Onely thus much seemeth good to us not to pass over in silence that if Sheep here as in other countries were housed and kept up in stables for any long time together their excrements would make better dung than that of any other four-footed creatures For the land on which sheep have fed for two or three yeares together or longer is so greatly enriched thereby that when it commeth to bee plowed it bringeth a much fairer and plentifuller crop than if from the beginning it had been made Arable and dunged after the ordinary manner Wherefore also great Sheep-masters may set their land where the sheep have been feeding some yeares together as dear again by the Acre than what at the first they could have got for it of any body Wherefore also it is an usuall thing in Ireland as well as in England to drive the sheep upon the Fallow and to keep them there untill all the hearbs which may minister any food unto the Sheep be by them consumed which doth the ground a great deal of good and giveth it heart to bring afterwards the better increase And the same also helpeth greatly for to make good grass grow upon the Arable when the same is turned into Pasture and Meddow a thing ordinarily used in sundry parts of Ireland and many times necessary for to keep the lands in heart For ground being plowed and the Sheep driven thither as soon as any herbs grow upon it they do not only consume the Thistles and other useless herbs but cause good grass to grow up in lieu thereof and that speedily For in all places where their dung lighteth of the best and sweetest sorts of grass do grow and that within the first year which otherwise would not have come in much longer time and that nothing near so good generally Sect. 3. An usefull observation about Cows-dung There is a notable difference betwixt Sheeps-dung and that of other cattle as in the goodness and richness it self so in the particular last mentioned by them For that of Oxen and Cows is no wayes fit for dunging untill it is grown old and hath lyen a soaking with straw a great while Dayly experience shewing in Ireland as in England and other countryes that in those places of the pastures where the fresh Cow-dung falleth and remaineth the grass the next year doth grow ranker and higher than in the rest of the same fields but so sowre and unpleasing that the beasts will not offer to touch it so as ordinarily you shall see these tufts of grass standing whole and undiminished in the midst of pastures that every where else are eaten bare and to the very ground The which as in part it may bee imputed to the quantity of the dung the which being greater than the earth can well digest and conveniently unite with it self cannot be turned into so good and sweet nourishment so doth it also without doubt come in part through the very nature of the dung the which of it self and without a long preparation and alteration is not so fit to nourish the ground as that of sheep Sect. 4. Of Pigeons-dung Pigeons-dung also is very convenient for the improvement of the ground and I know some in Ireland who having tryed that have found a wonderfull deal of good in it incomparably more than in that of any four-footed beasts and of Sheep themselves But the Pigeon-houses no where in Ireland being so big as to afford any considerable quantity and never having heard of any body there who could dung more than an Acre or two with all the Pigeons-dung which had been gathering the space of a whole twelve-moneth it cannot well be reckoned among the common sorts Sect. 5. Of Ashes and Mud. Besides the dung of Beasts there are usuall in Ireland or were before this Rebellion five or six other sorts for to Manure and Improve the ground whereof some are as good as the dung consisting of the excrements of beasts and others do far surpass it One of these sorts is Ashes and Mud another As for the first I have understood of Englishmen who had lived many years in Ireland and all that while had exercised Husbandry that they had used to gather all their Ashes of their hearths bake-houses and brew-houses being Wood-ashes and to lay them of a heap somewhere in the open air from whence at convenient times they would carry them upon their grounds and there spread them in the same manner as other dung but nothing near in so great a quantity wherein they affirmed to have found as much and more good than in any dung of beasts And I know several other English who living in Ireland did use to take the scouring of their ditches together with other Mud digged out of the Bogs and having let it lye a good while a rotting in great heaps did afterwards carry it upon their lands in lieu of dung the which they found very good and usefull for that purpose These two sorts were never yet brought into common use but onely practised by some few persons especially that of the Ashes although in other Countries they have been known long since so as Pliny who lived about fifteen hundred years ago writeth in the ninth Chapter of the seventeenth Book of his Natural History that in his time in that part of Italy which is situated between the Alpes and the River Po comprehending those Countries which now are known by the names of Piemont and Lombardy Ashes were more used and commended for the manuring of the grounds than the dung of beasts As concerning the burning of the Heath and other dry herbs standing upon the ground for to manure the land with the ashes thereof that not properly belonging to this place shall be spoke of more at large in some of the ensuing Chapters Sect. 6. Of Lime The English living in queens-Queens-county in Leinster having seen that in sundry parts of England and Wales especially in Pembrookshire Lime was used by the inhabitants for the manuring and inriching of their grounds begun some years since to practise the same and found themselves so well thereby that in a

nimble trick called commonly treading of the Bogs most Irish are very expert as having been trained up in it from their infancy The firm places in passing or but lightly shaking them tremble for a great way which hath given them the name of Shaking-Bogs and where they are but of a small compass Quagmires Sect. 5. Of the Watery-Bogs and of the Miry-Bogs The Watery-bogs are likewise clothed with Grass but the water doth not sink altogether into them as into the former but remaineth in part standing on the top in the same manner as in some of the Grassie-bogs and in all the low Pastures and Meddows of Holland by reason whereof these Bogs are not dangerous for every one at the first sight may easily discern them from the firm ground These two sorts are in many parts found apart and in others mixt and interlaced and likewise parcels both of the one and the other are found up and down in the Moory-heaths and Red-bogs Both these sorts as well the watery as the Green-Bogs yeeld for the most part very good Turf much better than the Red-Bogs whereof more shall be spoken hereafter The Miry-Bogs do consist of meer Mud and Mire with very little or no grass upon them These are commonly of a very small compass whereas most part of the other two are of a notable extent and some of several miles in length and breadth Sect. 6. Of the Hassockie-bogs Hassockie-bogs we call those whose ground being miry and muddy is covered over with water a foot or two deep in some places more in others less so as one would sooner take them for Loughs were it not that they are very thick over-spread with little Tufts or Ilets the which consisting of Reeds Rushes high sower Grass and sometimes with little Shrubs for the most part are very small and have but a few feet in compass some of them being of the bigness of a reasonable big chamber These little Ilets or Tufts being so many in number and spread over all the Bog there remaineth nothing between them but great Plashes of water in regard whereof these Bogs might well be called Plashy-Bogs in some places wider in others narrower so as from the one men may well step or leap to the other that which those who are expert in it know how to do very nimble and so to run from one part of the Bog to another For the roots of the Rushes Reeds and other things growing on those Tufts are so interwoven that they can easily bear a man who lightly treadeth upon them although they have very little earth and are wondrous spungy so as they when the water being drained the Bog is dried round about may easily be plucked from the ground The English inhabiting in Ireland have given these Tufts the name of Hassocks and this sort of Bogs Hassocky-bogs Of which Bogs Munster and other Provinces are not altogether free but most of them are found in Leinster especially in Kings and Queens-county where also the othtr sorts of Bogs are very common whereas otherwise Connaught is generally fuller of Bogs than any of the other Provinces CHAP. XIV Originall of the Bogs in Ireland and the manner of Draining them practised there by the English Inhabitants Sect. 1. Of the originall of Bogs in this Countrie VEry few of the Wet-bogs in Ireland are such by any naturall property or primitive constitution but through the superfluous moysture that in length of time hath been gathered therein whether it have its originall within the place it self or be come thither from without The first of these two cases taketh place in the most part of the Grassie-bogs which ordinarily are occasioned by Springs the which arising in great number out of some parcel of ground and finding no issue do by degrers soak through and bring it to that rottenness and spunginess which nevertheless is not a little increased through the rain water comming to that of the Springs But the two other sorts viz. the Waterie and Hassockie-bogs are in some places caused by the rain-water onely as in others through brooks and rivelets running into them and in some through both together whereunto many times also cometh the cause of the Grassi-bogs to wit the store of Springs within the very ground and all this in places where or through the situation of them and by reason of their even plainness or hollowness or through some other impediment the water hath no free passage away but remaineth within them and so by degrees turneth them into Bogs Sect. 2. Retchlesness of the Irish cause of most of the Bogs Of trees found in Bogs So that it may easily be comprehended that whoso could drain the water and for the future prevent the gathering thereof might reduce most of the Bogs in Ireland to firm land and preserve them in that condition But this hath never been known to the Irish or if it was they never went about it but to the contrarie let daily more more of their good land grow boggy through their carelesness whereby also most of the Bogs at first were caused This being otherwise evident enough may further be confirmed by the whole bodies of trees which ordinarily are found by the turf-diggers very deep in the ground as well of other trees as of Hasels likewise they meet sometimes with the very Nuts themselves in great quantity the which looking very fair and whole at the outside as if they came but newly 〈…〉 have no kernell within the same through the great length of time beeing consumed and turned into filth And it is worthie of observation that trees truncks of trees are in this manner found not only in the Wet bogs but even in the Heathy ones or Red bogs as by name in that by the Shanon-side wherof hath been spoken above in which bog the turf diggers many times doe find whole Firr-trees deep in the ground whether it be that those trees being fallen are by degrees sunk deeper and deeper the earth of that Bog almost every where being very loose and spungy as it is in all such Bogs or that the earth in length of time bee grown over them Sect. 3. Draining of the Bogs practised by the English in Ireland But as the Irish have been extreme careless in this so the English introducers of all good things in Ireland for which that brutish nation from time to time hath rewarded them with unthankfulnes hatred and envy and lately with a horrible and bloody conspiracie tending to their utter destruction have set their industrie at work for to remedy it and having considered the nature of the Bogs and how possible it was to reduce many of them unto good land did some yeares since begin to goe about it all over the land and that with very good success so as I know Gentlemen who turned into firm land three or four hundred acres of Bog and in case that this detestable rebellion had not come between in a few yeares

their own accord so as one may see the veins thereof at the very outside in the sides of the mohntains beeing not very broad but of great length and commonly divers in one place five or six ridges the one above the other with ridges of earth between them These Veins or Ridges are vulgarly called Pins from whence the Mine hath the name of Pin-mine being also called White-mine because of its whitish colour and Shel-mine for the following reason for this stuff or Oar being neither loose or soft as earth or clay neither firm and hard as stone is of a middle substance between both somewhat like unto Slate composed of shels or scales the which do lye one upon another and may be separated and taken asunder very easily without any great force or trouble This stuff is digged out of the ground in lumps of the bigness of a mans head bigger or less according as the Vein assordeth opportunitie Within every one of these lumps when the Mine is very rich and of the best sort for all the Oar of this kind is not of equall goodness some yeelding more and better Iron than other lyeth a small Kernell which hath the name of Hony-comb given to it because it is full of little holes in the same manner as that substance whereof it borroweth its appellation The Iron comming of this Oar is not brittle as that of the Rock-mine but tough and in many places as good as any Spanish Iron Sect. 6. Iron-works erected by the English The English having discovered these Mines endeavoured to improve the same to make profit of them and consequently severall Iron-works were erected by them in sundry pats of the Land ●s namely by the Earl of Cork in divers places in Munster by Sr Coarles Coot in the Counties of Roscomen and Letrim in Connaught and in Leinster by Mountrath in Queens-county by the Earl of London-derry at Ballonakill in the sayd County by the Lord Chancelour Sir Adam Loftus Vicount of Ely at Mount-melik in Kings-county by Sir Iohn Dunbar in Fermanagh in Ulster and another in the same County by the side of Lough-Earne by Sir Leonard Bleverhasset in the County of Tomond in Connaught by some London-Merchants besides some other Works in other places whose first Erectors have not come to my knowledge In imitation of these have also been erected divers Iron-works in sundry parts of the sea-coast of Ulster and Munster by persons who having no Mines upon or near their own Lands had the Oare brought unto them by sea out of England the which they found better cheap than if they had caused it to be fetched by land from some of the Mines within the land And all this by English whose industry herein the Irish have been so far from imitating as since the beginning of this Rebellion they have broke down and quite demolished almost all the fore-mentioned Iron-works as well those of the one as of the other sort CHAP. XVII Of the Iron-works their fashion charges of erecting and maintaining th●m and profit comming of them With an exact description of the manner of melting the Iron in them Sect. 1. The fashion of the Iron-works THe fashion of the Iron-works of whose erection we have spoke in the end of the foregoing Chapter is such as followeth At the end of a great Barn standeth a huge Furnace being of the height of a pike and a half or more and four-square in figure but after the manner of a Mault-kiln that is narrow below and by degrees growing wider towards the top so as the compass of the mouth or the top is of many fathoms This mouth is not covered but open all over so that the flame when the furnace is kindled rising through the same without any hindrance may be seen a great way off in the night and in the midst of the darkness maketh a terrible shew to travellers who do not know what it is These Ovens are not kindled with wood nor with sea-coal but meerly vvith char-coal whereof therefore they consume a huge quantity For the Furnace being once kindled is never suffered to go out but is continually kept a burning from the one end of the year to the other And the proportion of the coals to the Oare is very great For the Mine would not melt without an exceeding hot fire the which that it may be the more quick and violent it is continually blown day and night without ceasing by two vast pair of bellow● the which resting upon main peeces of timber and with their pipes placed into one of the sides of the Furnace are perpetually kept in action by the meanes of a great wheel which being driven about by a little brook or water-course maketh them rise and fall by turns so that whilst the one pair of bellows doth swell and fill it self with wind the other doth blow the same forth into the Furnace Sect. 2. Of the lesser Iron-works called Bloomeries Of the Hammer-works And of the Casting works There is another and lesser sort of Iron-works much different from the former For instead of a Furnace they use a Hearth therein altogether of the fashion of a Smiths Hearth whereon the Oare being layd in a great heap it is covered over with abundance of Charcoal the which being kindled is continually blown by Bellows that are moved by Wheeles and Water-courses in the same manner as in the other Works These Works commonly called Bloomeries are in use or were so before this Rebellion in sundry places of the North-parts of Ulster Besides these two sorts of Works where the Iron-mine is melted there is a third sort where the Iron after the first melting is hammered out into Bars of which we shall have occasion to speak more in the latter end of this present Chapter There were also in some parts of Ireland yet another kind of Iron-works differing from all the former where the Iron was cast into Ordnance Pots small round Furnaces and other things of which Works Mr Christopher Wandsworth Master of the Rolls of Ireland and in his latter dayes Lord Deputy of the same Kingdom under the Earl of Strafford then Lord Lieutenant thereof had one upon his lands by Idough in the County of Carloe whereof we cannot give the Reader any particulars because we have not yet been informed thereof Sect. 3. Conveniencies requisite to the erecting of an Iron-work In the erecting of these Works men seek to make them as near to the Mine as may be to get the more profit by them for the greater the distance is the greater are the charges in having the Oare brought from the Mine to the Furnace especially where all must be carried by land the which doth fall out so in far the most places But many times one is necessitated to make the Works a good way further from the Mine than otherwise one would because of the Water-courses the which being of very great consequence in the well-settling of a Work and absolutely