other Wall-trees they prune off most of the fresh young branches of the last years shoot and preserve the old and big branches suffering them to run up a great part of the wall without or with very few small twigs or branches Whereas they should still from year to year preserve the small shoots nailing them up to the wall yearly all or most from the lowest part of the Tree to the top and leave no part of the wall void of branches and cause the branches to spread along the sides of the wall both ways and not suffer them to run upwards too much Another Error amongst some is this They Graft young Plants that came of seed in the place where they were sowed before they have been removed whereby they would get good Roots And hence it follows That such thrust down a single Root or two commonly into Clay Gravel or moist ground c. which root or roots draw bad nourishment below the good soyle and thereby hurt the Trees and Fruits and in case any of them be removed afterwards being grafted they want good Roots for that they were never removed being young to get good Roots See how to order them pag. 83. Another is this Some also when they Transplant young Trees they usuall set them with all their Roots whereas the Roots of all Trees Transplanted ought to be pruned See how pag. 83. Another Error is this Many break off all the Buds upon the stocks that are engrafted before the grafts put forth which endangers both Stock and Graft For Buds upon the stocks should be let alone all or most until the Grafts have put forth and be able to draw up sap and then break off all the buds below the Grafts that they may have all the sap Another Error in practise is this Many when they Graft great Trees which are unfruitful or bear bad fruits they graft upon their bodies round about between the bark and the wood Now Trees thus grafted will not of many years and some never cover the head in the grafted place but water gets in and rots the Tree whereas its much better to graft the small branches or if those be too high then to cut off the body two yards high slopewise and to cut it smooth that no rain or wet may rest on the head and the next year after to graft the small shoots which will in a few years be a large head again Situation of an Orchard HAving before spoken of sowing setting Grafting and ordering of fruit-trees I think good now to speak somewhat of the site soyle shelters and some other advantages of an Orchard and Garden and also of planting Fruit-trees in the fields and in the hedges and mounds about the fields whereby double treble or manifold profit may be made of Lands to what is usually in most places made especially by â—ider and Perry to the great advantage of the owners and of the Common-wealth with planting of wood for buildâ—ng fâ—ed and other uses And also of divers other things promiscuously in reference to Fruit-trees and Fruits And alâ—hough some of the ensuing particulars are touchâ— upon already yet I thought good to mention them again with some addiâ—ion seeing they are very material yet all very briefly What Situation is best for an Orchard Concerning the Site or Situation of an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees the best and fittest situation is upon a ground somewhat shelving or declining upon the South-East Sun for as the South-side is the warmest and hottest so also it is observed by Experience that the Morning or East Sun is better then the West Sun it does cherish and ripen fruits sooner then the Afternoon Sun though that be good also And if the ground somewhat shelve or hang towards the South-East it has an advantage of level or plain ground though that be good too for the Sun-beames are more direct and so more strong upon such a ground then upon a level such a ground is fitted to the Aspect of the Sun which is Coelum cum terra maritare vel societatem perquirere coeli terre ad arbores To Marry Heaven and Earth together or to obtain a mutual Society of Heaven and Earth for the benefit of Fruit-trees What Soyle is best for an Orchard As for the soyle of an Orchard the best is a deep sound land either a black or brown mould if with a mixture of sand so much the better In such ground so lying as before Fruit-trees will attain to a very great bigness and consequently will last much longer then the same kinds of Trees upon a shallow gravelly ground or upon a clay cold or wet ground Fruit-trees where they grow upon a warm ground and upon the South-East Sunne as the Trees grow great and live-long so also the fruit is greater and better and much more in quantity then upon poor gravel wet cold or clay grounds Howsoever men that have not the best must be content to Plant upon what they have and endeavour to amend it as they can Cold and moist ground Grounds that are overmoist and cold must be not onely trenched in several places to draw the water into the Trenches from the Roots of the Trees but also it will be convenient to mix sand ashes or such like hot and dry soyls with such ground if these or some such means be not used the Roots of the Trees upon this kind of ground will be chil'd and lie cold and cause the Trees to be Mossy and the fruit to be more spongy and waterish not so good tasted Fruit as if the Trees grew upon warmer and dryer ground Hot and dry grounds Fruit-trees upon hot dry sandy shallow grounds have need of some current of water now and then to runne over such grounds if it be possible to have it so or else paines must be taken to bring water some other way water out of Pools or Ponds that runs from dunghills is special good for this purpose which does not only moisten but makes the ground fertil also Cold Clay grounds If the Land whereon Fruit-trees are or shall be planted be Clay grounds a shallow crust of indifferent good soyle it may be on the top and Clay barren soyle underneath as is often seen then there is need of some Composts of contrary natures to be mixt among with this stiff cold barren ground as Sand Ashes of all kinds a convenient quantity of Lime Cbalk or any thing that is of an hot and opening nature Yea and let men do what they can to mend this kind of land yet the Trees will still be mossy and but small Trees in comparison of the same kind of Trees upon good sound deep fertil soyle Stony gravel ground As for gravel grounds they are as bad as any in some respects for a tree cannot root to any great bigness in such grounds and if muck and other soyles be laid to the Trees the Gravel will eat it up and
the body and branches are young and â—ender the bark being thin does more easily extend and enlarg by the rising of the sap then the bark of Elder Trees For which causes young trees when removed do not only grow surer but they also make a larger growth at first planting then the greater and elder Trees can do and are thereore best But if it be so that such large trees must be set then some of the Branches must be cut and say not as many do here 's a fair tree already why should we cut away any part of it But they must be content to loose some of the branches else they are in danger to loose all for removing of great plants is a great check to nature and if a few roots cut short as they must be when removed be put to feed many and large branches they 'l have but slender and poor nourishment not sufficient many times to preserve life much less to make a large growth But if plants be of the lesser size you need not cut the branches except such as cross one another or grow too nigh together or run up two high without spreading but cut off the ends of the roots of all because if cut many small fibra's or strings shoot out at the cut place which draw nourishment for the plant which without cutting would not Plants being thus prepared the next thing is to set them again in the ground take heed of setting below the good soyl The hole for the Plant being digged set in the root prepared as before and cast in the smallest and best mould next to the roots and see that the small mould run between all the roots to that end stir and shake the Plant that there may not be any hollow place where the mould falls not and with your hand draw up the uppermost roots and part them that they may spread in the mould every way and so fill it up The young trees being thus set into the ground and the holes fild up it will be very advantagious to them to lay a Barrow-full of Rotten Muck round about each of them close to the body of the Plant the fatness whereof will soke in among the roots and make the soyle special good whereby the Trees will thrive the better Or else to lay instead thereof store of Weeds Litter Ferne or the like two or three handfulls thick this will keep the roots warm all Winter and moist and cool in the Sommer following and makes the soyle fatter and also preserves the Trees from weeds growing about them Trees thus ordered by laying stuff about their roots may be set very shallow and thereby will be much advantaged and prove better then such as are set deep because in the top of the earth is the best mould and also every shower of rain reaches the Roots and feeds them If the Plants are faire large Plants in danger to be shaken by the winds then knock down a stake close to every one and tye the Plant to it with a hayâ—band or some other soft band If young Trees are to be carried many Miles to be Planted then being taken up carefully lay the Roots all one way the smallest and tenderest in the middle of the bundle and bind them close from the roots to their tops with a soft band and then stuffe the roots round about with straw â—ay moss or the like afterwards bind the bundle all over from the roots to the very top with hay or straw bands or something else to preserve them from brusing and withal wrap something about the Roots a thin Mat or a piece of an old sack-cloth or any thing that will preserve the Roots from the Wind and Sun and from brusing And they may be carried many hundred Miles if need be in Winter without hurt As concerning distance in setting young Trees I conceive 8. or 10. yards is little enough between Apple-trees and Pear-trees in ordinary soyle yet Pear-trees need not be planted so far asunder as Apple-trees And if men have ground enough to plant and good soyle I should rather prescribe to Plant them 14 or 16 yards asunder for both Trees and Fruits have many great advantages if planted a good distance one from another Such are freed from frettings and gallings that happens to Trees that thrust and croud one another whereby not only the Buds Blossomes and Fruits are rub'd and broken off but also sometimes the Canker thereby breeds and destroys boughs and branches Secondly when Trees are planted a fair distance asunder the Sun refreshes every Tree the Roots Body and Branches with the Blossomes and Fruits whereby Trees bring forth more fruits and those fairer and better Thirdly If Apple-trees and Pear-trees are planted at a large distance much profit may be made of the ground under and about the Trees Ye may plant Gooseberries Rasberries Currans Strawberries Roses Flowers and all sorts of Gardenstuffe commodious as well for sale as hous-keeping which cannot be if Trees be planted near together as the custome is in most places the ground being cold and shady by the Trees Besides the Trees would have advantage by frequent digging and stirring the earth about their Roots from time to time in setting these things Fourthly When Trees have room to spread as before they will grow very large and great and the consequences of that will be not only multitudes of Fruits but also long lasting and these two are no small advantages besides all the former And men are mistaken when they say The more Trees in an Orchard the more Fruits for one or two faire large Trees which have room to spread will bear more fruits then six or ten it may be of those that grow near together and crow'd one another Let men but observe aâ—d take notice of some Apple-trees that grow a great distance from other Trees and have room enough to spread both in the Roots and Branches and they shall see that one of those Trees being come to full growth hath a larger head and more boughs and branches then it may be 4 or 6 or more of those which grow near together although of the same age Yea I advise if men have ground enough to Plant Apple-trees 20 yards asunder Now Trees so planted will not reach of a long time if ever therefore much profit may be made of Trees Planted between for many years which may when they begin to reach one another be taken away and disposed of for the best advantage to Plant abroad in the Fields It is a very great and almost a general Errour the Planting of Fruit-trees too near together especially as to Apple-trees and Pear-trees as for standard Cherry-trees Plum-trees and the like they need not be planted half the distance I speak off 5 or 6 yards in distance is usually enough and 7 or 8 yards if the ground be special good for all Trees grow much larger in some soyles then in
will cause it to spread much And that this may be improved for our use and benefit this may be done To plant some few Cherry-trees Plum-trees or other kinds grafted low and caused to spread much and kept from rising up by this means keep the earth bare clean from weeds grass or any thing growing under or about them such Trees if they be good kinds will bear much and fairer fruits then high trees the reflection of heat from the earth will be almost as strong as from a wall And the fruits may be keept long growing upon the Tree even till after September or October For if a Cloth be sometimes in hot weather spread over them and moistned it will keep the fruits from ripening too soon yet shade them not too much lest they come not to full ripeness Afterwards the fruits being ripe some old Canvas hair-cloth or such like may be spread over them to preserve the Fruits from Birds and may be so kept long look that snails eat them not Or else a Net may be spread over such Trees to preserve the fruits I have known faire Cherries upon Trees towards the middle of October I conceive the great bearing Cherry or other late ripe tart Cherries to be the best to keep long in this manner such are more hardy then other kinds Cherries very late are as great Rarieties as those that are early Trees are generally set of Roots or kernels but if you set them of slips as the Mulberry c. they will grow and those as is reported will be dwarf Trees the cause is for that the slip draweth nourishment more weakly then either a Root or kernel Mulberry-tree slips and some other kinds of Trees that will grow of slips may be made dwarf Trees if we will order them accordingly that is if we suffer all the side branches to grow or such slips taking Root may be made high Trees in time if we cut off all the side branches and preserve only the middle strait shoot But indeed at first for certain years they must needs be dwarf Trees until they can rise higher which in time they will do if they take Root well and the ground be good In Clay grounds all Fruit-trees grow full of Moss both upon body and boughs which is caused partly by the coldness of the ground whereby the Plants nourish less and partly by the toughness of the earth whereby the sap is shut in c. We see by Experience that Trees growing upon cold and moist grounds or Clay Gravel barren Grounds do generally breed Moss which is caused as the Author says by the coldness and scantness of the nourishment And therefore there is need besides the scraping off of the Moss to lay the Roots of Fruit-trees as dry as may be in such moist grounds by trenching or otherwise and also to bring in some soyles to make the ground better and warmer as much as may be see of this more at large Treatise of Fruit trees Is is to be noted that commonly Trees that ripen their fruits latest do blossome soonest Some Fruit-trees indeed which bring forth their fruits to perfection and ripeness late in the year do blossome early as having need of the sun to ripen them all the sommer But some other kinds blossome early and ripen their fruits also early as May-Cherry-trees the Premarden plum also the Mirabilon Plum-tree blossomes exceeding early and the Tree brings forth his Fruit early I have got ripe plums from this Tree about the beginning of Iuly which is early for Plums There be fruits but rarely that come twice a year as some Pears Strawberries c. Roses bear twice but it is not without cutting The Windsor Pear-tree does blossome and bear fruits twice in the year some years but the second bearing I could never see worth the gathering for they are poor small hard fruits not worth any thing I have seen Cherries twice in the year upon one and the same Tree an early Flanders which I set upon a very warm South-wall bore ripe Cherries about the twentieth of May and the same Tree bore ripe Cherries afterwards about the sixth of October Strawberries ordinarily bear twice a year though but few the second time As for Rose-trees some Damask Roses and some Provosts bear a second time the same year though but few if cut soon after the first bearing in the full Moon But besides there is a Rose-tree call'd the Monthly Rose which bears Roses until the coldness of the Winter stop it about November Nothing procureth the lasting of Trees Bushes and Herbs so much as often cutting For every cutting causeth a Renovation of the juice of the Plant that it neither goeth so far nor riseth so faintly as when the Plant is not cut This is to be considered in cutting of Trees else instead of making them last longer we shorten their lives That is that we so cut them that the wet and moisture get not into their bodies which in certain years will rot and spoil them as we see in many Pollard-trees which are hollow all along their bodies And many Fruit-trees having had their heads cut off when they were great Trees and grafted again we see the wet and moisture gets in at the top before the grafts can cover the head and rots the Tree which can never grow great after nor last long but rots and decays in few years Whereas Trees that are sound Fruit-trees and all other kinds must needs last much longer by cutting off side branches and all superfluous branches which are not great that conduceth to the lasting of Trees as giving the more plentiful and vigorous nourishment to those that are left and to the whole body The VII CENTVRY QVinces or Apples if you will keep them long drown them in Hony but because Hony perhaps will give them a taste overlushious it were good to make tryal in powder of Sugar or in surrup of Wine onely boyled to height As for keeping of Apples keeping them in Hony or Sugar would be too costly some Pippins and Iohn-Apples will of themselves last till new come again it 's good then to get such kinds that we may have for use all the year long without charge in keeping And for keeping Quinces they are kept long in pickle made of the Parings and Cores of those that are used for Marmalade well boyled in water with Salt and Ginger Or a better way as some account is to keep them in small Ale a penny a Gallon and to draw it off once in ten or twelve days and put in fresh thus it s said they will last two years Take Grapes and hang them in an empty Vessel well stopped and set the Vessel not in a Celler but in some dry place and it s said they will last long Grapes will keep for some short time in this mrnner as hath been said but when cold
Hornets Birds c. some part of them the rest sweeten and ripen sooner putrefaction beginning and hastning by reason of solution of continuity in that part We see that Beer or Wine in Bottles close stopped lasts long and that fruits closed in wax keep fresh And likewise bodies put in Hony and Flower keep more fresh It is true that Liquors when they are well setled in the Vessel after a certaine time and after drawn out into bottles and stopped very close with Cork and set in a Celler or buried in sand or in water such will be much more fresh and quick then the same Liquor in a great Vessel especially if any part of it be drawn off And therefore this is a good way to keep Cider Perry White-wine or the like and that for a long time together As for Fruits closed in wax or put in hony I find that even Cherries which are more subject to corruption â—hen many other kinds of fruits will keep fresh many weeks together thus more then they will do of themselves in the open 〈◊〉 exclusion of Aire preserves them for a time but yet putrefaction at length will work within because of the superfluous moisture which had need of drying up I have tried fruits in honey Aprecots Plums Cherries and they held good two or three Months afterwards putrefaction began A Bottle of Beer buried four foot deep in the ground became more lively better tasted and clearer then it was and a Bottle of Wine in like manner A bottle of Vineger so buried came forth more lively and more odoriferous smelling almâ—â—â— like a Violet after a Months burial all three they came forth as fresh and lively if not better then before This is certain That Beer Ale Câ—der and Wine when well setled and cleared in the Vessel and drawn off into Bottles and well stopt with Cork and Wax will continue fresh and good much longer then in the Vessel and will also improve in goodness If the bottles are buried in sand as was said before or buried a yard or more in the ground The reason I conceive is for that as no Aire can possible penetrate so deep and through the bottle to the liquor nor can the spirits of the liquor in the least get out so neither can the Liquor suffer any prejudice by alteration of the Aire from heat to cold as it does in Vessels above ground Tryal hath been made with earthen Bottles well stopped hang'd in a Well of twenty Fathom deep at the least and some of the bottles have been let down into the water some others have hanged above within a Fathome of the water Wine and Beer in these Bottles have kept better then in a Celler but those above water were apparently the best The Cause why Beer Wine Cider or the like will keep better thus and in Earth Sand c. as before then in Vessels or Bottles above ground I apprehend as was said for that the Aire is excluded and the spirits shut in also the Aire above ground is subject to variation sometimes more hot and sometimes more cold which somewhat stirs and affects the spirits of the Liquor in the Vessel whereby they become weaker I have heard it Reported for a Truth That Bottles of Wine or some other Liquor were found in a deep Draw well which had been many years fill'd up and afterwards opened and cleansed again for use and the Liquor was found to be very fresh and good notwithstanding it had lyen there many years whereby it is manifest that this way of keeping Liquors will preserve it good along time The IX CENTVRY WE have partly touched before the means of producing fruits without cores or stones And this we add further that the cause must be abundance of moisture for that the core and stone are made of a dry sap and we see that it is possible to make a Tree put forth only in blossome without fruit as in Cherries with double flowers much more in fruit without stone or cores This hath been spoken too sufficiently before See Experiment 514. It is neither the taking out of the pith as is there prescribed nor the abundance of moisture as here that will work this effect some Treeâ— have too much moisture and yet the fruitâ— of such have nevertheless cores or stones As for the Cherry-tree that puts forth double blossomes without Fruits that is not made to do so by any mans Art or Skill but it is natural I know the kind well it is as natural for it to bear double blossomes without fruit as for any other tree to bear such or such a kind of fruit Trees set upon the backs of Chimneys do ripen Fruits sooner Vines that have been drawn in at the Window of a Kitchen have sent forth Grapes ripe a month before others This is certain as the Author says such a kind of heat as is upon the back of Chimneys where fire is continually or most commonly kept will much hasten the ripning of fruits I have seen a thin Brick wall where fire hath been kept on the one side and fruit-trees have been Planted on the other side which have brought forth ripe fruits very early much sooner then the same kinds without such artificial heat And Branches of Vines being drawn in at the window of a Kitchen or room where fire is kept the fruits will be ripe sooner then those without dores but let it not be too near the fire left in wither or over much dry the branch FINIS Quid sit Agricultura vid. p. 11. â— Ba. Advanc Leaâ— Virg. Geor. Ob. Ans. 1. Ob. Ans. 2 Ob. Ans. See the second Book of his Confessions Chap. 4. 3. Ob. Ans. The praises of the Ancients and some late writers concerning the Husbandman scours of life in Planting Fruittrees August Reges Imperatores sum mos que magistratus non puduit Hortensia colere proprâ—is manibus Augustine See the worthie Acts of Cyrus king of Persia. Ezra 1.1 2 3. c. Of this See Sir Rich Barkley of the felicity of man pag 162. 1 Argument De Gen. ad Lit Li. 8 2 Argument 3 Argument Example Diodat exp Sir W. Rawley Hist. part 1. Ch. 3. Au de Civit Dei lib. 13. c. 24. Sir W Rawly 1. Book 1. part Chap. 9. 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Example 7 Example 8 Example 4 Argument Hos. 12.10 I have used Similitudes by the Ministry of the Prophets 1 Similitude 2 Similitude 3 Similitude 4 Similitude 5 Similitude 6 Similitude 5 Aagumenâ— 6 Argument 7 Argument 8 Argum 1. Humane Argument Pog. Floren 2. Humane Argument 3. Humane Argument 1 In house Keeping 2 For Sale 2 Profitable to the body 1 In respect of Health Hist. Life and Death p. 412. 169. Hist. Life and Death p. 207. 208. Hist. Life and Death p 236. 2 In respect of long life Deu. 32.47 Prov. 10.27 Prov.