Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
ground_n	body_n	year_n	young_a	46	3	5.5709	4	false

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A26232	Observations upon some part of Sr Francis Bacon's Naturall history as it concernes fruit-trees, fruits, and flowers especially the fifth, sixth, and seaventh centuries, improving the experiments mentioned, to the best advantage / by R.A. Austen, practiser in the art of planting.	Austen, Ralph, d. 1676.; Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626. Sylva sylvarum.	1658 (1658)	Wing A4234; ESTC R13917	44,554	57

and fruits it is turned into that body and substance which we see above ground and none at all descends at any time for there is no Cause and therefore no such effect sap is continually asscending all the yeare long more or lesse either for the growth of the tree or for the conservation of it in life and in all its dimensionâ— for there is a continuall extraction of sap out of the body boughes and branches by the sunne and aire as this Auâ—hour elsewhere asserts and which Experience proves Now if there were at any time a descention also what then would become of the tree it would qâ—ickly wither be contâ—acted and shrinke apparently whosoever is unsatisfied with what is here said against descention of sap in trees may see hereof more largely many Arguments against it in my Treatise of Fruit-treesâ— pag. 100.101.102 c. If Trees beare not bore a hole through the heart of the tree and it will beare Perhaps this course may do some good in letting out superfluous sap if too much repletion be the cause But there are divers other Causes of barrennesse of Fruit-trees As too deepe setting the Roots running downe into gravell Clay water c. which must have answerable remedies And sometimes it is in the nature of the trees that all the culture in the world used to the Roots and body will not help without engrafting the branches with Grafts of some good bearing kinds which is the best way I know to have store of good fruits and speedily too from barren trees To make Trees beare cleave the chiefe Roots and put in a small pebble This may be profitable not only for that the Roote may be bark-bound as well as the body and branches which must be scored downe and cut to the wood but also it will cause the Roots to shoote forth many young small Roots at the place opened which will afford more vigour life and sap to the branches and so make the tree stronger and more in heart and able to bring forth more and fairer fruits Trees against a south-wall have more of the heate of the sunne then when they grow round Aprecots Peaches and such like cold fruits will scarce ripen but against a south-wall they have need both of the direct and reflex beames of the sunne And if it were more practised to set some other choice kinds of fruits upon a south-wall as the great Burgaimâ—t sommer Boncriteu Greene-field Peare and other speciall kinds this would advantage them greatly not only in bignesse but also in their early ripening and goodnesse of tast thus one or a few would be worth many ordinary ones Some pull off the leaves from wall-trees that the sunne may come the better upon the boughs and fruit This may hasten ripening but I conceive it hinders the bignesse of the fruits the sunne ripening them before they have attained their naturall greatnesse in case it prove then very hot weather so that if leaves be pulled off it should not be till fruits are at biggest The lownesse of the bough maketh the fruit greater and to ripen bâ—tter c. Graft a tree low and maintaine only the lower boughâ— Low trees and the lower boughs of high trees have their fruit ripe somewhat sooner then the higher because they have some benefit by the reflection of the sunne from the Earth as well as from the wall if they grow against a wall but that the fruits are greater on lower then on higher boughs I perceive not I am sure I have seene sometimes faire fruit on the higher boughes and but small on the lower in case the branches of a wall-tree have beene permitted to grow straight upwards without bowing downe along the wall as most commonly they be and the reason is plaine because the most and greatest quantity of sap presseth upwards and leaveth the side branches indigent of sap whereby they grow poorely and some even dye for want of sap now according to the quantity of sap in branches so are the fruits smaller or greater It is true indeed many little and low trees if they be vigorous and shoote well beare very large fruits it may be larger then high trees of the same kinds but this is not because low but because they are more lively and vigorous then the other And if we should graft a Tree low and maintaine only the lowâ—r branches by continually cutting off the higher this would much enfeeble the tree by degâ—ees by obstructing of the sâ—p and the fruit would be accordingly But the bâ—st way to order a wall-tree that shoots upwards strongly is to bow those strong branches along the wall both waies and then there will be as large fruits on the lower as on the higher boughes and sooner ripe To have fruit in greater plenty the way is to graft not only upon young stâ—cks but upon divers boughs of an old tree c. It is an excellent Experiment to graft the boughes of an old tree that is a bad bearer or bears bad fruits with grafts of some speciall good bearing kinds for this will have large branches and beare fruits even in a yeare or two so that it is a very unwise course of many who when some of their trees beare not as they would have them cut them downe and set young ones in their Roome which cannot possibly attaine the bignesse of the former in many yeares Digging yearely about the Roots of Trees is a great meanes both to the accâ—leration and melioration of fruits c. Old trees that grow in stiffe cold clay grounds have most neede to be dug about yearely that thereby the gound may be more open and mellow but for young trees of few yeares standing especially if in sandyâ— mellâ—w grounds these have little or no neede at all of digging about To dig about Roses and such like which gâ—ow neeâ—e the top of the groundâ— I conceive it is needlesse for this wâ—rk is chiâ—fly to open the earth about old fruit-trees whose Rooâ—s are growne great and deepe that the Rainâ— Snow and Sunne in winâ—er may reach the bottome Roots A Fruit-tree almost blowne up by the Roots and set up againe the nâ—xt yeare bore exceedingly loosing the earth comforteth any Tree I was not long since at the raising up of a couple of faire Appâ—e-trees blowne downe the one Rooted and bore well afterwards the other died Though digging about the Roots sometimes be good yet overmuch digging and loosening the earth about the Roots of trees will cause many to be blowne downe by great winds which will not fasten againe to abide a strong wind in many yeares if ever To revive an old tree the digging of it about the Roots and applying new mould to the Roots is the way and change of mould to the better is prâ—fitable Dâ—ggâ—ng as hath beene said with caution is good and change of

acquainted with them and know their good properties and virtues in reference to Health and Longâ—life they will be more diligent in planting Fruit-trees such as are best and fittest for this purpose As the Pearâ—-maine Pippin Gâ—nnet-Moyle Redstreake and such like whiâ—h make Cider better then French-winds Concerning the manner of making Cider and Perry with the kâ—eping and oâ—dering of it I have spoken at large in my Treatiâ—e â—f Fruit-trees See the use of Fruits pag. 77. Aâ— for Plums it is affirmed that there may be made an excellent wine out of them and also Aquavitae of those that are sweete fat Plumâ— as Musle plums Damsonâ— c. And though the juyce be too thiâ—k of it selfe for that purpose yet water Cider or some other Liquor may be mixed therewiâ—h which being put up into the Vesâ—ell some Honey Yest or the like must be mixed to cause it to woâ—ke It hath beene noted that mâ—st Trees and specially those that beare Mast are â—â—uiâ—full but once in two yeaâ—es The Cause no doubt is the expence of sâ—p For many Orchard Trees well culâ—ured will beâ—re divers yâ—ares together Some Fruit-trees beare store of fruits but once in two yeares and I conceive it to be as naturall so to do as to beare such or such a kâ—â—d of Fruit And others are observed to beare store of Fâ—uits eâ—â—â—y yeare constantly unlesse perhaps in some extreame blastâ—â—g spring which spoyles in a manner all But for many yeâ—â—es tâ—gether eveâ—y yeaâ—e sâ—me are knowne to beare Fruiâ—s exceeding full in the same ground and with the same culture as those that beare but each other yeare so that we see the expence of saâ— in the â—â—aring yeare is not the only Cause that Trees beaâ—e not the next yeare â—â—ter foâ— some that expend as much sap do yet beare the next yeare after as full as before So then let care be taken to â—hâ—se Grafâ—s from those trees that we see by Experience are the best and mâ—st constâ—nâ— bâ—arers and bâ—st fruits The gâ—â—atâ—r part of Tâ—ees beare most and best on the lower Boughes but some beare bâ—st on the tâ—p bâ—ughes Those that beare bâ—st below are â—uâ—h as shade doth more good to then hurt for gâ—nâ—rally all fruits beaâ—e bâ—st lâ—west bâ—cauâ—e the sap tireth not having but a short way and theâ—efore in Fâ—uits spread upon walls the lowâ—st are the greatest To my Observation Apple-trees Peare trees Cherry-trees c. that are good bearers they beare all over alike And generally all Fruitâ—tâ—ees in these parâ—s hâ—ve need enough of the sunne and beare better in the â—unne then in the shâ—dâ— But indeed as to Wall-tâ—ees most commonly we see most fruits upon the lower boughes and * sideâ—boughes And the reason I apprehend to be this Not the tiring of the sap in its going to the top branches for the sap is too vigorous and too plentifull in the top boughes and thence it is we alwaies see the fairest and greatest shoots towards the top of all wâ—ll-trees and commonly of all other trees But the cause why the lower boughes and side branches have usually more fruit then the top branches I conceive to be for that the sap naturally presseth upwards in greatest plenty and runneth forth into shoots and branches Nâ—w natâ—re being so intent and vigorously active in one work viz. increase of the tree in those branches it doth not put forth it selfe at the same time in that other effect of bearing fruit upon the same branches But now as to the lower boughes and side-branches there naâ—ure is at work but in a râ—misse and weaker dâ—gree as to the increase of the branches such grow but little because the sap is somewhat obstructed and curbed by bowing the branches downewards and so does attend to the other work also viz. the bearing of Fruits And the truth of this is made more evident if we consider the same thing in all young trees We know young Apple-trees Peare-trees and the like when and while they grow and increase exceedingly in all the parts shooting forth great large strong shoots and branches they beare but littlâ— fruit or none at all But afâ—er certaine yeares when they grow not so much when they shoute lâ—ssâ— then they fall to bearing fruits more abundantly There be Trees that bearâ— best when thâ—y begin to be old As Almonds Peares Vines and all trees that give Mast. The Cause is for that all trees that beare Mast have an oylie Fruit and young trees have a more watry juyce and lesse concocted But the most part of Trees Amongst which are Apples Plums c. bearâ— best when they are young Pearâ—-trees Apple-trees Plumâ— and Cherry trees if they be good â—earing kinds naturally after they are three or foure yeares growâ—h and some sooner do all beare store of fruits untill they be extreame old and in a decaying dying condiâ—ion And thereâ—ore in planting of Fruit-trees be sure to procure those kinds that are knowne by Experience to be good bearers and good fruits and such will beare well both when they are young and when they are old untill extreame age Were I to plant an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees and might have Trees at hand freely for nothing of indifferent common kinds aâ—d but indâ—fferent beareâ—s I would raâ—her châ—â—e to fetch â—hose thaâ— are choice kinds and speciall bearers one hundred or two hundred miles if they could not be had neerer and there pay deare for them too besides all other Charges then take those at hand for when men plant Fruit-â—râ—es It is not for a fâ—w yeâ—â—es but foâ—sevâ—rall generations therefore take speciall care to have the bâ—st kinds for bearing and for Râ—lish or tast that is the foundation of the work the principall thing in planting Now when fruit-trees are growen to extreame old age and therefore beâ—re but little this mâ—y be done which will make them as it were young againe for certaine yeares and to beare excâ—eding much fruit yearâ—ly That is Cut off their Headâ— or big boughâ—s not straight over but a slope that so Raine and moisture may not rest â—pon the top to rot it These great Boughes will the next sommer put forth many young shoots which may be Inoculated the same sommer or Grafted the spring after with speciall bearing kinds And these old Bodies hâ—ving young heads which draw sap vigorously will be much refreshed thereby and such trees will beare store of fruits many yeares after the Roâ—ts of Trees do some of them put downâ—-wards deep into the ground As the Oake Pine Fiâ—re câ— some spread more towards the surface of the earth As the Ash Cypresse-tree Olive c. The Caâ—se of this lâ—â—â—r may be for that such Trees as lovâ— the sunne do not williâ—gly dâ—scend farre into the Earth It is true The Roots of Oakâ— Trees and some other kinds shoot dâ—wne deeper into the Earth then Ash-trees and some other â—â—ees May

TO make Roses come late First cut them after bearing This may be a meanes as to some Rose-trees that is such as are old I have knowne some of long standing perhaps a dozen sixteene or twenty yeares of age and some of seaven or eight yeaâ—es cut newly after bearing have borne Roses againe a secâ—nd time late in the yeare being cut the next full moone after they have done bearing but there is a kind I have amongst many other kâ—nds which naturally beares a second time although the tree be but small and young besides the Rose called the Monthly Rose Secondly Pulling off the buds of the Roses that first spring forth I have try'd this second way which succeeded not it may be because the trees were young but one affirmed he pluckt off some Buds in the spring and the tree bore Roses in November Thirdly Cutting top Boughes in the spring This hath bâ—en tryed also but was ineffectuall but the tryall was upon young trees as for the Report that followes in this Experimâ—nt of Cyons perishing if the old top boughes be cut offâ— it is otherwâ—se for it is a common Experiment to cut off all the boughs of a tree and to graft them and the Grafts will not only not perish but grow the better therefore as having all the sâ—p to themselves which naturally riseth the sunne also drawing it up without the help of any top bough left as continuall Experience shâ—wes Fourthly Laying the Roots bare about the end of December Mâ—ny hundredâ— of trees are thus bared yet I find no difference at all in the late budding or bearing of such trees from others Fifthly Removing the tree some Months before it buddeth This hath been done but the Trees being removed so unseasonably too late they grew poorely so the end was not attained Sixthly Grafting Roses in May I know an ingenious Geâ—tleman that tryed this Experimentâ— Inoculating Buds in the spring which budded for Roses at the same time that others of the same kind did which buds being cut off they bore Roses afterwards the same yeare when others were gone Seaventhly Girding the body of the tree with some Packthread This will not do it neither we see commonly that grafts tyed straight with strong flaggs and some branches of wall-trees nailed straight to the wall so that I have seene the bark dinted in with the straitnesse of the Lether yet for all that sap riseth plentifully through the place so girded up into the branch Eightly Planting them in the shade I have knowne Rose-trees in a shady place which have not bore at all it s a tree that loves the sunne So that I suppose this Experiment will not hold I have try'd it in one or too and it succeeds not Experiments touching the Melioration of Fruits Trees and Plants AN heape of Flint or stone laid about the bottome of a Tree upon the fiâ—st Planting makâ—s it prosper much Stones laid to the Roots of Fruit-trees when newly set is a good Experiment in some grounds but not in all its true stones so laid keep the Roote of the Tree somewhat more moist and warme and stedy that winds shake it not and so are profitable but there is danger in some grounds leâ—t they harborâ—Ants or Pismires about the Tree Root under the stones which I have seen to the hurt and destruction of divers young trees But it is a sâ—fer and better way to lay a good quantity of rotten dung or litter straw c. round about the Roots of new set Trees upon the top of the mould this keeps them warme in winter and coole and moist in sommer and Stedy and the moisture and fatnesse of the muck sokes downe to the Roots and refreshes the tree very much or for want thereof lay a heap of weeds round about the new set tâ—ee Rootâ— and so all the next sommer afâ—er these things are speciall advantages to new set tâ—ees A Trâ—e at fiâ—st setting should not be shaken but aâ—ter a yeares roâ—tiâ—g thâ—n sâ—aking is good When yâ—ung Trees are first planted it s very convenient to set a stâ—ke to each of them and tye them together with a hay band or some â—oâ—t band that winds shake them not and this not for a yeare only but divers yeares untill the young trees be weâ—l rooted in the earth and also be growne strong that the winds â—ow not their bodieâ— and cause them to grow crooked which fault I have seene in very many trees Cutting away suckers and side boughes make trees grow high All suâ—kâ—rs must be cut away from the Roots of Trees And as for side branches those may be cut as men are minded to have their Trees to spread neerer or highâ—r from the ground but cuâ— not the side branches too soone bâ—fore the body be growne stroâ—g enough to beare the head else it will be top heavy and gâ—ow crooked To have many new Roots of Fruit-trees lay the Branches in the gâ—ound c. The branchâ—s of all kinds of trees will not take Roote thus Thiâ— way of Pâ—opagation is only for some kinds As Mulberries Figâ— Vineâ— Qâ—oâ—liâ—gs Nurs-gardens and some other kinds of Tâ—eeâ— whose brancâ—â—s are sofâ— and porous As for Aprecots Pâ—aches and such like they will not take Roote thus I have try'd but not one Roote could be got neither will they take wâ—â—h graftâ—ng I have try'd many The way to propagate these kindâ— is by Inoculaâ—ing buâ—s upon young stocks full of â—ap From May to Iuly you may take off the barke of any bough c. and set it and it will grow to be a faire tree in one yeare the cause may be for that the baring from the barke keepeth the sap from descending towards winter It is true that the Boughes of some kinds of trees will take Roote in this manner as is here exprest that is such kinds as will take roote with laying downe in the ground mentioned in the last Experiment which being cut off and set may grow to be a fâ—ire tree in certaine yeares not in one yeare as is said for the Roots got in this manner are but small and very disproportionable to the bough so that it can come on but very poorely and slowly for divers yeares As for the baring from the barke which is supposed to keepe sap from descending towards Winter I say the sap is as farre from descending when the barke is on as when t is off there 's no such thing in nature as descention of sap in any trees whatsoever This worthy Authour took this upon trust according to the generall opinion of men for had he but stayed a little to consider it he would have found it groundlesse and a meere conceit For all the sap that asscends into the body and branâ—hes of a tree is changed into wood barke buds blossomes leaves

of Culture degenerate to be baser in the same kind and sometimâ—s to change into another kind 1. By standing long unremoved 2. By drought and drynesse of the Earth 3. By the Barrennesse of the earth removing Plants into worse mould or forbearing to renew and help the ground with dung or fresh mould It hath been (a) said That Violets and some other Flowers will change from double to single or change in colour when the mould wherein they grow becomes barren and hartlâ—sse through neglect which is the same in substance with all the three particulars mentioned in the Experiment Therefore there is need of some fresh mould from yeare to yeare for the preserving of Flowers in their perfection See hereof at large Experiment 506. and 510. Whatsoever Fruit useth to be set upon a Roote or slip if it be sowen will dâ—generate And most of those Fruits that use to be Grafted if thâ—y be set of kernells or stones degenerate It is true that Peaches do better upon stones set then upon Grafting And the Rule of exception should seeme to be this That whatsoever Plant requireth much moisture prospereth better upon the stone or kernell then upon the Graft For the stock though it giveth a finer nourishment yet it giveth a scanter than the Earth at large The reason why Fruits that come of Seede or stones do degenerate for the most part and become worse then the Fruits out of which the seede was taken I conceive to be this Fruits that come of seede or stones do partake both of the Graft and of the stock of that tree from which they were taken so that although the graft was of a speciall good and choice kind yet the stock whereon it was engrafted being a Crabtree or some other wild kind of Fruit-tree the seede participates of both Graft and stock and so brings forth a mungrell fruit between them both For although Grafts governe as hath beene said and may be said to bring forth the same kinds yet so as that the stock hath some influence into the Fruits according to the goodnâ—sse or badnesse of the stock But now In case the Tree from which seeds or stones are taken be an ungrafted tree one that came of seede it selfe then I doubt not but that the seede of that Tree will bring forth the very same kinds againe without any alteration As to that the Authour saies concerning Peaches that they come better of stones then grafting I suppose there is a mistake in this for although it be true that some Peaches will come good of seede yet doubtlesse not better then by Inoculating they take not with Grafting for we see by constant Experience that Peach Buds set upon good stocks will bring forth the very samâ— as the trees from which they were cut if the rest of their culture and ordering be the same or as good And as for some that have come of stones I have observ'd they have beene none of the best many that have come of stones have beene starke nought though some have beene good And why Peaches or any other kind of fruit should be thought to come better of stones or sâ—eds then by Grafting or Inoculating I apprehend not any reason as for that which is given That the stock giveth a scanter nourishment then the earth at large let it be considered The Twigs and Branches of a Peach tree or any other tree that came of seede or stones they receive sap and nourishment from a stem or body and Roote as wâ—ll as if the Tree were engrafted the twigs and branches of an ingrafted tree have as free and full nourishment without any obstruction as the branches of aâ—ungrafted tree the branches of a grafted tree have no finer nourishment noâ—scanter then the branches of an ungrafted trâ—â— for we know the Roote and Body of a Grafâ—ed tree and of an ungrafted tree are alike and the earth is as free to the one as to the other It is reportedâ— That a good strong Canvas spread over a tree grafted low soone after it putteth forth will dwarfe it and make it spread The Cause is plaine for that all things grow as they find roome It is true as is said That Cloth sometimes spread over a tree grafted low and suffered to lye on for a time will cause it to spread much And that this may be improved for our use and benifit this may be done To plant some few Cherry trees Plum trees or other kinds grafted low and caused to spread much and kept from rising up by this meanes keep the earth bare cleane from weeds grasse or any thing growing under or about them such trees if they be good kinds will beare much and fairer fruits then high trees the reflection of heate from the earth will be almost as strong as from a wall And the fruits may be kept long growing upon the Trees even till after September or October For if a Cloth be sometimes in hot weather spread over them and moistned it will keep the fruits from ripening too soone yet shade them not too much lest they come not to full ripenesse Afterwards the fruits being ripe some old Canvas haire-cloth or such like may be spread over them to preserve the fruits from Birds and may be so kept long look that snailes eate them not Or else a Net may be spread over such trees to preserve the Fruits I have knowne faire Cherries upon Trees towards the middle of October I conceive the great bearing Cherry or other late ripe tart Cherries to be the best to keepe long in this manner such are more hardy then other kinds Cherries very late are as great Rarities as those that are early Trees are generally set of Roots or kernells but if you set them of slips as the Mulberry c. they will grow and those as is reported will be dwarfe trees the Cause is for that the slip draweth nourishment more weakly then either a Roote or kernell Mulberry-tree slips and some other kinds of trees that will grow of slips may be made dwarfe trees if we will order them accordingly that is if we suffer all the side branches to grow or such slips taking Roote may be made high trees in time if we cut off all the side branches and preserve only the middle straight shoote But indeed at first for certaine yeares they must needs be dwarfe trees untill they can rise higher which in time they will do if they take Roote well and the ground be good In Clay grounds all Fruit-trees grow full of Mosse both upon body and Boughes which is caused partly by the coldnesse of the ground whereby the Plants nourish lesse And partly by the Toughnesse of the earth whereby the sap is shut in c. We see by Experience that trees growing upon cold and moist grounds or Clay gravâ—ll barrâ—n grounds do generally breed Mossâ— which is caused as the

not the Râ—ason be why some put their Roots deâ—per then others bâ—câ—â—se those Trees have grâ—ater and larger bodies then others aâ—d Nature layes the foundation answerable to what is to be set upon it Now Oâ—kes being the greatest Trees Nature is wise enough accoâ—ding to a Law God haâ—h put into it to make the Roote or foundation Answerable Oâ—heâ—wise I conceive the Roots of all trees would be as neere the top of the grounâ— as may be as loving the sun as having an absolute need of it in order to their growth And I am perswaded that the appetite of the spirit in all â—â—ees whatsoever one as well as another is upwards and not downewards and never exerts it selfe downâ—-wards but upon necessity and in order or in subordination to the growth of the body of the tree above ground It hath been Observed that a Branch of a Tree being unbarked some space at the boâ—tome and so set into the ground even of such trees as if the barke were set on they would not grow yet contrariwise we see that a Tree â—ared round in the body above grâ—und will dye The cause may be for that the unbarkt part draweth the nourishment best but the barke continueth it only It is trueâ—some branches that are unbark't at the bottome and set in the ground will grow of some kinds of Apple-trees As the Quodling Nursgarden Moyse and some other kinds that have soft barksâ— Not because not I suppose the sooner for that the branch is unbark't for such will grow of cuttingâ— or slips though they be not at all unbark't And those that be unbark't and grow it is not the unbark't parâ— that draweth nourish neâ—t best nor thâ—t draweth it at all but the Roots put forth from the barke even at the very edge of the cut part and also some breake out of the Bark where it is not cut As we see in those branches of Trees from which we get Roots while they grow upon the tree by disbâ—â—king of them an inch round and tying mould about See how at large Treatisâ— of Fruit-trees p. 136. The grafting of Vines upon Vines as I take it is not now in use the Ancients had it and that thâ—ee waies The first was insition which is the ordinary manner of grafting The second was Terebraâ—ion through the middle of the stockeâ— and putting in the Cions there And the third was pâ—ring of two Vines that grow together to the marrow and binding them close I have tryed severall waies to graft Vines by cleving or insition as the Author calls it and also by pariâ—g two Vines the stock and Graft on two sides which is my usuall and best way of grafting other Fruit-trees but neither took effect so that I am perswaded those Fruit-trees that are so easily propagated by other meanes as by laying downe the Branches into the earth and by cuttings that these will not take with Grafting or Inoculating as Vines Mulberries c. I have tryed many Experiments about Muâ—berries both for grafting and Inoculating â—pon severall kinds of stockâ— and yet none succeeded but Mulberries are increased by laying downe the Branches and by cutting as Vines are so that I conceive this grafting mentioned by some Ancient Authors is but a conceit of theirs a grafting in the braine insteed of a reall Expâ—riment like multitudes of other things recorded by some who its probable by what they say had no Experimentall knowledge in the things they spake As for Maâ—uration of fruits it is effected by heate motion attractâ—on and by a rudiment of putrefaction for the inception of putrefaction hath in it a maturation Concerning the maturation or speedy ripeâ—ing or concocting of Fruits all kinds of Heate as the Author saies hastneth it faster or slower according to the degree of heate As we see by Experience Apples or Peares laid upon a heape together being newly gathered they mâ—llow and ripâ—n faster then if they lay single at distance one fâ—om another Alâ—o Apples covered in Lime hayâ— straw c. will be mâ—llâ—w in a short time But the most speedy way to ripen hard fruits and to abate the grosse tartnesse of them is the common Experiment by a gentle heate before the fire or in an Oven after bread is drawen So we see as the Aâ—thor obseâ—ves If fruits are eate with Wasps Hornets Birdâ— c. some part of them the rest sweeten and ripâ—n sooner putrefaction begâ—nning and hastning by reason of solution of continuity in that part We see that Beere or Wine in Bottles close stopped lasts long And that Fruits closed in Wax kâ—epe fresh And likâ—wise bodies put in Hony and Flower keepe more fresh It is true thâ—t Liquors when they are well setled in the Vâ—ssâ—ll after a certaine time and after drawen ouâ— into Bâ—ttles and stopped very close with Corke and set in a Câ—llâ—r or buried in sand such will be much more fresh and quick thâ—â— thâ—â—â—me Liquor in a greâ—t Vessell especially if any part of it be drawen off And therefore this is a good way to keep Cider Perry White-wine or the like and that for a long time â—ogether As for Fruits closed in wax or put in honey I find that even Cherries which are more subject to corruption â—hen many other kâ—nds of fruits will keep fresh many weekes togeâ—her more then they will do of themselves in the open Aire exclusion of Aire preserveâ— them for a time but yet putreâ—acâ—ion at length will worke within because of the superfluous moisture which hâ—d need of drying up I have tryed Fruits in Honâ—y Aprecots Plums Cherries and they held good two or three Monthes aâ—terwards puâ—reâ—action began A Bottle of Beere buried foure foote dâ—epe in the ground became more livâ—ly better tasted and clearâ—r then it wasâ— and a Bottle of Wine in like manner A Bottle of Vineger so buried came forth more lively and more â—doriferous smelling almost like a Viâ—lâ—t after a Month buriall all the three came forthâ— as fresh and lively if not better then before This is certaine That Beere Ale Cider and Wine when well setled and cleared in the Vessell and drawen off into Bottles and well stopt with Corke and wax will continue frâ—sh and good much longer then in the Vessell If the Bottles are buried in sand as was said before or buried a yard or more in the ground The reason I conceive is for that as no Aire can possibly penetrate so deepe and through the Bottle to the Liquor nor can the spirits of the Liquor in the least get out so neither can the Liquor suffer any prejudice by alteration of the Aire from heate to cold as it does in vessells above ground Tryall hath beene made with earthen Bottles well stopped hanged in a well of Twenty Fathome deepe at the least and some of the Bottles have been let downe into the water some others have hanged above wâ—thâ—in about

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