Moses his flight Number of Turkes left aliue at the battell of Oronichea Triumph of Scanderbeg the Epirots for the victory against Moses and the Turks Sentence Ambassadors from Scanderbeg to Alphonsus king of Naples Plombin in Thuscane besieged by Alphonsus in his warre with the Florentines Speeches of Moses perswading the Turke his souldiers to make some new attempt vpon the Epirots Mahomet his imaginations of Moses successe in his iorney Sentence Moses at his returne out of Epire to Const antinople is in publique disgrace amongest the Turkes Moses iustified by his souldiers Turkes vse to honour vertue and valure â—â—en in their enemies Moses in the displeasure of Mahomet and in daunger to lose his life Mahomet his Nobles and friends entreat him in the behalfe of Moses Sentence Moses returneth into Epire Moses coÌ„meth to Scanderbeg and prostrat craueth pardon of his rebellion Moses reconciled to Scanderbeg Clemencie and rare humanity of Scanderbeg Moses restored to his former liuings offices and dignitie Ioy and triuÌ„ph of the Epirots for the returne and restitution of Moses Mahomet discontented at the departure of Moses Redona Continency of Scanderbeg Saing of Scanderbeg touching incontinency in souldiours Discipline obserued by ScaÌ„derbeg in his Campe. Sentence Rebellion of Amese against Scanderbeg Sentence Amese goeth to Mahomet with his wife and children Speech of Scanderbeg touching the rebellion of Amese Description of Amese his person and qualities Oration of Amese to Mahomet Sentence Belgrade in Hungary alias Alba Graeca or Taururum commonly called Greicheâ— Wissemburg Battell of Belgrade in Hungary wherein Mahomet was wounded ouerthrowen by Huniades Counsell of Mahomet and his nobles for the war against Scanderbeg 1456. Amese created a Saniacke by Mahomet Isaac Bassa and Amese sent with an army of 50000. horse against Scanderbeg Amese captain ouer 5000. horse Councell called by Scanderbeg for the resisting of Isaac Amese and the Turkish armie Oration of Scanderbeg to his souldiers being redy to march against Isaac Bassa and Amese Nature of hope and of feare or distrust Saying of Hanniball touching Fabius Maximus Terentius Varro Martial discipline deriued from feare or distrust Sentence Similitude Scanderbeg deuiseth with his souldiers for the manner of his proceeding against Isaac Bassa and the Turkish forces Speech of Tanusee Vranocontes touching the oration of Scanderbeg Answer of Scanderbeg to his souldiers being inquisitiue what course â—â— would take against the Turkes Scanderbeg fortifieth and furnisheth his countrie with all necessarie prouisions against the comming of Isaac Bassa and the Turkes Isaac and Amese with the Turkish army enter into Albanie Scanderbeg retireth from the Turkes Oronichea in the vpper Dibria The citie of Alexium or Lissa A legion containeth 6000. Stratageme of Scanderbeg in retiring from the Turkes Isaac Bassa demaundeth Amese his opinioÌ„ concerning the flight of Scanderbeg Answer and censure of Amese touching the flight of ScaÌ„derbeg Councell held by Isaac Bassa and the Turkes for their proceedings against Scanderbeg Prouidence and circumspection of Amese in the warres Amese proclaimed king of Epyre by Isaac Bassa and the Turkish army Or Pharsalia Peysants of Albany surprised by the Turkes Espials or Scouts of the Turkes surprised by the Albanois Or Pharsalia Scouts placed vpon the mountaines by Scanderbeg to obserue the passing of the Turkish army Peic Manuell Ambuscado dressed by Scanderbeg against Isaac Bassa and the Turkes Isaac Bassa with the Turkish armie in the plain fields of Pharsalia Signes and tokens prognosticating the great slaughter in the future battell betwene the Turkes and the Christians Discourse of the author vpon celestiall signes prognostications of future accidents Sentence Sapiens dominabitur astris Sentence Scanderbeg coasteth the armie of the Turkes with his forces câ—nertly amongst the mountains Scanderbeg putteth himself in an ambuscado neere the mountaine Tumenistiola Sentence Negligence securitie of the Turkish army Isaac and the Turks encampe betwene the riuer of Mathia and the waters of Albulae Suffades An ellegant and excellent comparison Stratageme of Scanderbeg Securitie and negligence of the Turkes Consultation of Isaac Bassa and the Turkish Chieftains for their proceedings against Scanderbeg Scanderbeg marcheth to fight with Isaac Bassa and the Turkish armie A court of gard of the Turkes cut in pieces by Scanderbeg Scanderbeg surprizeth the Turkish campe by a sudden inuasion Amese encourageth the Turks against the Epirots The battell of Pharsalia betweene Isaac Bassa and Scanderbeg Amese encourageth the Turks in the battell Amese his companies put to â—light by Scanderbeg Speech of Moses encouraging his souldiers to the battel against Isaas Bassa Amese taken prisoner Victorie of Scanderbeg against Isaac Bassa and the Turkes in the battell of Pharsalia Messeit a Saniacke taken prisoner Number of Turkes slaine in the battell of Pharsalia Amese brought prisoner to Scanderbeg A quarrell between two priuate souldiers for sharing of their booty Speech of Scanderbeg to two souldiers quarrelling together Triumph of Scanderbeg for the ouerthrow of Amese and the Turkes in the battell of Pharsalia Mahomet maketh meanes for the ransoming of Messeit his Saniacke and other prisoners Consultation of Mahomet with his Bassaes touching the war of Epire. Mahomet seeketh to haue truce with Scanderbeg Answer of Scanderbeg to Messeit refusing to haue truce with Mahomet Meisset Saniacke and other Turkes prisoners ransomed Scanderbeg sendeth presents ambassades to most christian princes perswading them to concord and to take armes against the Turkes Hamur and Synam sent with two sundry garrisons to defend the Turkish frontiers against the Albanois Hamur and Synam with their forces encamped neare Alchria in Macedony Synam marcheth with half the Turkish forces towardes Mocrea the lower Dibria Tanusee with others appointed for the defence of the lower Dibria against Sinam Scanderbeg marcheth against Hamur purposing to draw him to the fight Messenger sent from Hamur to Scanderbeg Answer of Scanderbeg to the message of Hamur 1457. Hamur conferreth with Scanderbeg perswadeth him to peace Answer of Scanderbeg to the speeches of Hamur perswading him to peace The death of AlphoÌ„sus king of Naples The praise and commendation of Alphonsus king of Naples Ambassidors sent by ScaÌ„derbeg to FerdinaÌ„d king of Naples vpon the decease of his father Alphonsus Amese returned into Epire and reconciled to his vncles fauour Speech of Amesa to Scanderbeg vpon his deliuerie out of prison Answer of Scanderbeg to the speech of Amese Amese poisonned by the Turke at Constantinople VVarre betweene Mahomet king of Turkes and the Persians Vsuncassan king of Cappadocia and Armenia Malaoncre or Demire king of Persia Gampsa Sultan of the Parthians Despina daughter of Iohn CoÌ„nenes Emperor of Trapezond Ambassade of Vsuncassan to Mahomet Mahomet broken and defeated in two seuerall battels by Vsuncassan Battell of Toccara betweene Mahomet and Vsuncassan Vsuncassan ouerthrowen in battell Zeinalda eldest sonne of Vsuncassan slaine Christians by their ciuill dissentions haue occasioned the greatnesse of the Turkish Empire Kingdome of Naples an
of the Christians I hold it expedient here to deliuer and represent vnto you the true description and situation of the place Constantinople which the auncients called Byzance is situated vpon the mouth or entrie of the streight of Gallipoly on that part where Asia is adioyning to Europe eche of them being separated from other by a very streight arme of the sea of Hellespont which extending it selfe into a gulfe opening with two pointes or hornes lyeth full East and West and so maketh a goodly hauen of two leagues and a halfe in length and about a mile in breadth where it is largest and not aboue halfe so brode where it is narrowest On the sides thereof it is full of nookes secret turnings and by places in regarde whereof it is called the horne for that the seuen hilles which doe aduance themselues within the towne doe make the gulfe to runne with manie braunches as it were the head of a Hart. Betweene this gulfe and the sea of Propontide there runneth out into the sea a mountaine not very high like vnto a Cherronesse or halfe Isle the length whereof lying East and West is litle lesse then two short leagues The ridge of this mountaine holdeth still on bending towards and opposite against the mouth of the sea Propontide but to the North it hath seuen other small mountaines or litle hilles adioyning of which foure of them doe strike into this gulf and the greatest of the foure is washed with the waues of the sea of Bosphore and representeth the base of a triangle For the towne and the demie Isle are in forme and fashion triangular The two points or promontories of this mountaine the one of them towards the Occident regarding the sea of Propontide called Hebdomi the other called Chrisoceras bending to the Northwards do gard the entry and mouth of the harbor from the violence of the windes From the which entry if you draw a direct line to the seuenth mountainet lying more hidden not so open as the others which doth likewise couer the Port against the Westerne windes you shall include the moorish playne of Pera within the bosome as it were of that winding circuite which maketh that continuall ridge or backe of the demy Isle afore mentioned The length of the hauen as we haue sayed is about two leagues and a halfe within the most inward recuyle whereof the riuers of Cidrus and Barbisa do discharge thēselues The entry of the hauen is very streight narrow for that on the side of Barbisa where is seated the towne of Pera somtimes founded by the Genowayes now by the Turks named Galata there is a promontorie called Metopique Cyglobia lying against the South another promontorie also towards Asia which ietteth out euen to the midst of the mouth of the streight of Gallipolis and is named Damalique On the Occident where the demy Isle or Cherronesse doth ioyne to the firme land of Thrace there it doth deuide separate the hauen from the sea of Propontide by meanes of a litle cut of land which is some 50. pace in breadth till it come to touch with the seuenth hill which being the inmost angle of the towne towards the maine lande as it goeth still on waxeth greater and greater and encreaseth more and more in largenesse widenesse Vpon this demy Isle or Cherronesse is seated the noble and famous city of Constantine and right against it vpon the otherside of the banke of the gulfe is the towne of Galatha or Pera the length whereof also butteth vppon foure points of the lande within the turnings and windings of the hauen The closest and narrowest part of the Port is closed with a great strong and massye chaine of yron running from a high tower on the promontorie of Chrisocer as called Phare to the promontorie of Metopique where is likewise an other tower Towards the firme land the citie is enuironed with a great and strong wall and with a vawmure whereunto is adioyned a very wide and deepe ditch All the rest of the towne being washed with the saltwater hath but one onely wall yet verie strong and flanked with infinite towers against all assaults and forces that may be addressed against them by sea-wards The middle part of the citie is a little mountaynous and hilly the circuit of it accounting three miles to a French league containeth about foure leagues and a halfe In this forme and largenesse it was in times past builded and reedified by the great Constantine Emperor of the Romaine Monarchie of whom also it had the name of Constantinople Now that I haue laide downe and giuen you a view of the situation of the citie whose sinnes and offences as it is to be thought made a separation betwene God and it It followeth that I now discouer vnto you what order the Turke obserued in the siege thereof both by sea and land how he disposed his bandes and companies about it in what manner he planted his Ordinance and placed his batterie and how he ordered his Nauie and sea forces After the place had beene well viewed the Turkes did soone make their approches to the walles by reason the defendants made but meane resistance and the assailants being couered with baskets of Osier with long plankes and boordes with targets pauizes and such like did march in safetie against the rampiers with so good order and discretion that they would haue made euen the most resolute and expert souldiers to be abashed and appalled The Ordinance and such like engines of batterie being planted in three seuerall places did beginne to batter the wals as furiously as was possible especially towards Calegarie where was placed a Cannon of such vnmeasurable greatnesse that for the remouing thereof from place to place scant 50. yoke of Oxen did suffice and the bullet thereof did containe eleuen handbreathes in compasse Through the violence diuelish force of this horrible engine the wall though it were very large and strongly builded yet was not able to make resistance but it fell out that this peece brake and Mahomet commaunded that another should be cast greater then the former But it was not so soone ended by meanes of the fauour and policie of Calybassa who was a great friende to a Nobleman a Christian Baron within the citie and one of the Counsellors to the Emperour Neuerthelesse the batterie was continued with great store of other artillerie and they ceased not to wearie the defendantes day and night and dayly did they kill some either more or lesse with harguebusses arrowes slings and diuerse other kindes of shot For the Infidels did imagine that the defendants were but fewe in number and that they could not long continue and holde out nor be able to endure the labour and trauell of the siege And the better to presse them to extremitie and to haue his will of them by force
of the most necessary and principall things to effect it to wit time and money both which they might haue remedied with great ease and facility if they had intended it either with oportunity or any importunity at such time as they saw the burthen of the warres euen readie to fall and light vpon their shoulders But the malice or the negligence of that people did put off and deferre all things from time to time and from day to day till it came to ruine and destruction Now by reason that the Greekes did put their whole trust and confidence in their vtter ditches and the vawmure when those were once lost and that they were forced to retire within the maine wall which before they neglected they were not able in the end neither to man it nor to defend it Much more wisely and prouidently did the Iewes who did not employ nor aduenture their whole strength and forces vpon the vtter walles of Ierusalem when it was besieged by Titus and Vespasian but they made the one wall still to mainetaine the other and the first being lost they retired to the second and from the second to the third and so by meanes of their fortifications they prolonged the siege foure yeares against the Romaines But returne we to our History Whilest the Turkes were preparing them selues so busily to a generall assault there sprang a rumor in their Campe vppon the report of some espials that there was on the one side an army and fleete of the Christians at sea comming to the aide and reliefe of Constantinople and that on the other side that tempest of warre Iohn Huniades was marching downe towardes the riuer of * Danowe to giue battell vnto the Sultan or to make him raise his siege This rumour troubled and terrified the Mahometists causing them to murmure against their chiefe and soueraigne saying that it was but rashly and vainely done to continue and make any longer abode vnder those inuincible and impregnable wals for it was now two and fifty dayes since the siege began and they were in great distrust of their owne forces albeit they were inestimable and they dispaired vtterly of all good fortune and of victory Vppon these difficulties Caly Bassa the most auncient and sagest councellour of the Sultan a man of notable experience in the warres and one that greatly fauoured the Christians though in secrete and had continually disswaded the Ottoman from persisting in this enterprise in a solemne assembly which was now called purposely to consult vppon this point he told the Sultan That it could not but be very perillous and daungerous for him to vrge the city of Constantinople any longer the same being of notable strength and aboundantly prouided of all things for the warre and furnished with good store of souldiers hardy and resolute either by death or life to defend their liberty That his auncesters in times past had often but in vaine assaied to conquer it and were euer repulsed And which was most worthye to be considered that he was not to make any doubt but that all the Princes and Potentates of Europe especially the Venetians and the Genowayes his next neighbours being aduertised of the necessity and extremity of the towne would presently come with a braue and strong power to succour it That he ought to beware how he did incense them and make those his enemies who were able in other places eyther greatly to endammage them or greatly to profit and pleasure them Thy puissaunce most redoubted Prince ê™ he is incomparable and thou shalt better augment and enlarge it by the peace then by the warre whereof the euents and successe are alwaies doubtfull and vncertaine and full of inconstancie and mutabilitie Calybassa had scarce ended his perswasions but Zagan second Councellour of the Turke a man that was both younger in yeares of a more hotte and fierie courage and one that was emulous of Calybassa and the mortall enemie of the Christians interrupting his speeches thus alleadged to the contrary The Ottoman forces quoth he are so mighty and are so seconded with good fortune and they are generally in so good estimate and reputation that all the worlde standeth in awe and is afraied of their power and greatnesse so that to doubt of any impediments from Europe or to hope for any other then a fortunate and glorious issue were in a manner a crime of manifest treason against the maiesty of the Ottoman Empire Why then should the Sultan leaue this siege vppon any vncertaine newes and reports or vppon fained tales and surmizes of vaine possibilities who knoweth not that the Latines are farre vnable to furnishe them with any succours The Genowayes are in discord and ciuill garboiles the Venetians haue enough to doe to defend them selues against the Duke of Milan as for other Princes farther off it is well knowen they are all by the eares amongst them selues each consuming other with their ciuill warres The Eunuch who was the third vizir to the Sultan confirmed the speeches vsed by Zagan and Thuraca the Saniacke of Romania durst not take part with Caly Bassa but encouraged Mahomet more and more to continue the siege whereunto of himselfe he was vehemently enclined in so much that the inferiour Chiefetaines and leaders did all with one consent and voice exclaime saying It behoueth the Monarch and soueraigne of the Turkes both to purpose and to put in execution things high hard and difficult for by such actions onely doe men purchase honour and immortall glory Mahomet being greatly animated and egged on by their perswasions answered thus vnto them Well then my friends quoth he you will that we shall trie our fortune and it liketh me exceedingly wel For what was the puissance of the great Alexander was it incomparable nay was it not farre inferiour to our forces was that army of his wherewith he conquered the whole world more to be feared and redoubted then this of ours here before Constantinople Which of our predecessors either father grand-father or great-grandfather did euer besiege this place so well accompanied with armed forces so well prouided with warlike weapons engines or other preparations as we now are Go to then Zagan make ready our companies let our troups be set in order for the assaulting of the towne and to the intent that they of Pera may not during the assault either hinder vs behind at our backes or giue them of Constantinople any succours let their towne be enclosed and beset on all sides Caly the chiefe Bassa to the Sultan seeing this conclusion did secretely aduertise the Greeke Emperour of the same perswading him neuerthelesse not to be dismaied nor discomforted by the temerity and folly of this young Prince so insolent and so furious that he should not feare their menaces who were themselues fearefull and timerous howsoeuer they made shew and semblance to the contrary Only he wished them to keepe good and
towards Constantinople to deferre this expedition till the next spring for the Autumne was now in a maner at an end In the end shame feare of dishonor did so farre preuaile with the old man that he thought it not best to giue ouer the warre Hauing therefore in two dayes space dispatched almost all his iourney towardes his enemie about the first watch of the night he came to a certaine plaine which they of the countrey call Liuad where he encamped his armie and the same night he set all things in order readinesse against the time of the conflict and the next morning he sent an herauld vnto Scanderbeg to giue him the defiance challenging him to the encounter in a set open and plaine battell and not secretly and by stealth after the maner of theeues and robbers Scanderbeg terming him a Dotard and an old Beldam told him he should heare of him ere long and without any pause he went on roundly to giue the onset vpon him who was not yet readie to receiue him but stood consulting vpon his businesse as the maner of old men is Notwithstanding he sustained the brunt of that charge wel enough by meanes of a great showre of raine that fell at the very beginning of the onset the which did soone separate them asunder so that there was nothing done worthie the remembring For for three dayes together there fell such grâ—at store and abundance of water that if the Mahometan had not remoued his host into a higher ground and more mountainous it is most certaine that the quarrell had bene determined by the destruction and losse of his souldiers in that deluge and abundance of waters And yet as carefull as he was to preuent the daunger a great number of their horses were drowned and lost The Infidell taking this to be prodigious and as a presage of his ill fortune gaue ouer his enterprise and assoone as the time and tempestuousnesse of the weather would giue him leaue he secretly withdrew his forces and dislodged his army by long iourneys he bid Epire farewel hauing an intent to returne againe the next spring if so be the destinies would be answerable to the desires of this credulous old man At his returne towards Mahomet with those forces which he had left the report goeth that at the first he found but bad entertainment was receiued with a frowning countenance yet afterwards he was highly praised and much made of because he had so wel and carefully saued and preserued his people But now when the Ottoman saw that Scanderbeg was not to be forced by armes he aduised and bethought him selfe howe he might surprise and ouerreach him by guile and subtilâ—ies He sent vnto him therefore an Ambassade with presents of great value and with letters the copie whereof is as followeth Mahomet Beg Amira Sultan of all parts of the world Lord and Emperour of the Orient and the Occident to Scanderbeg Prince of the Albanois and Epirots sendeth health I knowe not my deare friend Scanderbeg any amitie more cordiall and heartie nor any familiaritie or friendship more fast and sure then that which proceedeth of long and mutuall conuersing together and especially when it beginneth in the greene and tender age of youthfull yeares as did the old amitie betweene vs two who in our first infancie as it were at such time as thou wert hostage in the Court of Amurath my father did for a long time liue together in singular and almost incredible loue and concord Wherefore my good Scanderbeg as often as I do call to minde both these and other matters wherwith our age at that time was delighted moreouer remembring all that which thou hast heretofore done for the seruice of our Empire for the house of the Ottomans and for the glory enlarging of our crowne and dignitie my desire and endeuor is to loue and to make much of thee with all possible and most ardent affection And I protest before God that nothing can happen vnto me more acceptable or more agreeable in this life then to see thee neare about me and for a time to enioy thy presence If our souldiers haue of late violently inuaded thy dominions or entred vpon thy realme committing there any excesse or outrage yet ought not that to be any occasion or impediment to hinder thee from comming vnto vs. For whatsoeuer hath been done in that case was without our command or knowledge and as reason would I haue and do take it in very ill part neither doth it in any sort displease me that they haue bene chastised for their misdeeds and recompenced according to their deserts But omitting these matters let vs returne to our ancient amitie and alliance which doth easily perswade and induce me to desire that we may be reconciled and that we may haue peace each with other for euer from hence forward to the intent that by a sacred and indissoluble league and confederacy the friendly bond of our old and auncient acquaintance which hath in a maner bene extinguished by our long and continuall absence each from other may nowe againe be renued increased and strongly confirmed betweene vs. The articles of our accord shall be these if so be thou thinke it good or that they seeme not iniurious vnto thee for I know that it is not for him that desireth and demaundeth peace to prescribe and set downe the conditions of the peace The first thing that we demand of thee is that thou suffer our armie to haue free and safe passage throughout thy realme and dominions to inuade ouerrunne and to make warre vpon the countrey and townes of the Venetians that thou deliuer vs in hostage thy sonne Iohn whom we do promise and vowe continually to acknowledge and respect as one of our owne children that the traffike and trade of marchandise may be free open for all our subiects throughout all thy Seigniories as in like case it shall be for thine ouer all parts of our Empire Besides also I do offer vnto thee full power and libertie in all securitie safely to come and to haue accesse vnto vs. In these cases if thou wilt gratifie and yeeld vnto vs we do faithfully promise thee in the word and faith of a king that we will keepe and obserue true and continuall peace and friendship with thee and thy people and that no person what soeuer shall be more deare nor more acceptable vnto vs then thy selfe and we will to the vttermost of our power defend thy countrey from being troubled or molested either by our owne armes or by any others whom soeuer For other matters we pray thee to giue full credit vnto that which Mustapha our agent shall by word of mouth impart vnto thee Dated in our Imperiall citie of Constantinople this second of May in the yeare of the generation of Iesus 1461. These letters of Mahomet being openly read in a full assembly and generall
lately gained These are not the martiall generous Frenchmen these are not the warlike braue Italians whom you notwithstanding haue beaten and defeated but they are your slaues their liues are at your mercie and they are the ordinarie subiect of your glorie See therefore that you bestirre your selues valiantly so as this iourney may shut vp and determine the course of twentie yeares triumphes and victories which you haue most gloriously gotten against them They are come hither by force and constraint they are drawn hither by the blinded ambition of that infamous peisant Ballaban who being in disgrace both with God and man doeth desperately seeke by some exploit against vs to recouer his reputation to reenter into the grace and fauour of his Mahomet Now is the time my friends or neuer wherein you are to hope for an honorable end of your wearisome trauels and of sheading of your bloud behold this is the last attempt of your aduersarie who being now destitute of Chieftaines that either dare or are able from henceforth to hurt you by reason that you haue either slaine them or discomforted them he is now constrained to aid himself with them of your owne nation but you need not to stand in doubt or feare for such people traitours to God and their countrey the worme of whose conscience is euer gnawing and tormenting of their soules cannot possibly be able to doe you any great harme Go to then my good souldiers let the noble and famous actes of your auncestors and your owne honourable exploites sharpen and set spurres to your courages plucke vp your hearts gather your strength and forces vnto you presse vpon your enemies charge vpon them brauely breake in valiantly amongest these base rascals trample these dogs and circumcised curres vnder your â—eete and march ouer their cursed carcasses like valiant souldiers and inuincible conquerors Hauing thus spoken the alarme was sounded and they began to march all at once The Barbarians who stood readie raunged in order of battell with ensignes displaied before their campe did now expect and were determined to haue bene doing with their enemies but Ballaban staying for his companion did prolong the time of the fight and sounded the retrait commaunding some to watch when Iagup would appeare in sight But Scanderbeg imagining that a minute of delay might worke his vtter disaduantage commaunded those bands which were appointed to begin the skirmish and were now placed for the battell to issue foorth roundly vpon the Infidels whilest that he with the residue of his armie descending downe into the plaine did draw on directly towards the enemies campe with a full resolution to force the enemie to fight and to dispatch the matter before the comming of Arnauth Hereupon he presented himselfe before the campe of the Infidels with loud cries reproches and scoffes vsed by his souldiers against them challenging and prouoking them to the combat For all this was the Painim firme in his determination and he would not moue a foote but refusing to enter the listes or to come to fight he kept his people within their trenches and the more that our men did presse vpon them and importune them being euen readie to giue the aslault vnto his campe the more did he recuile and make from them Ballaban his souldiers conceiuing foule despite and being vehemently incensed for that they could not be suffered to issue out to encounter with their enemies they cryed out and exclaimed against their Generall they murmured and gnashed with their teeth for verie rage and anger and if the holding of them backe by their Generall on the one side did animate and set them in a heat no lesse did the insolencie and brauerie of the Epirots make them eger and sharpe set who were now vppon the point to force their rampiers insomuch that both on the one part and the other their courages were terribly enflamed and incensed ech against other Ballaban neuerthelesse still stayed his souldiers and temporized to the vttermost of his power In the end when he saw that he could not represse the heate and furie of his Turkes he disposed his armie in order of battell placing the Asappy before the ensignes of the vauntgard and next to them vpon the left wing he put the Olophanges who were notable and warlike souldiers opposing them against Tanusee Against Zacharie Groppe he set the Achanzes and right opposite against Peic Manuell he ordained the Ianissaries who were a verie stout and hardie kind of men enured and accustomed to the trauell and toyle of armes The right wing he himselfe commaunded being defended with a strong squadron which were for the gard of his bodie and with all the olde and most expert souldiers vppon whom he builded his chiefest hope and confidence placing him selfe directly against Scanderbeg Then began a most fierce and cruell fight betweene the Albanois and the Mahometan Horrible was the slaughter on the one side and the other and the two Generals in proper person drew the eyes of all men towards them There might you haue seene the infanterie and cauallarie of Albanie the old bands of Croie vsed and accustomed to maine battelles with the valiant and resolute Dibrians how they did make shew of their notable skill and practise in the Arte militarie and how at the verie beginning of the fight they did so trouble the vauntgard of the Infidels that they made their Ensignes to giue ground till such time as the furie of the fight encreasing and the cry on both sides growing to be redoubled they did againe aduance themselues more couragiously then at the first Then did Scanderbeg giue a newe charge vppon them pressing them both before and behind and enforcing himselfe by all possible meanes to put them out of array he cryed all aloft vnto his people saying How now my friends what did we make such hast hitherwardes did we rid so much way and did we make so long and speedie iourneyes to no ende and purpose Shall we suffer our selues to be helde so short by the same Chiefetaine by the same troupes which we haue so many times discomfited chased and ouerrunne All this notwithstanding hauing more then once endeuored and striued but all in vaine to breake and scatter them on that side he made choise of certaine squadrons out of the right wing which he thought would haue least to doe and would rather stand idle then be employed in the fight and causing them to wheele about and to conuey themselues behinde the enemie at their backes without being apperceiued either by the aduerse party or by their owne companie he did therewithall strike in vppon the lefte wing of the enemie with such furie and celeritie that when as they thought to haue found and to haue receiued him vpon the flancke and side of their battallion he was suddenly gotten behind them and charged them at their backs in such sort that the Alchanzes the Alophages found
besieged by Count Pycenin and Iohn Duke of Aniow 406 Barach a Turkâ—â— and Acmah his companion promise Mahomet to kill Scanderbeg 291. â—e is slaine by Scanderbeg 299 Battatinea a Tower in Constantinople 316 Battels at sea betweene the Turkes and Christians at Constantinople 320. betweene Philippe Duke of Milan and Alphonsus king of Arragon 402 Battell of Moraua betweene Huniades and the Turkes 17 Battell of Belgrade in Hungarie betweene Huniades and Mahomet 354 Battell of Varna betweene Vladislaus King of Hungarie and Amurath king of Turkes 73 Battell of Euphrates betweene the Persians and the Turkes 387 Battell of Arsengua betweene Vsuncassan king of Persia and Mahomet Emperor of Turkes 387 Battell of Roque Siech betwene Lewes the second Duke of Aniow and Ladislaus of Duras king of Naples 396 Battell of Farney betwene Iohn Duke of Aniow and Ferdinand king of Naples 405 Battell of S. Fabian betwene the armie of Ferdinand and the Duke of Aniow 405 Battels fought by Scanderbeg Battell against Haly bassa 58 Battell of Mocrea against Ferisee 88 Battell against Mustapha 92 Battell of Drinon against the Venetians 102 Battell of S. Segian against Count Pycenin 418 Battell of Oronichea against Mustapha 123 Battell against Feribassa 171 Battell of Modrissa against Amesa a Turke 264 Battell of Pologue against Debreas 270 Battell of Belgrade in Bulgarie against Sebalias 298 Battell of Oronichea against Moses 341. 342 Battell of Pharsalia against Isaac Bassa and Amesa his Nephew 369 Battell against Synam 427 Battell of Alchria against Assambeg 427 Battell of Scopia against Iussumbeg 428 Battell of Alchria against Seremet 449 Battell of Valcala against Ballaban 454 Battell of Sfetigrade against Ballaban 458 Battell of Oronichea against Ballaban 456 Battell of Valcala the second against Ballaban 464 Battell of Cassar against Iagup 468 Beglerbey a chiefe officer vnder the great Turk one of Europe another of Asia 140 Belgrade in Hungarie once called Alba Greca or Taururum 353. besieged by Mahomet 354 Belgrade in Bulgarie besieged by Scanderbeg 283. battered 285. relieued repaired and victualed by Sebalias 303 Belgradians giue hostages to the Turkes in garrison at Belgrade for assurance of their faith 284. they demaund truce of Scanderbeg 285. they repaire the breach of their walles contrarie to promise 293. they sacke the campe of Scanderbeg 297 Bellisarius taketh Naples 403 Bishops of Varadia and Strigonium by their folly hinder the victorie of the Christians in the battell of Varna 73. they are drowned 75 Bodie of S. Lewes of France caried away from Marseilles by Alphonsus 401 Bodie of Scanderbeg adored and reuerenced by the Turkes after his death 496 Boniface the ninth made Pope 395 Boniface or Port Siracusan a castle in Corsica besieged by Alphonsus king of Arragon 399 Bosa the mother of Lech or Luke Zacharie putteth her selfe and her estate in the protection of the Venetians 94 Braccio Fort Bracciâ— of Perusa vvarreth vpon Pope Martin the fifth ouerthroweth Sforce in battell and is retayned in pay with Queene Ione of Naples 399 Brethren of Scanderdeg poysoned by Amurath 13. Bursa or Prusa in Bithinia the place of Amurath his sepulchre 246 Busegiarpeni a countrie in Epire neere Scutarie 128. C Calegarie a place in Constantinople 316 Calepin brother to Mahomet or one in his steed strangled 253 Calybassa a Turke Councellor to Mahomet friend to the Christians 316. he councelleth Mahomet to leaue the siege of Constantinople 325. he aduertiseth the Emperour of Constantinople of the councell of the Turkes 326. he is betraied by Chirlucke and put to death by Mahomet 332 Calixtus the fourth see Pope Campobasso a Neapolitan countie ioyneth with Iohn Duke of Aniow against Ferdinand 405 Campe of the Turkes before Croy victualed out of Macedonie 226. and by the Venetians 227 Campupescupi a place in Epire vvhere Scanderbeg had rich saltpits â—1 Canuazado by Scanderbeg to the Turkish camp 165. 221. 228. 241. Carambey and Scanderbeg sent vvith an armie of Turkes against the Hungarians 17 Caragusa a Turke slaine by Paul Manassey in combat 122 Carazebeg sueth to be sent against Scanderbeg 429. he is sent against him 430. he challengeth Scanderbeg to a set battell vvho setteth vpon him in his campe and he retireth to Constantinople 431 Carolobert King of Hungarie sonne of Charles Martell 388 Cassar a village in Epire. 467 Cathagusina daughter of the Despot of Misia maried to Amurath 71 Cause of the vvarre betwene Scanderbeg and the Venetians 95 Cause and ground of the treason causing the losse of Sfetigrade 180 Causes of the conquests of the Turkes vpon the Christians 248 Cause of the Schisme in the church of Rome betweene Pope Vrban and Pope Clement 391 Causes of the trecherie of the Despot of Seruia 71. Ceremonie of the Turkes in their circumcision 5 Charles Thopie first founder of Croy. 31 Charles the second king of Naples Nephew to the French king S. Lewes his marriage and issue 388 Charles Martell king of Hungarie 388 Charles the first Duke of Duras ouercome in battell by Lewes king of Hungarie is beheaded 389 Charles the second Duke of Duras caried away into Hungarie by king Lewes 389. inâ—ested vvith the crowne of Naples by Pope Vrban 392. he conquereth Naples and is crowned king of Naples 393. he is chosen and crowned king of Hungarie 394. he is slaine at Buda ibidem his issue ibidem Chaonia a countrie in Epire. 475 Chidna a place in Epire surprised by Mahomet the manner of it 475 Chieri a place in Macedonie 431 Chios an Island in the mediterran sea 319 Chirluc a Greeke of Canstantinople 319. his infidelitie notable treacherie 332. his death and execution 333 Chiurill a towne in Epire begunne to be builded by Scanderbeg and razed by Mahomet 488 Chrisoceras a Promontorie by Constantinople 315 Christian Princes their carelessenesse of the losse and daunger of Constantinople 314 Christians their voiage against the Turkes broken 449 Christians their delaies and securitie 291 Christians subiects of the great Turke their miserable estate 217 Christians slaine at Belgrade buried 307 Cimerians a people of Epire. 45 Clement the seuenth made Antipope 391 Clemencie and rare humanitie of Scanderbeg 348. and towards Assambeg 428 Colchina a citie of the Venetians in Dalmatia vpon the sea or gulfe of Venice 263 Colla Humoâ— 102 Combat betweene Scanderbeg and a Scithian 8. betwene him and two Persians 9. betweene Paul Manassey and Caragusa 120. betwene Scanderbeg and Feribassa 174. of Acmath and Barach vvith Scanderbeg 299. betwene Zacharie Groppe and Ahemaz 339 Comparison of Scanderbeg and Huniades 75 Complaints of the Turkes of Macedonie to Amurath against Scanderbeg 77. of the Despot of Seruia against Scanderbeg 78. of Aâ—esa to his souldiers 119. by Amurath at his death 243 Conditions of peace offered by the Venetians to Scanderbeg 127. by Mahomet to Scanderbeg 432. by Amurath to Scanderbeg 81 Conditions of composition offered by Amurath to the Sfetigradians 148. by the Turkes within Sfetigrade to Scanderbeg 202. by Amurath to Vranocontes
and Nobles vpon his death bedde 489. to his sonne vppon his death bedd 492. to his Chiefetaines vppon his death bed vppon an alarme giuen by the Turkes 495 Speeches of Amurath to the Turkes vppon the receipt of Scanderbeg his letters 86. to his souldiers reproaching them for flying from Scanderbeg 159 Speeches also of Amurath to his souldiers encouraging them to a newe assault of Sfetigrade 168. to the Turkes concerning Scanderbeg 230. to his sonne Mahomet vpon his death bed 234 Speeches of the Turkish Chiefetaines and Councellours to Feribassa disswading him from the combat with Scanderbeg 173. to Amurath perswading him to renue the assault of Croy. 219. to Mahomet calling for an assault to be giuen against Constantinople 326 Speeches of Mahomet to Amurath perswading him to violate his faith with the Sfetigradians 186. to his Courtiers animating him against Scanderbeg 275. to his Bassaes perswading him not to leaue his voiage to Constantinople for Belgrade 290. betwene him and Moses 312 Speeches also of Mahomet to the Turkes in commendation of Iohn Iustinian 324. to himselfe vppon the inuasion of his territories by the Epyrots 442. to himselfe vpon the hearing of the taking of Moses and other Nobles of Epire. 455 Speeches of Mahomet to Ballaban vrging him to the destrustion of Scanderbeg 460. to Scanderbeg by a messenger by whom he returned his sword vnto him 497 Speeches of the Nobles of Epire to Scanderbeg disswading him from the combat vvith Feribassa 173. perswading him to marriage 192. perswading him to graunt truce to the Belgradians 286 Speeches of Moses to the Turkish messenger 278. to Scanderbeg in dissembling with him 279. to his friendes perswading them to reuolt with him from Scanderbeg 303. to the Turkes his souldiers after his ouerthrow by Scanderbeg 345 Speeches of Amesa to the Epirots vppon the rebuke giuen him by his Vncle 114. to Scanderbeg vpon his deliuerie out of prison 383 Speeches of Vranocontes gouernour of the citie of Croy to the Ambassadour of Amurath 232. 234 Speeches of Vranocontes and Tanusee touching the oration of Scanderbeg to them and the citizens of Croy. 357 Speech of Ariamnites offering him selfe tributary to Scanderbeg 51 Speeche vsed by a paysaunt vnto Scanderbeg 91 Speech of Marin Span to Amesa nephew to Scāderbeg 108 Speech of a Turke called Caragusa to Paule Manassey 121 Speech of Paule Manassey to the Turkes flying from the battell 125 Speech of a Turke of Sfetigrade desiring a parley and truce 201 Speeches of the Christians subiectes of the great Turke to the Christians their enemies at the siege of Scutarie 218 Speech of the Gouernour of Belgrade to the citizens 283 Speech of Sebalias deryding and reproaching the Christians 298 Speech of the souldiers of Scanderbeg desiring that their fellowes slaine at Belgrade might be buried 308 Speeches of Demetrius and others to Scanderbeg comforting him after his great misfortunes 306 Speeches of the Ambassadours of diuerse Princes to Scanderbeg touching his losse at Belgrade 311. Speeches of Ahemaz to Moses desiring leaue to fight a combat 338 Speeches betwene Ahemaz and Zachary Groppe 339 Speech of maister Nicholas of Naples touching the disgrace offered vnto him by the Pope 391 Speech of Ladislaus King of Naples of the battell betwene him and Lewes the second of Aniow 396 Speech of Count Picenin vsed vnto Scanderbeg 414. Speech of Assambeg a Chiefetame of the Turkes to Scanderbeg 428 Speechs vsed by Ballaban to Mahomet excusing his ouerthrow by Scanderbeg 459. 460 Speech of Iagup of the fortune of Scanderbeg 468 Speech of Lech Ducagin bewayling the death of Scanderbeg 496 Speech of Scanderbeg to a Scithian before his combat with him 8 Speech of Zampsa a Persian to Amurath challenging his Courtiers to the combat 9 Speech of Amurath to Scanderbeg animating him to vndertake the combat against two Persians 10 Speech of Scanderbeg touching the oration made by a souldier Turke within Sfetigrade 33 Speech of the citizens of Sfetigrade to Scanderbeg 41 Speech of Haly Bassa touching the order obserued by Scanderbeg in setting of his battels 58 Speech of the Despot of Seruia to Frier Iohn Capistran 71 Speech of Iohn Huniades to Vladislaus King of Hungarie in the battell of Varna 74 Spies their punishment 149 Sponderbeg Prince of Penderacia 253 Stellusa a towne in Epire described it is yeelded to Scanderbeg 30 Stephen Cernouiche husband of Mara the sister of Scanderbeg aideth him against the Turkes 35. his issue 47 Stephen King of Hungarie 388 Stratagemes of Scanderbeg against Haly Bassa 57. against the Turkes before Sfetigrade 142. in the often remouing of his campe 160 in retyring from the Turkes 359. in the battell of Pharsalia 367 Stratageme vsuall with the Turkes against the Christians 140 Stratageme of Amurath to diuert Scanderbeg from troubling his army during the assault of Croy. 224 Stratagemes or strange enterprises of the Turks against Constantinople to get the hauen 317 and in building a bridge ibidem Stratageme of Mahomet to surprise Chidna 476. Streezes their familie 46. the nephewes of Scanderbeg 25 Subassides a Turkish leader of horsemen 139 Subiectes of Scanderbeg vvilling to haue peace vvith the Turkes 82 Succours sent by Alphonsus king of Naples to Scanderbeg 280. by the Venetians and others to Scanderbeg for the reliefe of Croy. 480 Superstition of the Dibrians most straunge 181. causeth the losse of Sfetigrade ibidem Synam sent vvith an armie to defend the Turkish frontiers 377. 378. sent vvith an armie to inuade Epire. 426. surprised and ouerthrowen by Scanderbeg 427 Synope the countrey of Mithridates 426 T Talasmans a kind of Priests among the Turkes 5. Tanusee Thopie 45. inuadeth the Turkish camp before Croy. 229. sent to begin the siege of Belgrade 282. his valure in the battell of Belgrad 296. he is sent with an army to burie the Christians slaine at Belgrade 308. he spoileth and burneth all the countrie about Belgrade 305 he is appointed to keepe the frontiers of Epire against Sinam and the Turks 379. he is Scanderbegs Lieutenant at the battell of Valcala 463 Theodore Caristin a Greeke a good archer 318 Theodore Corona Lord of Belgrade in Bulgary 282 Theophilus Paleologus 318. his honourable end and death 330 Thuraca Saniacke of Romania councellour to Mahomet 326 Timariot a Turkish horseman 139 Townes in Apulia giuen to Scanderbeg by Ferdinand 423 Trana a citie in Apulia vsurped by Fusian against Ferdinand 421. yeelded to Scanderbeg and by Ferdinand giuen vnto him 422. 423 Trechery intended by Amurath to corrupt some of the garrison of Sfetigrade 180 Treacherie intended by Mahomet to corrupt some of Scanderbegs friends 275. 276 Treason of Anell a Mason betraying Naples to Alphonsus 403 Treason of certain souldiers seruing vnder Scanderbeg 461 Treason of a labourer corrupted by Amurath to betray Sfetigrade 180. the manner thereof 181 rewarded by Amurath 186. the end and estimate of it ibid. Trebizond besieged and won by Mahomet 476 Triballians people of Misia 19. enhabite the vpper Dibria 181. they holde
assaulted the thâ—rd time Turkes repulsed from the assalt Amurath his â— impatieÌ„cie who enraged at his ill successe exclaimeth against God Amurath consulteth vpon his proceeding in the siege of Croy. Isup sent Ambassadour from Amurath to Scanderbeg to coÌ„clude a peace with him Sentence The Red plaine Scanderbeg his great care and prouidence to preuent the sodaine surprises of his enemies Oration of Isup to ScaÌ„â—erbeg * Morea once named Peloponnesus in Greece * Caramania or Cilicia Sentence Magnanimity of the Epirots in the dayes of Scanderbeg Answere of Scanderbeg to Isup his Ambassade Sentence Amurath sickneth vppon griefe and melancholy A third canuazado by Scanderbeg to the campe of the Turkes before Croy. Turks in great perplexitie vpon the sicknesse of Amurath Sentence Crayna a mountaine ouer Croy. Amurath his last end a mirrour for great persons Complaints lamentations made by Amurath at his death Speech and admonitious of Amurath to his sonne Mahomet vpon his death bed Amurath his death Amurath his manifold exploites and famous actes Hexamile a wall so called by the Greekes which did run sixe miles in length enclosing the countrie of Peloponnesus or Morea from the sea of AEgeuum lying betweene Greece and Asia euen to the sea of Ionia or part of the Mediterran sea lying betweene that and Italy now called the gulf of Venice Amurath an example of the vanitie and inconstancie of worldly blisse and fortune Prusa or Bursa the place of Amurath his sepulcher Siege of Croy raised Amurath his age at his death 85. yeares Scanderbeg returneth to Croy where he is receiued with exceeding ioy Rewards giueÌ„ to the citizens souldiers and Gouernor of Croy by Scanderbeg Vranocontes created Duke of Emathia ChristiaÌ„ their ioy and triumph vniuersally vpon the death of Amurath Christians had litle or no benefit by the death of Amurath Conquests atchieued by the Turkes of late ages vpon Christendome Euboea Or Lesbos Causes of the conquests of the Turkes vpon the Christians Liberalitie of Christian kings pr 〈…〉 s sending presents to Scanderbeg to congratulate his good fortune vpon the death of Amurath Triumphes in Epire for the discomfiture and death of Amurath Amurath best beloued by his subiects and most vpright to his enemies of all the Ottoman Princes Sentence Custome of the Ianissaries to sacke the houses of the Iewes and Christians at the death of their Prince Mahomet crowned Emperour of the Turâ—â—s Emperours of the Turkes the maner of their succeeding to the crowne Sentence Prouerbe of Princes children Mahomet his cruelty impiety Tursines brother to Mahomet drowned Moses Bassa the murderer of Tursines murdered by the mother of the infant Calepin brother to Mahomet Caly Bassa Sponderbeg Prince of Penderacia Calepin or one in his stead strangled by Mahomet Histories how to be written Mahomet his tyranny and mischieuous manners Mahomet his notable vices and vertues Seraill a place where the Turk vseth to keepe his concubines Mahomet a notable Atheist worshippeth good Fortune only as God Iohn Maria of Vicentia slaue to Mustapha eldest sonne of Mahomet Gentill Belin a Painter of Venice Description of Mahomet Croy repaired nâ—w fortified by Scanderbeg A digression and exclamation of the author against the inuentioâ— of Ordinance 1451. Perswasions vsed by the nobles of Epire to draw Scanderbeg to mariage Ariamnites Comminat Doniqua the wife of Scanderbeg Mariage of Scanderbeg Sentence Saying of Mahomet touching the mariage of Scanderbeg The progresse of Scanderbeg with his Queen to visite all his kingdome Mountaine of Modrissa Fortresse at Modrissabuilded by Scanderbeg Ambassadours sent with conditions of peace by Mahomet to Scanderbeg Answer of Scanderbeg to the Ambassadors of Mahomet The fortresse of Modrissa finished and furnished Territories and Dominions of the Turkes inuaded spoiled by Scanderbeg OratioÌ„ of Scanderbeg to his subiects perswading theÌ„ to proceed with their conquests vpon the Turkes Two onely times to dispatch great exploites against an enemy when he is weakened or other where employed and occupied Answer of Vranocontes to the oratioÌ„ of ScaÌ„derbeg in the name of all the Epirots Winter wars most discommodious and hurtfull Sentence Time and seasen to be attended by men of valor wisdome Donique the wife of Scanderbeg passeth the Sommer at Petralba Colchina a citie of the VenetiaÌ„s vpon the sea or gulfe of Venice in Dalmatia Description of the conntrey about Petralba Mahomet prepareth an army against Scanderbeg Sentence Scanderbeg leuieth an armie to withstand the Turkes An armie of twelue thousand Turkes inuadeth Epire Amâ—sa generall of the Turkish armie against Scanderbeg Mount Mocrea Amesa the Turkes armie surprized at Modrissa by Scanderbeg Amese Generall of the Turkes taken prisoner by Amese the Nephew of Scanderbeg Victorie of Scanderbeg against Amese at Modrissa Number both of Turkes and Christians slaine in the fight at Modrissa Sentence The Turkes prisoners feasted by Scanderbeg 1452. Mahomet insensed against Amese in vnwilling to pay his ransome Sentence Perswasions vsed by Amese his friendâ— and the Turkes courâ—iâ—rs to Mahomet in his behalfe Liberalitie of Amuse the Nephew of Scanderbeg Amese and the other Turkes prisoners ransommed Debreas appointed with a new armie against Scanderbeg Debreas his ambition and glorious ostentation Sentence Ambition and enuie of the Turkes against Scanderbeg Amese coÌ„mending the vertue of Scanderbeg discourageth the Turkes Debreas marcheth into Epyre with an armie of 15000. men Scanderbeg leauteth an armie of 7000. men against Debreas The order taken by Scanderbeg for the sudden arming of his subiects and speedie raising of an armie Pologue Scanderbeg marcheth with 6000. men against Debreas The description of the countrie about Pologue Scopia a chiefe towne in Macedonie Army of Scanderbeg striken with feare by the terror of a sudden tempest Speech of Scanderbeg to his souldiers encouraging them not to be amazed at the tempest Oration of Debreas encouraging his souldiers to the battell Oration of Scanderbeg encouraging his souldiers to the battell against Debreas The battell of Pologue Moses putteth to flight the Turkes that began the flight Moses his immoderate fury in the heat of fight Speech of Scanderbeg to Moses reprehending his ouermuch hardines Moses his originall descent or pedegree Valmes a citie in Epire. Speech of Scanderbeg encouraging his souldiers to giue the charge vpon Debreas Policie of Scanderbeg in battell to ayme at the destruction of the Generall of his enemies Saying of Scanderbeg touching the cutting off of the Generall of the enemies A hardie act of Moses Debreas slaine by Scanderbeg Victorie of Scanderbeg against the armie of Debreas Sentence Number of Turkes staine in the battell of Pologue Victory not bought but giuen to the Christians Debreas his horse and armour giuen to Moses by Scanderbeg in honour of his valure vertue A pleasaunt question betweene Musache and a Turke his prisoner Speech of Scanderbeg deciding a controuersie betweene Musache the Turke his prisoner Sentence Mahomet and his Nobles greatly troubled and vexed at the discomfiture of Debreas