Selected quad for the lemma: friend_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
friend_n	gain_n	pound_n	sterling_a	56	3	16.2454	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A07834	An itinerary vvritten by Fynes Moryson Gent. First in the Latine tongue, and then translated by him into English: containing his ten yeeres trauell through the tvvelue dominions of Germany, Bohmerland, Sweitzerland, Netherland, Denmarke, Poland, Jtaly, Turky, France, England, Scotland, and Ireland. Diuided into III parts. The I. part. Containeth a iournall through all the said twelue dominions: shewing particularly the number of miles, the soyle of the country, the situation of cities, the descriptions of them, with all monuments in each place worth the seeing, as also the rates of hiring coaches or horses from place to place, with each daies expences for diet, horse-meate, and the like. The II. part. Containeth the rebellion of Hugh, Earle of Tyrone, and the appeasing thereof: written also in forme of a iournall. The III. part. Containeth a discourse vpon seuerall heads, through all the said seuerall dominions.	Moryson, Fynes, 1566-1630.	1617 (1617)	STC 18205; ESTC S115249	1,351,375	915

the onely remedy doth consist in the carefull and diligent ouersight of her Maiesties Ministers to whom that trust is committed her Maiesty thinketh that as your selues did truely find the faults and abuses so none can better prouide for their remedy then you that are there present and especially you the Treasurer by whose Ministers errours her Maiesty hath beene so much preiudiced And whereas especiall cause of these frauds is imputed to the multiplicity of the bils of exchange wee should most willingly be of that mind to reduce all vnto one place at Dublyn were it not that wee find you the Treasurer to vary in your opinion hauing signified heretofore by your particular letters to some of vs that there is no possible way of remedy but by reducing all the Banckes to one place and yet by this letter iointly with the rest of the Counsell deliuering your opinion for the establishing of two places vnto which opinion because we conceiue you are wonne vpon the consultation of that Counsell we haue applied our consent therevnto And to the end it may plainely appeare vnto you how the Merchants others abusing the exchange doe most fraudulently serue their turne both vpon her Maiesties Subiects there if it bee true as hath beene informed to vs by persons of good credit comming from thence that they improue their commodities to a treble price and more in respect of that Coyne and likewise vpon her Maiesties excessiue losse by returne of their money vpon the exchange wee haue thought good to send you an Estimate or Calculation of the gaine that one of them may make and as it is to be supposed doth make in this course vpon the expence but of one hundred pounds vttered there in commodities making and raising therevpon but two for one whereby you may iudge how vnreasonable aduantage may be further made vpon the profit of three or foure for one if the Merchant be so ill disposed or can find the meanes of a corrupt Minister vnder the Treasurer to combine with him And so wee bid you right heartily well to fare From the Court at White-Hall the 24 of December 1602. A computation sent ouer inclosed in the former letter of the gaine which a Merchant may make by the Exchange bringing to the Exchange in each one hundred pound forty pound sterling and supposing the Merchant to be without sterling money in his store or without credit and to vse the Exchange directly If he conuert one hundred pound sterling into wares and sell the same in Ireland at the rate of two for one viz. For two hundred pound Irish he doth thereby gaineas followeth To haue the benefit of the Exchange he must haue fourscore pounds sterling which supposing that he buieth at fiue shillings Irish each twenty shillings sterling his fourescore pound sterling doth cost him one hundred pounds Irish. Then commeth he to the Exchange with one hundred pounds Irish and fourscore pounds sterling for both which the Minister giueth him a bill to receiue in England one hundred seuenty fiue pound sterling for hee must loose fiue pound of the exchange of the one hundred Irish. Then hath he in his purse in England one hundred seuenty fiue pound defalking his first stocke which was one hundred pound resteth cleere to him seuenty fiue pound And this he may doe vpon as many returnes as he maketh in a yeere If it be obiected that he cannot buy sterling money at so low a rate as for fiue and twenty shillings Irish but that he doe pay thirty shilling Irish for twenty shillings sterling then is his gaine the lesse by nineteene pound and yet shall he gaine sixe and fifty pound But supposing such 〈◊〉 Merchant as is not in necessity to by sterling money with Irish but that he they borrow it here of friends though he pay twenty pound in the hundred for 〈◊〉 is his gaine in this manner His hundred pounds sterling conuerted into wares and sold in Ireland for two hundred pound Irish he bringeth to the Exchange one hundred and twenty pound Irish and fourescore pounds sterling borrowed and receiueth a bill to be paid in England one hundred fourescore and foureteene pound loosing sixe pound for the returne of one hundred and twenty pound Irish. So hath he in his purse in England one hundred fourescore and foureteene pound out of which deducting one hundred pound which was the first stocke resteth to him fourescore and foureteene pound Out of which gaine allowing him fourescore pounds to pay for so much borrowed by him yet resteth to him foureteene pound And further hee hath remaining in his hands in Ireland fourescore pound Irish remaining of his two hundred Irish whereof he brought onely one hundred and twenty pound to the Exchange To haue which fourescore pound returned by the Exchange hee must borrow two and thirty pound sterling and so shall hee haue a bill to be paied in England one hundred and eight pound for he looseth foure pound for exchange of the fourescore pound Irish Out of which one hundred and eight pound abating the two and thirty pound borrowed there resteth gained seuenty sixe pound Whereunto adding the foureteene pound aboue mentioned then the whole gaine is fourescore and ten pound From whence take for the interest of one hundred and twelue pound borrowed for three moneths after twenty in the hundred for a yeere which is for three moneths sixe pound twelue shillings and then his cleere gaine is towards his freight custome forbearing the money and other charges fourescore and foure pound eight shillings About the end of Ianuary the Lord Deputy returned from Connaght to Dublyn and by the way receiued letters from Rowry O Donnell who now had vndertaken the prosecution of O Rorke and signified his determination to make a roade presently into his Countrey and to leaue some of his men to lie vpon him in some places of conuenient strength but his Lordship being come to Dublyn receiued another letter from the said Rory O Donnell vpon the eighteenth of February signifying that O Rorkes strength was much increased by the repaire of many chiefe Rebels into his Countrey so as for the present he was nether able to attempt O Rorke nor to defend himselfe from his attempts till the English forces should draw vp to assist him the hastning whereof he prayed and that he might haue leaue to put vp his Creaghtes for a time towards Ballishannon for his better safetie The fiue and twentieth of February the Lord Deputie wrote this following letter to the Lords in England and sent it by the hands of the Lord President of Mounster at this time going for England MAy it please your Lordships although I am vnwilling to enforme you often of the present estate of this Kingdome or of any particular accidents or seruices because the one is subiect to so much alteration and the other lightly deliuered vnto all that are not present with such vncertainety and that I am loath

Seintpoole and M r Serjeant Fleetwood Comptroller argued to the contrary and said that in all these cases new are to be chosen and the old discharged And that it needeth not to have discharge by the Judgment of the House but it sufficeth to make suggestion in the Chancery and to procure a Writ thereupon for a new Election And to question this was to discredit the Lord ly to bee paid at sight at vsance at halfe vsance and at double vsance which word vsance being not English I take to be borrowed of the Italian word vsanza signifying a manner or custome The word at sight imports present payment at halfe vsance a fortnight after the date at vsance a moneth at double vsance two moneths And thus to him that goes from London to Hamburg in Germany it is all one whether his bill of exchange be paid at sight or at halfe vsance since hce can hardly arriue there in lesse space then a fortnight But touching the exchange from London to Venice farther distant by the word vsance three moneths are signified and by double vsance six moneths The Turks Empier is so farre distant and the iourney sare so vncertaine as our Merchants vse no certaine rate of exchange thither neither indeed vse they to giue any billes of exchange but onely letters of credit to receiue set summes of money or at large as much as the traueller shall want of which third kinde of receiuing money in forraine parts I shall hereafter speake By the foresaid billes of exchange according to the foresaid opportunities the traueller commonly loseth and sometimes gaineth For my self am familiarly acquainted with a Merchant who tooke vp one hundred pounds at London to be paid by his Factor at Stode in Germany which Factor againe tooke vp the same hundred pounds at Stode to be paid by his Master at London and at foure moneths end he paied the same hauing by these bils of exchange made vse thereof all this time without one penny losse But in generall when great quantitie of money is to bee made ouer to any place from London the traueller shall lose after fiue in the hundred by the yeere and when small quantitie is to bee made ouer he shall lose after the rate of fifteene in the hundred by the yeere and ordinarily he shall lose about the rate of ten in the hundred by the yeere By reason of the aforesaid vncertaintie in receiuing money by billes of exchange as well by the slow sending of them as by the delay which Factors vse to make in paying them as also by the vsuall negligence of the trauellers friend who is to make ouer his mony or by his want of ready mony at the time I say for this vncertaintie lest the traueller should lose the season of the yeere fit to take iourneys by the expecting of his mony a third course of receiuing mony in forraine parts hath growne in vse namely that the traueller should take with him letters of credit from some Merchant of great trade to his Factor to furnish him from place to place of money either according to his want or for a certaine yeerely summe I confesse it is a more frugall course that he should first pay his money at home and after receiue it beyond the Seas then that he should first receiue it there and after repay it at home but I would aduise him to make ouer his money after the foresaid manner by billes of Exchange and withall to carry these letters of credit for abundant caution of all euents so as vpon any crosse accident he may rather incurre a small losse of money then the vnrecouerable losse of time Yet euen in money taken by letters of credit reckoning the time of the repaiment Merchants vse not to exact greater gaine then ten in the hundreth by the yeere especially if they be honest men or haue any bond of friendship with the traueller or his friends at home and be confident of repaiment without any doubt arising either by the trauellers sicknesse or by his friends ill keeping of their credit It remaines that I adde somewhat in generall out of my experience of the rate at which my selfe receiued money by the foresaid bils of exchange or letters of credit And first I will confesse my negligent omission in noting the rates of my exchanges whereof as a matter of moment I much repent me but for this reason the Reader must beare with me if I set the same downe more briefly then were fit for his instruction Our of England into Scotland and Ireland a Traueller shall haue many opportunities to carry monies Inspecie that is in kind or to exchange them without any losse The exchange out of England to Stoade or Hamburge in Germany vseth to beare this rate for a pound or twenty shillings sterling to receiue there fiue and twenty Hamburge shillings and sixe pence My selfe deliuered forty pounds in England and after the rate of twenty foure Hamburg shillings and eight pence for each English pound or at the rate of an imperiall doller vallued at foure shillings six pence English I receiued at Stoade forty nine Hamburg pounds six shillings and eight pence Hereof I kept in my purse ten dollers that is two Hamburg pounds and fifteene shillings the rest I left in a Merchants hands who sent me at diuers times to Leipzig first nine and thirty dollers that is ten Hamburg pounds foureteene shillings and six pence at another time threescore dollers that is sixteene Hamburg pounds ten shillings and the third time seuenty dollers that is nineteene Hamburg pounds fiue shillings These ioined together with two shillings paied to the Carrier for my letters make the foresaid summe of forty nine Hamburg pounds sixe shillings eight pence receiued vpon bill of exchange for my forty pound first paid in London Againe I tooke vp an Stode from an English Merchant seuenty dollers vpon my letters of credit and rating each doller at foure shillings eight pence English I gaue him a bill of sixteene pound sterling to be paid him by my friend in London From these parts in Germany a Traueller must carry with him the foresaid kinds of moneyes most currant in Germany when he takes his iourney to the vpper parts of Germany to Bohemia and to Sweitzerland or the confines of Hungary The exchange out of England into the Low-Countries vsually rateth an English pound sterling first paid in England at foure and thirty Flemmish shillings wanting two stiuers to be paid after in the Low-Countries In Denmarke Trauellers seldome make any long aboad and the trade of our Merchants is more rare in that Kingdome wanting natiue commodities so as there is no vsuall exchange from London thither From London to Dantzk in Prussen the exchange of an English pound sterling first paid in London vseth to be rated at foure and twenty Hamburg shillings and six pence to be paid there My selfe by letters of credit received fifty dollers at Dantzk and

after the rate of foure shillings six pence English for each doller I gaue my bill for the payment of eleuen pound fiue shillings English to be repaied by my friend at London And at Dantzk the same Merchant for the same fifty dollers gaue me one and thirty Hungarian duckets of gold and foureteen grosh in siluer being the fittest money for my iourney to Crakaw in Poland and to Vienna in Oestreich or Austria Out of England to Venice in Italy the exchange of foure shillings and sixe or eight pence English vseth to bee rated at a Venetian Ducket My selfe tooke no bils of exchange from England to Venice but had letters of credit to receiue money of a Venetian Merchant to be repaid in London vpon my bill after the rate of foure shillings three pence for each Venetian ducket And at first being to take my iourney for Rome and Naples I tooke vp two hundred siluer crownes most fit for that iourney which at Venice were rated at two hundred fiue twenty duckets and nineteene grosh and I gaue my bill for three and fifty pound sterling twelue shillings and sixe pence English to be repaied by my friend in London Then I retained with my selfe as many of those crownes as were necessary for my iourney leauing the rest in the hands of a Venetian Merchant who gaue me a bill to receiue so many crownes In specie that is in kind at Florence where I purposed to make my aboad for some few moneths Out of England into Turkey I formerly said that for the vncertainty of the iourney vpon the great distances of places there is no certaine value of exchange neither vse our Merchants to send bils of exchange thither but to giue letters of credit first to receiue money there either at large according to the passengers wants or for a certaine yeerely summe to be after repaied in England vpon the passengers bill And the Merchants there for each zechine of gold of Venice deliuered at Haleppo vse to exact nine or ten shiliings English to be repaied in London to the passengers great losse which he that will auoid may exchange his money to Venice and there receiue zechines of gold or siluer moneys of Spaine to carry with him In specie that is in kind From London into France the exchange of sixe shillings English vseth to be rated at threescore French soulz or three French pounds which make a common French crowne but a French crowne In specie and of iust waight is valued there at threescore and foure soulz as in England an Angell of gold is worth more then ten shillings siluer among the Exchangers though in expences it is giueri out for no more then ten shillings and not onely bils of exchange into France are giuen at the foresaid rate for moneys first receiued in England but he that hath a merchant to his friend or acquaintance may easily compound to receiue money first in France vpon his letters of credit and to repay it in London after the rate of sixe shillings English for sixtie French soulz To this I will adde two generall cautions most necessarie for trauellers first whereas in Germany and Italy the Territories of absolute Princes are frequent and of small extent and each of these Princes doth coyne small pieces of brasse money it behooueth the passenger to take heede that he spend each Princes brasse moneys within his Territory or else that vpon the confines hee change them into brasse moneys currant in the next Territory which if hee neglect the subiects of the new Prince howsoeuer they bee neighbours to the former Prince and may daily change these coynes for their owne yet they will not receiue them without great gaine they being of themselues little worth and onely by the prerogatiue of each Prince currant among their owne subiects Secondly the passenger must take speciall care to leauea faithfull friend at home to pay the bils readily which he sends ouer to his Merchant for so doing hee shall neuer want in forraine parts at least among Christians and knowne places of trafficke yea out of his good report hee shall bee furnished with more money then is warranted by his letters of credit but on the contrary if his friend deny or delay paiments hee shall not haue credit to borrow a penny vpon his occasions more then that for which the Factors shall haue warrant by billes of exchange or letters of credit and if he fall into any misfortune he shall not find a friend to deliuer him from penurie and shame These things being sayed in generall nothing remaines now but to set downe the particular moneys of seuerall Kingdomes and the value of them at the time when I liued beyond Seas which value is subiect to change at the pleasure of each absolute Prince And in this discourse I thinke most fit to begin with the moneys of England being more familiarly knowne vnto me Being to write of the Standard weight and value of English moneys I thinke fit first to giue some few admonitions to the Reader First that the purest gold containes foure and twentie caracts in the ounce and foure graines make a caract Secondly that the purest siluer containes twelue ounces in each pound Troy weight And that Edward the first King of England keeping the Feast of Christs Natiuitie at Barwich in the yeere 1300 did vpon Saint Steuens day decrie the value of base siluer moneys and after did altogether forbid the vse of them and shortly after commanded sterling money to be coyned so called of the Easterlings who first coyned siluer money of that Standard which is of eleuen ounces two penny weight Thirdly that the English pound as well of gold as siluer meaning the pound of the Ballence not the pound of twentie shillings commonly spent containes twelue ounces Troy weight And that each ounce of siluer is worth fiue shillings of the currant money and each ounce of Angel gold is worth three pound fiue shillings or sixtie fiue shillings of Queene Elizabeths siluer money and each ounce of Crowne gold is worth three pound or sixtie shillings of the same coyne Fourthly that the Mint-Master gaue account before the Queenes Examiners for the money they coyned as well by the tale or number of the pieces as by the sheere for it being not possible to coyne moneys of the iust prescribed weight yet the Mint-master was held to haue performed his contract with the Queen for the standard prescribed by her so the siluer were not more then 2 penny weight in the ounce heauier or lighter then her standard prescribed and in like sort for the coyning of gold a certaine proportion of some eight graines in the ounce was allowed to the Mint-Master in this account by the sheere Fiftly that 20 penny weight makes an ounce and 24 graines make a penny weight Now I returne to the discourse in hand Queene Elizabeth in the yeere 1600 contracted with the Mint-Master that of gold of the standard