and pain also happens at the same time both by reason of the tension and preternatural heat And there is a manifest pulsation in the part specially whilst it suppurates because the veins The cause of a beating pain in a Phlegmon arteries and nerves are much being they are not only heated within by the influx of the fervid humor but pressed without by the adjacent parts Therefore seeing the pain comes to all the foresaid parts because they are too immoderately heated and pressed the arteries which are in the perpetual motion of their systole diastole whilst they are dilated strike upon the other inflamed parts whereupon proceeds that beating pain Hereunto add The Arteries then filled with more copious and hot bloud have greater need to seek refrigeration by drawing in the encompassing Air wherefore they must as of necessity have a conflict with the neighbouring parts which are swollen and pained Comm. ad Aph. 21. sect 7. Therefore from hence is that pulsation in a Phlegmon which is defined by Galen An agitation of the arteries painful and sensible to the Patient himself for otherwise as long as we are in health we do not perceive the pulsation of the arteries Wherefore these two causes of pulsation or a pulsifick pain in a phlegmon are worthy to be observed that is the heat and abundance of bloud contained in the vessels and arteries which more frequently than their wont incite the arteries to motion that is to their systole and diastole and the compression and straitning of the said arteries by reason of the repletion and distention of the adjacent partts by whose occasion the parts afflicted and beaten by the trembling and frequent pulsation of arteries are in pain Hence they commonly say that in the part affected with a Phlegmon they feel as it were Another kind of Pulsation in a Phlegmon the sense or stroke of a Mallet or Hammer smiting upon it But also besides this pulsation of the arteries there is as it were another pulsation with itching from the humors whilst they putrefie and suppurate by the permixtion motion and agitation of vapours thereupon arising The cause of heat in a Phlegmon is bloud which whilst it flows more plentifully into the part is as it were trodden or thrust down and causes obstruction from whence necessarily follows a prohibition of transpiration and putrefaction of the bloud by reason of the preternatural heat But the Phlegmon looks red by reason of the bloud contained it because the humor predominant in the part shines through the skin CHAP. VIII Of the Causes and Signs of a Phlegmon THe Causes of a Phlegmon are of three kinds for some are primitive some antecedent The Primitive causes of a Phlegmon The Antecedent and Conjunct and some conjunct Primitive are falls contusions immoderate labour frictions application of acrid ointments burnings long staying or labouring in the hot Sun a diet unconsiderate and which breeds much bloud The antecedent Causes are the great abundance of bloud too plentifully flowing in the veins The conjunct the collection or gathering together of bloud impact in any part The signs of a Phlegmon The signs of a Phlegmon are swelling tension resistance feaverish heat pain pulsation especially while it suppurates redness and others by which the abundance of bloud is signified And a little Phlegmon is often terminated by resolution but a great one by suppuration and sometimes it ends in a Scirrhus or a Tumor like a Scirrhus but otherwhiles in a Gangrene that is when the faculty and native strength of the part affected is over-whelmed by the greatness of the defluxion Gal. l. de Tum as it is reported by Galen The Chirurgeon ought to consider all these things that he may apply and vary such medicines as are convenient for the nature of the Patient and for the time and condition of the part affected CHAP. IX Of the cure of a true Phlegmon What kind of diet must be prescribed in a Phlegmon THe Chirurgeon in the cure of a true Phlegmon must propose to himself four intentions The first of D et This because a Phlegmon is a hot affect and causes a Feaver must be ordained of refrigerative and humecting things with the convenient use of the six things not natural that is air meat and drink motion and rest sleep and waking repletion inaninition and lastly the passions of the mind Therefore let him make choice of that air which is pure and clear not too moist for fear of defluxion but somewhat cool let him command meats which are moderately cool and moist shunning such as generate bloud too plentifully such will be Broths not too fat seasoned with a little Borage Lettuce Sorrel and Succory let him be forbidden the use of all Spices and also of Garlick and Onions and all things which heat the bloud as are all fatty and sweet things as those which easily take fire Let the Patient drink small Wine and much allayed with water or if the Feaver be vehement the water of the decoction of Licoris Barly sweet Almonds or Water and Sugar alwayes having regard to the strength age and custom of the Patient For if he be of that age or have so led his life that he cannot want the use of Wine let him use it but altogether moderately Rest must be commanded for all bodies wax hot by motion but let him chiefly have a care that he do not exercise the part possessed by the Phlegmon for fear of a new defluxion Let his sleep be moderate neither if he have a full body let him sleep by day specially presently after meat Let him have his belly soluble if not by Nature then by Art as by the frequent use of Clysters and Suppositories Let him avoid all vehement perturbations of minde as hate anger brawling let him wholly abstain from venery How to divert the defluxion of humors This maner of diet thus prescribed we must come to the second scope that is the diversion of the defluxion which is performed by taking away its cause that is the fulness and illness of the humors Both which we may amend by purging and bloud-letting if the strength and age of the Patient permit The pain must be asswaged But if the part receiving be weak it must be strengthned with those things which by their astriction amend the openness of the passages the violence of the humor being drawn away by Cupping-glasses Frictions Ligatures But if pain trouble the part which is often the occasion of defluxion it must be mitigated by Medicines asswaging pain The third scope is to overcome the conjunct cause That we may attain to this we must enter into the consideration of the tumor according to its times that is the beginning increase state and declination When we must use repercussives For from hence the indications of variety of medicines must be drawn For in the beginning we use repercussives to drive away the
saccar alb an â„¥ i vitelios ovorum num ii olei anethini chamaem an Ê’ii fiat clyster In the interim let the kidnies be anointed on the outside with unguentum rosatum refrigerans Galen and populeon used severally or mixed together laying a double linnen cloth dipped in oxycrate Remedies against the stone of the kidnies comming fâ—om a cold cause But if rhe concretion of the stone be of a cold cause the remedies must be varied as follows â„ž terebeinth venet Ê’i cort citri Ê’ii aquae coct Ê’ii fiat potio Or else â„ž cassiae recent extract Ê’ vi benedict lax Ê’iii aq faenic â„¥ ii aq asparag â„¥ i. fiat potio let him take it three hours before dinner this following apozeme is also good â„ž rad cepet bardan. gram an Ê’iii bismal cum toto beton an m. ss sem milii solis bard utrio an Ê’ii sem melon glycyrhiz ras an Ê’ii ss ficus num 4. fiat decoct ad quart iii in expressà collaturà dissolve sirup de raphan oxymelitis scilitici an â„¥ i. ss sacchar albis â„¥ iii. fiat opozema pro tribus dosibus clarificetur aromatiz cumÊ’i cinam Ê’ ss sant citrin let him take four ounces three hours before dinner â„ž rad petrosel faenicul an â„¥ i. saxifrag pimp gram bardan. an m. ss quatuor seminum frig major mundat millii solis an Ê’ii fiat decoctic cape de colaturâ lb. ss in quà dissolve sacch rub syrup capill ven an â„¥ i. ss Let it be taken at three doses two hours before meat The following powder is very effectual to dissolve the matter of the stone â„ž sem petrosel rad ejusdem mundat an â„¥ ss sem cardui quem colcitrapam vocant â„¥ i. let them be dried in an oven or stone with a gentle fire afterwards let them be beaten severally and make a powder whereof let the patient take ℈ i. ss or two scruples with white wine or chicken-broth fasting in the morning by the space of three daies Or â„ž coriand praep ℈ iv anis marathri granor alkakengi millii solis an Ê’ii zinzib cinam an ℈ ii turbith electiÊ’i cari ℈ ii galang nucis moschat lapid judiaci an ℈ i. fol. sennae mund ad duplum omnium diacrydiiÊ’ii ss misce fiat pulvis the dosis is about Ê’i with white wine three hours before meat Against the flatulencies which much distend the guts in this kinde of diseas glysters shall be thus made â„ž malu bismal pariet origani calament flor chamaem sumitat anethi an m. ss anisi carui cumini Cumitaâ—ive gâ—isters foenic. an â„¥ ss baccar laur Ê’iii sem rutaeÊ’ii fiat decoctio in colaturâ dissolve bened lax vel diaphaenic â„¥ ss confect bac lauriÊ’iii sacchar rub â„¥ i. olei aneth chamaem rutoe an â„¥ i. fiat clyster Or â„ž olei nucum vini mal an lb. ss aq vitae â„¥ ss fiat clyster let it be kept long that so it may have the more power to discuss the winde CHAP. XXXVIII What is to be done when the stone falleth out of the Kidnie into the Ureter OFt-times it falleth out that the reins useing their expulsive faculty Signs of the stone stopping in the ureter force down the stone whose concretion and generation the Physicians by the formerly prescribed means could not hinder from themselves into the ureters but it staieth there either by reason of the straightness of the place or the debilitie of the expulsive faculty Therefore then cruel pain tormenteth the patient in that place whereas the stone sticketh which also by consent may be communicated to the hip bladder testicles and yard with a continual desire to make water and go to stool In this case it behooveth the Physician that he supplie the defect of nature and assist the weak indeavors Therefore let the patient if he be able mount upon a trotting horse Remedies to force down the stone sticking in the ureter and ride upon him the space of some two miles or if he can have no opportunity to do so then let him run up and down a pair stairs untill he be wearie and even sweat again for the stone by this exercise is oft-times shaken into the bladder then presently shall be given or taken by the mouth such things as have a lenitive and relaxing faculty as oil of sweet almonds newly drawn and that without fire and mixed with the water of pellitorie of the wall and white wine Let frictions of the whole body be made from above downwards with hot clothes let Ventoses with a great flame be applied one while to the loins and another while to the bottome of the belly a little below the grieved place and unless the patient vomit of his own accord or by the bitterness of his pain let vomiting be procured with a draught of water and oil luke-warm for vomiting hath much force to drive down the stone by reason of the compression of the parts which is caused by such an endeavor Lastly if the stone descend not by the power of these remedies then the patient must be put into a Semicupium that is a Half-bath made of the following decoction â„ž malvae bismal cum toto an m. ii beton nasturt saxifrag berul parietar violar an m. iii. sem melonum millii solis A decoction for a bath alkekengi an Ê’vi cicer rub lb. i. rad apii gram foeniculi eringii an â„¥ iiii in sufficienti quantitate aquae pro incessu coquantur ista omnia inclusa sacco herein let the patient sit up to the navel neither is it fit that the patient tarry longer in such a bath then is requisite for the spirits are dissipated and the powers resolved by too long stay therein But on the contrary if the patient remain as long as is sufficient in these rightly made the pain is mitigated the extended parts relaxed and the passages of the urine opened and dilated and thus the stone descendeth into the bladder But if it be not moved by this means any thing at all out of the place and that the same totall suppression of urine do as yet remain neither before the patient entred into the bath the putting of a Catheter into the bladder did any thing avail yet notwithstanding he shall trie the same again after the patient is come out of the bath that he may be throughly satisfied whether peradventure there may be any other thing in these first passages of the yard and neck of the bladder which may with-hold the urine for the Catheter will enter far more easily the parts being relaxed by the warmness of the bath then inject some oil of sweet almonds with a syringe into the Vrethra or passage of the yard whilst all these things are in doing let not the patient come into the cold air But here I have thought good to describe a chair for a bath wherein the patient may fitly
is thirsty Or else put the flesh of one old Capon and of a leg of Veal two minced Partridges and two drams of whole Cinnamon without any liquor in a Limbeck of glass well lated and covered and so let them boil in Balneo Mariae unto the perfect conâ—oction For so the fleshes will be boiled in their own juice without any hurt of the fire then â—et the juice be pressed out there-hence with a Press give the patient for every dose one ounce of the juice with some cordial waters some Trisantalum and Diamargaritum frigidum The preserves of sweet fruits are to be avoided because that sweet things turn into choler but the confection of tart prunes Cherries and such like may be fitly used But because there is no kinde of sickness that so weakens the strength as the plague it is alwaies necessary but yet sparingly and often to feed the patient still having respect unto his custom age the region and the time for through emptiness there is no great danger lest that the venomous matter that is driven out to the superficiall parts of the body should be called back into the inward parts by an hungry stomach and the stomach it self should be filled with cholerick hot thin and sharp excremental humors whereof cometh biting of the stomach and gripings in the guts CHAP. VII What drink the patient infected ought to use IF the fever be great and burning the patient must abstain from wine unless that he be subject to swounding and he may drink the Oxymel following in stead thereof An Oxymel Take of fair water three quarts wherein boil four ounces of hony until the third part be consumed scumming it continually then strain it and put it into a clean vessel and add thereto four ounces of vinegar and as much cinnamon as will suffice to give it a tast Or else a sugred water as followeth Take two quarts of fair water of hard sugar six ounces of Cinnamon two ounces strain it through a woollen bag or cloth without any boiling and when the patient will use it put thereto a little of the juice of Citrons The syrup of the juice of Citrons excelleth amongst all others that are used against the pestilence A Julip The use of the Julip following is also very wholsome Take of the juice of Sorrel well clarified half a pinte of the juice of Lettuce so clarified four ounces of the best hard sugar one pound boil them together to a perfection then let them be strained and clarified adding a little before the end a little vinegar and so let it be used between meals with boiled water or with equal portions of the water of Sorrel Lettuce Scabious and Bugloss or take of this former described Julip strained and clarified four ounces let it be mixed with one pound of the fore-named cordial waters and boil them together a little And when they are taken from the fire put thereto of yellow Sanders one dram of beaten Cinnamon half a dram strain it through a cloth when it is cold let it be given the patient to drink with the juice of Citrons Those that have been accustomed to drink sider perry bear or ale ought to use that drink still so that it be clear transparent and thin and made of those fruits that are somewhat tart for troubled and dreggish drink doth not only engender gross humors but also crudities windiness and obstructions of the first region of the body whereof comes a fever The commodities of oxycrate Oxycrate being given in manner following doth asswage the heat of the fever and repress the putrefaction of the humors and the fierceness of the venom and also expelleth the water through the veins if so be that the patients are not troubled with spitting of blood cough yexing and altogether weak of stomach To whom hurtfull for such must avoid tart things Take of fair water one quart of white or red vinegar three ounces of fine sugar four ounces of syrup of Roses two ounces boil them a little and then give rhe patient thereof to drink Or take of the juice of Limmons and Citrons of each half an ounce of the juice of sowr Pomgranats two ounces of the water of Sorrel and Roses of each an ounce of fair water boiled as much as shall suffice make thereof a Julip and use it between meals Or take the syrup of Limmons and of red currans of each one ounce of the water of Lillies four ounces of fair water boyled half a pinte make thereof a Julip Or take of the syrups of water-Lillies and vinegar of each half an ounce dissolve it in five ounces of the water of Sorrel of fair water one pinte make thereof a Julip But if the patient be young and have a strong and good stomach and cholerick by nature The drinking of cold water whom and when profitable I think it not unmeet for him to drink a full and large draught of fountain-water for that is effectual to restrain and quench the heat of the Fever and contrariwise they that drink cold water often and a very small quantity at a time as the Smith doth sprinkle water on the fire at his Forge do increase the heat and burning and thereby make it endure the longer Therefore by the judgment of Celsus when the disease is in the chief increase and the patient hath endured thirst for the space of three or four daies cold water must be given unto him in great quantity so that he may drink past his satiety that when his belly and stomach are filled beyond measure Lib. 3. cap. 7. and sufficiently cooled he may vomit Some do not drink so much thereof as may cause them to vomit but do drink even unto satiety and so use it for a cooling medicine but when either of these is done the patient must be covered with many cloaths and so placed that he may sleep and for the most part after long thirst and watching and after long fulness and long and great heat sound sleep cometh by which great sweat is sent out and that is a present help But thirst must sometimes be quenched with little pieces of Melons Gourds Cucumbers with the leaves of Lettuce Sorrel and Purslain made moist or soaked in cold water or with a little square piece of a Citron Limmon or Orange macerated in Rose-water and sprinkled with Sugar and so held in the mouth and then changed But if the patient be aged his strength weak flegmatick by nature and given to wine when the state of the Fever is somewhat past and the chief heat beginning to asswage he may drink wine very much allayed at his meat for to restore his strength and to supply the want of the wâ—â—â—ed spirits The patient ought not by any means to suffer great thirst but must mitigate it by drinking or else allay it by washing his mouth with oxycrate and such like and he may therein also wâ—sh his hands and his
be the stronger The best and fittest form of a Fornace for distillation is round for so the heat of the fire carried up equally diffuses it self every way which happens not in a Fornace of another figure A round form the best for Fotnaces as square or triangular for the corners disperse and separate the force of the fire Their magnitude must be such as shall be fit for the receiving of the vessel For their thickness so great as necessity shall seem to require They must be made with two bottoms distinguishd as it were into two forges one below which may receive the ashes of the coals or the like other fuel the other above to contain the burning coals or fire The bottom of this upper must either be an irongâ—â—te or else it must be perforated with many holes that so the ashes may the more easily fall down into the bottom which otherwise would extinguish the fire yet some Fornaces have three partitions as the fornace for reverberation In the first and lowest the ashes are received in the second the coals are put and in the third the matter which is calcind or else distilled The third ought to have a semicircular cover that so the heat or flame may be reflected upon the contained matter The lower partition shall have one or more doors by which the fallen-down ashes may be taken forth but the upper must have but one whereby the coals or wood may be put in But in the top or upper part of the Fornace where it shall seem most fit there shall be two or thre holes made that by them you may blow the fire and that the smoak may more freely pass out But these-forementioned doors must have their shutters much like an ovens mouth But in defect of a fornace or fit matter to build one withall we may use a kettle set upon a treefoot after the manner that we shall presently declare when we come to speak of that distillation which is to be made by Balneum Mariae CHAP. III. Of vessels fit for Distillation VEssels for Distillation consist of different matter and form for they are either of Lead Tin or Brass or else earthen vessels and these are sometimes leaded sometimes not or else they are of Gold Silver or Glass Now for leaden vessels they are worse then the rest Leaden vessels ill and utterly to be refuâ—ed especially when as the liquors which are drawn by them are to be taken into the body by the mouth by reason of the malignant qualities which are said to be in Lead by which occasion Galen condemns those waters which run and are contained in leaden pipes which by reason of their sâ—ltishness and acrimony which savors of quicksilver cause dysenteries Therefore you may perceive such waters as are diâ—tilled through a leaden head to be indued with a more acrid and violent-piercing vapor by reason the portion of that saltness disolved in them and as it were shaven from the Alembick or head defiles the distilled liquors and whitens and turns them into a milky substance but copper or brass heads are more hurtful then Lead Brass worse so they make the waters that come through them to savor or participate of brass Those that are of Gold and silver are less hurtful but the greatness of the cost hinders us from making heads of such metals The best vessels for distillation therefore we must have a care that our vessels for distillation be either of potters-metal leaded or else of bâ—ass or of that jug metal which is commonly called terra Betovacensis and these rather then of lead or any other metal Verily glasses are thought the best and next to them earthen vessels leaded then of jug-metal and lastly these of tin There is great variety of vessels for distillation in form and figure for some are of an oval or cylindrical figure that is of a round and longish others are twined and crooked others of other shapes as you may see in the beaks of the Chymists Of this almost infinite variety of figures I will in fit place give you the delineation anâ— use of such as shall seem to be most necessary CHAP. IV. What things are to be considered in Distillation FIrst make choise of a fit place in your house for the fornace so that it may neither hinder any thing not be in danger of the falling of any thing that shall lye over it When you shall istil any thing of a malign or venenate quality ye shall stand by it as little as you may lest the vapor should do you any harm when you provide glass-vessels for distillation make choise of such as are exquisitely baked without flaws or cracks and such as are everywhere smooth Let not the fire at first be very violent not only for fear of breaking the vessels but also for that the fiâ—st fiâ—e in distilâ—aâ—ion must be gentle and so increased by little and little The things to be distilled ought not to be put in too great quantity into the body of the Still lest they should rise up oâ— fly over Hot things that they may be more effectual must be twice or thrice distilled by powring upon them their own distilled water or other fresh materials How things must be often distiiled or else by distilling them severally and by themselves of this kinde are gums wax fats or oyls But in each other repeated distillations you must something lessen the force of the fire for the matter attenuateâ— by the former distillation cannot afterward endure so great heat but aromatick things as Cloves Cinnamom c as also the chymical oyls of Sage Rosemary Tyme c. ought not to be distilled or rectified over again for that we must presently after the first distillation have a diligent care to separate them from the phlegm that is the more watery substance of the whole liquor to which purpose we must have regard to that which is distilled for there are some things which send over their phlegm as Vineger others wherein it comes last * By aqua vitae in this and most other places is meant nothing but the spiriâ— of wine as aqua vitae If you would give to things to be distilled another taste or smell then that which they have naturally you may mix with them some odoriferous thing as Cinnamon Camphire or Musk or the like as you please and so distill them together The distilled liquors drawn by the heat of ashes or sand savor of and retain a certain empyreuma or smatch of the fire for the helping of which you shall put them into glasses close stopt and so expose them to the sun and now and then open the glasses that this fiery imp ession may exhale and the Phlegmon be consumed if that there shall be any But though in all distillation there are many things to be observed yet are there two things chiefly worthy of note The first is the matter that is to be distilled
of Waters BEfore I describe the manner how to distill waters The varieties of distilled waters I think it not amiss briefly to reckon up how many sorts of distilled waters there be and what the faculties of them are Therefore of distilled waters some are medicinal as the waters of Roses Plantain Sorrel Sage and the like others are alimentary as those waters that we call restauratives other some are composed of both such as are these restaurative waters which are also mixed with medicinal things others are purging as the distilled water of green and fresh Rubarb othersome serve for smoothing the skin and others for smell of which sort are those that are distilled of aromatick things To distill Rose-water it will be good to maceâ—ate the Roses before you distill them for the space of two or three daies in some formerly distilled Rose-water or their pressed-out juice Rose water luting the vessel close them put then into an Alembick closely luted to his head and his Receiver and so put into a Balneum Mariae as we have formerly described The distilled Alimentary liquors are nothing else than those that we vulgarly call Restauratives Restauratives this is the manner and art of preparing them Take of Veal Mutton Kid Capon Pullet â—ock Parâ—ridg Phesant as much as shall seem fit for your purpose cut it small and lest it should requires heat or empyreuma from the fire mix therewith a handful of French Barly and of red Rose-leaves dâ—ie and fresh but first steeped in the juice of pomgranats or citrons and rose-Rosewater with a little Cinnamon The delineation of a Balneum Mariae which may also serve to distill with ashes A. Shews the Fornace with the hole to take forth the ashes B. Shews another Fornace as it were set in the other now it is of Brass and runs through the midst of the kettle made also of brass that so the contained water or ashes may be the more easily heated C. The kettle wherein the water ashes or sand are contained D. The Alembick set in the water ashes or sand with the mouths of the receivers E. The bottom of the second brass Fornace whose top is marked with B. which contains the fire There may be made other restauratives in shorter time with less labor and cost Anosher way of making restaurative Liquors To this purpose the flesh muâ—t be beaten and cut thin and so thrust through with a double thred so that the pieces thereof may touch each other then put them in to a glass and let the thred hang out so stop up the glass close with a linnen cloth Cotton or Tow and lute it up with paste made of meal and the whiâ—es of eggs then set it up to the neck in a kettle of water but so that it touch not the bottom but let it be kept upright by the formerly described means then make a gentle fire there-under un il the contained flesh by long boiling shall be dissolved into juice and that will commonly be in some four hours space This being done let the fire be taken from under the kettle but take not forth the glass befor the water be cold lest the fire being hot should be broken by the sudden â—ppulse of the cold air Wherefore when as it is cold let it be opened and the thred with the pieces of flesh be drawn forth so that only the juice may be left remaining then strain it through a bag and aromatize it with Sugar and Cinnamom adding a little juice of Citron Verjuice or Vineger as it shall best like the Patients palate After this manner you may quickly easily and without great cost have and prepare all sorts of restauratives as well medicated as simple But the force and faculty of purging medicines is extracted after a clean contrary manner then the oyls and waters which are drawn of Aromatitk things as Sage Rosemary Time Anniseeds Fennel Cloves Cinnamon Nutmegs and the like For the strength of â—hese as that which is subtil and aiery flies upwards in distillation but the strength of puâ—ging things aâ— Tuâ—bâ—th Agarick Rubâ—rb and the like subsides in the bottom For the purgative â—â—câ—l y of these purgers inseparably ache es to the b dies and substances Now for sweet waters and such as serve to smooth the skin of the face they may be distilled in Balneo Mariae like as Rose water CHAP. VIII How to distill Aqua Vitae or the spirits of Wine TAke of good white or Claret-wine or Sack which is not sowr nor musty nor otherwise corrupt or of the Lees that quantity which may serve to fil the vessel wherein you make the distillation to a third part then put on your head furnished with the nose or pipe Spirit of wine seven times rectified and so make your distillation in Balneo Mariae The oftner it is distilled or as they term it rectified the more noble and effectual it becomes Therefore some distil it seven times over At the first distillation it may suffice to draw a fourth or third part of the whole to wit of twenty four pintes of Wine or Lees draw six or eight pintes of distilled liquor At the second time the half part that is three or four pintes At the third distillation the half part again that is two pintes so that the oftner you distil it over the less liquor you have but it will be a great deal the more efficacious I do well like that the first distillation be made in Ashes the second in Balneo Mariae To conclude that aqua vitae is to be approved of neither is it any oftner to be distilled which put into a spoon or saucer and there set on fire burns wholly away and leaves no liquor or moisture in the bottom of the vessel if you drop a drop of oyl into this same water it continually falls to the bottom or if you drop a drop into tht palm of your hand it will quickly vanish away which are two other notes of the probation of this liquor The faculties of the spirit of wine The faculties and effects of aqua vitae are innumerable it is good against the epilepsie and all cold diseases it asswages the pain of the teeth it is good for punctures and wounds of the Nerves faintings swoonings gangreens and mortifications of the flesh as also put to other medicines for a vehicle The distilling of Wine and vineger is different There is this difference between the distilling of Wine and Vineger wine being of an aiery and vaporous substance that which is the best and most effectual in it to wit the aiery and fiery liquor comes from it presently at the first distillation Therefore the residue that remains in the bottom of the vessel it is of a cold drye and acrid nature on the contrary the water that comes first from Vineger being distilled is insipid and flegmatick For Vineger is made by the corruption of wine and the segregation of
belly is so bound that somuch as the urine cannot have free passage forth all the members grow squalid by driness the patients cannot sleep poysons of this kinde are Lytharge ceruss lime scales of brass fileings of lead prepared antimony On the contrary moist poysons induce a perpetual sleep a flux or scouring the resolution of all the nerves joynts Signs of moist poysons so that not so much as the eies may be faithfully contained in their orbs but will hang as ready to fall out the extreme parts at the hands feet nose ears corrupt putrifie at which time they are also troubled with thirst by reason of their strong heat alwaies the companion of putrefaction oftimes the author thereof now when this cometh to pass death is at hand Very many deny that there can be any moist poysons found that is such as may kill by the efficacy of their humidity because there are no such things to be found as may come to the fourth degree of moisture Yet there is an example that averts the contrary An history which was of one who sleeping on the night was bitten by a Serpent as Gilbertus Anglicus affirmeth for dying thereof when as his servant desirous to awake his Master out of his sleep took him by the arm all the flesh being putrefied fell off and presently the bones also fell asunder being deprived of their flesh which could not happen unless by excess of the venemous humidity which lay hidden in the teeth and spittle of the serpent Sect. 3. Lib. 3 epid Also we have found it noted by Hippocrates that in a rainy humid and southerly constitution of the year it happened by the malign violence of the venenate and putrefying humidity that the flesh of the arms and legs becoming rotten fell away by piece-meal and the bones remained bare yea also and the bones themselvs in some putrified and fell away The Lues Veneâ—â—a kills by excess of moisture neither doth the Lues Venerea kilâ— by any other means then by a fretting and putrefying force of humidity by whose efficacy the â—olidity of the bones is dissolved then much more the flesh may be tainted and consumed by putrefaction To these and such poysons which worke by a manifest and elementary faculty when as they shall be received into the body after what manner soever you shall forthwith oppose their contraries and if by chance it be not manifest what and of what distinct kind of poison that is you must know that such poysons as work by occult properties it is not by reason as yet found out how they will affect the body but onely by experience Therefore to these you must oppose their like antidotes All poisons are not cold which may by their whole substance strengthen the heart and vital faculty and withstand the strength of the poyson But to this our distinction of poysons working by a manifest and elementary quality their opinion is contrary who affirm that the venom of all poysonous beasts are therefore cold for that such as are bitten or stung with them are forthwith felt to be colder then a stone And that serpents for fear of cold when as winter is at hand keep themselves in holes and dens under ground or else as vipers use to do lie under stones under which you may often find them stiff and numb and so unapt for motion that you may easily take them up in your hand But the coldness that is perceived or felt in such as are bitten or stung is not occasioned by the coldness of poyson but by the absence of the natural heat Why such as are poysoned or stung are c ld withdrawing it selfe in the very instant of the stroak from the surface into the center of the body both for the defence of the heart as the principal parts as also for that there is nothing which so much dissipates or so much oppugns the vital heat as poyson of what kinde soever it be doth CHAP. VI. How or by what means to shun or eschew Poysons IT is a matter of much difficulty to avoid poysons because such as at this time temper them are so throughly prepared for deceit and mischief that they will deceive even the most wary and quick-sighted for they so qualifie the ingrate tast and smell by the admixture of sweet and well smelling things What such as fear poysoning must observe in their diet that they cannot easily be perceived even by the skilful Therefore such as fear poysoning ought to take heed of meats cooked with much art very sweet salt sower or notably endued with any other taste And when they are opprest with hunger or thirst they must not eat nor drink too greedily but have a diligent regard to the tast of such things as they eat or drinke besides before meat let them take such things as may weaken the strength of the poysons such as is the fat broth of good nourishing flesh-meat in the morning let them arm themselves with treacle or mithridate and conserve of roses or the leaves of rue a walnut and dry figs besides let him presently drink a little draught of muskadine or some other good wine when one suspects he hath taken any poyson in meat or drink let him forbear sleeping For besides that the force of poyson is oft times so rapid Why sleep is hurtful that it consumes our life in a short space as fire doth stubble as also for that it is drawn more inwardly into the secret passages of the body by sleep Wherefore in such a case it is better to procure vomit by drinking Hydraeleum warm or butter dissolved in warm oil When and how vomit must be procured or a decoction of line or fenugreek-seeds or fat broth for thus the received poyson is also cast forth therewith or else the acrimony thereof retunded and the belly loosed You may see this by daily experience for causticks vesicatories and the like acrid things being applyed to an anointed part will not blyster nor exulcerate the part Neither doth the vomit conduce onely in this that it excludeth the poyson but it shews either by the tast smell or colour the kind of the taken-poyson so that then by using the proper Antidote it may be the more easily speedily resisted When and wherewith they shall be purâ—ed yet notwithstanding if you conceive that the poyson have descended deeper in the guts you may with a glyster draw away the rest thereof which adheres to the coats of the guts But if the patient cannot vomit then shall some purging medicine be given him forthwith such as are thought more particularly to resist poyson such as are agarick aloes the lesser centaury rubarb and other things according to the direction of the learned physician Then shall you administer glysters made with Cassia fatty decoctions sheep-suet or butter or Cows-milk with the mucilages of Line-seed The cure of poysoned wounds
Bruising as when medicines are broken by striking and rubbing or grinding in a mortar and that either of Brass Iron Lead Glass Wood Marble and other like Considering the thing which is to be beaten The strength or force wherewith it must be performed The time or space The situation The things to be added The consistence which the thing beaten must be of More strong By searsing whereby we separate the purer and finer from the more impure and gross which is done by sieves and searses made of Wood Parchment Hors-hair Silk Lawn Wherein is to be noted that the same consideration is to be had in searsing as in beating therefore such things as are to be finely powdered must be searsed in a finer searse such as are more gross in a courser More pleasant By dissolving or mollifying which is nothing else but a dissolving of a simple or a compound medicine of a thick or hard consistence either into a mean consistence or a little more liquid or soft which is performed either by heat only for by heat gums and horns are mollified or by liquor as by vinegar water wine juice of Limmons c. More wholsome By desiccation or hardening which is nothing else but the consuming of the superfluous and hurtful moisture and this is performed either by the Sun or by Fire By infusion which is nothing else but the tempering or macerating of a medicine a little beaten or cut in some liquor appropriate and fit for our purpose as in Milke Vineger Water oyl and the like so long as the nature of the medicine requires To Infusion Nutrition may be reduced which is nothing else but as it were a certain accretion of the medicine by being moistened macerated rubbed or ground with some moisture especially with heat By burning that is by consuming the humidity which is in them And that either that they may be the better powdered being otherwise too glutinous or that they may lay aside their gross essence and become of a subtiler temper or that they may put off or partly lose some fiery quality as acrimony Gal. lib. 4. cap. 9. simplicium Or that they may acquire a new colour Now all things are burnt either alone as such things as have a fatty moisture as hairs sweaty wool horns Or else with some combustile matter as sulphur alum salt barly c. More fit for mixture By boyling or elixation which is performed by a humid heat as burning is by a drye and that either that we may increase the weak faculties of such medicines as are boyled by boyling them with such as are stronger or else to weaken such as are too strong or else wholly to dissipate such as are contrary Or that one faculty may arise of sundry things of different faculties being boyled together or for the longer keeping them or bringing them to a certain form or consistence All which are done by Fire or Sun By washing or cleansing whereby the impurity of the medicine is wasted away or cleansed and such things are either hard as metals stones parts of living creatures condensed juices and other like Or soft as Rosins Gums Fat 's Oils And these ought first to be finely beaten that the water may penetrate in all their substance Or to be dissolved and cast into the vessel filled with water and so stirred and then suffered to subside so that the fat may swim aloft And this must be done so long that the water retain nothing thereof in colour smell or taste CHAP. IX Of repelling or repercussive Medicines Astringents are understood by the name of repellers REpelling or repercussive medicines are cold and of gross and earthy parts by which name also astringent medicins are understood because they hinder the falling down of the humors upon the part Repercussives are such either of their nature and of themselves or else by accident being not such of their own nature These which of themselves are such The differences of repercussives are of two kindes for some are watrish and moist without any astrictive faculty which almost wholly proceeds from an earthy essence wherefore that faculty of repelling which they possess they have it wholly from coldness Of this kinde are lettuce purslain sow-thistle ducks-meat kidney-wurt cucumbers melons gourds house-leek mandrake-apples night-shade henbane and the like which cool powerfully and unless they be taken away before the part wax blackish they extinguish the natural heat Othersome are of an earthy essence and therefore astrictive but yet some of these are hot othersome cold Such things as are cold of temper and of an earthy consistence are properly and truly termed repellers Of these some are simple othersome compound the simples are plantain vine-leaves leaves of roses okes brambles cypress berberries sumach all unripe fruits verjuice vineger red wine the juice of sower pomegranats acacia the juice of berberries and quinces hypocistis pomegranat-pils oke-bark the flowers of wilde pomgranats the meal of barly beans panick oats millet orobus mixed with juices in form of a pultis bole-armenick sanguis draconis ceruss litharge terra sigillata sullers-earth chalk marl the load-stone lead corals all marchisites antimony spodium true pomphylix all sorts of earth and other things of the like nature Now compound things are Oleum rosaceum omphacinum mirtillorum papaveris cydoniorum nenupharis unguentum rosatum album rhasis campharatum emplastrum diacalcitheos dissolved in vineger and oil of roses desiccativum rubrum populeon emplastrum nigrum seu tetrapharmacum of Galens description empl contra rupturam de cerusa pro matrice All such cold repercussives are more effectual if they be associated with tenuity of substance Why things of subtil parts are oft-times mixed with repercussives either of themselves or by mixture with some other things for to this purpose we often mix vineger camphire and the like things of subtil parts which repercussives of gross parts that they may serve as vehicles to carry in the repercussive faculty Repercussives of gross parts and hot are wormwood centory gentian agrimony savin coriander mint bay-leaves cardamomes calamus aromaticus aloes spicknard Repellers by accident saffron nutmeg cinnamon amber salt alum coporas sulphur oleum absinthinum mastichinum nardinum costinum ceratum Gal. stomachicum santalinum emplastrum diacalcitheos But such things as repel by accident are bandages compressers linnen-cloths and rowlers of all sorts cases cauteries When and to what parts repercussives must be applyed blood-letting cupping painful frictions in the opposite parts and other such like things as are properly said to make revulsion The use of repercussives is to force back the humor which flows from any other place into the part and thus they mitigate the heat of such inflammation as that defluxion of humors hath caused yea oft-times to asswage and help pain the fever abscess malign ulcers and mortification Such repercussives must alwaies be so opposed to the disease that respect may be had to the temper
the consumption of a third part then the Squinath must be bruised the Feverfew and the Staechas cut small and they being added to be boiled to the consumption of one pint and being boiled sufficiently the decoction being cooled shall be strained and kept and the Litharge is to be infused for twelve hours in the oil of Camomil dill Lilies and the axungia's above spoken of Then boil them all with a gentle fire by and by taking Saffron from the fire and add one quart of the decoction above spoken of then set it to the fire again that the decoction may be consumed and then by degrees add to the rest of the decoction the oil of spike shall be reserved unto the last which may give the plaster a good smell Then are added the juices of walwurt and enula which must be boiled untill they be wasted away Afterwards it being taken from the fire to the composition is added the Franincense and euphorbium and white wax as much as shall suffice When the whole mass shall cool then at last is mingled the quick-silver exstinct tutpentine oil of bitter almonds baies spike of line styrax and axungia being continually stirred and it shall be made up upon a stone into rolls Unless the quick-silver be well extinguished it will run all into one place and unless you tarry untill the composition cool it will vapor away in fume â„ž croci Ê’ii bdelli mastich ammon styrac liquid an â„¥ ss cerae alb lb ss tereb â„¥ vi medul Cerarum oesipi ex Philagrio cruris vaccae adipis anserini an â„¥ i. oesipi vel si desit axung gallin â„¥ ix clei nard quantum satis ad magdaleones formandos expressionis scillae â„¥ i ss olibani sevi vitul â„¥ i. The aesipus sepum adeps medulla cera are to be dissolved together when they cool add the ammoniacum dissolved in the decoction of fenugreek and camomil half an ounce and so much juice of squills then put to the styrax and turpentine stirring them continually then add the bdellium olibanum mastich aloes brought into fine powder and when they are perfectly incorporated into a mass let them be made up with oleum nardinum into rolls â„ž terebinth lb ss resin lbi cer alb â„¥ iv mastich â„¥ i. fol. verbin betonic pimpinel an m. i. De gratia Dei The herbs being green the tops are to be cut and bruised in a stone-mortar and boiled in red wine to the consumption of one third part To the strained liquor add wax cut into small pieces and being dissolved by the fire the liquor being consumed put to the rosin when it shall cool add the Mastich powdred working it with your hands by which it may be incorporated with the rest of the things â„ž succi beton plantag apii an lb i. cerae picis resin tereb ana lb. ss fiat empl De janua seu de Betonica The juices are to be mingled with the wax being dissolved and boiling them untill three parts be consumed add the rosin and pitch which being dissolved and hot must be strained and then add the turpentine and make up the plaster â„ž croci picis com or rather picis navalis Emplastrum oxycroceum because this emplaster is used to discuss and draw forth the matter which causeth the pain in the joints coloph. cerae an â„¥ ii tereb galb ammon thuris myrrhae mastich an Ê’ v ss The cera pix and colophonia are by little and little to be dissolved to which add the gums dissolved according to art and mingled with the terebinth and taking it from the fire add the thus myrrha and at last the crocus in fine powder and then make it into rowls up with oil of worms â„ž ol com lb ii cerus subtilis lb i. boil them together with a gentle fire De cerussá stirring them up continually untill they come to the body of an emplaster if you would have the plaster whiter take but â„¥ ix of the oil â„ž litharg irit acet fortis an lb. ss ol antiq lb. i. fiat emplastrum Tripharmacumâ— seu nigrum let the oil be mingled with the litharge for the space of twelve hours then boil them to a good consistence putting in the vinegar by little and little but you shall not take it from the fire untill the vinegar be quite wasted away Diapalma seu diatalcith os â„ž ol vet lb. iii. axung vet sine sale lb ii litharg trit lb iii. vitriol â„¥ iv let the oil be mingled with the litharge for the space of twelve hours and boil them to a good consistence then add to the axungia stirring them continually with a spatter made of the palm-tree reed or willow and being sufficiently boiled take it from the fire and add the vitriol in fine powder Contra ruptâ— raâ— â„ž picis naval aloes an â„¥ iii. litharg cerae coloph. galban ammoniac an â„¥ ii visci querni â„¥ vi gypsi ust utriusque aristoloch ana â„¥ iv myrrhae thuris an â„¥ vi tereb â„¥ ii pulveris vermium terrestrium gallar utriusqae consolid vol. arm an â„¥ iv sang humani lb i. fiat emplast If you would have iâ— of a very good conâ—stence you may add of the oil of myrtils or mastich lb ss you shall make it thus Take the skin of a Ram cut in pieces and boil it in an hundred pints of water and vinegar untill it come to a glue of stiff gelly in which you shall dissolve the visc quer then add the pitch and was broken into small pieces and if you will you may add the oil with them afterwards the galban and ammâ—â—â— dissolved in vinegar being mingled with the terebinth may be added Then add 〈…〉 â—gypsâ—â—m bol aristoloch consolida vermes sang human At last the myrrh thus colophon and alâ—â— â—â—â—ing them continually and that they may be the better mingled work the plaster with a hot peâ—â—il in a mortar De muâ—aginibus â„ž mâ—â—ag sâ—m liniâ—rad alth faenug median cortices ulmi an â„¥ iv olei liliacei cham aneth an â„¥ i ss ammon opopâ—â—â— sagap ana â„¥ ss croci Ê’ ii cerae nov lb ss tereb â„¥ ss fiat emplast Fernelius haâ—h â„¥ xx of wax â—â—e waxâ—â—eâ—ng cut sm ll must be mingled with the oils and the mucilages stirring them continuaâ—â—y with a wooden spatter till the liquor be consumed Then the gums dissolved and mingled with the â—â—binâ—â—â—ma must be added and last of all the saffron finely powdered De minio â„ž ol ros myrtil ung populeon ana â„¥ iv pinguedinis gallin â„¥ ii sebi arietis castrati sepi vaccini an â„¥ vi pingued porci â„¥ x. litharg auri argenti ana â„¥ iii. cerus â„¥ iv minii â„¥ iii. tereb â„¥ iv cerae q s fiat emplastrum vel ceratum mâ—lle The lithargyros cerussa and minium are to be brought into fine powder severally being sprinkled with a little rosewater lest the
What an Embrocation iâ— when as from an high we as it were showâ— down some moisture upon any part This kinde of remedy is chiefly used in the parts of the head and it is used to the coronal future for that the skul is more thin in that part so that by the spiracula or breathing places of this future more open then chose of the other futures the force of the medicine may more easily penetrate unto the Meninges or membranes of the brain The matter of Embrocations is roots leaves flowers seeds fruits and other things according to the intention and will of the Physician They are boiled in water and wine to the half or third part Embrocations may also be made of Lye or Bâ—ine against the cold and humid affects of the brain Sometimes of oyl and vineger otherwhiles of oyl only â„ž fol. plantag solan an m. i. sem portul cucurb an Ê’ ii myrtil Ê’ i. flor nymph ros an p. ss fiat decoct ad lb i. cum aceti â„¥ ii si alte subeundem sit ex qua irrigetur pars inflammata In affects of the brain when we would repercuss we often and with good success use oyl of Roses with a fourth part of vineger We use Embrocations Their use that together with the air drawn into the body by the Diastole of the arteries the subtler part of the humor may penetrate and so cool the inflamed part for the chief use of Embrocations is in hot affects Also we use Embrocations when as for fear of an haemorrhagy or the slying asunder of a broken or dislocated member we dare not loose the bondages wherein the member is bound For then we drop down some decoction or oyl from high upon the bondages that by these the force of the medicine may enter into the affected member CHAP. XXXI Of Epithemes EPithema or an Epitheme is a composition used in the diseases of the parts of the lower middle belly like to a fomentation not much unlike an embrocation What an Epitheme is They are made of waters juices and powders by means whereof they are used to the heart chest liver and other parts Wine is added to them for the more or less penetration as the condition of the hot or cold affect shall seem to require for if you desire to heat more wine must be added as in swooning by the clotting of blood by the corruption of the seed by drinking some cold poison the contrary is to be done in a fainting by dissipation of the spirits by feverish heats also vineger may be added The matter of the medicines proper to the entrails is formerly described yet we commonly use the species of electuaries as the species elect triasantali the liver being affected In the sixth Chapter and Diamargariton in affects of the heart The proportion of the juices or liquors to the powders uses to be this to every pinte of them â„¥ i. or â„¥ iss of these of wine or else of vineger â„¥ i. You may gather this by the following example A cordial Epitheme â„ž aqu ros bugl borag an â„¥ iii. succi scabios â„¥ ii pul elect diamarg. frigid Ê’ii cort citri sicciÊ’i coral ros ebor an Ê’ ss sem citri card ben an Ê’ii ss croci moschi an gra 5. addendo vini albi â„¥ ii fiat Epithema pro corde Their use Epithemes are profitably applied in hectick and burning fevers to the liver heart and chest if so be that they be rather applied to the region of the lungs then of the heart for the heat of the lungs being by this means tempered the drawn in air becomes less hot in the pestilent and drying fevers They are prepared of humecting refrigerating and cordial things so to temper the heat and recreate the vital faculty Sometimes also we use Epithemes to strengthen the heart and drive there-hence venenate exhalations lifted or raised up from any part which is gangrenate or sphacelate Some cotton or the like steeped or moistened with such liquors and powders warmed is now and then to be applied to the affected entrail this kinde or remedy as also all other topick particular medicines ought not to be used unless you have first premised general things CHAP. XXXII Of Potential Cauteries The use of potential cauteries THat kinde of Pyrotick which is termed a Potential Cautery burns and causeth an eschar The use of these kindes of cauteries is to make evacuation derivation revulsion or attraction of the humors by those parts whereto they are applied Wherefore they are often and with good success used in the punctures and bites of venemous beasts in a venemous as also in a pestilent Bubo and Carbuncle unless the inflammation be gâ—eat for the fire doth not only open the part but also retunds the force of the poison calls forth and plentifully evacuates the conjunct matter Also they are good in phlegmatick and contumacions tumors for by their heat they take away the force and endeavours of our weak heat Also they are profitably applied to stanch bleeding or eat or waste the superfluous flesh of ulcers and wens to bring down the callous lips of ulcers and other things too long here to insist upon The ma ter of them The materials of these Cauteries are Oke-ashes Pot-ashes the ashes of Tartar of Tithymals or spurges the Fig-tree the stalks of Coleworts and beans cuttings of Vines as also sal ammoniacum alkali axungia vitri sal nitrum Roman Vitrol and the like for of these things there is made a salt which by its heat is caustick and escharotiâ—â— like to an hot iron and burning coal Therefore it violently looses the continuity by eating into the skin together with the flesh there-under I have thought good here to give you divers forms of them The forms of them Take of unquenâ—ht Lime extinguished in a bowl of Barbers Lye three pounds When the Lye is settled let it be strained and into the straining put of Axungia vitri or Sandiver calcined Argol of each two pounds of Sal nitrum ammoniacum of each four ounces these things must be beaten into a gross powder then must they be boiled over the fire and after the boiling let them remain in the Lye for four and twenty hours space being often stirred about and then strained through a thick and double linnen-cloth lest any of the earthly dross get thorow together with the liquor This strained liquor which is as clear as water they call Capiteum and they put it in a brasen Basin such as barbers use and so set it upon the fire and assoon as it boils they keep it with continual stirring lest the salt should adhere to the basin the Capitellum being half boiled away they put in two ounces of powdred vitriol so to hasten the falling of the eschar and so they keep the basin over the fire until all the liquor be almost wasted away Then they cut
consequently oily Now because the oily substance that is contained in simple bodies What oyls are to be drawn by expression is of two kindes therefore the manner also of extracting is two-fold For some is gross earthy viscous and wholly confused and mixt with the bodies out of which they ought to be drawn as that which we have said is usually extracted by expression this because it most tenaciously adheres to the grosser substance and part of the body therefore it cannot by reason of this natural grossness be lifted up or ascend Othersome are of a slender and aiery substance which is easily severed from their body wherefore being put to distillation it easily riâ—es such is the oily substance of aromatick things as of Juniper Aniseeds Cloves Nutmegs The first manner of drawing oyls by distillation Cinnamom Pepper Ginger and the like odoriferous and spicy things This the manner of extracting oyls out of them let your matter be well beaten and infused in water to that proportion that for every pound of the material there may be ten pints of water infuse it in a copper-bottom having a head thereto either tinned or silvered over and furnished with a couler filled w th cold-water Set your vessel upon a fornace having a fire in it or else in sand or ashes When as the water contained in the head shall wax hot you must draw it forth and put in cold that so the spirits may the better be condensed and may not flye away you shall put a long-neckt-receiver to the nose of the Alembick and you shall increase the fire until the things contained in the Alembick boil Another way There is another manner of performing this distillation the matter preserved and infused as we have formerly declared shall be put in a brass or copper-bottom covered with his head to which shall be fitted or well luted a worm of Tin this worm shall run through a barrel filled with cold-water that the liquor which flows forth with the oyl may be cooled in the passage forth at the lower end of this worm you shall set your Receiver The fire gentle at the first shall be increased by little and little until the contained matter as we formerly said do boil but take heed that you make not too quick or vehement a fire for so the matter swelling up by boiling may exceed the bounds of the containing vessel and so violently flye over Observ ng these things you shall presently at the very first see an oily moisture flowing forth together with the waterish When the oyl hath done flowing which you may know by the color of the distilled liquor as also by the consistence and taste then put out the fire and you may separate the oyl from the water by a little vessel made like a Thimble and tied to the end of a stick or which is better with a glass-funnel or instrument made of glass for the same purpose Here you must also note that there be some oyls that swim upon the top of the water as oyl of aniseeds othersome on the contrary What oyls fall to the bottom which fall to the bottom as oyl of Cinnamon Mace and Cloves Moreover you must note that the watrish moisture or water that is distilled with oyl of Anniseed and Cinnamom is whitish and in success of time will in some small proportion turn into oyl Also these waters must be kept several for they are far more excellent then those that are distilled by Balneo Mariae especially those that first come forth together with the oyl Oyls are of the same faculties with the bodies from whence they are extracted but much more effectual for the force which formerly was diffused in many pounds of this or that medicine is after distillation contracted into a few drams For example the faculty that was dispersed over one pound of Cloves will be contracted into two ounces of oyl at the most and that which was in a pound of Cinnamon will be drawn into Ê’iss or Ê’ii at the most of oyl But to draw the greater quantity with the lesser charge and without fear of breaking the vessels whereto glasses are subject I like that you distil them in copper-vessels for you need not fear that the oyl which is distilled by them will contract an ill quality from the copper for the watrish moisture that flows forth together therewith will hinder it especially if the copper shall be tinned or silvered over I have thought good to describe and set before your eyes the whole manner of this operation A Fornace with set vessels to extract the Chymical oyls or spirits of Sage Rosemary Tyme Lavander Anniseeds Fennel-seeds Cloves Nutmegs Cinnamon Pepper Ginger and the like as also to distill the spirit of Wine of Vineger and Aqua vitae In stead of the barrel and worm you may use a head with a bucket or rowler about it A. Shews the bottom which ought to be of Copper and tinned on the in side B. The head C. The barrel filled with cold water to refrigerate and condensate the water and oyl that run through the pipe or worm that is put through it D. A pipe of brass or lattin or rather a worm of Tin running through the Barrel E. The Alembick set in the fornace with the fire under it Now because we have made mention of Cinnamon Pepper The description of Pepper and other spices which grow not hâ—re with us I have thought good to describe there out of Thevets Cosmography he having seen them growing Pepper grows upon shrubs in India these shrubs send forth little branches whereon hang clusters of berries like to Ivie-berries or bunches of small black grapes or currans the leaves are like those of the Citron-tree but sharpish and pricking The Iadians gather those berries with great diligence and stow them up in large cellars as soon as they come to perfect maturity Wherefore it oft-times happens that there are more then 200 ships upon the coast of the lesser Iava an Island of that country to carry thence Pepper and other spices Pepper is used in antidotes against Poysons it provokes urine digests attracts resolves and cures the bites of Serpents It is properly applied and taken inwardly against a cold stomach The uses thereof in sauces it helps concoction and procures appetite you must make choice of such as is black heavy and not flaccid The trees which bear white and those that bear black pepper are so like each other that the natives themselves know not which is which unless when they have their fruit hanging upon them as the like happens upon our Vines which bear white black Grapes The tree that yeels Cinnamon grows in the mountain of India The Cinnamon tree and hath leaves very like to baye-leaves branches and shoots at certain times of the year are cut from this tree by the appointment of the Kâ—ng of that Province the bark of which is that we term
separate your desired oyl now there will ten or twelve ounces of oyl flow from a pound of Turpentine This kinde of oyl is effectual against the Palsie Convulsions punctures of the nerves and wounds of all the nervous parts How to make oyl of wax But you shall thus extract oyl our of wax Take one pound of wax melt it and put it into a glass Retort set it in sand or ashes as we mentioned a little before in drawing oyl of Turpentine then distil it by increasing the fire by degrees There distils nothing forth of wax besides an oily substance and a little Phlegma yet portion of this oyly substance presently concretes into a certain butter-like matter which therefore would be distilled over again you may draw â„¥ vi or viii of oyl from one pound of wax The faculties thereof This oyl is effectual against Contusions and also very good against cold affects CHAP. XV. Of extracting of Oyls out of the harder sorts of Gums as myrrh mastich Frankincense and the like SOme there be who extract these kindes of oyls with the Retort set in ashes or sand as we mentioned in the former Chapter of Oyls of More liquid Gums adding for every pound of Gum two pintes of Aqua Vitae and two or three ounces of oyl of Turpentine then let them infuse for eight or ten daies in Balneo mariae How to make oyl or myrrh or else in hors-dung then set it to distil in a Retort Now this is the true manner of making oyls of Myrrh take Myrrh made into fire powder and therewith fill hard Eggs in stead of their yelks being taken out then place the Eggs upon a gridiron or such like grate in some moist place as a cellar and set under them a leaden-earthen-pan the Myrrh will dissolve into an oily-oily-water which being presently put into a glass and well stopped with an equal quantity of rectified Aqua vitae and so set for three or four months in hot hors-dung which past the vessel shall be taken forth and so stopped that the contained liquor may be poured into an Alembick for there will certain gross settling by this means remain in the bottom then set your Alembick in Balneo and so draw off the Aqua vitae and phlegmatick liquor and there will remain in the bottom a pure and clear oyl whereto you may give a curious color by mixing therewith some Alkanet How to give it a pleasing color and smell and a smell by dropping thereinto a little oyl of Sage Cinnamon or Cloves Now let us shew the composition and manner of making of balsams by giving you one or two examples the first of which is taken out of Vesalius his Surgery and is this â„ž terebinth opt lbi ol laurini â„¥ iv gum elem â„¥ iv ss thuris myrrhae gum beredae centaur majoris Vesalius his Balsam ligni aloes an â„¥ iii. galangae caryopholl consolidae majoris Cinnamomi nucis moschat zedoariae zin zib dictamni albi an â„¥ i olei vermium terrestrium â„¥ ii aqua vitae lbvi. The manner of making it is thus Let all these things be beaten and made small and so infused for three dayes space in Aqua vitae then distilled in a Retort just as we said you must distill oyl of Turpentine and Wax There will flow hence three sorts of liquors the first watrish and clear the other thin and of pure golden color the third of the color of a Carbuncle which is the true Balsam The first liquor is effectual against the weakness of the stomach comming of a cold cause for that it cuts phlegm and discusses flatulencies the second helps fresh and hot bleeding wounds as also the palsie The third is chiefly effectual against these same effects The composition of the following Balsamum is out of Fallopius and is this â„ž terebinth clarae lbii. olei de semine lini lbi resinae pini â„¥ vii thuris myrrhae aloes mastiches sarcocollae an â„¥ iii. macis ligni Aloes an â„¥ ii croci â„¥ ss Let them all be put into a glass Retort Fallopius hic Balsam set it ashes and so distilled First there will come forth a clear water then presently after a reddish oyl most profitable for wounds Now you must know that by this means we may easily distil all Axungias fats parts of creatures woods all kindes of barks and seeds if so be that they be first macerated as they ought to be yet so that there will come forth more watry then oily humidity Now for that we formerly frequently mentioned Thus or Frankincense What Frankincense is I have here thought good out of Thevets Cosmography to give you the description of the tree from which it flows The Frankincense-tree saith he grows naturally in Arabia resembles a Pine yeelding a moisture that is presently hardened and it concretes into whitish clear grains fatty within which cast into the fire take flame Now Frankincense is adulterated with Pine-rosin and Gum which is the cause that you shall seldome finde that with us as it is here described you may finde out the deceit thus for that neither Rosin nor any other Gum takes flame for Rosin goes away in smoke but Frankinsence presently burns The smell also bewraies the counterfeit for it yeelds no graceful smell as Frankinsence doth The Arabians wound the tree that so the liquor may the more readily flow forth The faculties thereof whereof they make great gain It fills up hollow ulcers and cicatrizes them wherefore it enters as a chief ingredient into artificial balsom Frankinsence alone made into ponder and applied stanches the blood that flows out of the wounds Matthiolus saith that it being mixed with Fullers-earth and oyl of Roses is a singular remedy against the inflammation of the breasts of women lately delivered of childe CHAP. XVI The making of oyl of Vitriol TAke ten pounds of Vitriol which being made into powder put it into an earthen pot The sign of perfectly calcined vitriol and set it upon hot coals until it be calcined which is when as it become reddish after some five or six hours when as it shall be throughly cold break the pot and let the Vitriol be again made into powder that so it may be calcined again and you shall do thus so often and long until it shall be perfectly calcined which is when as it shall be exactly red then let it be made into powder and put it into an earthen-Retort like that wherein aqua fortis is usually drawn adding for every pound of your calcined Vitriol of tile-shreds or powdered-brick one quarter then put the Retort furnished with its receiver into a Fornace of Reverberation alwaies keeping a strong fire and that for the space of 48. hours more or less according to the manner and plenty of distilling liquor You shall know the distillation is finished when as the Receiver shall begin to recover his native perspicuity being not now filled
those things which are not agreeable to nature To what things besides nature But the things which are called Natural may be reduced to seven heads besides which there comes into their fellowship those which we term Annexed The seven principal heads of things Natural are Elements Temperaments Humors Parts or members Faculties Actions Spirits To these are annexed as somewhat near Age Sex Colour Cmpoosure Time or season Region Vocation of life CHAP. IV. Of Elements AN Element by the definition which is commonly received amongst Physitians is the least and most simple portion of that thing which it composeth or What an Element is that my speech may be the more plain The four first and simple bodies are called Elements Fire Air Water and Earth which accommodate and subject themselves as matter to the promiscuous generation of all things which the Heavens engirt whether you understand things perfectly or unperfectly mixed Such Elements are only to be conceived in your mind Elements are understood by reason not by sense being it is not granted to any external sense to handle them in their pure and absolute nature Which was the cause that Hippocrates expressed them not by the names of substances but of proper qualities saying Hot Cold Moist Dry because some one of these qualities is inherent in every Element as his proper and essential form not only according to the excess of latitude but also of the active faculty Why Hipp. expressed the Elements by these names of Qualities to which is adjoined another simple quality and by that reason principal but which notwithstanding attains not to the highest degree of his kind as you may understand by Galen in his first Book of Elements So for example sake in the Air we observe two qualities Heat and Moisture both principal and not remitted by the commixture of any contrary quality Two principal qualities are in each Element for otherwise they were not simple Therefore thou maist say What hinders that the principal effects of heat shew not themselves as well in the Air as in the Fire Because as we said before although the Air have as great a heat according to his nature extent and degree no otherwise than Fire hath yet it is not so great in its active quality Why the Air heats not so vehemently as the Fire The reason is because that the calfactory force in the Air is hindered and dulled by society of his companion and adjoined quality that is Humidity which abateth the force of heat as on the contrary driness quickneth it The Elements therefore are endewed with qualities Names of the substances Fire Air Water Earth is Hot and dry Moist and hot Cold and moist Cold and dry Names of the qualities These four Elements in the composition of natural bodies How the Elements may be understood to be mixed in compound bodies retain the qualities they formerly had but that by their mixture and meeting together of contraries they are somewhat tempered and abated But the Elements are so mutually mixed one with another and all with all that no simple part may be found no more then in a mass of the Emplaister Diacalcitheos you can shew any Axungia oil or Litharge by it self all things are so confused and united by the power of heat mixing the smallest particulars with the smallest and the whole with the whole in all parts You may know and perceive this concretion of the four Elementary substances in one compound body by the power of mixture in their dissolution by burning a pile or heap of green wood For the flame expresses the Fire the smoak the Air the moisture that sweats out at the ends Why of the first qualities two are active and two passive the Water and the ashes the Earth You may easily perceive by this example so familiar and obvious to the senses what dissolution is which is succeeded by the decay of the compound body on the contrary you may know that the coagmentation or uniting and joyning into one of the first mixed bodies is such that there is no part sincere or without mixture For if the heat which is predominant in the fire should remain in the mixture in its perfect vigor it would consume the rest by its pernicious neighbourhood the like may be said of Coldness Moisture and Driness although of these qualities two have the title of Active that is Heat and Coldness because they are the more powerful the other two Passive because they may seem more dull and slow being compared to the former The temperaments of all sublunary bodies arise from the commixture of these substances and elementary qualities which hath been the principal cause that moved me to treat of the Elements But I leave the force and effects of the Elementary qualities to some higher contemplation content to have noted this that of these first qualities so called because they are primarily and naturally in the four first bodies others arise and proceed which are therefore called the second qualities as of many these Heaviness Why the first qualities are so called Lightness variously distributed by the four Elements as the Heat or Coldness Moistness or Driness have more power over them For of the Elements two are called light because they naturally affect to move upwards the other two heavie What the second qualities are by reason they are carryed downward by their own weight So we think the fire the lightest because it holds the highest place of this lower world the Air which is next to it in site we account light for the water which lies next to the Air we judg heavie What Elements light what heavy and the earth the center of the rest we judg to be the heaviest of them all Hereupon it is that light bodies and the light parts in bodies have most of the lighter Elements as on the contrary heavie bodies have more of the heavier This is a brief descripion of the Elements of this frail world which are only to be discerned by the understanding to which I think good to adjoin another description of other Elements as it were arising or flowing from the commixture of the first For besides these there are said to be Elements of generation and Elements of mans body Which as they are more corporal so also are they more manifest to the sense By which reason Hippocrates being moved in his Book de Natura humana after he had described the Nature of Hot Cold Moist and Dry What the Elements of generation are he comes to take notice of these by the order of composition Wherefore the Elements of our generation as also of all creatures which have blood What the Elements of mâ—xt bodies are seed and menstruous blood But the Elements of our bodies are the solid and similar parts arising from those Elements of generation Of this kind are bones membranes ligaments veins arter es and many others manifest to the eys
pale Of Taste bitter It provoketh the expulsive faculty of the guts attenuates the Phlegm cleaving to them but the Alimentary is fit to nourish the parts of like temper with it Melancholy is Of Nature earthly cold and dry Of Consistence gross and muddy Of Colour blackish Of Taste acide sour or biting Stirs up the Appetite nourishes the Spleen and all the parts of like temper to it as the bones Blood hath its nearest matter from the better portion of the Chylus and being begun to be laboured in the veins at length gets form and perfection in the Liver but it hath its remote matter from meats of good digestion and quality seasonably eaten after moderate exercise but for that one age is better than another and one time of the year more convenient than another For blood is made more copiously in the Spring because that season of the year comes nearest to the temper of the bloud by reason of which the blood is rather to be thought temperate than hot or moist for that Galen makes the Spring temperate and besides at that time blood-letting is performed with the best success Lib. 1. de temp Youth is an age very fit for the generation of blood or by Galens opinion rather that part of life that continues from the 25 to the 35 year of our age Those in whom this Humor hath the dominion are beautified with a fresh and rosie colour gentle and wel-natured pleasant merry and facetious The generation of Phlegm is not by the imbecillity of heat as some of the Ancients thought who were perswaded that Choler was caused by a raging Blood by a moderate and Phlegm and Melancholy by a remiss heat But that opinion is full of manifest error for if it be true that the Chylus is laboured and made into blood in the same part One and the same Heat is the efficient cause of all humors at the same time and by the same fire that is the Liver from whence in the same moment of time should proceed that strong and weak heat seeing the whole mass of the blood different in its four essential parts is perfected and made at the same time and by the same equal temper of the same part action and blood-making faculty therefore from whence have we this variety of Humors From hence for that those meats by which we are nourished enjoy the like condition that our bodies do from the four Elements and the four first Qualities for it is certain and we may often observe In what kind soever they be united or joyned together they retain a certain hot portion imitating the fire another cold the water another dry the earth and lastly another moist like to the air Neither can you name any kind of nourishment how cold soever it be not Lettuce it self in which there is not some fiery force of heat Therefore it is no marvail if one and the same heat working upon the same matter of Chylus varying with so great dissimilitude of substances do by its power produce so unlike humors as from the hot Choler from the cold Phlegm and of the others such as their affinity of temper will permit There is no cause that any one should think that variety of humors to be caused in us The heat of the Sun alone doth melt was and harden clay rather by the diversity of the active heat than wax and a flint placed at the same time and in the same situation of climat and soil this to melt by the heat of the Sun and that scarse to wax warm Therefore that diversity of effects is not to be attributed to the force of the efficient cause that is of Heat which is one and of one kind in all of us but rather to the material cause seeing it is composed of the conflux or meeting together of various substances gives the heat leave to work as it were out of its store which may make and produce from the hotter part thereof Choler and of the colder and more rebellious Phlegm Yet I will not deny but that more Phlegm or Choler may be bred in one and the same body according to the quicker or slower provocation of the heat yet nevertheless it is not consequent that the Original of Choler should be from a more acide and of Phlegm from a more dull heat in the same man Every one of us naturally have a simple heat and of one kind which is the worker of divers operations not of it self seeing it is always the same and like it self but by the different fitness pliableness or resistance of the matter on which it works Wherefore Phlegm is generated in the same moment of time The divers condition of the matter alone is the cause of variety in the fire of the same part by the efficiency of the same heat with the rest of the blood of the more cold liquid crude and watery portion of the Chylus Whereby it comes to pass that it shews an express figure of a certain rude or unperfect blood for which occasion nature hath made it no peculiar receptacle but would have it to run friendly with the blood in the same passages of the veins that any necessity hapning by famin or indigency and in defect of better nourishment it may by a perfecter elaboration quickly assume the form of blood Cold and rude nourishment make this humor to abound principally in Winter and in those which incline to old-age by reason of the similitude which Phlegm hath with that season and age It makes a man drowsie dul fat The effect of Phlegm swollen up and hastneth gray-hairs Choler is as it were a certain heat and fury of humors which generated in the Liver together with the blood is caryed by the veins and arteries through the whole body That of it which abounds is sent partly into the guts and partly into the bladder of the gall or is consumed by transpiration or sweats It is somewhat probable that the arterial blood is made more thin hot quick and pallid than the blood of the Veins by the commixture of this Alimentary Choler This Humor is chiefly bred and expel'd in youth and acid and bitter meats give matter to it but great labours of body and mind give the occasion It maketh a man nimble quick ready for all performance lean and quick to anger and also to concoct meats The effects of Choler The melancholick humor or Melancholy being the grosser portion of the blood is partly sent from the Liver to the Spleen to nourish it and partly carryed by the vessels into the rest of the body and spent in the nourishment of the parts endued with an earthly dryness it is made of meats of gross juyce and by the perturbations of the mind turned to fear and sadness The effects of Melancholy It is augmented in Autumn and in the first and crude Old-age it makes men sad harsh constant froward envious and fearful
the original of those Vessels which are dispersed through them To this purpose we will define what the Chest is and then we will divide it into its parts Thirdly in these we will consider which parts contain and which are contained that so we may more happily finish our intended discourse CHAP. I. What the Thorax or the Chest is into what parts it may be divided and the nature of these parts THe Thorax or Chest is the middle Belly terminated or bounded above with the Coller-bones below with the Midriff before with the Sternon or Brest behind with the twelve Vertebra's of the back on both sides with the true and bastard ribs and with the intercostal and intercartilagineous muscles The containing parts of the Chest Nature hath given it this structure and composition lest that being a defence for the vital parts against external injuries it should hinder respiration which is no less needful for the preservation of the native heat diffused by the vital spirits and shut up in the heart Why Nature hath made the Chest partly bony partly grisly as in the fountain thereof against internal injuries than the other fore-mentioned parts against the external For if the Chest should have been all bony verily it had been the stronger but it would have hindered our respiration or breathing which is performed by the dilating and contracting thereof Wherefore lest one of these should hinder the other Nature hath framed it partly bony and grisly and partly fleshy Some render another reason hereof which is That Nature hath framed the Chest that it might here also observe the order used by it in the fabrick of things which is that it might conjoin the parts much disagreeing in their composure as the lower Belly altogether fleshy and the Head all bony by a medium partaker both of the bony and fleshy substance which course we see it hath observed in the connexion of the fire and water by the interposition of the air of the earth and air by the water placed between them The number of the bones of the Sternon The Chest is divided into three parts the upper lower and middle the coller-bones contain the upper the Midriff the lower and the Sternon the middle The Sternon in Galen's opinion is composed of seven bones I believe by reason of the great stature of the people that lived then Now in our times you shall oft find it compact of three four or five bones although we will not deny but that we have often observed it especially in young bodies to consist of seven or eight bones Wherefore those who have fewer bones in number in their Sternon have them larger that they might be sufficient to receive the ribs This is the common opinion of the Sternon Yet Fallopius hath described it far otherwise wherefore let those who desire to know more hereof look in his Observations Cartilago scutiformis the brest-blade At the lower part of the Sternon there is a grisle called commonly Furcula and Malum granatum or the Pomgranate because it resembles that fruit others call it Cartilago scutiformis that is the Brest-blade It is placed there to be as it were a Bulwark or defence to the mouth of the Stomach endued with most exquite sense and also that it should do the like to that part of the Midriff which the Liver bears up in that place situate above the orifice of the ventricle by the ligament coming between descending from the lower part of the same grisle into the upper part of the Liver The common people think that this Grisle sometimes fals down But it so adheres and is united to the Bones of the Sternon that the falling thereof may seem to be without any danger although oft-times it may be so moistned with watery and serous humidities with which the orifice of the Stomach abounds that as it were soaked and drunk with these it may be so relaxed that it may seem to be out of its place in which case it may be pressed and forced by the hand into the former place and seat as also by applying outwardly and taking inwardly astringent and drying medicines to exhaust the superfluous humidity This Grisle at its beginning is narrow but more broad and obtuse at its end somewhat resembling the round or blunt point of a Sword whereupon it is also called Cartilago Ensiformis or the Sword-like grisle In some it hath a double in others a single point In old people it degenerates into a Bone Now because we make mention of this Grisle we will shew both what a Grisle is and how many differences thereof there be that henceforward as often as we shall have occasion to speak of a Grisle you may understand what it is A Grisle is a similar part of our bodies next to a Bone most terrestrial cold dry hard What a Grisle is weighty and without sense differing from a Bone in driness only the which is more in a Bone Wherefore a Grisle being lost cannot be regenerated like as a Bone without the interposition of a Callus The differences of these are almost the same with Bones that is from their consistence The differences thereof substance greatness number site figure connexion action and use Omitting the other for brevity sake I will only handle those differences which arise from site use and connexion Therefore Grisles either adhere to the Bones or of and by themselves make some part as the Grisles of the Ey-lids called Tarsi of the Epiglottis and Throttle And others which adhere to Bones either adhere by the interposition of no medium as those which come between the Bones of the Sternon the Coller-bones the share and Haunch-bones and others or by a ligament coming betweeen as those which are at the ends of the Bastard-ribs to the Sternon by the means of a Ligament that by those Ligaments being softer than a Grisle the motions of the Chest may be more quickly and safely performed The Grisles which depend on Bones do not only yield strength to the Bones but to themselves and the parts contained in them against such things as may break and bruise them The Grisles of the Sternon and at the ends of the Bastard-ribs are of this sort By this we may gather that the Grisles have a double use Their twofold use one to polish and levigate the parts to which that slippery smoothness was necessary for performance of their duty and for this use serve the Grisles which are at the Joynts to make their motions the more nimble The other use is to defend those parts upon which they are placed from external injuries by breaking violent assaults by somewhat yeelding to their impression no otherwise than soft things opposed against Cannon-shot We will prosecute the other differences of Grisles in their place as occasion shall be offered and required CHAP. II. Of the containing and contained parts of the Chest THe containing parts of the Chest are both
from these of the Neck I mean even to the tenth but that the transverse seeing they are not perforated as we said before do as it were sustain the Ribs being straitly bound to them with strong ligaments both proper and common but after the tenth Vertebra of the Back the two other of the Back and all those of the Loins are different not only from those of the Neck but also from the ten first of the Back by reason of their oblique processes because from the eleventh which is received as well by that which is above it as that under it for the strength of the whole Back and the easier bending thereof without fear of fracture or dislocation the above-mentioned processes of the lower Rack-bones which were wont to receive are received as on the contrary they receive which are wont to be received They differ besides from all the fore-mentioned by reason of their Spines because from the eleventh they by little and little do look upwards contrary to the former But if any ask how the tenth vertebra of the Back may be termed the midst of the Spine How the tenth vertebra of the back may be said to be the midle of the Spine seeing the whole Spine consists of twenty four vertebrae He may know that this may be true as thus If the six bones of the Holy-bone and the fourth of the Rump being more gristly than bony be numbered amongst the Bones of the Spine for then from the setting on of the head to the eleventh Rack-bone of the Back are seventeen in number and so many from thence downwards The number of the Muscles of the Chest But let us return to the Muscles of the Chest serving for respiration First you must know that these Muscles are fourscore and nine that is on each-side forty four alike in strength thickness fire The Muscles dilating the Chest and action and one besides in the midst which they call the Diaphragma or Midriffe Of these forty four there are twenty two which dilate the Chest in drawing in the breath that is the Subclavius the Dentatus or Serratus major in the opinion of some both the Rhomboides or Serrati postici The Muscles contracting the Chest the oblique ascendent of the lower Belly the eleven Intercostales and the six Intercartilaginei externi On the contrary as many contract the Breast in expiration to wit the Sacro-lumbus the oblique descendent the Right and Transverse of the lower Belly the inner Triangular the six Intercartilaginei The Subclavius is the first of the Muscles dilating the Chest Serratus major and the eleven inner Intercostales Of these twenty two dilating the Chest the first from the site is called the Subclavius for it descends obliquely from the inner and fore-part of the Clavicula or Coller-bone into the Gristle of the first Rib even to the Sternon and dilates it The second is the Serratus major the greater Saw-muscle arising according to the opinion of some from the whole basis of the Shoulder-blade on the inside and it is transversly inserted into the nine upper Ribs producing certain toothed or Saw-like processes running further to the Bones of the Rib than to the Spaces between them or Intercostal Muscles whereupon it hath the name of the Saw-muscle yet some have referred this Muscle to them of the Shoulder-blade The third descends from the three lower Spines of the Neck and the first of the Back by means of a membranous and most thin ligament into the three or four upper-Ribs running further into their Spaces or Intercostal-Muscles Serratus posterior and superior than into the Ribs themselves whereupon it is called Serratus posterior superior that is the hinder and upper Saw-muscle The fourth in like manner ascends by means of a membranous and thin ligament from the three upper Spines of the Loins and the two last of the Chest or Back into three or four of the lower or last of the Bastard-ribs sent forth further into them or their Bones than into the Intercostal-muscles possessing the spaces between them wherefore it is called Serratus posterior inferior the hinder and lower Saw-muscle Moreover these two last Muscles have been called by a common name from their figure the Rhomboides The oblique ascendent of the lower Belly The eleven Intercostales externi 6. Intercartilaginei that is the square-muscles The fift which we said was the Ascendent of the Epigrastrium hath already been sufficiently described in his place The eleven Intercostales externi or external Intercostal-muscles descend obliquely from the back-part of the lower-side of the upper-Rib into the fore-part of the upper-side of the Rib lying next under after a quite contrary manner to the six Intercartilaginei who having like original and insertion amongst the Gristles as the Intercostal amongst the Ribs descend obliquely from the fore-part backwards And thus much of the Muscles dilating the Chest in inspiration The Sacrolumbus the first of those which contract the Chest But the first of the other Muscles being as many in number which contract the Chest in expiration arising from the Holy-bone and the oblique processes of the Loins ascends firmly and confusedly adhering with the Musculus sacer or holy Muscle which we shall describe hereafter to the roots of the twelve Ribs imparting in the ascent a small tendon to each of them by which it draws these Ribs towards the transverse processes and by reason of its Original it is called Sacrolumbus that is the Holy-loin-muscle The oblique descendent the right and transverse of the Epigastrium The second third and fourth which we said were the oblique descendent right and transverse of the Epigastrium have been formerly described in their place But by the way you must note that these three Muscles of the Epigastrium help expiration rather by accident than of themselves to wit by driving back the Midriff towards the Lungs by the entrails which also they force upwards by drawing the parts into which they are inserted towards their Original Triangulus Musculus The fift which we call the Triangulus or Triangular may be called the compressor of the Gristles which proceeding from the inner sides of the Sternon goes to all the gristles of the true Ribs this is more apparent under the Sternon in Beasts than in Men though it be not very obscure in them neither Intercostales interni For the internal Intercostal-muscles in my judgment they arise from the lower sides of the upper-rib and descending obliquely from the fore-part backwards are inserted into the upper-side of the rib next under it so that they may follow the production of the fibers of the external Intercartilaginei Intercartaliginâ—i interni as the six Internal Intercartilaginei follow the site of the external Intercostal proceeding from behind forwards wherefore as well the Intercostal as the Intercartilaginei every where intersect each other after the similitude of the letter X. I know some have
of heat brought thither by the bullet but the force of the contusion Now the contusion is exceeding great both because the bullet is round and enters the body with incredible violence Of which those that are wounded will give you sufficient testimony for there is none of them which thinks not presently upon the blow that as it were some post or thing of the like weight falls upon the affected member whence great pain and stupidity possess the part whereby the native heat and spirits are so much dissipated that a Gangrene may follow But for the Eschar which they affirm is made by the blow and falls away afterwards they are much mistaken For certain particles of the membranes and flesh contused and torn by the violence of the bullet beguiles them which presently putrefying are severed from the sound parts by the power of nature and the separating heat which thing usually happens in all great Contusions But for all that these so many and weighty reasons may free the powder from all suspition of Poison and the bullet from all thought of burning yet there are many who insisting upon Philosophical arguments raise new stirs For say they the discharging a peice of Ordinance is absolutely like Thunder and Lightning which the rent and torn clouds cast from the middle region upon the earth wherefore the Iron bullet which is shot out of the Cannon must needs have a venenate and burning faculty I am not ignorant that Lightning generated of a grosse and viscous exhalation The reasons of our adversaries refelled Quest nat lib. 2. cap. 49. breaking the cloud wherewith it is encompassed never falâ—s upon the earth but brings fire with it one while more subtile another while more gross according to the various condition of the matter whence the exhalation hath arisen For Seneca writes that there are three several kinds of Lightning differing in burning condition and plenty One of them penetrates or rather perforates by the tenuity of the matter of the object which it touches The other with a violent impetuosity breaks in sunder and dissipates the objects by reason it hath a more dense compact and forcible matter like as Whirlwinds have The third for that it consists of a more terrestrial matter burns what it touches The stinking smell of lightning leaving behind it the impression of the burning Also I know that Lightning is of a pestilent and stinking nature occasioned by the grosness and viscidity of the matter whereof it is which matter taking fire sends forth so loathsom and odious a smell that the very wild Beasts cannot indure it but leave their Dens if they chance to be touched with such a Lightning Besides also we have read in the Northern History of Olâ—us Magnus that in some places after a Lightning you shall find a whole Plain spread over with Brimstone which Brimstone notwithstanding is extinguished unprofitable and of no efficacy But grant these things be thus yet must we not therefore conclude that the Bullets of the great Ordnance carry poyson and fire with them into the wounds For though there be many things a like in Lightning and discharging great Ordnance yet they have no similitude either in matter or substance but only in effects whereby they shake break in sunder and disperse the bodies which withstand them For Lightning and Thunder do it by means of fire and oft-times of a stone generated in them which is therefore tearmed a Thunderbolt but Ordnance by the Bullet carryed by the force of the Air more violently driving and forcing it forwards Neither if any should by more powerful arguments force me to yield that the matter of the Lightning and shooting of Ordnance are alike yet will I not therefore be forced to confess that Wounds made by Gunshot are combust Lib. 2. cap. 49. The wonderful nature of some Lightning For according to Pliny there are some lightnings which consisting of a most dry matter do shatter in sunder al that withstand them but do not burn at all others which are of somewhat a more humid nature burn no more than the former but only black such things as they touch Lastly othersome of a more subtile and tenuous matter whose nature as Seneca saith we must not doubt to be divine if but for this reason that they will melt gold and silver not harming the purse a sword not hurting the scabbard the head of a Lance not burning the wood and shed wine not breaking the vessel According to which decree I can grant that these Lightnings which break in sunder melt and dissipate and perform other effects so full of admiration are like in substance to the shot of great Ordnance but not those which carry with them fire and flame A History In proof whereof there comes into my mind a History of a certain Souldier out of whose thigh I remember I drew forth a Bullet wrapped in the taffety of his breeches which had not any sign of tearing or burning Why the wounds made by Gunshot some few years agone were so deadly Besides I have seen many who not wounded nor so much as touched yet notwithstanding have with the very report and wind of a Cannon bullet sliding close by their ears faln down for dead so that their members becomming livid and black they have dyed by a Gangrene ensuing thereupon These and such effects are like the effects of Lightning which we lately mentioned and yet they bear no sign nor mark of poyson From whence I dare now boldly conclude that wounds made by gunshot are neither poysoned nor burnt But seeing the danger of such Wounds in these last Civil-wars hath been so great universal and deadly to so many worthy personages and valiant men what then may have been the cause thereof if it were neither combustion nor the venenate quality of the Wound This must we therefore now insist upon and somewhat hardily explain The cause of the transmuâ—ation of the Elements Those who have spent all their time in the learning and searching out the mysteries of natural Philosophy would have all men think and believe that the four Elements have such mutual sympathy that they may be changed each into other so that they not only undergo the alterations of the first qualities which are heat coldness dryness and moisture but also the mutation of their proper substances by rarefaction and condensation For thus the fire is frequently changed into air the air into water the water into air and the water into earth and on the contrary the earth into water the water into air the air into fire because these 4. first bodies have in their common matter enjoyed the contrary and fighting yet first and principal qualities of all Whereof we have an example in the * These bellows here mentioned by the Author are Balls made of Brass in form of a Pear with a very small hole in their lesser ends when you would fill them with
water you must heat them very hot and so the air which is contained in them will be exceedingly rarified which by putting them presently into water will be condensate a much and so will draw in the water to supply the place ne detur vacuum Then put them into fire and it again ratifying the water into air will make them yield a strong continued and forcible blast The cause of the report and blow of a Cannon Ball-bellows brought out of Germany which are made of brass hollow and round and have a very small hole in them whereby the water is put in and so put to the fire the water by the action thereof is rarified into air and so they send forth wind with a great noise and blow strongly assoon as they grow throughly not You may try the same with Chesnuts which cast whole and undivided into the fire presently fly asunder with a great crack because the watry and innate humidity turned into wind by the force of the fire forcibly breaks his passage forth For the air or wind raised from the water by rarifaction requires a larger place neither can it now be contained in the narro◠〈◊〉 or skins of the Chesnut wherein it was formerly kept Just after the same manner Gunâ—der being fired turns into a far greater proportion of air according to the truth of that Philosophical proposition which saith Of one part of earth there are made ten of water of one of water ten of air and of one of air are made ten of fire Now this fire not possible to be pent in the narrow space of the piece wherein the powder was formerly contained endeavours to force its passage with violence and so casts forth the Bullet lying in the way yet so that it presently vanishes into air and doth not accompany the Bullet to the mark or object which it batters spoils and breaks asunder Yet the Bullet may drive the obvious air with such violence that men are often sooner touched therewith than with the Bullet and dye by having their bones shattered and broken without any hurt on the flesh which covers them which as we formerly noted it hath common with Lightning We find the like in Mines when the powder is once fired it removes and shakes even Mountains of earth In the year of our Lord 1562. A History a quantity of this powder which was not very great taking fire by accident in the Arcenal of Paris caused such a tempest that the whole City shook therewith but it quite overturned divers of the neighbouring houses and shook off the â—yles and broke the windows of those which were further off and to conclude like a storm of Lightning it laid many here and there for dead some lost their sight others their hearing and othersome had their limbs torn asunder as if they had been rent with wild Horses and all this was done by the only agitation of the air into which the fired Gun-powder was turned Just after the same manner as windes pent up in hollow places of the earth which want vents The cause of an Earthquake For in seeking passage forth they vehemently shake the sides of the Earth and raging with a great noise about the cavities they make all the surface thereof to tremble so that by the various agitation one while up another down it over-turns or carries it to another place For thus we have read that Megara and Aegina anciently most famous Cities of Greece were swallowed up and quite over-turned by an Earthquake I omit the great blusterings of the winds striving in the cavities of the earth which represent to such as hear them at some distance the fierce assailing of Cities the bellowing of Bullets the horrid roarings of Lions neither are they much unlike to the roaring reports of Cannons These things being thus premised let us come to the thing we have in hand Amongst things necessary for life there is none causes greater changes in us than the Air which is continually drawn into the Bowels appointed by nature and whether we sleep wake or what else soever we do we continual draw in and breathe it out Through which occasion Hippocrates calls it Divine for that breathing through this mundane Orb it embraces nourishes defends and keeps in quiet peace all things contained therein friendly conspiring with the Stars from whom a divine vertue is infused therein For the air diversly changed and affected by the Stars doth in like manner produce various changes in these lower mundane bodies And hence it is that Philosophers and Physitians do so seriously with us to behold and consider the culture and habit of places and constitution of the air when they treat of preserving of health or curing diseases For in these the great power and dominion of the air is very apparent as you may gather by the four seasons of the year for in Summer the air being hot and dry heats and dryes our bodies but in Winter it produceth in us the effects of Winters qualities that is of cold and moisture yet by such order and providence of nature that although according to the varieties of seasons our bodies may be variously altered yet shall they receive no detriment thereby if so be that the seasons retain their seasonableness from whence if they happen to digress they raise and stir up great perturbations both in our bodies and minds whose malice we can scarse shun because they encompass us on every hand and by the law of Nature enter together with the air into the secret Cabinets of our Bodies both by occult and manifest passages For who is lie How the air becomes hurtful that doth not by experience find both for the commodity and discommodity of his health the various effects of winds wherewith the air is commixt according as they blow from this or that Region or quarter of the world Wherefore seeing that the South-wind is hot and moist the North-wind cold and dry the East-wind clear and fresh the West wind cloudy it is no doubt but that the air which we draw in by inspiration carries together therewith into the Bowels the qualities of that wind which is then prevalent Whence we read in Hippocrates Aphor. 17. sect 3. that changes of times whether they happen by different winds or vicissitude of seasons chiefly bring diseases For Northerly winds do condense and strengthen our Bodies and make them active well coloured and during by resuscitating and vigorating the native heat But Southern winds resolve and moisten our Bodies make us heavy-headed dull the hearing cause giddiness and make the Eyes and Body less agile as the Inhabitants of Nâ—rbon find to their great harm who are otherwise ranked among the most active people of France But if we would make a comparison of the seasons and constitutions of the year by Hippâ—crates decree Droughts are more wholesome and less deadly than Rains I judg for that too much humidity is the mother of
and congealing of blood A drink for the same purpose â„ž Ligni guajaci â„¥ viij radicis enulae camp consolid majoris Ireos Florent polypod querni seminis coriandri anisi an â„¥ ss glycyrhiz â„¥ ij nepetae centaureae caryophyl cardui ben verbenae an m. s aquae fontanae lib. xij Let them be all beaten and infused for the space of twelve hours then let them boil over a gentle fire untill the one half be consumed let the Patient drink some halfe a pint of this drink in the morning and then sweat some hours upon it in his bed and do this for seven or eight dayes If any poor man light upon such a mischance who for want of means cannot be at such cost it will be good having wrapped him in a sheet to bury him up to the chin in Dung mixed with some hay or straw and there to keep him untill he have sweat sufficiently I have done thus to many with very good success You shall also give the Patient potions made with syrups which have power to hinder the coagulation and putrefaction of the blood such as syrup of Vinegar or Lemmons of the juice of Citrons and such others to the quantity of an ounce dissolved in scabius or Cardnus water You may also presently after the fall give this drink which hath power to hinder the coagulation of the blood and strengthen the bowells â„ž Rhei elect in pul redacti ℈ j aquae ruliae majoris plantagin an â„¥ j. theriacaÊ’ ss syrupide rosis siccis â„¥ ss fiat pâ—â—us Let him take it in the morning for four or five dayes In stead hereof you may make a potion of one dram of Sperma ceti d ssolved in bugloss or some other of the waters formerly mentioned and half an ounce of syrup of Maiden-hair if the disease yield not at all to these formerly prescribed medicins it will be good to give the Patient for nine dayes three or four hours before meat A powder for the same some of the following powder â„ž rhei torrefacti rad rub majoris centaurei gentianae aristoli rotundae an â„¥ ss give Ê’j hereof with syrup of Vinegar and Carduus water They say that the water of green Walnuts distilled by an Alembick is good to dissolve congealed and knotted blood Also you may use baths made of the decoction of the roots of Orris Elecampane Sorrel Fennel Marshmallows Water-fern or Osmund the waterman the greater Comfrey the seeds of Faenugreek the leaves of Sage Marjerum the flowres of Camomile Melilote and the like For a warm Bath hath power to rarifie the skin The distilled water of green Walnuts Baths to dissolve the clotted blood by cutting the tough and mitigating the acrid humors by calling them forth into the surface of the body and relaxing the passages thereof so that the rebellious qualities being orecome there ensues an easie evacuation of the matter by vomit or expectoration if it flote in the Stomach or be contained in the Chest but by stool and urin if it lye in the lower parts by sweats and transpiration if it lye next under the skin Wherefore bathes are good for those who have a Peripneumonia or inflammation of their Lungs Lib 3 de vict aâ—ut lib. 3. de de meth or a Plurisie according to the mind of Hippocrates if so be that they be used when the feaver begins to be asswaged for so they mitigate pain help forwards suppuration and hasten the spitting up of the purulent matter But we would not have the Patient enter into the bath unless he have first used general remedies as blood-letting and purging for otherwise there will be no small danger lest the humors diffused by the heat of the bath cause a new defluxion into the parts affected Wherefore do not thou by any means attempt to use this or the like remedy having not first had the advice of a Physitian CHAP. III. How we must handle Contusions when they are joyned with a Wound EVery great Contusion forthwith requires Bloud-letting or purging or both and these either for evacuation or revulsion For thus Hippocrates in a contusion of the heel Sect. lib. fract gives a vomitory portion the same day or else the next day after the heel is broken And then if the Contusion have a wound associating it the defluxion must be strayed at the beginning with an Ointment made of Bole-Armenick the white of Eggs and Oyl of Roses and Myrtles with the powders of red-Roses Alome and Mastich At the second dressing apply a digestive made of the yolk of an Egg Oyl of Violets and Turpentine A suppurative Cataplasm This following Cataplasm shall be applyed to the near parts to help forwards suppuration â„ž rad althaeae lilii an â„¥ iiij sal malâ— violar senecionis an M. ss coquantur complete passentur per setaceum addendo butyri recentis olei viol an â„¥ iij. farinae volatilis quant sufficit fiat cataplasma ad formam pultis liquidae A caution to be observed Yet have a care in using of Cataplasms that you do not too much exceed for too frequent and immoderate use of them makes wounds phlegmonous sordid and putrid Wherefore the wound after it is come to suppuration must be clensed filled with flesh and cicatrized unless happily the contused flesh shall be very much torn so that the native heat forsake it for then it must be cut away But if there be any hope to agglutinate it let it be sowed How contused wounds must be sowed and other things performed according to Art but the stitches must not be made so close together as when the wound is simple and without contusion for such wounds are easily inflamed and swell up which would occasion either the breaking of the thred or flesh or tearing of the skin CHAP. IV. Of these Contusions which are without a Wound IF the skin being whole and not hurt as far as can be discerned the flesh which lies under it be contused and the bloud poured forth under the skin make an Ecchymosis then the Patient must be governed according Art until the malign symptoms which commonly happen be no more to be feared Wherefore in the beginning draw bloud on the opposite side Phlebotomy both for evacuation and revulsion The contused part shall be scarified with equal scarifications Scarifying Cupping-glasses then shall you apply Cupping-glasses or horns both for evacuation of the bloud which causes the tumor and tension in the part as also to ventilate and refrigerate the heat of the part lest it turn into an Abscess Neither must we in the mean while omit gentle purging of the Belly Astrictives how good in Contusions The first Topick medicins ought to be astrictives which must lye some short while upon the part that so the Veins and Arteries may be as it were straitned and closed up and so the defluxion hindered as also that the part it self may be
enter in Also you must have a care when the eyelids lips sides of the fingers neck the arm-pits hams and bending of the elbow are burnt that you suffer not the parts to touch one the other without the interposition of some thing otherwise in continuance of time they would grow and stick together Therefore you shall provide for this by fit placing the parts and putting soft linnen rags between them But you must note that deep combustions and such as cause a thicker Eschar Why deep combustions are less painful then superficiary are less painful than such as are but only superficiary The truth hereof you may perceive by the example of such as have their limbs cut off and seared and cauterized with an hot Iron for presently after the cauterising is performed they feel little pain For this great combustion takes away the sense the vehemency of the sensory or thing affecting the sense depriving the sensitive parts of their sense As we have formerly noted when we treated of wounds and pains of the Nerves The falling away of such Eschars shall be procured by somewhat a deep scarification which may pierce even to the quick that so the humors which lye under it may enjoy freer perspiration emollient medicins may the freelier enter in so to soak moisten and soften the Eschar that it may at length fall away The rest of the cure shall be performed by detergent and sarcotick medicins adding to the former Ointments metalline powders when the present necessity shall seem so to require But we cannot justly say in what proportion and quantity each of these may be mixed by reason of that variety which is in the temper and consistence of bodies and the stubbornness and gentleness of diseases After a Burn the scar which remaineth is commonly rough unequal and ill-favoured therefore we will tell you in our Treatise of the Plague how it must be smoothed and made even I must not here omit to tell you Marks or spots made in the face 〈◊〉 corns of Gunpowder can 〈◊〉 be taken away that Gunpowder set on fire doth often so penetrate into the flesh not ulcerating nor taking of the skin and so insinuate and throughly fasten it self into the flesh by its tenuity that it cannot be taken or drawn out thence by any remedies no not by Phoenigmes nor vesicatories nor scarification nor ventoses nor horns so that the prints thereof alwayes remain no otherwise than the marks which the Barbarians burn in their slaves which cannot afterwards be taken away or destroyed by any Art CHAP. X. Of a Gangrene and Mortification CErtainly the malign symptoms which happen upon wounds and the solutions of Continuity are many caused either by the ignorance or negligence of the Chirurgeon or by the Patient or such as are about him or by the malignity and violence of the disease but there can happen no greater than a Gangrene as that which may cause mortification and death of the part and oft-times of the whole body wherefore I have thought good in this place to treat of a Gangrene first giving you the definition then shewing you the causes signs prognosticks and lastly the manner of the cure Now a Gangrene is a certain disposition Gal. 2. ad Glanconem and way to the mortification of the part which it seiseth upon dying by little and little For when there is a perfect mortification it is called by the Greeks Sphacelos by the Latins Syderatio our Countreymen term it the fire of Saint Anthony or Saint Marcellus CHAP. XI Of the general and particular causes of a Gangrene The general cause of a Gangrene THe most general cause of a Gangrene is when by the dissolution of the harmony and joint-temper of the four first qualities the part is made unapt to receive the faculties the Natural Vital and Animal spirits by which it is nourished lives feels and moves For a part deprived by any chance of these The particular causes as of the light languishes and presently dyes Now the particular causes are many and these either primitive or antecedent The primitive or external are combustions caused by things either actually or potentially burning actually as by fire scalding Oyl Cold causeth a Gangrene or Water Gunpowder fired and the like But potentially by acrid medicins as Sublimate Vitriol potential Cauteries and other things of the same nature for all these cause a great inflammation in the part But the ambient air may cause great refrigerations and also a Gangrene which caused Hippocrates lib. de Acr. to call great refrigerations of the brain Sphacelisme Therefore the unadvised and unfit application of cold and narcotick things a fracture luxation and great contusion too strait bandages the biting of Beasts especially of such as are venemous a puncture of the Nerves and Tendons the wounds of the nervous parts and joynts especially in bodies which are plethorick and repleat with ill humors great wounds whereby the vessels which carry life are much cut whence an Aneurisma and lastly many other causes which perturb that harmony of the four prime qualities which we formerly mentioned and so infer a Gangrene CHAP. XII Of the Antecedent Causes of a Gangrene How defluxions cause a Gangrene NOw the Antecedent or Internal and Corporeal causes of a Gangrene are plentiful and abundant defluxions of humors hot or cold falling into any part For seeing the faculty of the part is unapt and unable to sustain and govern such plenty of humors it comes to pass that the native heat of the part is suffocated and extinct for want of transpiration For the Arteries are hereby so shut or pent up in a Strait An uncurable Gangrene that they cannot perform their motions of contraction and dilatation by which their native heat is preserved and tempered But then the Gangrene is chiefly uncurable when the influx of humors first takes hold of the Bones and inflammation hath its beginning from them Lib. de tumor praeter natur For in the opinion of Galen all these kinds of affects which may befal the flesh are also incident to the bones Neither only a Phlegmon or Inflammation but also a rottenness and corruption doth oft-times first invade and begin at the bones for thus you may see many who are troubled with the Leprosie and French disease to have their skin and flesh whole and fair to look on whose bones notwithstanding are corrupt and rotten and oft-times are much decayed in their proper substance This mischief is caused by a venemous matter whose occult quality we can scarse express by any other name than poyson inwardly generated Oft-times also there is a certain acrid and stinking filth generated in flesh with a malign and old ulcer with which if the bones chance to be moistned they become foul and at length mortified Aph. 5. sect 6. A Gangrene by efflux of a cold matter of which this saying of Hippocrates is extant Ulcers of a
an inflammation of the eyes a burning itching weeping defluxion and swelling of the eye-lids That the cure may rightly and happily proceed he must first use a spare diet The cure purgeing medicines shall be given and blood taken away by opening a vein especially if there be great inflamation For particular remedies this excrescence shall be eaten away or at least kept from growth by dropping into the eye collyrium of vitriol described in wounds of the eyes But if that we profit nothing by this means it remaineth that we take it a way with the hand after the following manner You shall set the Patient upon a form or stool and make him lean much back The cutting of the Web. and be held so firmly that he may not fall nor stir then must you open his sore eye putting therein a speculum oculi formerly described in treating of the wounds of this part and then must you lift up the web it self with a sharp little hook with the point turned a little in and put under the midst of the web when you have lifted it a little up thrust a needle threded with a smooth thred between it and the Adnata then taking hold of the hook and the two ends of the thred drawn through with the needle and lifting up the web by them you shall gently begin to separate it from the substance of the eye lying thereunder beginning at the original thereof with a crooked incision-knife and so prosecute it even to the end yet so as you hurt no part of the Adnata nor Cornea The figure of little hooks a needle and crooked incision-knife Little hooks A needle A crooked incision-knife Then must it be cut off with a pair of scissers and the white of an egg beaten with some Rose water laid thereon and often renewed Afterwards the eye must every day be opened left coming to cicatrization the eye-lids shall be glewed together in that part where as the web is taken a way which also shall be hindered by putting of common salt sage and cummin seeds into the eye being first champed and chawed in the mouth There are some who in stead of the crooked knife separate the web from the Adnata with a horses hair others do it with a goose quill made ready for the same purpose taking heed that they hurt not the caruncle at the corner by the nose for it will follow if that you draw the web away too violently and if it be cut there will remain a hole through which during the rest of the life a weeping humour will continually flow a disease by the Greeks termed Rhyas If after the cutting there be fear of inflammation linnen rags moistned in repelling medicines formerly prescribed in wounds of the eye shall be laid thereupon CHAP. XV. Of the Egilops Fistula lacrymosa or weeping Fistula of the Eye AT the greater corner of the eye there is a glandule made for the receiving The use of the glandule at the greater corner of the eye and containing the moisture which serveth for the lubricating and humecting the eye lest it should drie by continual motion The differences This glandule sometimes by a sanguine or pituitous defluxion falling violently from the brain swells impostumates and ulcerates with an ulcer not seldom degenerating into a fistula so that in success of time it rotteth the bone that lieth under it Of such fistulaes some are open outwardly and these usually have their original from a phlegmon othersome are inwardly and those are such as at first swelled by the defluxion or congestion of a phlegmatick matter so that there appeareth no hole outwardly but onely a tumour of the bigness of a pease this tumor being pressed floweth with a sanious serous and red or otherwise with a white and viscid matter and that either by the corner of the eye Periodical and typical fistulaes or by the inside of the nose Some have this matter slowing continually others have it only monethly which is proper also to some fistulaes Such weeping fistulaes if they become old cause an Atrophia of the eye and sometimes blindness and a stinking breath Therefore we must diligently and speedily by physical and chirurgical means resist the breeding disease Wherefore having used general medicins we must come to particulars Therefore if the ulcer be not sufficiently wide it shall be enlarged by putting tents of spunge therein The cure The flesh of the glandule encreasing more then is fit shall be corrected by putting therein the catheretick powders of Mercury calcined vitriol or some aqua fortis or oyl of vitriol and lastly by a potential cautery If you cannot prevail by these means and that the bone begins to rot The efficacie of an actual cauterie and the Patient be stout hearted then use an actual cauterie whose use is far more effectual ready certain and excellent then a potential cauterie as I have tried in many with happy success In my opinion it makes no matter whether the cautery be of gold silver or iron for the efficacy it hath proceedeth not from the matter but from the fire Yet if we must religiously observe and make choice of metals I had rather have it of iron as that which hath a far more drying and astringent faculty then gold for that the element of earth beareth the chief sway therein as appeareth by the waters which flow through iron mines Wherefore you shall cause to be made a triangular iron sharp at the end that it may the more speedily penetrate And then the sound eye and adjacent parts being well covered and defended and the Patients head firmly holden in ones hand left the Patient being frighted stir himself in the very instant of the operation But a plate of iron somewhat depressed in the midst for the cavity of the greater corner shall be applied and fitted to the pained eye This Plate shall be perforated that the hot iron may pass thereby to the fistula lying thereunder and so may onely touch that which is to be cauterized The figure of a cauterie and a plate with a hole therein Things to be done after the cauterizing After the bone is burnt with the cautery a collyrium made of the whites of egs beaten in plantain and night-shade waters must be poured into the hole it self the eye and all the neighbouring parts but the Patient shall be laid in bed with his head somewhat high and the collyrium shall be renued as often and as soon as you shall perceive it to grow dry Then the fall of the Eschar shall be procured by anointing it with fresh butter when it is fallen away the ulcer shall be cleansed filled with flesh and lastly cicatrized CHAP. XVI Of the Staphyloma or grape-like swelling What a Staphyloma is and the causes thereof STaphyloma is the swelling of the horny and grape-like coat bred through the occasion of an humor flowing down upon the eye or by an ulcer the
the urine sloweth much and thick Issues or fontaneâ—s the pain is lessened Many have found benefit by issues for the Attritick malignity flows forth of these as by rivilets experience shews it in such as are troubled with the Lues Venerea for in those that you cannot overcome the malignity by the proper antidote that is Quick-silver they feel no greater ease of the pain then by application of causticks and making of issues They shall be made in sundry places according to the difference of the pained joints Where to be made to wit in the beginning of the neck if the defluxion proceed from the brain and fall into the joints of the collar-bones or shoulder if into the elbow or hand under the muscle Eâ—omis if into the hip knees and feet some three fingers breadth under the knee on the in-side for thus there will follow more plentiful evacuation by reason that the Sapheia runneth down that way An actual cautery Yet if the patient be troubled with much business and must travel much on hors-back then shall they be made on the out-side of the leg between the two bones thereof that so they may trouble him the less in riding If any had rather use an actual cauterie let him take such an one as is triangular and sharp that so he may with more speed and less pain perform that which he intends and let him thrust it through a plate of iron which hath an hole therein and let the plate be marked least he should err the ulcer shall be kept open by putting in a pill of gold silver lint or the root of orris hermodactiles gentian wax wherewith some powder of vitriol mercury or alum shall be incorporated least it should fill up with flesh sooner then the Physician shal I think fit In the mean space the head oft-times the original of the evil shall be evacuated by taking in the winter the pills cochiae and de Assajereth but in summer fine qâ—ibuâ— or Imperiales before the full of the Moon â„ž pul hyerae simp Ê’i agar recent troch rhei an Ê’ii Pils myrobal chebul Ê’ ss tamarind ℈ ii cum infusione senae fiat massa de quâ formentur pill vi pro drachmâ set the patient take two before supper every eighth day the day after he shall drink some broth of the decoction of cicers and the diutetick roots Also these following pills will be good to purge the phlegmatick and serous humor â„ž pillular foetid de hermodactil anÊ’ ss formentur cum succo vâ—il syrup râ—sar solut Or else â„ž aloesÊ’iii agarici trâ—chis rhei an Ê’i massae pilul arthrit de hermoâ—â—ct an ℈ ii diacrid ℈ cum melle rosato fiat massa capiat pondus Ê’i as the Physician shall think fit by whose advice these shall be used and changed as occasion shall offer it self and the nature of the humor causing the disease The day after the purging the patient shall take three hours before meat half a dram of treacle to strengthen the entrails pils are preferred before liquid medicines Common pils with the addition of scamony for that by their too long staie in the stomach they easily attract the noxious humor from the brain and the other more distant parts I have known some Physicians who mixing with ordinary pils a good quantity of scamony as seven or eight grains with a little ginger least it should hurt the stomach have purged by stool a great quantity of serous humors the day following they gave barly cream to correct the harm which the scamony may have done to the stomach Treacle how useful in the Gout Others for the same purpose give treacle which doth not only strengthen the entrails but also weakens the virulency of the gouty malignity the orifice of the ventricle must be shut after meat that so the vapors asscending to the brain may be restrained for this purpose common drige-powder marmelate or conserve of roses are good In a wet season use cephalick perfumes thus made â„ž thuris vernicis Cephalick fumigations mastich an Ê’i granorum juniperi baccarum lauri an Ê’ ss ligni aloesÊ’ii assae odorataeÊ’i ss Let them be grosly beaten let the fume be received in tow or carded cotton and so applied to the head Also the excrementitious humors shall be dried up by the following powder strowed on the patients head for fifteen daies â„ž fol. ros rub senae staechad utriusque an m. ss milii â„¥ iiii furfuris loti in vino allâ— â„¥ iii. florum chaoem milil an p.i. sem aisi â„¥ i. salis com â„¥ ii fiat omnium pulvis Let it be put into linnen bags with which being warmed at the fire in a frying-pan and kept with stirring Cephalick bags the head shall be rubbed Let the following medicine be chawed and kept in the mouth in the form of a masticatory in the time of the falling down of the defluxion â„ž cubebarum nucis moschat A masticatory glycerrhiz anis an Ê’i pyrethri Ê’ii mastich rad staphisarg eryngii an Ê’ii Let them all be made into powder and mixed together and tied up in a little tastatie to the bigness of a hasel-nut and let them be rowled up and down the mouth with the tongue to cause spitting or salivation Working with the hands and frictions of the arms especially in the morning after the evacuation of the excrements are good for such as are troubled with the Gout in the feet for so it not only causeth revulsion from the feet but also the resolution of that which is unprofitable CHAP. XII What diet is convenient for such as have the Gout AFter the body is once fed they must not return to meat before that the concoction be perfected in the stomach least the liver be forced to draw by the mesarick veins that which is yet crude and ill digested and as it were forced thence Whence the depravation of the nutriment of the whole body for the following decoctions do not amend the default of the first The fault of the first concoction is not amended in the after Let them make choice of meat of good juice and easie digestion rosted for such as are phlegmatick but boiled for such as are cholerick As they shall shun much variety one meal so must they eschew the use of pulses milk-meats sallads and sharp things as verjuice vinegar the juice of oranges and citrons They shall not eat unless they be hungry and shall desist therefrom before they be fully satisfied if it be but for this that whilst the native heat is busied in the digestion of meat plenteously eaten it is diverted from the concoction of the noxious humors The flesh of great fowl as swans cranes peacocks are not of laudable juice and are with more difficulty digested in the stomach Some of the antients have disallowed of the eating of capons Câ—pons subject to the gout and such like birds
parts by anointing them with unguentum rosarum refrigerans Galeni nutritum putting thereupon a double cloth steeped in oxycrate and often renewed But if the resolution or weakness of the retentive faculty of these parts be the cause of this disease contracted by too much use of venery before they arive at an age fit to perform such exercise For the decay of the Retentive faculty in this case strengthning and astringent things must both be taken inwardly and applyed outwardly But now I hasten to treat of the virulent Strangury which is more proper to my purpose CHAP. XX. The general cure both of the scalding of the water and the virulent Strangury Diet. WE must diversly order thy cure of this disease according to the variety of the causes and accidents thereof First care must be had of the diet and all such things shunned as inflame the blood or cause windiness or which nature are all diuretick and flatulent things as also strong and virulent exercises Purging and bleeding are convenient especially if fulness cause the affect Womens companies must be shunned and thoughts of venereous matters the patient ought not to lye upon a soft bed but upon a quilt or mattrice and never if he can help it upon his back boiled meats are better then rosted especially boile with sorrel lettuce purslain cleansed barly and the four cold seeds beaten for sauce let him use none unless the juice of an orange pomegranate or verjuice let him shun wine and in stead thereof use a decoction of barly and liquorice an hydromel or hydrosaccarum with a little cinnamon or that which is termed Potus divinus In the morning let him sup of a barly cream wherein hath been boiled a nodulus of the four cold seeds beaten together with the seeds of white poppy for thus it refrigerateth mitigateth and cleanseth also the syrups of marsh-mallows and maiden-hair are good Also purging the belly with half an ounce of Cassia sometimes alone otherwhiles with a dram or half a dram of Rubarb in powder put thereto is good And these following pills are also convenient Pills â„ž massae pilul sine quibus ℈ i. rhei electiÊ’ss camphurae gr iiii cum terebinthinâ formentur pilulae The force of Venice-turpentine in this disease let them be taken after the first sleep Venice turpentine alone or adding thereto some Rubarb in powder with oil of sweet almonds newly drawn without fire or some syrup of maiden-hair is a singular medicine in this case for it hath an excellent lenitive and cleansing faculty as also to help forwards the expulsive faculty to cast forth the virulent matter contained in the Prostatae You may by the bitterness perceive how it resists putrefaction and you may gather how it performs its office in the reins and urinary parts by the smell it leaves in the urine after the use thereof But if there be any who cannot take it in form of a bole you may easily make it potable by dissolving it in a mortar with the yolk of an egg and some white wine How to be made potable as I learned of a certain Apothecary who kept it as a great secret If the disease come by inanition or emptiness it shall be helped by fatty injections oily and emollient potions and inwardly taking and applying these things which have the like faculty and shunning these things which caused the disease How to cure that which happens by contagion or unpure copulation it shall be abundantly shewed in the ensuing Chapter CHAP. XXI The proper cure of a virulent Strangury An injection to stay inflamation FIrst we must begin with the mitigation of pain and staying the inflamation which shall be performed by making injection into the Vrethra with this following decoction warm â„ž sem psilii lactucae papav albi plantag cydon lini hyoscyami albi an Ê’ii detrahantur muceres in aquis solani rosar ad quantitatem sufficientem adde trochisc alborum Rhasis camphoratâ—rumin pollinem redaâ—torum Ê’i misce simul fiat injectio frequens For this because it hath a refrigerating faculty will help the inflammat on mitigate pain and by the mucilaginous faculty lenifie the roughnesse of the Urethra and defend it by covering it with the slimy substance against the acrimony of the urine and virulent humors In stead hereof you may use cows milk newly milked or warmed at the fire The faculties of milk against a virulent strangury Milk doth not only conduce hereto being thus injected but also drunk for it hath a refrigerating and cleansing faculty and by the subtilty of the parts it quickly arrives at the urinary passages Furthermore it will be good to anoint with câ—rat refriger Galeni addita camphora or with ceratum centalinum ung comitissae or nutritum upon the region of the kidnies loins and pâ—rinoeum as also to anoint the cods and yard But before you use the foresaid ointments or the like let them be melted over the fire but have a care that you make them not too hot least they should lose their refrigerating quality which is the thing we chiefly desire in them Having used the foresaid ointment it will be convenient to apply thereupon some linnen cloths moistened in oxycrate composed ex aquis plantaginis solani sempervivi rosarum and the like If the patient be tormented with intolerable pain in making water and also some small time after as it commonly commeth to pass How to make water without pain I would wish him that he should make water putting his yard into a chamber-pot filled with milk or water warmed The pain by this means being asswaged we must come to the cleansing of the ulcers by this or the like injection â„ž hydromelitis sympt â„¥ iv syr de rosis siccis D t rgent injections de absinth an â„¥ ss fiat injectio But if there be need of more powerful detersion you may safely add as I have frequently tried a little aegyptiacum I have also found this following decoction to be very good for this purpose â„ž vini albi odoriferi lb ss aquar plantag ros an â„¥ ii auripigmenti Ê’ss viridis aeris ℈ i. aloes opt Ê’ss pulverisentur pulverisanda bulliant simul Keep the decoction for to make injection withall You may increase or diminish the quantity and force of the ingredients entring into this composition as the patient and disease shall seem to require The ulcers being thus cleansed we must hasten to dry them so that we may at length cicatrize them How the cleansed ulcers may be dried This may be done by drying up the superfluous moisture and strengthening the parts that are moistened and relaxed by the continual defluxion for which purpose this following decoction is very profitable â„ž aq fabrorum lb i. psidiarium balaust nucum cupres conquassatorum an Ê’iss semin sumach berber an Ê’ii syrup rosar de absinth an â„¥ i. fiat
used to Caruncles occasioned by the Lues Venerea Particular defaults of the Lues Venerea not to be cured unless by the general remedie of the virulency BUt if you suspect that these Caruncles come or are occasioned by a virulent humor or the malignity of the Lues Venerea it is meet that the patient observe such a diet as usually is presâ—ribed to such as are troubled with the Lues Venerea let him use a decoction of Guaicum and let the perinaeum and the whole yard be anointed with ointment made for the Lues Venerea otherwise the Surgeon will lose his labor In the interim whilst he shall sweat in his bed he shall be wished to hold between his legs a stone-bottle filled with hot water or else a hot brick wrapped in linnen cloaths moistened in vinegar and aqua vitae for thus the heat and vapor will ascend to the genitals which together with the help of the applied ointment will dissolve the matter of the Caruncles Caruncles if callous must first be softned and being thus softned they must be consumed with convenient medicines Wherefore first if they become callous or cicatrized which you may suspect if they cast forth no excrementitious humidity they shall be exasperated excoriated and torn with a leaden Catheter having a rough button at the end like a round file He shall so long use the Catheter put into the Vrethra thrusting it up and down the same way so long and often as he shall think fit for the breaking and tearing the Caruncles he shall permit them thus torn to bleed freely so to ease the affected part You may also for the same purpose put into the Vrethra the Catheter marked with this letter B whereinto putting a silver wier sharp at the upper end that by often thrusting it in and out it may wear and make plain the resisting Caruncles Verily by this means I have helped many much perplexed with the fearful danger of this disease Some better like of the Catheter marked with this letter A being thus used it is thrust into the Vrethra with the prominent cutting sides downwards and then pressing the yard on the outside close with your hand to the Catheter in the place where the Caruncles are it is drawn forth again A powder to wast Caruncles The Caruncle thus torn shall be strowed over with the following powder being very effectual to wast and consume all Caruncles of the privities without much pain â„ž herb sabin in umbra exsiccaâ— Ê’ii ocrae antimon tut praeparat an Ê’ss fiat pulv subtilissimus let it be applied in the following manner Put the powder into the pipe or Catheter having holes in the sides hereof the which is the lower most of the last described Then put the Catheter into the urinary passage untill the slit or openness of the side come to the Caruncle How to apply it then into the hollowness of the Catheter put a silver wier wrapped about the end with a little linnen rag which as it is thrust up will also thrust up the powder therewith untill it shall come to the slâ—t against the Caruncle then will it adhere to the caruncle bloody by reason of the said attrition Then shall you draw forth the Catheter first twining it about that so it may not scrape of the powder again If intolerable pain hereupon happen it shall be asswaged and the inflammation restrained by the following injection â„ž An injection to hinder inflammation succorum portulacae plantag solani sempervivi an â„¥ ss album ovorum nu vi agitentur diu in mortario plumbeo let it bejected warm into the urethra with a syringe In stead hereof you may also make use of another injection which is formerly prescribed Neither will it be unprofitable to apply repercussives to the genitals to hinder pain and inflammation You may also use other medicines having a faculty to consume the Caruncle amongst which these following are excellent â„ž An Emplaster used by the Surgeons of Mountpelier for Caruncles viridis aris auripig menti vitriol Rom. aluminis roch an â„¥ ii infundantur omnia in aceto acâ—rrimo atque inter duo marmora in pellinem redigantur then let it be exposed to summers â—un and dried again infused in sharp vinegar and then as before ground upon a marble so that you finde nothing sharp with your fingers lastly let it be opposed to the sun untill it may be made into most subtil powder and all the acrimony be vanished which will be commonly in eight daies space Then â„ž ol rosat â„¥ iv lythargyr â„¥ ii coquantur ad ignem quosque coierint in emplast solidae consistentiae ab igne tum semotis adde pulv predict â„¥ ii let them be mixed with a spatula and put it upon the fire untill it come to so hard a consistence that it will stick fast to a wax candle or lead wier so that it may not come off by handling with your hands The Surgeons of Montpelier use this medicine This following is another â„ž tutiae praeparatÊ’vi antimonii Ê’iii trochiâ—c alborum Rhas camphorat Another Emplaster Ê’i corticis granati aluminis usti an Ê’iss spongiae ustae ℈ ii let them be all made into powder then â„ž ung diapompholigos alb Rhasis an â„¥ ii misceantur cum praedictis pulveribus in mortario plumbeo diu agitentur let a very fine rag be spread over with this ointment How to apply it and wrapped about a wax candle and so thrust into the Vrethra and then draw forth the candle by twining it a contrary way so let the end of the rag hang out of the yard so to pluck it forth again when as you shall think it hath done what it can to the Caruncle which is when it hath covered it with the medicine with which it was spread Some also make wax candles with a slender but â—â—â—st wick whose end which is to be put to wear and consume the Caruncle is compoâ—ed of the following medicine â„ž Emplastri nigri vel dyathylouis ireati â„¥ ii pulv sabinae ocrae vitriol Rom. calcin pul mer. an Ê’ ss omnia liquescant simul ad dictum usum Whilst the cure shall be in hand by these following medicines Let the patient be careful that he so shake his yard after making water A caution in making water that he may shake forth all the reliques of the urine which may chance to stop at the Caruncles for if but one drop should stay there it would be sufficient to spoil the whole operation of the applied medicines After that the Caruncle shall be worn away and wholly consumed by the described medicines Signs that the Caruncle is worn away which you may know by the urine flowing forth freely and in a full stream and by thrusting up a Catheter into the bladder without any stoppage then it remains that the ulcers be dried and cicatrized for which purpose the following
have made mention of Bezoar in treating of the remedies of poysons I judge I shall not do amiss If I shall explain what the word means and the reason thereof Poyson absolutely taken is that which kills by a certain specifick antipathy contrary to our nature So an Antidote or Counter-poyson is by the Arabians in their mother tongue termed Bedezahar as the preservers of life This word is unknown to the Greeks and Latines and in use only with the Arabians and Persians because the thing it self first came from them as it is plainly shewed by Garcias ab horto Physician to the vice-roy of the Indies in his history of the Spices and Simples of the East-Indies In Persia saith he and a certain part of India is a certain kinde of Goat called Pazain wherefore in proper speaking the stone should be termed Pazar or the word Pazain that signifies a Goat but we corruptly term it Bezar or Bezoar the colour of this beast is commonly reddish the height thereof indifferent in whose stomach concretes the hoâ—e called Bezoar it grows by little and little about a straw or some such like substance in scales like to the scales of an onion so that when as the first scale is taken off the next appears more smooth and shining as you still take them away the which amongst others is the sign of good Bezoar and not adulterate This stone is found in sundry shapes but commonly it resembles an Aâ—orn or Date-stone A sign of true Bezoar it is sometimes of a sanguin colour and otherwhiles of a honie-like or yellowish colour but most frequently of a blackish or dark green resembling the colour of mad apples or else of a Civet-Cat This stone hath no heart nor kernel in the midst but powder in the cavity thereof which is also of the same faculty Now this stone is light and not very hard but so that it may easily be scraped or rasped like Alablaster so that it will dissolve being long macerated in water at first it was common amongst us and of no very great price because our people who trafficked in Persia The use of Bezoar bought it at an easie rate But after that the faculties thereof were found out it began to be more rare and dear and it was prohibited by an Edict from the King of the Country that nobody should sell a Goat to the stranger-Merchants unless he first killed him and took forth the stone and brought it to the King Of the notes by which the stone is tried for there are many counterfeit brought hither the first is already declared the other is it may be blown up by the breath like an Oxes hide for if the winde break through and do not stay in the density thereof it is accounted counterfeit They use it induced thereto by our example not onely against poysons but also against the bites of venomous beasts The richer sort of the Country purge twice a year to wit in March and September and then five daies together they take the powder of this stone macerated in Rose-water the weight of ten grains at a time for by this remedy they think their youth is preserved as also the strength of their members There be some who take the weight of thirty Grains yet the more wary exceed not twelve grains The same Author addeth that he useth it with very good success in inveterate melancholick diseases as the itch scab tetters and leprosie therefore by the same reason it may well be given against a quartane fever Besides he affirmeth for certain that the powder contained in the midst of the stone put upon the bites of venomous beasts presently freeth the patient from the danger of the poyson as also applied to the pestilent Carbuncles when they are opened it draws forth the venom But because the small pox and meazles are familiar in the Indies and oftimes dangerous Lib. 5 in Diosc cap. 73. it is there given with good success two grains each day in Rose-water Matthiolus subscribeth to this opinion of Garcis witnessing that he hath found it by frequent experience that this stone by much exceeds not onely other simple medicines of this kinde but also such as are termed theriacalia and what other Antidotes soever Hereto also consents Abdanalarach Wee saith he have seen the stone which they call Bezahar with the sons of Almirama the observer of the Law of the God with which stone he bought a starely and almost princely house at Corduba An history Some years ago a certain Gentleman who had one of these stones which he brought out of Spain bragged before King Charles then being at Clermount in Avern of the most certain efficacy of this stone against all manner of poysons Then the King asked of mee whether there were any Antidote which was equally and in like manner prevalent against all poysons No one thing can be an Antidote against all poysons I answered that nature could not admit it for neither have all poysons the like effects neither do they arise from one cause for some work from an occule and specifick property of their whole nature others from some elementary quality which is predominant Wherefore each must be withstood with its proper and contrary Antidote as to the hot that which is cold and to that which assails by an occult propriety of form another which by the same force may oppugn it and that it was an easie matter to make trial hereof on such as were condemned to be hanged The motion pleased the King there was a Cook brought by the Jailor who was to have been hanged with in a while after for stealing two silver-dishes out of his masters house Yet the King desired first to know of him whether he would take the poyson on this condition that if the Antidote which was predicated to have singular power against all manner of poysons which should be presently given him after the Poyson should free him from death that then he should have his life saved The Cook answered chearfully that he was wiling to undergo the hazard yea greater matters not onely to save his life but to shun the infamy of the death he was like to be adjudged to Therefore he then had poyson given him by the Apothecary that then waited presently after the poyson some of the Bedezahar brought from Spain which being taken down within a while after he began to vomit and to avoid much by stool with grievous torments and to cry out that his inward parts were burnt with fire Wherefore being thirsty and desiring water they gave it him an hour after with the good leave of the Jaylor I was admitted to him I find him on the ground going like a beast upon hands and feet with his tongue thrust forth of his mouth his eies fiery vomiting with store of cold sweats and lastly the blood flowing forth by his ears nose mouth fundament and yard I gave him eight ounces of
and nature be too weak and yield and that first he be troubled with often panting or palpitation of the heart then presently after with frequent faintings the patient then at length will die For this is a great sign of the Plague or a pestilent Fever if presently at the first with no labour nor any evacuation worth the speaking of their strength fail them and they become exceeding faint You may find the other signs mentioned in our preceding discourse CHAP. XIX Into what place the Patient ought to betake himself so soon as he finds himself infected Change of the Air conduceth to the cure of the Plague WE have said that the perpetual and first original of the Pestilence cometh of the Air therefore so soon as one is blasted with the pestiferous Air after he hath taken some preservative against the malignity thereof he must withdraw himself into some wholesome Air that is clean and pure from any venomous infection or contagion for there is great hope of health by the alteration of the Air for we do most frequently and abundantly draw in the Air of all things so that we cannot want it for a minute of time therefore of the Air that is drawn in dependeth the correction amendment or increase of the poyson or malignity that is received as the Air is pure sincere or corrupted There be some that do think it good to shut the patient in a close chamber shutting the windows to prohibit the entrance of the Air as much as they are able But I think it more convenient that those windows should be open from whence that wind bloweth that is directly contrary unto that which brought in the venomous Air Air pent up is apt to putrefie For although there be no other cause yet if the Air be not moved or agitated but shut up in a close place it will soon be corrupted Therefore in a close and quiet place that is not subject to the entrance of the Air I would wish the Patient to make winde or to procure Air with a thick and great cloth dipped or macerated in water and vinegar mixed together and tied to a long staff that by tossing it up and down the close chamber the winde or air thereof may cool and recreate the Patient The Patient must every day be carryed into a fresh chamber and the beds and the linnen cloaths must be changed there must alwayes be a clear and bright fire in the Patients chamber and especially in the night whereby the air may be made more pure clean and void of nightly vapors and of the filthy and pestilent breath proceeding from the Patient or his excrements In the mean time lest if it be in hot weather the Patient should be weakned or made more faint by reason that the heat of the fire doth disperse and wast his spirits the floor or ground of his chamber must be sprinkled or watered with vineger and water or strowed with the branches of Vines made moist in cold water with the leaves and flowers of Water-lillies or Poplar or such like In the fervent heat of Summer he must abstain from Fumigations that do smell too strongly because that by assaulting the head they increase the pain If the Patient could go to that cost it were good to hang all the chamber where he lyeth and also the bed with thick or course linnen cloaths moistned in vineger and water of Roses Those linnen cloaths ought not to be very white but somewhat brown because much and great whiteness doth disperse the sight and by wasting the spirits doth increase the pain of the head for which cause also the chamber ought not to be very lightsome Contrariwise on the night season there ought to be fires and perfumes made which by their moderate light may moderately call forth the spirits The materials for sweet fires Sweet-fires may be made of little pieces of the wood of Juniper Broom Ash Tamarisk of the rind of Oranges Lemmons Cloves Benzoin Gum-Arabick Orris-roots Myrrh grosly beaten together and laid on the burning coals put into a chafing-dish Truly the breath or smoak of the wood or berries of Juniper is thought to drive serpents a great way from the place where it is burnt Lib. 16. cap. 13. The virtue of the Ash-tree against venom is so great as Pliny testifieth that a Serpent will not come under the shadow thereof no not in the morning nor evening when the shadow of any thing is most great and long but he will run from it I my self have proved that if a circle or compass be made with the boughs of an Ash-tree and a fire made in the midst thereof and a Serpent put within the compass of the boughs that the Serpent will rather run into the fire then through the Ash-boughs There is also another means to correct the Air. You may sprinkle Vinegar of the decoction of Rue Sage Rosemary Bay-berries Juniper-berries Ciprus-nuts and such like on stones or bricks red hot and put in a pot or pan that all the whole chamber where the Patient lyeth may be perfumed with the vapor thereof Perfumes Also Fumigations may be made of some matter that is more gross and clammy that by the force of the fire the fume may continue the longer as of Laudanum Myrrh Mastich Rosin Turpentine Stâ—rax Olibanum Benzoin Bay-berries Juniper-berries Cloves Sage Rosemary and Marjerom stamped together and such like Sweet candles Those that are rich and wealthy may have Candles and Fumes made of Wax or Tallow mixed with some sweet things A sponge macerated in Vineger of Roses and Water of the same and a little of the decoction of Cloves and of Camphire added thereto ought alwayes to be ready at the Patients hand that by often smelling unto it the animal spirits may be recreated and strengthned A sweet water to smell to The water following is very effectual for this matter Take of Orris four ounces of Zedoary Spikenard of each six drams of Storax Benzoin Cinnamon Nutmegs Cloves of each one ounce and half of old Treacle half an ounce bruise them into gross powder and macerate them for the space of twelve hours in four pound of white and strong wine then distil them in a Lembick of glass on hot ashes and in that liquor wet a sponge and then let it be tied in a linnen cloth or closed in a box and so often put into the nostrils Or take of the vinegar and water of Roses of each four ounces of Camphire six grains of Treacle half a dram let them be dissolved together and put into a vial of glass which the Patient may often put into his nose This Nodula following is more meet for this matter Take of Rose-leaves two pugils A Nodula to smell to of Orris half an ounce of Calamus aromaticus Cinnamon Cloves of each two drams of Storax and Benzoin of each one dram and a half of Cyprus half a dram beat them
face for that doth recreate the strength If the flux or lask trouble him he may very well use to drink steeled water and also boiled milk wherein many stones coming 〈◊〉 not out of the fire have been many times quenched For driness or roughness of the mouth For the driness and roughness of the mouth it is very good to have a cooling moistening and lenifying lotion of the mucilaginous water of the infusion of the seeds of Quinces psilium id est Flea-wort adding thereto a little Camphire with the Water of Plantain and Roses then cleanse and wipe out the filth and then moisten the mouth by holding therein a little oil of sweet Almonds mixed with a little syrup of Violets If the roughness breed or degenerate into ulcers they must be touched with the water of the infusion of sublimate or Aqua fortis But because we have formerly made frequent mention of drinking of water For the Ulcers thereof I have here thought good to speak somewhat of the choice and goodness of waters The choice of waters is not to be neglected because a great part of our diet depends thereon for besides that we use it either alone or mixed with wine for drink we also knead bread boil meat and make broths therewith The choice of waters Many think that rain-water which falls in summer and is kept in a cistern well placed and made is the wholesomest of all Then next thereto they judge that spring water which runs out of the tops of mountains through rocks cliffs and stones in the third place they put Well-water or that which riseth from the foots of hills Also the river-water is good that is taken out of the midst or stream Lake or pond-water is the worst especially if it stand still for such is fruitful of and stored with many venomous creatures as Snakes Toads and the like That which comes by the melting of Snow and Ice is very ill by reason of the too refrigerating faculty and earthly nature But of Spring and Well-waters these are to be judged the best which are insipid without smell and colour such as are clear warmish in winter and cold in summer which are quickly hot Hip. sect 5 â—phor 26. and quickly cold that is which are most light in which all manner of puls turnips and the like are easily and quickly boiled Lastly when as such as usually drink thereof have clear voices and shril their chests sound and a lively and fresh colour in their faces CHAP. XXII Of Antidotes to be used in the Plague NOw we must treat of the proper cure of this disease which must be used as soon as may be possible because this kind of poyson in swiftness exceedeth the celerity of the medicine Therefore it is better to erre in this that you should think every disease to be pestilent in a pestilent season and to cure it as the Pestilence because that so long as the air is polluted with the seeds of the Pestilence the humors in the body are soon infected with the vicinity of such an air so that then there happeneth no disease void of the Pestilence that is to say which is not pestilent from the beginning by his own nature or which is not made pestilent Many begin the Cure with blood-letting some with purging and some with Antidotes Wee The beginning of the cure must be by Antidotes taking a consideration of the substance of that part that is assaulted first of all begin the cure with an Antidote because that by its specifick property it defends the heart from poison as much as it is offended therewith Although there are also other Antidotes which preserve and keep the heart and the patient from the danger of Poyson and the Pestilence not only because they do infringe the power of the poison in their whole substance but also because they drive and expel it out of all the body by sweat vomiting scouring and such other kinds of evacuations In what quantity they must be taken The Antidote must be given in such a quantity as may be sufficient to overcome the poyson but because it is not good to use it in greater quantity then needeth lest it should overthrow our nature for whose preservation only it is used therefore that which cannot be taken together at once must be taken at several times that some portion thereof may daily be used so long untill all the accidents effects and impressions of the poyson be past and that there be nothing to be feared Why poysonous things are put into Antidotes Some of those Antidotes consist of portions of venemous things being tempered together and mixed in an apt proportion with other medicines whose power is contrary to the venom as Treacle which hath for an ingredient the flesh of Vipers that it being thereto mixed may serve as a guide to bring all the Antidote unto the place where the venenate malignity hath made the chief impression because by the similitude of nature and sympathy one poyson is suddenly snatched and carried into another There are other absolutely poysonous which nevertheless are Antidotes one unto another Some poysons Antidotes to other some as a Scorpion himself cureth the pricks of a Scorpion But Treacle and Mithridate excell all other Antidotes for by strengthening the noblest part and the mansion of life they repair and recreate the wasted Spirits and overcome the poyson not only being taken inwardly but also applyed outwardly to the region of the heart Botches and Carbuncles for by an hidden property they draw the poysons unto them as Amber doth Chaff and digest it when it is drawn and spoil and rob it of all its deadly force as it is declared at large by Galen in his book de Thearicâ ad Pisonem by most true reasons and experiment But you will say that these things are hot and that the plague is often accompanied with a burning fever But thereto I answer there is not so great danger in the fever as in the pestilence although in the giving of Treacle I would not altogether seem to neglect the fever but think it good to minister or apply it mixed with cordial-cooling medicines as with the Trochises of Camphire syrup of Lemmons of water-Lillies the water of Sorrel and such like And for the same cause we ought not to chuse old Treacle but that which is of a middle age as of one or two years old to those that are strong you may give half a dram and to those that are more weak a dram How to walk after the taking of an Antidote The patient ought to walk presently after he hath taken Treacle Mithridate or any other Antidote but yet as moderately as he can not like unto many which when they perceive themselves to be infected do not cease to course and run up and down untill they have no strength to sustain their bodies for so they dissolve nature so that it cannot suffice
eggs and oil of lin-seed take oâ— each of them two ounces beat them together a long time in a leaden morter and therewith annoint the grieved part but if there be an inflammation put thereto a little Camphir CHAP. LXIV Of the itching of the womb What the itch of the womb IN women especially such as are old there often-times commeth an itching in the neck of the womb which doth so trouble them with pain and a desire to scratch that it taketh away their sleep Not long since a woman asked my counsel that was so troubled with this kinde of maladie that she was constrained to extinguish or stay the itching burning of her secret parts by sprinkling cinders of fire and rubbing them hard on the place I counselled her to take Aegypt dissolved in sea-sea-water or lee A historie and inject it in her secret parts with a syringe and to wet stupes of flax in the same medicine and put them up into the womb and so she was cured Many times this itch commeth in the fundament or testicles of aged men The cause of the itch by reason of the gathering together or conflux of salt phlegm which when it falleth into the eyes it causeth the patient to have much ado to refrain scratching when this matter hath dispersed into the whole habit of the bodie it causeth a burning or itching scab which must be cured by a cooling and moistning diet by phlebotomie and purging of the salt humor by baths and horns applied with scaâ—ification and annointing of the whole bodie with the unction following The virtue of unguent enulat â„ž axung porcin recent lbi ss sap nig vel gallici salis nitri assat tartar staphysag an â„¥ ss sulph viv â„¥ i. argent viv â„¥ ii acet ros quart i. incorporate them all together and make thereof a liniment according to art and use it as is said before unguentum enulatum cum Mercurio is thought to have great force not without desert to asswage the itch and the drie scab Some use this that followeth â„ž alum spum nitr sulph viv an Ê’ vi staphys â„¥ i. let them all be dissolved in vinegar of Roses adding thereto butyr recent q. s make thereof a liniment for the fore-named use CHAP. LXV Of the relaxation of the great Gut or Intestine which happeneth to women The cause MAny women that have had great travel and strains in childe-birth have the great intestine called of the Latines crassum intestinum or Gut relaxed and slipped down which kinde of affect happeneth much to children by reason of a phlegmatick humor moistening the sphincter-muscle of the fundament and the two others called Levatores For the cure thereof The cure first of all the Gut called rectum intestinum or the strait Gut is to be fomented with a decoction of heating and resolving herbs as of Sage Rosemary Lavender Tyme and such like and then of astringent things as of Roses Myrtils the rindes of Pomegranats Cypress-nuts Galls with a little Alum then it must be sprinkled with the powder of things that are astringent without biting and last of all it is to be restored and gently put into its place That is supposed to be an effectual and singular remedy for this purpose An effectual remedy which is made of twelve red Snails put into a pot with â„¥ ss of Alum and as much of Salt and shaken up and down a long time for so at length when they are dead there will remain an humor which must be put upon Cotton and applyed to the Gut that is fallen down By the same cause that is to say of painful childe-birth in some women there ariseth a great swelling in the navel The diffâ—rences and signs for when the Peritonaeum is relaxed or broken sometimes the Kall and sometimes the Guts flip out many times flatulencies come thither the cause as I now shewed is over great straining or stretching of the belly by a great burthen carried in the womb and great travel in childe-birth if the falln-down Guts make that tumor pain joined together with that tumor doth vex the patient and if it be pressed you may hear the noise of the Guts going back again if it be the Kall then the tumor is soft and almost without pain neither can you hear any noise by compression if it be winde the tumor is loose and soft yet it is such as will yield to the pressing of the finger with some sound and will soon return again if the tumor be great it cannot be cured unless the peritonaeum be cut as it is said in the cure of ruptures In the Church-porches of Paris I have seen Beggar-women An historie who by the falling down of the Guts have had such tumors as big as a bowl who notwithstanding could go and do all other things as if they had been sound and in perfect health I think it was because the faeces or excrements by reason of the greatness of the tumor and the bigness or wideness of the intestines had a free passage in and out CHAP. LXVI Of the relaxation of the navel in children OFten-times in children newly born the navel swelleth as big an egg because it hath not been well cut or bound or because the whayish humors are flowed thither or because that part hath exâ—ended it self too much by crying by reason of the pains of the fretting of the childes guts An abscess not to be opened many times the childe bringeth that tumor joined with an abscess with him from his mothers womb but let not the Chirurgian assay to open that abscess for if it be opened the guts come out through the incision as I have seen in many and especially in a childe of my Lord Martigues for when Peter of the Rock the Chirurgian opened an abscess that was in it the bowels ran out at the incision and the infant died and it wanted but little that the Gentleman of my Lords retinue that were there had strangled the Chirurgian An historie Therefore when Iohn Gromontius the Carver desired me and requested me oâ— late that I would do the like in his son I refused to do it because it was in danger of its life by it alreadie and in three daies after the abscess broke and the bowels gushed out and the childe died CHAP. LXVII Of the pain that chiildren have in breeding of teeth CHildren are greatly vexed with their teeth The time of breeding of the teeth which cause great pain when they begin to â—reak as it were out of their shell or sheath and begin to come forth the gums being broken which for the most part happeneth about the seventh month of the childes age This pain commeth with itching and scratching of the gums an inflammation flux of the belly whereof many times commeth a fever falling of the hair a convulsion at length death The cause of the pain is the solution of the continuity of the
heare by his so many ears yet hath he but one mouth and one belly to contain his meat but his round body is encompassed with many feet by whose help he can go any way he please without turning of his body his tail is something long and very hairy at the end Blood as good as balsom The inhabitants affirm that his blood is more effectuall in healing of wounds then any balsom It is strange that the Rhinoceros should be a born enemy to the Elephant wherefore he whets his horn which grows upon his nose upon the rocks and so prepares himself for fight wherein he chiefly assails the belly as that which he knows to be the softest he is as long as an Elephant but his legs are much shorter he is of the colour of box yet somewhat spotted Pompy was the first Plin. 18. c. 29. that shewed one at Rome The figure of the Rhinoceros The figure of the Chameleon Plim lib. 8. c. 33. Affrica produceth the Cameleon yet is it more frequent in India he is in shape and greatness like a Lizard but that his legs are strait and higher Arist lib. 2. hist anim cap. 12. his sides are joyned to the belly as in fish and his back stands up after the same manner his nose stands out not much unlike a swines his tail is long and endeth sharp and he foulds it up in a round like a serpent his nails are crooked his pace slow like as the Tortoise his body rough be never shuts his eyes neither doth he look about by the moving of the apple but by the turning of the whole eye The strange nature of the colour of the Chameleon The nature of his colour is very wonderful for he changeth it now and then in his eye and tail and whole body beside and he alwayes assimilates that which he is next to unless it be red or white His skin is very thin and his body clear therefore the one of these two either the colour of the neighbouring things in so great subtility of his clear skin easily shines as in a glass or else various humors diversly stirred up in him according to the variety of his affections represent divers colours in his skin as a turky-cock doth in those fleshy excrescences under his throat and under his head he is pale when he is dead Mathiolus writes that the right eye taken from a living Chameleon takes away the white spots which are about the thorny coat of the eye his body being beaten and mixed with Goats milk and rubbed upon any part fetcheth off hairs his gall discusseth the Cataracts of the eye CHAP. XIII Of Celestial Monsters PEradventure it hath not been strange that monsters have been generated upon the earth and in the Sea but for monsters to appear in heaven and in the upper region of the air exceeds all admiration Yet have we often read it written by the antients that the face of heaven hath been deformed by bearded tailed and haired Comets by meteors representing burning torches and lamps pillars darts shields troups of clouds hostilly assayling each other Dragons two Moons Suns and the like monsters and prodigies The figure of a fearfull Comet Also there have been seen great and thick bars of Iron to have faln from heaven which have presently been turned into swords and rapiers At Sugoliah in the borders of Hungaria a stone fell from Heaven wich a great noise the seventh day of September Anno Dom. 1514 it weighed two hundred and fifty pound the Citizens hangâ—â—â— up with a great iron-chain put through it in the midst of the Church of their City and used to shew it as a miracle to travellers of better note that pass that way * L. 2. c. 57. Pliny reports that clashing of armour and the sound of a trumpet were heard from Heaven often before and after the Cimbrian war The same author writes that in the third Consul-ship of Marius the Amarines and Tudortines saw the heavenly armies comming from East and West and so joyning those being vanquished which came from the East Which same thing was seen in Lusalia at a town called Jubea too hours after midnight Anno Dom. 1535. But in Anno Dom. 1550. upon the 19. day of Julie in Saxony not far from Wittenburg there appeared in the air a great Stag incompassed with two armed Hosts making a great noise in their conflict and at the same instant it rained blood in great abundance the Sun seemed to be cloven in two pieces and the one of them to fall upon the earth A little before the taking of Constantinople from the Christians Presages of the taking of Constantinople Monstrous rains there appeard a great army in the air appointed to fight attended on with a great company of dogs and other wilde beasts Julius Obsequius reports that in Anno Dom. 458. it rained flesh in Italy in great and lesser pieces part of which were devoured by the birds before they fell upon the earth that which fell upon the earth kept long unputrified and unchanged in colour and smell A. Dom. 989. Otho the third being Emperor it rained corn in Italy A. Dom. 180. it rained milk and oyl in great abundance and fruit-bearing trees brought forth corn Lycosthenes tells that in the time of Charles the fifth whilst Maidenburg was besieged three suns first appeared about 7. a clock in the morning and then were seen for a whole day whereof the middlemost was the brightest the two others were reddish and of a bloody colour but in the night time there appeared three Moons The same appeared in Bavaria Anna Dom. 1554 But if so prodigious and strange things happen in the Heavens besides the common order of nature shall we think it incredible that the like may happen in the earth Earthquakes Anno Dom. 542. the whole earth quaked mount Aetna cast forth flames and sparks of fire with which many houses of the neighbouring villages were burn'd Anno Dom. 1531. in Portugal there was an earthquake for eight dayes and it quaked seven or eight times each day so that in Lisbone alone it cast down a thousand and fifty houses and more then six hundred were spoyled Ferrara lately was almost wholly demolished by a fearful earthquake Above all which ever have been heard is that prodigie which happened in the time of Pliny at the death of Nero the Emperor in the Marucine field the whole Olive-field of Vectius Marcellus a Roman Knight going over the high way Lib. 2 cap. 73. and the fields which were against it comming into the place thereof Why should I mention the miracles of waters from whose depth and streams fires and great flames have oft broke forth They tell out of St. Angustine that the fire of the sacrifice which for those seventy years of the Babylonian captivity endured under the water was extinguished Antiochus selling the priest-hood to Jason What miracle is this that the fire
into pieces the salt or that earthy matter which remains after the boiling away of the Capitellum with a knife or hot iron spatula form them into cauteries of such figure and magnitude as they think fitting and so they laye them up or keep them for use in a viol or glass closely stopped that the air get not in Or Take a bundle or sufficient quantity of Bean-stalks or husks of Colewort-stalks two little bundles of cuttings of Vines four handfuls burn them all to ashes which put into a vessel of river-water so let them infuse for a dayes space being stirred ever now and then to this add two pounds of unquencht Lime of Axungia vitri half a pound of calcined Tartar two pounds of Sal niter four ounces infuse all these being made into powder in the foresaid Lye for two or three daies space often stirring it then strain the Capitellum or liquor through a thick cloth until it become clear Put it into a bason and set it over the fire and when as the moisture is almost wholly spent let two or three ounces of vitriol be added when the moisture is sufficiently evaporated make cauteries of that which remains after the formerly mentioned manner Take of the ashes of sound knotty Old oke as much as you please make thereof a Lye pour this Lye again upon other fresh ashes of the same wood let this be done three or four times then quench some Lime in this Ley and of these two make a Capitellum whereof you may make most approved cauteries The sign of good Capitellum For such ashes are hot in the fourth degree and in like sort the stones whereof the Lime by burning becomes fiery and hot to the fourth degree Verily I have made Caureries of Oke-ashes only which have wrought quickly and powerfully The Capitellum or Lye is thought sufficiently strong if that an egg will swim therein without sinking Or Take of the ashes of bean-stalks three pounds of unquencht lime Argol of the ashes of Okewood being all well burnt of each two pounds Let them for two daies space be infused into a vessel full of Lye made of the ashes of Oke-wood and be often stirred up and down Let this Lye then be put into another vessel having many holes in the bottom thereof covered with strums or straw-pâ—pes that the Capitellum flowing thorough these strait passages may become more clear Let it be put twice or thrice upon the ashes that so it may the better extract the heat and caustick quality of the ashes Then putting it into a Barbers basin set it over the fire and when it shall begin to grow thick the fire must be increased and cauteries made of this concreting matter The following cauteries are the best that ever I made trial of The faculty of the silken cautery as those that applied to the arm in the bigness of a Pease in the space of half an hour without pain especially if the part of it self be painless and free from inflammation eat into the skin and flesh even to the bone and make an ulcer of the bigness of ones fingers end and they leave an eschar so moist and humid that within four or five daies space it will fall away of it self without any scarification The cause of the name I have thought good to call these cauteries Silken or Velvet ones not only for that they are like Silk gentle and without pain but chiefly because I obtained the description of them of a certain Chymist who kept it as a great secret for some Velvet and much entreaty Their description is this Take of the ashes of Bean-stalks of the ashes of Oke-wood well burnt of each three pounds Their description let them be infused in a pretty quantity of river-water and be often stirred up and down then add thereto of unquench't lime four pounds which being quench't stirr it now and then together for two daies space that the Capitellum may become the stronger then strain it through a thick and strong linnen-cloth and thus strained put it three or four times upon the ashes that so it may draw more of the caustick faculties from them then boil it in a Barbers basin or else an earthen one well leaded upon a good Char-cole-fire until it become thick But a great part of the secret or Art consists in the manner and limit of this boiling for this Capitellum becomming thick and concreting into salt must not be kept so long upon the fire until all the moisture shall be vanished and spent by the heat thereof for thus also the force of the foresaid medicines which also consists in a spirituous substance will be much dissipated and weakned therefore before it be come to extreme driness it shall be taken from off the fire to wit when as yet there shall some thick moisture remain which may not hinder the cauteries from being made up into a form The made up cauteries shall be put up into a glass most closely luted or stopped that the air may not dissolve them so they shall be laid up kept in a dry place Now becaus the powder of Mercury is neer to cauteries in the effect faculty thereof which therefore is termed pulvis Angelicus for the excellency therefore I have thought good to give you the description thereof which is thus â„ž auripigmenti citrini floris aeris an â„¥ ii salis nitri lbi ss alumin. rochae lbii. vitrioli lbiii The description of Mercury or Angelical powder Let them all be powdred and put into a Retort having a large receiver well luted put thereto Then set the Retort over a Furnace and let the distillation be made first with a gentle fire then encreased by little and little so that the receiver may wax a little reddish â„ž Argenti vivi lb ss aquae fortis lbi ponantur in phiala fiat pulvis ut sequitur Take a large earthen pot whereinto put the viol or bolt-head wherein the Argentum vivum and Aqua fortis are contained setting it in ashes up to the neck thereof then set the pot over a furnace or upon hot coles so that it may boil and evaporate away the Aqua fortis neither in the interim will the glass be in any danger of breaking when all the water is vanished away which you may know is done when as it leaves smoaking suffer it to become cold then take it forth of the ashes and you shall finde calcined Mercury in the bottom of the colour of red Lead separated from the white yellow or black excrement for the white that concretes in the top is called Sublimate which if it should remain with the calcified Mercury you shall make it into powder and put it in a brass vessel upon some coals stirring or turning it with a spatula for the space of an hour or two for thus it will lose a great part of the acrimony and biting whence it will
health stored with pleasing delight Baths are of two sorts some natural others artificial natural are those which of their own accord without the operation or help of Art prevail or excell in any medicinal quality For the water which of it self is devoid of all quality that is perceiveable by the taste if it chance to be straitned through the veins of metals it furnishes and impregnates it self with their qualities and effects hence it is that all such water excels in a drying faculty sometimes with cooling and astriction and other whiles with heat and a discussing quality The baths whose waters being hot or warm do boil up take their heat from the cavities of the earth and mines filled with fire which thing is of much admiration whence this fire should arise in subterrene places what may kindle it what seed or nourish it for so many years and keep is from being extinct Some Philosophers would have it kindled by the beams of the sun other by the force of lightning penetrating the bowels of the earth others by the violence of the air vehemently or violently agitated no otherwise then fire is struck by the collision of a flint and steel Yet it is better to refer the cause of so great an affect unto God the maker of the Universe whose providence piercing every way into all parts of the World enters governs the secret parts passages thereof Notwithstanding they have seemed to have come nearest the truth who refer the cause of heat in waters unto the store of brimstone contained in certain places of the earth because among all minerals it hath most fire and matter fittest for the nourishing thereof Therefore to it they attribute the flames of fire which the Sicilian mountain Aetna continually sends forth Hence also it is that the most part of such waters smell of Sulphur yet others smell of Alum others of Nitre others of Tar and some of Coperas How to know whence the Baths have their efficacy Now you may know from the admixture of what metalline bodies the waters acquire their faculties by their taste sent color mud which adheres to the channels through which the water runs as also by an artificial separation of the more terrestrial parts from the more subtil For the earthy dross which subsides or remains by the boiling of such waters will retain the faculties and substance of brimstone alum and the like minerals besides also by the effects and the cure of these or these diseases you may also gather of what nature they are Wherefore we will describe each of these kindes of waters by their effects beginning first with the Sulphureous Sulphureous waters powerfully heat dry resolve open and draw from the center unto the surface of the body they cleanse the skin troubled with scabs and tetters they cause the itching of ulcers and digest and exhaust the causes of the gout The condition of natural sulphureous waters they help pains of the cholick and hardned spleens But they are not to be drunk not only by reason of their ungrateful smell and taste but also by reason of the maliciousness of their substance offensive to the inner parts of the body but chiefly to the liver Aluminous waters taste very astrictively therefore they drye powerfully Of aluminouâ— waters they have no such manifest heat yet drunk they loose the belly I beleive by reason of their heat and nitrous quality they cleanse and stay defluxions and the courses flowing too immoderately they also are good against the tooth-ach eating ulcers and the hidden abstesses of the other parts of the mouth Salt and nitrous waters shew themselves sufficiently by their heat they heat drye binde Of salt and nitrous cleanse discusse attenuate resist putrefaction take away the blackness comming of bruises heal scabby and malign ulcers and help all oedematous tumors Bituminous waters heat digest andy by long continuance soften the hardned sinews Of bituminous they are different according to the various conditions of the bitumen that they wash and partake of the qualities thereof Brasen waters that is such as retain the qualities of brass heat drye cleanse digest cut binde Of brizen are good against eating ulcers fistulas the hardness of the eye-lids and they waste and eat away the fleshly excrescences of the nose and fundament Iron waters cool drye and binde powerfully therefore they help abscesses hardened milts Of iron the weaknesses of the stomach and ventricle the unvoluntary shedding of the urine and the too much flowing terms as also the hot distemper of the liver and kidnies Some such are in Lucan territory in Italy Leaden waters refrigerate drye and perform such other operations as lead doth Of Leaden the like may be said of those waters that flow by chalk plaster and other such minerals as which all of them take and performe the qualities of the bodies by which they pass How waters or baths help cold and moist diseases as the palsie convulsion Of hot baths the stiffness and attraction of the nerves trembling palpitations cold distilllations upon the joints the inflations of the members by a dropsie the jaundise by obstruction of a gross tough and cold humor the pains of the sides colick and kidnies barrenness in women the suppression of their courses the suffocation of the womb causless weariness those diseases that spoil the skin as tetters the leprosie of both sorts the scab and other diseases arising from a gross cold and obstruct humor for they provoke sweats Yet such must shun them as are of a colerick nature and have a hot liver To whom hurtful T e faculties of cold-baths for they would cause a Cachexia and dropsie by over-heating the liver Cold waters or baths heal the hot distemper of the body and each of the parts thereof and they are more frequently taken inwardly then applied outwardly they help the laxness of the bowels as the resolution of the retentive faculty of the stomach entrails kidnies bladder and they also add strength to them Wherefore they both temper the heat of the liver and also strengthen it they stay the Diarrhaea Dysentery Courses unvoluntary shedcing of urine the Gonorrhaea Sweats and bleedings In this kinde are chiefly commendable the waters of the Spaw in the country of Leige The Spaw which inwardly and outwardly have almost the same faculty and bring much benefit without any inconvenience as those that are commonly used in the drinks and broths of the inhabitants In imitation of natural baths there may in want of them be made artificial ones Of artificial baths by the infusing and mixing the powders of the formerly described minerals as Brimstone Alum Nitre Bitumen also you may many times quench in common or rain-water iron brass silver and goold heated red hot and so give them to be drunk by the patient for such waters do oft-times retain the qualities and faculties of the metals quenched in them as you
linnen-clothes dipped therein A water also distilled of snails gathered in a vine-yard juice of lemmons the flowers of white mullain mixed together in equal proportion with a like quantity of the liquor contained in the bladders of Elm-leaves is very good for the same purpose Also this â„ž micae panis albi lb iv flor fabar rosar alb flor nenuph. lilior ireos an lb ii lactis vaccini lb vi ova nu viii aceti â—pt lb i. distillentur omnia simul in alembico vitrâ—c fiat aqua ad faciei et manuum lotionem Or â„ž olei de tartaro â„¥ iii. mucag. sem psilii â„¥ i. cerus in oleo ros dissolut â„¥ i. ss borac sal gem an Ê’ i. fiat linimentum profacie Or â„ž caponem vivum et caseum ex lacte caprino recenter confectum limon nu iv ovor nu iv cerus lâ—t in aq rosar â„¥ ii boracis â„¥ i ss camph. â„¥ ii aq flor fabar lb iv fiat omnium infusio per xxiv horas postea distillentur in alembico vitreo The marrow of sheeps-bones good to smooth the face There is a most excellent fucus made of the marrow of sheeps-bones which smooths the roughness of the skin beautifies the face now it must be thus extracted Take the bones severed from the flesh by boiling beat them and so boil them in water when they are well boiled take them from the fire and when the water is cold gather the fat that swims upon it and there with anoint your face when as you go to bed and wash it in the morning with the formerly prescribed water How to make Sal ceâ—ussa â„ž salis ceruss Ê’ ii ung citrin vel spermat ceti â„¥ i. malaxentur simul et fiat linimentum addendo olei ovor Ê’ ii The Sal cerussae is thus made grinde Ceruss into very fine powder and infuse lb 1. thereof in a bottle of distilled vineger for four or five daies then filter it then set that you have filtred in a glased earthen vessel over a gentle fire until it concrete into salt just as you do the capitellum in making of cauteries â„ž excrementi lacert ossis saepiae tartari vini albi rasur corn cerv farin oriz. an partes aequales fiat pulvis infundatur in aqua distillata amygdalarum dulcium limacum vinealium flor nenuph. huic addito mellis albi par pondus let them all be incorporated in a marble morter and kept in a glass or silver vessel and at night anoint the face herewith it wonderfully prevails against the redness of the face if after the anointing it you shall cover the face with a linnen cloth moistened in the former described water â„ž sul lim Ê’i argent viv saliv extinct Ê’ii margarit non perforat Ê’i caph Ê’ i ss incorporentur simul in mortario marmoreo cum pistillo ligneo per tres horas ducantur et fricentur reducanturque in tenuissimum pulverem confectus pulvis abluatur aquâ myrti et desiccetur serveturque ad usum adde follorum auri et argenti nu x. When as you would use this powder put into the palm of your hand a little oyl of mastich or of sweet-almonds then presently in that oyl dissolve a little of the described powder and so work it into an ointment wherewith let the face be anointed at bed-time but it is fit first to wash the face with the formerly described waters and again in the morning when you arise How to paint the face When the face is freed from wrinkles and spots then may you paint the cheeks with a rosie and flourishing colour for of the commixture of white and red ariseth a native and beautiful color for this purpose take as much as you shall think fit of brasil and alchunet steep them in alum-water and therewith touch the cheeks and lips and so suffer it to dry in there is also spanish red made for this purpose others rub the mentioned parts with a sheeps-skin died red moreover the friction that is made by the hand only causeth a pleasing redness in the face by drawing thither the blood and spirits GHAP. XLV Of the Gutta Rosacea or a fiery face THis treatise of Fuci puts me in minde to say something in this place of helping the preternatural redness which possesseth the nose and cheeks Why worse in winter then in summar and oft-times all the face besides one while with a tumor otherwhiles without sometimes with pustles and scabs by reason of the admixture of a nitrous and adust humor Practitioners have termed it Gutta rosacca This shews both more and more ugly in winter then in summer because the cold closeth the pores of the skin so that the matter contained thereunder is bent up for want of transpiration whence it becomes acrid and biting so that as it were boiling up it lifts or raiseth the skin into pustles and scabs it is a contumacious disease and oft-times not to be helped by medicine For the general method of curing this disease it is fit that the patient abstain from wine Diet. and from all things in general that by their heat inflame the blood and diffuse it by their vaporous substance he shall shun hot and very cold places and shall procure that his belly may be soluble either by nature or art Let blood first be drawn out of the basilica then from the vena frontis and lastly from the vein of the nose Let leeches be applied to sundry places of the face and cupping-glasses with scarification to the shoulders For particular or proper remedies if the disease be inveterate Remedies the hardness shall first be softned with emollient things then assaulted with the following ointments which shall be used or changed by the Chirurgian as the Physician shall think fit â„ž succi citri â„¥ iii. cerus quantum sufficit ad eum inspissandum An approved ointment argenti vivi cum saliva et sulphure vivo extincti Ê’ ss incorporentur simul et fiat unguentum â„ž boracis Ê’ii farin ciser et fabar an Ê’ i ss caph Ê’i cum melle et succo cepae fiant trochisci when you would use them dissolve them in rose and plantain-water and spread them upon linnen cloths and so apply them on the night-time to the affected parts and so let them oft-times be renewed â„ž unguenti citrini recenter dispensati â„¥ ii sulphuris vivi â„¥ ss cum modico olei sem cucurb et succi limonum fiat unguentum with this let the face be annointed when you go to bed in the morning let it be washed away with rose-water being white by reason of bran infused therein moreover sharp vineger boiled with bran and rose-water and applied as before powerfully takes away the redness of the face â„ž cerus litharg auri sulphuris vivi pulverisati an â„¥ ss ponantur in phiala cum aceto aquae rosarum linnen cloths dipped herein shall be applied to the
face on the night and it shall be washed in the morning with the water of the infusion of brain this kinde of medicine shall be continued for a moneth â„ž sanguinis tauri lbi butyri recentis lb ss fiat distillatio utatur The liquor which is distilled for the first dayes is troubeled and stinking but those passed it becometh clear and well smelling Some boil bran in vineger and the water of water-lillies and in this decoction they dissolve of sulphur and camphire a fit proportion to the quantity of the decoction and they apply a cloth moistened in this medicine to the face in the evening â„ž album ovor nu â—i aquae ros â„¥ i ss sucei plantag lapath. acut an â„¥ i ss sublimati ℈ i. incorpopentur in mortario marmoreo â„ž axung porci decies in aceto lotae â„¥ iv argenti vivi â„¥ i. aluminis sulphuris vivi an Ê’i pistenâ—ur omnia diu in mortario plumbeo fiat unguentum argentum vivum non debet nisi extremo loco affundi â„ž rad lapath. acut asphodel an â„¥ ii conquantur in aceto scilltico postea tundantur et setaceo trajiciantur addendo auripigmenti Ê’ii sulphuris vivi Ê’x let them be incorporated and make an ointment to be used to drye up the pustles â„ž rad liliorum sub cineribus câ—ctorum â„¥ iv pistillo tusis et setaceo trajectis adde butyri receutis et axung porci lotae in aceto an â„¥ i. sulphuris vivi Ê’iii camphor ℈ iii. succi limonum quantum sufficit To drye up the pustles malaxentur simul et fiat unguentum â„ž lactis virginalis lb ss aluminis â„¥ ss sulphuris vivi â„¥ i. succi limonum â„¥ iv salis com Ê’ ss let them all be distilled in a glass Alembick and the water kept for the forementioned uses â„ž lapath. acut plantagin et asphodel an â„¥ i ss olei vitel ovor â„¥ i. terebinth Venet â„¥ ss succi limonum Ê’iii aluminis combust Ê’i argenti vivi extinct â„¥ i. olei liliorum â„¥ ss tundantur omnia in mortario plumbeo addendo sulfinem argent viv ne mortario adheraescat The juice of onions beaten with salt or yelks of eggs are good for the same purpose For staying and killing of Ring-worms and Tetters the leaves of hellebore beaten with vineger are good the milk of the fig-tree is good of it self as also that of the spurges To kill tetters or mustard dissolved in strong vineger with a little sulphur Or â„ž sulphuris calcanthi aluminis an Ê’i macerentur in aceto forti trajiciantur per lineum apply the expressed juice Others macerate an egg in sharp vineger with coperas and sulphur vivum beaten into fine powder then they strain or press it through a linnen cloth But seeing the forementioned medicines are acrid and for the most part eating and corroding it cannot be but that they must make the skin harsh and rough therefore to smooth and levigate it again you shall make use of the following ointment â„ž tereb Ven tam diu lâ—tae ut acrimoniam nullam habeat butyri salis expertis an â„¥ i ss olei vitel To smooth the skin ovor â„¥ i. axung porci in aqua rosarum lotae â„¥ ss cerae parum fiat linimentum ad usum To the same purpose you may also make use of some of the forementioned medicines CHAP. XLVI To black the hair What things a â—e fit to dye the hair AT first the hairs to take the fucus or tincture and to retain it must be prepared with Lye wherein a little roch-Alum is dissolved Thus the fatty scales may be washed and taken away which hinder and as it were keep away the fucus that it cannot adhere or penetrate into the body of the hair Then must we come to particular or proper and fitting medicines for this purpose These ought to be aromatick and cephalick and somewhat stiptick that by their odoriferous and astringent power that may strengthen the animal faculty Furthermore they must be of subtil parts that they may enter even into the inner roots of the hairs â„ž Sulphuris vitrioli gallarum calcis vivae lithargyri an Ê’ii scoriae ferri Ê’ ss in pollinem reducantur et cum aq communi incorporentur ut inde fiat massa with this at bed time let the hairs be rubbed and in the morning let them be smoothed with the same â„ž calcis lotae â„¥ i. lithargyri utriusque â„¥ ss cum decocto gallarum corticum nucum fiat massa addendo olei chamem Ê’ii â„ž litharg auri â„¥ ii ciner clavellat â„¥ i. ss calcis viv Ê’i dissolve omnia cum urina hominis donec acquirant consistentiam unguenti pro unctione capillorum â„ž calcis lotae â„¥ ii cum decoct salv et cort granat fiat pasta ad formam pultis satis liquidae let the hair at bed-time be died herewith and washed in the morning with wine and water How to wash lime Now the manner of washing lime is thus Infuse in ten or twelve pintes of fair water one pound of lime then pour out the water by stopping the vessel putting more in the stead thereof the third time in stead of common water pour thereon the water of the decoction of sage and galls let the lime lye therein for so many hours then in like manner pour it off by stoping the vessel and thus you shall have your lime well washed There is also found a way how to dye or black the hair by only pouring of some liquor thereon as â„ž argenti purissimi Ê’ii reducantur in tenuissimas laminas A water to black the hair ponantur in ampulla vitrea cumÊ’ii aquae separationis auri et argenti et aquae rosar Ê’vi The preparing of this water is thus put into a viol the water of separation and the silver and set it upon hot coals so to dissolve the silver which being done then take it from the fire and when it is cold add thereto the rose-rose-water But if you would black it more deeply add more silver thereto if less then a smaller quantity to use it you must steep the comb wherewith you comb your head in this water â„ž plumbi usti â„¥ ii gallarum non perforat cortick nucum an â„¥ iii. terrae sigil ferret hispan an â„¥ ii vitriol rom â„¥ vi salis gem â„¥ i ss caryoph nucis mosch an â„¥ i. salis ammon aloes an Ê’ ss fiat pulvis subtilissimus let this powder be macerated in vineger for three dayes space then distil it all in an Alembick the water that comes therefrom is good for the foresaid use The following medicine is good to make the hairs of a flaxen color To make the hair of a flaxen coâ—or â„ž flor genist staechad et cardamom an â„¥ i. lupinor conquassat rasur buxi corticis citri rad gentian et berber an â„¥ i ss cum aqua nitri fiat lenta decoctio herewith bathe and moisten
the hairs for many dayes CHAP. XLVII Of Pâ—ilothra or Depilatories and also of sweet-waters MEdicines to fetch off hair which by the Greeks are termed Psilothra and Depilatoria in Latine vulgarly A deplitatory are made as you may learn by these following examples â„ž calcis viva â„¥ iii. auripigmenti â„¥ i. let the lime be quenchd in fair water and then the orpiment added with some aromatick thing have a care that the medicine lie not too long upon the part otherwise it will burn and this medicine must be made to the consistence of a pultis and applied warm first fomenting the part with warm watet for then the hair will fall off by gentle rubbing or washing it with warm water but if there happen any excoriation thereupon you may help it by the use of unguentum rosatum Another or some other of the like faculty â„ž calcis viv aurip citrin an â„¥ i. amyl spumae argent â„¥ ss terantur et incorporentur cum aq cum bulliant simul you shall certainly know that it is sufficiently boiled if putting thereinto a gooses quill the feathers come presently off some make into powder equal parts of unquench'd lime and orpiment they tye them up in a cloth with which being steeped in water they besmear the part Sweet-waters and within a while after by gentle stroaking the head the hair falls away of it self The following waters are very fitting for to wash the hands face and whole body as also linnen because they yield a gratefull smel Lavender-water the first is lavander-water thus to be made â„ž flor lavend. lb iv aq rosar vini alb an lb ii aq vitae â„¥ iv misceantur omnia simul fiat distillatio in balneo Mariae the same water may also be had without distillation if you put some lavander-flowers in fair water Clâ—ve-water and so set them to sun in a glass or put them in balneo adding a little oyl of spike and musk Clove-water is thus made Sweet-water â„ž caryoph â„¥ ii aq rosar lbii. macerentur spatio xxiv horarum et distillentur in balneo Mariae Sweet-water commonly so called is made of divers odoriferous things put together as thus â„ž menthae majoranae hyssopi salviae rorismarini lavendulae an m ii radicis ireos â„¥ ii caryophyllorum cinamoni nucis moschatae ana â„¥ ss limonum nu iv maecerentur omnia in aqua rosarum spacio viginti quatuor horarum distillentur in balneo Mariae addendo Moschi ℈ ss The end of the Twenty sixth Book THE SEVEN and TWENTIETH BOOK OF DISTILLATION CHAP. I. What distillation is and how many kindes thereof there be HAving finishd the Treatise of the faculties of medicines it now seems requisite that we speak somewhat of Chymistry and such medicines as are extracted by fire These are such as consist of a certain fift essence separated from their earthy impurity by Distillation in which there is a singular and almost divine effcacy in the cure of diseases So that of so great an abundance of the medicines there is scarce any which at this day Chymists do not distil or otherwise make them more strong and effectual then they were before What distillation is Now dâ—stillation is a certain Art or way by which the liquor or humid part of things by the virtue and force of fire or some semblable heat as the matter shall seem to require is extracted or drawn being first resolved into vapor and then condens'd again by cold Some call this art Sublimation or subliming which signifies nothing else but to separate the pure from the unpure the parts that are more subtil and delicate from those that are more corpulent gross and excrementitious as also to make those matters whose substance is more gross to become more pure and sincere either for that the terrestrial parts are ill-united and conjoyned or otherwise confused into the whole and dispersed by the heat and so carried up the other grosser parts remaining together in the bottom of the vessel Or distillation is the extraction or effusion of moisture distilling drop by drop from the nose of the Alembeck or any such like vessel Before this effusion or falling down of the liquor there goes a certain concoction performed by the vertue of heat which separates the substances of one kinde from those of another that were confusedly mixed together in one body and so brings them into one certain form or body which may be good and profitable for divers diseases Some things require the heat of a clear fire others a flame others the heat of the Sun Four degrees of heat others of ashes or sand or the filings of Iron others hors-dung or boiling water or the oily vapor or steam thereof In all these kindes of fires there are four considerable degrees of heat The first is contained in the limits of warmth and such is warm water or the vapor of hot water The second is a little hotter but yet so as the hand may abide it without any harm such is the heat of ashes The third exceeds the vehemency of the second wherefore the hand cannot long endure this without hurt and such is the heat of sand The fourth is so violent that it burneth any thing that commeth near and such are the filings of Iron The first degree is most convenient to distill such things as are subtil and moist as flowers What heat fittest for what things The second such as are subtil and drye as those things which are odoriferous and aromatical as Cinnamom Ginger Cloves The third is fittest to distill such things as are of a more dense substance and fuller of juice such as are some Roots and gums The fourth if fit for metals and minerals as Allum Vitriol Amber Jet c. In like manner you may distill without heat as we use to do in those things which are distilled by straining as when the more pure is drawn and separated from that which is most unpure and earthy as we do in Lac Virginale and other things which are strained through an hypocrass-bag or with a piece of cloth cut in form of a tongue or by setling or by a vessel made of Ivie wood sometimes also some things may be distilled by coldness of humidity and so we make the oyl of Tartar Myrrh and Vitriols by laying them upon a marble in a cold and moist place CHAP. II. Of the matter and form of Fornaces THe matter and form of Fornaces uses to be divers The matter the best for Fornaces For some Fornaces use to be made of bricks and clay othersome of clay only which are the better and more lasting if so be the clay be fat and well tempered with whites of Eggs and hair Yet in sudden occasions when there is present necessity of distillation Fornaces may be made of bricks so laid together that the joints may not agree but be unequal for so the structure will
and wrought upon that is of what kinde it is and what the nature thereof may do and suffer The other is the Fornace which oâ—ght to be provided of a convenient matter and figure of that which is to be distilled for you cannot draw any thing of any matter neither of every mixture being distilled can you rightly expect oyl or water For mixt bodies do not consist of an equal portion of the four Elemenâ—s but some are more aiery others more fiery some participate more the of water others moâ—e of the earth and that presently from their original Therefore as watery things yield more wâ—ter so aiery and fiery things yield more oyl when they are distilled neither are all instruments fit for the extracting of every liquor Moreover you must note that the watery liquor sometimes comes forth in â—he first place and presently after by the help of a stronger fire follâ—â—s the oily which we finde happens as often as the plant or parts of the plants which are distilled are of a cold tempeâ—amen for in hot things it happens otherwise for the first liquor which comes forth is oily and the following waterish CHAP. V. Of what fashions the vessels for the distilling of waters ought to be Of what fashion the vessels for the destilling of waters ought to be A. Shews a brass kettle full of water B. The cover of the kettle perforated in two places to give passage fourth to the vessels C. A pipe or Chimney added to the kettle wherein the fire is contained to heat the water D. The alembick consisting of his body and head E. The receiver whereinto the distilled liquor runs The effigies of another Balneum Mariae not so easily to be removed as the former A. Shews the vessel of Copper that contains the water B. The Alembick set in water But lest the bottom of the Alembick being half full should float up and down in the water and so stick against the sides of the Kettle I have thought good to shew you the way and means to prevent that danger A. Shews the vessel or glass-Alembick B. A plate of lead whereon it stands C. Strings that binde the Alembick to the plate D. Rings through which the strings are put to fasten the Alembick You may distill the liquors of things by the vapor or steam of boiling water if so be that you be provided of Vessels and forms made after this following manner A Fornace with his vessels to distill liquors with the stream of boiling water A. Shews the head of the Alembick B. The body thereof placed in a brass-vessel made for that purpose C. A brass-vessel perforated in many places to receive the vapor of the water This vessel shall contain the Alembick compassed about with saw-dust not only that it may the better and longer retain the heat of the vapor but also lest it should be broken by the hard touch of the brazen vessel D. Shews the brass vessel containing the water as it is placed in the fornace E. The fornace containing the vessel F. A funnel by which you may now and then pour in water in stead of that which is vanished and dissipated by the heat of the fire G. The Receiver Why those things that are distilâ—ed in Balneo Mariae retain more of the strength of things Now for the faculties of distilled waters it is certain that those which are drawn in Balneo Mariae or a double vessel are far better and efficacious because they do not only retain the smell of the things which are distilled but also the taste acidity harshness sweetness bitterness and other qualities so that they will neither savor of smoak nor burning for the milde and gentle heat of a bath contains by its humidity the more subtil parts of the plants that are distilled that they may not be dissipated and exhaled contrary to which it usually happens in things which are distilled by the burning heat of wood or coals For these have a certain nitrous and acrid taste savoring of the smoak of fire Besides they acquire a malign quality from the vessels out of which they are distilled especially if they be of Lead whence they contract qualities hurtful to the principal vital and natural parts Therefore the plants which are thus distilled if they be bitter by nature presently become insipid as you may perceive by wormwood-water thus distilled Those things which are distilled in Balneo Mariae are contained in a glass vessel from which they can borrow no malign quality Therefore the matters so drawn are more effectual and pleasing in taste smel and sight You may draw waters not only from one kinde of plant but also from many compounded and mixed together of these some are alimentary others medicinal yea and purging others acquird for smel others for washing or smoothing of womens faces as we shall shew hereafter CHAP. VI. How the materials must be prepared before Distillation What things need not to be macerated before they be dissolved THings before they be put in the Alembick must undergo a preparation that is they must be cut small beaten and macerated that is steeped in some liquor that so they may be the more easily distilled and yield the more water and retain their native smell and faculties yet such preparation is not convenient for all things for there be some things which need no incision or maceration but must rather be dried before they be distilled as Sage Tyme Rosemary and the like by reason of their too much humidity it will be sufficient to sprinkle other things with some liquor only In this preparation there are two things observable to wit the time of the infusion and condition of the liquor wherein these things ought to be infused The time of the infusion is different according to the variety of the matter to be macerated for things that are hard solid drye or whole must be longer macerated then such as are tender freshly gathered or beaten whence it is that roots and seeds require a longer time of infusion flowers and leaves a shorter and the like of things The liquors where infusion must be made ought to be agreeable to the other things infused For hot ingredients require hot liquors and cold such as are cold wherein they may be infused The maceration of plants in their own juice Such things as have not much juice as Betony wormwood and the like or which are very odoriferous as all aromatick things would be infused by wine so to preserve their smell which otherwise by the force of the fire by reason of the tenuity of the substance easily vanishes But if we desire that the distilled liquor should more exactly retain and have the faculty of the things whereof it is distilled then must you infuse it in the juice thereof to some such appropriate liquor that it may swim in it whilst it is distilled or at least let it be sprinkled therewith CHAP. VII Of the Art of distilling
the fiery and aiery parts wherefore the Wine becoming sowr there remains nothing of the former substance but phlegm wherefore seeing phlegm is chiefly predominant in Vineger it first rises in distillation Wherefore he that hopes to distil the spirit of Vineger he must cast away the phlegmatick substance that first substance that first rises and when by his taste he shall perceive the spirit of Vineger he shall keep the fire thereunder until the flowing liquor shall become as thick as hony then must the fire be taken away otherwise the burning of it will cause a great stinch The vessels fit to distil aqua vitae and Vineger are divers as an Alembick or Retort set in sand or Ashes a Copper or brass-bottom of a Stil with a head thereto having a pipe comming forth thereof which runs into a worm or pipe fastned in a barrel or vessel filled with cold water and having the lower end comming forth thereof whose figure we shall give you when as we come to speak of the drawing of oyls out of vegetables CHAP. IX Of the manner of rectifying that is how to increase the strength of waters that have been once distilled The first way TO rectifie the waters that have been distilled in Balneo Mariae you must set them in the Sun in glasses well stopped and half filled being set in sand to the third part of their height that the water waxing hot by the heat of the Sun may separate it self from the phlegm mixed therewith which will be performed in 12. or 15. dayes There is another better way to do this which is to distil them again in Balneo with a gentle fire or if you will put them into a Retort furnished with his receiver and set them upon chrystal or iron-bowls or in an iron-mortar directly opposite to the beams of the Sun The second as you may learn by these ensuing signs A Retort with his receiver standing upon Chrystal-bowls just opposite to the Sun-beams A. Shews the Retort B. The receiver C. The Châ—ystal bowls Another Retort with his receiver standing in a Marble or Iron-mortar directly opposite to the Sun A. Shews the Retort B. The marble or Iron-mâ—â—tar C The receiver CHAP. X. Of Distillation by filtring YOu shall set three basins or vessels of convenient matter in that fite and order that each may be higher than other that which stands in the highest place shall contain the liquor to be distilled and that which stands lowest shall receive the distilled liquor Out of the first and second vessel shall hang shreds or pieces of cloth or cotton with their broader ends in the liquor or upper vessel and the other sharper ends hanging down whereby the more subtil and defecate liquor may fall down by drops into the vessel that stands under it but the grosser and more feculent part may subside in the first and second vessel You by this means may at the same time distil the same liquor divers times if you place many vessels one under another after the fore-mentioned manner and so put shreds into each of them so that the lowest vessel may receive the purified liquor In stead of this distillation Apothecaries of-times use bags The description of vessels to perform the distillation or filtration by shreds A. Shews the vessel B. The Cloths or shreds â„ž litharg auri diligenter pulveris â„¥ iii. macerentur in aceti boni â„¥ vi trium horarum spatio seorsim etiam in aqua plantaginis solani rosarum aut commun sal infundatur then distil them both by shreds then mix the distilled liquors and you shall have that which for the milky whiteness is termed Virgins milk being good against the redness and pimples of the face Cap. 44. of fuci as we have noted in our Antidotary CHAP. XI What and how many waies there are to make oyls YOu may by three means especially draw to extract the oyls that you desire The first is by expression and so are made the oyls of Olives nuts seeds fruits and the like Oyls by expression By infusion By distillation Under this is thought to be contained elixation when as the beaten materials are boiled in water that so the oyl may swim aloft and by this means are made the oyls of the seeds of Elder and danewort and of Bay-berries Another is by infusion as that which is by infusing the parts of plants and other things in oyls The third is by distillation such is that which is drawn by the heat of the fire whether by ascent or by descent or by concourse The first way is known by all now it is thus Take almonds in their husks beat them work them into a mass then put them into a bag made of hair or else of strong cloth first steeped in water or in white-wine then put them into a press and so extract their oyl You may do the same in pine-apple-kernels Hazel-nuts Coco-nuts nutmegs peach-kernels the seeds of gouâ—ds and cucumbers pistick-nuts and all such oily things Oyl of bayes may be made of ripe bay-berries newly gathered Oyl of Balberries let them be beaten in a mortar and so boyled in a double vessel and then forthwith put into a press so to extract oyl as you do from Almonds unless you had rather get it by boiling as we have formerly noted Oyl of Eggs is made of the yelks of Eggs boyled very hard when they are so Of Eggs. rub them to pieces with your fingers then frie them in a pan over a gentle fire continually stirring them with a spoon until they become red and the oyl be resolved and flow from them then put them into a hair-cloth and so press forth the oyl The oyls prepared by infusion are thus made make choise of good oyl wherein let plants or creatures or the parts of them be macerated for some convenient time that is until they may seem to have transfused their faculties into the oyl then let them be boiled so strained or pressed out But if any aquosity remain let it be evaporated by boiling Some in compounding of oyls add gums to them of which though we have formerly spoken in our Antidotary yet have I thought good to give you this one example Oyl of S. Johns-wort â„ž flor hyper â„ž ss immitantur in phialam cum flo cent gum elemi an â„¥ ii olei com lb ii Let them be exposed all the heat of Summer to the Sun If any will add aqua vitae wherein some Benzoin is dissolved he shall have a most excellent oyl in this kinde Oyl of mastich is made Ex olei rosati â„¥ xii mastich â„¥ iii. vini optimi â„¥ viii Let them all be boiled together to the consumption of the wine then strain the oyl and reserve it in a vessel CHAP. XII Of extracting of Oyls of vegetables by Distillation ALmost all herbs that carry their flowers and seeds in an umble have seeds of a hot subtil and aiery substance and
with vaporous spirits wherewith as long as the humor distills it is replenished and looks white A Fornace or Reverberation furnished with his Retort and Receiver A. Shews the Fornace B. The Retort C. The Receiver D. The vessel filled with cold water Now for the Receiver there are two things to be observed The first is that it be great and very capacious that it may not be distended and broken by the abundant flowing of vaporous spirits as it doth oft-times happen another thing is that you set it in a vessel filled with cold water lest it should be broken by being over hot you may easily perceive all this by the ensuing figure CHAP. XVII A Table or Catalogue of Medicines and Instruments serving for the cure of Diseases MEdicines and Medicinal meats fit for the cure of Diseases are taken from living Creatures Plants and Minerals From living creatures are taken Horns Heoves Hairs Feathers Sheâ—s Sculls Scales Sweats Skins Fat 's Flesh Blood Entraile Vrine Bones Extreme parts Hearts Liver Lungs Brain Womb Secundine Testic es Pizzle Bleader Sperm Tail Ceats of the Ventricle Exspirations Bristles Silk Webs Tears Spittle Heny Wax Egge Milk Butter Cheese Marrow Rennet Sâ—nells whether they be stinking oâ— sweet as also Poysons whole creatures themselves as Foxes Whelps Heagâ—hâ—gs Frogs Worms Crabs Cray fishes Scorpions Hoâ—sleeches Swallows Dungs From. Pâ—nts that is Trees Shrubs and Herbs are taken Roots Moss Pith Siens Buds Stalks Leaves Flowers Cups Fibers or hairy threads Ears Seeds Bark Wood Meal fuyces Tears Orts Gâ—ws R sins R tterness Mass oâ— spissament Mâ—nna which falling amâ— like dew upon plants presently concretes Wh l. plants as Mallows Omâ—â—ns c. Metals o Minerals are taken either from the Water oâ— Earth and are either kindes of Earth Stones o Metals c. The kinâ—es oâ— Earth are Bole-Armenick Terâ—a sigillata Fullere-earth Chalk Okar Plaster Lime Now the kindes of Stones are Flints Lapis Jâ—daicus Lapis Lynâ— is The Pumice Lâ—p Haematites Amiantus Galactites Spunge stones Diamonds Saphire Chryâ—â—lite Tâ—pace Lâ—ad-stone The Pytites or fire-stone Alablaster Marble Chrystaâ— and many â—ther precious stâ—nâ—s The kinâ—es of Salts as well Natural as Artificial are Common Salt Salt nitrum Sal Aâ—kali Sal Ammomacum Salt of Vrine Salt of tartar and generally all salts that may be made of any kinde of Plants Those that are commonly called Minerals are Marchasite Antimony Muscevy Glâ—ss Tutty Arsnick Orpiment Lazure or blue Rose agar Brimstone Quick-silver White-Coperas Chalâ—itis â—â—ry Roman Vitrâ—l Colcother vitrio or Green-coperas Alumen sciffile Common Alum Alumen rotinâ—um R und Alum Alumen liquidem Alumen â—tmosum Borax er Burrace Bitumen Naptha Cinnabâ— is er Vermillion Lytharge of Gela. Lytharge of Silver Chrysocolla Scandaracha Red-lead White-lead and divers other Now the Metals themselves are Gold Silver Iron Lead Tin Brass Copper Steel Lattin and such as arise from these as the scales verdigrease rust c. Now from the Waters as the Sea Rivers Lakes und Fountains and the mud of these waters are taken divers medicines as white and red Corral Pearls and infinite other things which Nature the hand-maid of the great Architect of this world hath produced for the cure of Diseases so that into what part soever you turn your eyes whether to the surface of the earth or the bowels thereof a great multitude of Remedies present themselves to your view The choyce of all which is taken from their substance or quantity quality action place season smell taste sight figure and weight other circumstances as Siltyus hath abundantly shewed in his Book written upon t his Subject Of these Simples are made divers Compositions as Collyriâ— Caputpurgia Eclegmate Dentifrices Dentiscalpia Apophlegmatismi Gargarisms Pilis Boles Petions Emplasters Vnguents Cerats Liniments Embrecations Fomentations Epithemes Attractives Reâ—overs Suppuratives Emollients Mundificatives Incarnatives Cicatrizers Putrifâ—rs Corrosives Aglutinatives Anâ—dynes Apozemes Julips Syrups Powders Tablets Opiats Conserves Preserves Consect â—ns R wls Vâ—nits Sternutatories Suderyficks Glysters Pessaries S â— ppâ—â—tories Fumigations Tr câ—iks F nerals Caâ—s Stomachers Bags Baths Half baths Virgins-mâ—k Feâ—i Picatiâ—ns Depilatâ—ries Viâ—â—catâ— ies Pâ—â—ential cauteries Nâ—se-gayâ—s â—ans Campies or extenaed clâ—aths to make winde Artifiâ—al â—â—uâ—tains tâ—â—alâ—â— or ar p dâ—wâ— liquorâ— Now these tâ—aâ—â—â—e â—â—ought to be noâ—rishing medicines are Restarratives Cullises Exor ssi ns Gellies Pâ—i ans Barâ—y creams Panad'es Almâ—nd milks Marck-pains Wafers Hâ—â— of â—cher H d â—â—el and such other drink Muâ—cilages Oxymeâ— Oxye are R â—-Vineger Hyd aelium Mâ—thâ—glâ—n Câ—der Drink of Servisses Alt. Beer Vinegar Verjuyce Oil. Steâ—led water Water brewed with cread-crums Hippocratâ— Perry and such like Waters and distilled oyls and divers other Chymical extractions As the waters and oyls of hot dry and aromatick things dâ—wn in a copper-Alembick with a cooler with ten times as much water in weight as of herbs now the herbs must be cry that the cistillation may the better succeed Waters are extracted out of flowers put into a Retort by the heat of the Sun or of Dung or of an heap of p esled our Grapes or by Balneo if there be Receiver put and closely â—luted thereto All kindes oâ— salt of things calcined dissolved in water and twice or thrice filtred that so they may become more pure and fit to yield oyl Other distillâ—tions are made either in Cellars by the coldness or moist are of the place the things being laid either upâ—n a marble or else hanged up in a bag and thus is made oyl oâ—â—â—rtar and of S lts and other things of an Aluminous nature Bones must be distilled by descent or by the joyning together of vessels All woods roots-barks shells of fishes and seed or grains as of corn broom beans and other things whose juice cannot be got out by expression must be distilled by descent or by the joyning together of vessels in a Reverberatory Fornace Metals calcined and having acquired the nature of salt ought to be dissolved and filtred and then evaporated till they be drie then let them be dissolved in distilled vinegar and then evaporated and dryed again for so they will easily distill in a Cellar upon a Marble or in a bag Or else by putting them into a glassy Retort and setting it in sand and so giving fire thereto by degrees until all the watery humidity be distilled then change the receiver and lute another close to the Retort then increase the fire above and below and thus there will flow forth an oil very red colored Thus are all metalline things distilled as Alums salts c. Gums axungiae and generally all rosins are distilled by Retort set in an earthen vessel filled with Ashes upon a Fornace now the fire must be encreased by little and little according to the different condition of the distilled matters The Vessels and Instruments serving for Distillations are commonly these Bottoms of Alembicks The heads of them from whence the liquors drop Refrigeratories Vessels tor subblimation For Reverberation For distilling by
succour their fellows who had their throats cut like sheep The horse-men like-wise came from all parts a great gallop patati patata patati patata ta ta patata patata and tarried well that they mâ—ght not be in the throng where stroaks were imparted to give and receive And when our men saw they were forced they returned into the City still fireing and those who run after were beaten back with the Artillery which they had charged with flint-stones and four-square pieceâ— of iron and our souldiers who were upon the said Wall made a vollie of shot and showâ—ed down their bullets upon them like hail to send them back to their lodging where divers remained in the place of the combat and also our men did not all come off with whole skins and there still remained some for the Tithe who were joyful to die in the bed of honor And where there was a horse hurt he was flayed and eaten by the Souldiers in stead of beef and Bacon and it was fit I must run to dress our hurt men A few daies after other sallies were made which did much anger the enemies because they did not let them sleep but little in safety Monsieur de Guise made a war-like stratagem which was He sent a Pesant who was none of the wisest with two pair of letters toward the King to whom he gave ten Crowns and promised the King should give him an hundred provided he gave him the letters In the one he sent word that the enemy made no sign of retiring himself and by all force made a great Breach which he hoped to defend yea to the losing of his life and of all those that were within and that the enemy had so well placed his Artillery in a certain place which he named that with great difficulty was it kept that they had not entered into it seeing it was a place the most weak of all the City but he hoped quickly to fill it up again in such sort that they cannot be able to enter One of these Letters was sewed in the lining of his doublet and he was bid to take heed that he told it not to any man And there was also another given to him wherein the said Mounsieur de Guise sent word to the King that he and all the besieged did hope well to keep the City and other matters which I cease to speak of They made the Pesant go forth in the night and presently after he was taken by one that stood Sentinel and carried to the Duke of Albe to understand what was done in the City and they asked him if he had any letters he said yes and gave them one and having seen it he was put to his oath whether he had any other and he swore not then they felt and searcht him and found that which was sewed to his doublet and the poor messenger was hanged The said letters were communicated to the Emperor who caused his counsel to be called there where it was resolved since they could do nothing at the first breach that presently the Artillery should be drawn to the place which they thought the most weak where they made great attempts to make another breach and dig'd and undermined the wall and endeavored to take the Tower of Hell yet they durst not come to the assault The Duke of Albe declared to the Emperor that the souldiers died daily yet more then the number of two hundred and that there was but little hope to enter into the City seeing the season and the great quantity of Souldiers that were there The Emperor demanded what people they were that died and if that they were gentlemen of remark or quality answer was made that they were all poor souldiers then said he It makes no matter if they die comparing them to Caterpillars and Grashoppers which eat the buds of the earth And if they were of any fashion they would not be in the Camp for twelve shillings the month and therefore no great harm if they died Moreover he said He would never part from before that City till he had taken it by force or famine although he should lose all his Army by reason of the great number of Princes which were therein with the most part of the Nobility of France From whom he hoped to draw double his expence and that he would go once again to Paris to visit the Parisians and make himself King of all the Kingdome of France Mounsieur de Guise with the Princes Captains and Souldiers and generally all the Citizens of the City having understood the intention of the Emperor which was to extirpate us all they advised of all they had to do And since it was not permitted to the Souldiers not Citizens no nor to the Princes nor Lords themselves to eat either fresh-fish or venison as likewise some partridges woodcoks larks plovers for fear lest they had gathered some pestilential air which might give us any contagion but that they should content themselves with the ammunition-fare that is to say with bisquet Beef poudered cows lard and gammons of bacon Likewise fish as green fish salmon sturgeon anchovies pilchers and heâ—â—ings also pease beans rise garlick onions prunes chees butter oil salt pepper ginger nutmegs and other Spiceries to put into pies chiefly to hors-flesh which without that would have a very ill taste divers Citizens having Gardens in the City sowed therein great Radishes Turnips Carrots and Leeks which they kept well and full dear against the extremity of hunger Now all these ammunition Victuals were distributed by weight measure and justice according to the quality of the person because we knew not how long the siege would last For having understood from the mouth of the Emperor that he would never part from before Mets till he had taken it by force or famine the victuals were lessened for that which was wont to be distributed to three was now shared amongst four and defence made they should not sell what remained after their dinner but t was permitted to give it to the wenches that followed the Camp and rose alwaies from table with on appetite for fear they should be subject to take Physick And before we would yeeld our selves to the mercy of our enemies had resolved to eat our Asses Mules Horses Dogs Cats and Rats yea our boots and other skins which we could soften and frie. All the besieged did generally resolve to defend themselvs with all sorts of Instruments of War that is to say To rank and charge the Artillery at the entry of the Breach with bullets stones cart-nails bats and chains of iron Also all kinds and differences of artificial Fire as Boerres Bariquadoes Granadoes Ports Lances Torches Squibs burning-faggots Moreover scalding-scalding-water melted-lead powder of unquencht lime to blinde their eyes Also they were resolved to have made holes through and through their houses there to lodg musketeers there to batter in the flank and hasten them to go or
them to have carts and carters to help to carry them to the said Thionville Our said carters being returned back brought us word that the way was paved with dead bodies and that they never led back the half for they died in their Carts and the Spaniards seeing them at the point of death before they had cast our their last gasp cast them out of their câ—â—ts and buryed them in the mud and mire saying They had no order to bring back the dead Mo eover our said carters said they met by the way divers carts loaden with baggage sticking in the â—â—ire which they durst not send for back for fear lest those of Mets should fall upon them I will again return to the cause of their mortality which was principally through hunger plague and cold for the snow was two foot thick upon the earth and they were lodged in the caves of the earth only covered with a little straw Notwithstanding each Souldier hâ—d his field-bed and a covering strewed with glittering stars more bright then fine gold and every day had white sheets and lodged at the sign of the Moon and made good chear when they had it and paid their hoste so well over-night that in the morning they went away quite shaking their ears and they needed no comb to take away the down out of their hairs either of head or beard and found alwaies a white table-cloth losing good meals for want of Victuals Also the greatest part of them had neither boots nor buskins slippers hose or shooes and divers had rather have none then have them because they were alwaies in mud half way of the leg and because they went bare-legd we called them the Emperors Apostles After the Camp was wholly broken I distributed my Patients into the hands of the Surgeons of the City to finish their cure then I took leave of Monsieur de Guise who came back toward the King who received me with a loving countenance and demanded of me how I did enter into the City of Mets. I recounted to him all that I had done he caused two hundred Crowns to be given me and one hundred I had at my going out and told me he would not leave me poor then I thanked him most humbly for the good and the honor which he pleased to do me The Voyage of Hedin 1553. CHarls the Emperor caused the City of Therowenne to be besieged where Monsieur the Duke of Savoy was General of the whole Army it was taken by assault where there was a great number of our men slain and prisoners The King willing to prevent that the Enemy should not also come to besiege the City and Castle of Hedin sent Messiers the Duke of Bevillion the Duke Horace the Marquess of Villars a number of Captains and about eight hundred Souldiers and during the siege of Therowenne the said Lords fortified the said Castle of Hedin in such sort that it seemed impregnable The King sent me to the said Lord to help them wiâ—h my Art if there were any need Now soon after the taking of Therowenne we were besieged with the Army there was a quick clear fountain of Spring within Cannon-shot where there was about fourscore whores and wenches of the enemies who were round about it to draw water I was upon a Rampart beholding the Camp and seeing so many idlers about the said Fountain I prayed Monsieur be Pont Commssiary of the Artillery to make one Cannon-shot at that roguish company he made me much denial answering me that such kinde of people were not worth the powder they should waste Again I prayed him to levell the Cannon telling him The more dead the fewer enemies which he did through my request and at that shot fifteen or sixteen were killd and many hurt Our souldiers sallied forth upon the enemies where there was many killd and slain with musket shot and swords as well on the one side as of the other and our souldiers did often make sallies forth upon the enemies before their trenches were made wheâ—e I had much work cut out so that I had no rest night nor day for dressing the wounded And I will tell this by the way that we had put many of them in a great Tower laid upon a little straw and their pillows were stones their coverlets were their cloaks of those that had any Whilst the battery was making as many shot as the Cannons made the patients said they felt pain in their wounds as if one had given them blows with a staff the one cryed his head the other his arm and so of other parts divers of their wounds bled afresh yea in greater quantity then first when they were wounded and then it was I must run to stay their bleeding My little Master if you had been there you had been much troubled with your hot-irons you had need to have had muâ—h charcoal to make them red hot and beleive they would have slain you like a Calf for this cruelty Now through this diabolical tempest of the Eccho from these thundering Instruments and by the great and vehement agitation of the collision of the air resounding and reveâ—berating in the wounds of the hurt people divers died and others because thâ—y could not rest by reason of the groans and cries that they made night and day and also for want of good nourishment and other good usage necessary to wounded people Now my little matter if you had been thâ—re you would hardly hâ—ve given them gelly restauratives cullites pressures panado cleansed barly white meats almond-milk prunes raisins and other proper meats for sick people your ordinance would only have been accomplisht in paper but in effect they could have had nothing but old Cow-beef which was taken about Hedin for our munition salted and half-boiled in so much that who would have eat it he must pull it with the force of his teeth as biâ—ds of Prey do carrion I will not forget their linnen wherewith they were drest which was only rewashed every day and dried at the fire and therefore dry and stubborn like Parchment I leave you to think how their wounds coâ—ld heal well There were four lusty whores to whom charge was given to wâ—sh their linnen who discharged their duty under penalry of the battoon and also they wanted both sope and water See then how the sick people died for want of nourishment and other necessary things One day our enemies feigned to give us a general assaultâ— to draw our souldiers upon the breach to the end to know our countenance and behaviour every one ran thitheâ— we had made great provision of artificial fire to defend the breach a Priest belonging to Mousieur â—u B uillon took a granaco thinking to throw it on the Enemies and set it on fire sooner then it ought to have done it brake asunder and the fire fell amongst our fire-works which were pâ—t into a house near the breach which was to vs a marvellous disaster
heat and spirits returning into the part The belly must be so qualified that he may have at the least one stool a day either by nature or Art and if by Art then rather with a Clyster than purging medicins taken by the mouth for that the agitation of humors chiefly in the first dayes of the disease is to be suspected lest we increase the defluxion falling down upon the wounded part Gal. Lib. 4. Meth. cap. 6. Yet Galen writes that both the evacuations are here needful that is Blood-letting and Purging though the Patient be neither plethorick nor repleat with ill humors But the care hereof must be committed to the judgment of the learned Physitian pain if joyned with inflammation shall be mitigated by anointing the parts neer unto the wound with unguent nutritum composed with the juice of Plantain Housleek Nightshade Gal. Lib. 1. de comp Med. secund Gâ—n c. 6. and the like Unguentum Diacalcitheos described by Galen dissolved with vinegar oil of Poppyes and Roses is of no less efficacy nor ungent de bole nor divers other things of the same faculty though properly no anodynes as those which are not hot and moist in the first degree but rather cold but yet not so as to have any narcotick faculty Now these forementioned things asswage pain for that they correct the hot distemper and stay the acrid and cholerick defluxions whose violence is more than cold After the use of repercussives it will be good to apply this following cataplasm An anodine and ripening Cataplasm â„ž Micae panis infusae in lacte vaccino lb j ss bulliant parum addendo olei viâ—â—acei rosar an â„¥ iij. vicell overum nu iiij pulver rosar rub flor chamem meliloti an â„¥ ij farin fabar hordei an â„¥ j. misce fiat cataplasma secundum artem Also in this case you may easily make a medicine of bread crums boyled in Oxycrate and oil of Roses The cure of Tumors if any associate the wound may be found in their proper place Nature's motion whether to suppuration or any such thing must still be observed and helped by the Physitian and Chirurgeon as the ministers and servants thereof CHAP. X. Of Bullets which remain in the body for a long time after the Wound is healed up Why Leaden Bullets lye in the body so many years without doing any harm LEaden Bullets lye in some parts of the body some whiles seaven eight or more years so that they neither hinder the agglutination of the Wound neither doth any other symptome happen thereupon as I have divers times observed untill at length by the strength of nature forcing them and their proper weightiness bearing them downwards they shew themselves in some lower part by their swelling or bunching forth and so must be taken forth by the hand of the Chirurgeon For they say lead hath a certain sympathy and familiarity with mans body chiefly the fleshy parts thereof Wherefore it neither putrefies it self nor causeth the flesh to putrefie besides it hath an excellent faculty in cicatrizing old ulcers But bullets of stone iron and of any other metall are of another nature for they cannot remain any long time in the body without hurt for Iron will grow rusty and so corrode the neighbouring bodies and bring other malign symptoms Yet a leaden bullet cannot remain any long time in nervous or noble parts without danger CHAP. XI How to correct the constitution of the Air so that the noble parts may be strengthened and the whole body besides BUt because as we have formerly told you Cordials to strengthen the noble parts there are some times wherein even small Wounds made by Gunshot prove deadly not by their own fault but the fault of the air therefore also the Chirurgeon must have this care that he correct the air with all diligence and reduce it to a certain quality and moderation of substance and strengthen the noble parts and whole body besides which may be performed by the following medicines which are to be taken inwardly and applyed outwardly In the morning three hours before meat let the Patient take some certain quantity as the Physitian shall think fit of the Electuary Diarrhodon Albatis or Aromaticum rosatum triasantalon biamoschum laetificans Galeni or some such other like And you shall apply some such Epitheme as is here described to the Heart and Liver A cordial Epithem â„ž Aquae rosar â„¥ iiij aquae buglossae aceti boni an â„¥ ij coriandri praeparati â„¥ ss caryophyll cortic citri an Ê’ j. sant rub Ê’ ss coralli utriusqueÊ’ ss camphorae ℈ j. croci ℈ ss pulver diarhod abbat Ê’ ij theriacae Mithridat an â„¥ ss pul flo chamaem melil an â„¥ iij. misce fiat epithema Let it be applyed warm by dipping a Scarlet cloath therein You shall frequently put odoriferous and refrigerating things to the Patients nose to strengthen the animal faculty as â„ž Aquae rosar aceti boni an â„¥ iij. caryophyllorum â—â—cis mâ—schat cinamomi conquassatorum Theriacae Galeni an Ê’ j. Let a linnen rag dipped herein be now and then put to the Patients nose for the same purpose he shall carry a Pomander about him and often smell thereto As â„ž ros rub violar an Ê’ iij. baccarum myrti juniperi Pomanders santal rub an Ê’ij ss styracis calamit Ê’ ij aq rosarum quantum satis est liquefiat simul cum cerae albae quod sufficit fiat ceratum ad comprehendos supra-dictos pulveres cum pistillo calido ducatur in pomum Or â„ž rad Ireos Florent majoran calam aromat ladani benzoini rad cyperi cariophyl an Ê’ ij Moschi gra 4. fiat pulvis cum gummi tragacanth quod sufficit Or else â„ž ladani puri â„¥ j. Benzoini â„¥ ss styracis calamit Ê’ vj. ireos flor â„¥ ss caryophyl Ê’ iij. majoran ros rub calami aromat an Ê’ ss in pollinem redigantur omnia bulliant cum aqua ros quantum sufficit colentur colata liquefiant cum justa cerae albae quantitate styracis liquidae â„¥ j. fiat ad modum cerati cum pistillo fiat pomum addita moschiÊ’ j. Also you may corroborate the animal faculty by application of frontals as also procure sleep and ease the pain of the head Frontals to cause rest and strenthen the animal faculty as â„ž aq ros â„¥ ij olei ros papav an â„¥ i ss aceti boni â„¥ j. trâ—chis de camphora Ê’ ss fiat fronoale Linnen rags dipped herein may be applyed to the temples of the forehead often renewed otherwise by their heat dryness and hardness they will cause watching in stead of sleep Neither must you in the mean time bind the head too hard lest by intercepting and hindring the pulsation of the temporal Artery you encrease the pain of the head You shall make a fire in the Patients chamber of odoriferous woods as Juniper Bay-tree the prunings or cuttings
of Vines Rosemary and Orris roots For the same purpose you may sprinkle the floor with sweet water A sweet water if the Patient be able to undergo such cost As â„ž majoranae menthae radic cyperi calami aromat salviae lavendulae faenicul thymi stoechad fâ—â—r chamaem melilot satureiae baccarum lauri juniperi an M. iij. pulv caryophyl nucis Moschat an â„¥ j. aqua rosar vitae an lib. ij vini albi boni odorifici lb. x. Perfumes to burn bulliant omnia in balneo Mariae ad usum dictum You may also make perfumes to burn in his chamber as thus â„ž carbonis salicis â„¥ viij ladani puri â„¥ ij thuris masculi ligni baccarum Juniperi an â„¥ j. xylâ—aloes benjoini styracis calamit an â„¥ ss Nuâ—is moschatae santal citriu an Ê’ iij. caryophyll styracis liquidae an Ê’ ij zedoariae calami ar mat an Ê’ j. gummi tragracanth aqua rosar soluti quod sit satis Make hereof perfumes in what fashion you please For the rottenness and corruption of bones we wil treat thereof hereafter in due place CHAP. XII Certain memorable Histories HEre I think good for the benefit of young practitioners to illustrate by examples the formerly prescribed Method of curing Wounds made by Gunshot The famous and most valiant Count of Mansfelt Governour of the Dutchy of Luxembourg Knight of the Order of Burgundy coming to the aid of the French King was at the Battel of Moncontour The malign symptoms which usually happen upon wounds made by Gunshot where in the conflict he received so great a wound at the joint of the left arm with a Pistol-bullet that the bones were shivered and broken in so many pieces as if they had been laid upon an Anvil and struck with an hammer hence proceeded many malign symptoms as cruel and tormenting pain inflammation a feaver an oedematous and flatulent tumor of the whole arm even to the fingers end and a certain inclination to a Gangraene which to resist Nicolas Lambert and Richard Habert the King's Chirurgeons had made many and deep scarifications But when I came to visit and dress him by the Kings appointment and had observed the great stench and putrefaction I wished that they would use lotions of Aegyptiacum made somewhat stronger then ordinary and dissolved in Vinegar and Aqua vitae and do other things more largely spoken of in the Chapter of a Gangraene For the Patient had also a Diarrhoea or Flux whereby he evacuated the purulent and stinking filth which flowed from his Wound Which how it might come to pass we will show at large when we come to treat of the suppression of the Urine Matter may flow from the wounded limbs into the belly For this seemed very absurd to many because that if this purulent humor flowed out of the arm into the belly it must needs flow back into the veins be mixed with the bloud and by its pernicious and contagious passage through the heart and liver cause exceeding ill symptoms and lastly death Indeed he often swounded by the ascent of the filthy vapours raised from the ulcer to the noble parts which to resist I wished him to take a spoonful of Aqua vitae with some Treacle dissolved therein I endeavoured to repress the oedematous and flatulent Tumor possessing all the arm with stoups dipped in Oxycrate A brief recital of the manner of the cure to which was put a little Salt and Aqua vitae these stoups I stayed and held to the part with double cloaths sowed as strait as I could Such a compression held the broken bones in their places pressed their Sanies from the ulcers and forced back the humors flowing to the part into the center of the body If at any time I omitted this compression the tumor was so encreased that I was in a great deal of fear lest the native heat of the part should be suffocated Neither could I otherwise bind up the arm by reason of the excessive pain which molested the Patient upon the least stirring of the arm There were also many Abcesses about his elbow and over all his arm besides For the letting forth of whose matter I was forced to make new Incisions which he endured very stoutly At length I cured him with using a vulnerary potion and by cleansing the ulcers and correcting the putrefaction with Aegyptiacum dissolved in wine and honey of Roses and so poured into the ulcers and repressing the growth of proud flesh with the powder of burnt Alum drying it after the detersion with liniments Now this I can truly affirm and profess that during the time of the cure I took out above threescore splinters of bones and those necessarily amongst which there was one of the length of ones finger yet by Gods assistance at length he became sound in all things but that he could not put forth or draw in his arm Not long after by the Kings command I went to see Charles Philip of Croy Lord of Auret the Duke of Asches brother not far from Mounts a City of Henalt He kept his bed seaven months by reason of a wound made by a Bullet the space of three fingers above his knee Horrid symptom occasioned by a wound made by Gun-shot When I came to him he was afflicted with these symptoms intolerable pain a continual feaver cold sweats watchings excoriation of the hippes by reason of his long lying upon them his appetite dejected with much thirst He oft sunk down as if he had the Falling-sickness had a desire to vomit and a continual trembling or shaking so that he could not put one hand to his mouth without the assistance of the other he swounded frequently by reason of the vapours ascending to the noble parts For the thigh-bone was broken long-ways and side-wayes with many splinters of bones whereof some were plucked out others remained sticking fast in He besides also had an ulcer in his groin which reached to the midst of his thigh many other sinuous ulcers about his knee All the muscles of his thigh and leg were swoln with a flegmatick cold and flatulent humor so that almost all the native heat of those parts seemed extinct All which things being considered I had scarse any hope to recover him so that I repented my coming thither Yet at length putting some confidence in his strength and prime of youth I began to have better hopes Therefore with his good liking first of all I made two Incisions so to let forth the matter which lying about the bone did humect the substance of the muscles Incisions wherefore made This had happy success and drew out a great quantity of matter then I with a Syringe injected much Aegyptiacum dissolved in Wine and a little Aqua vitae into these Incisions so to restrain and amend the putrefaction repress the spongie loose and soft flesh resolve the oedematous and flatulent tumor asswage the pain and stir
should live in the water above its force and natural efficacy and that the water should forget the extinguishing faculty Verily Philosophers truly affirm that the elements which are understood to be contrary and to fight in variety among themselves are mutually joyned and tied together by a marvellous confederacy The end of the Twenty fifth Book THE SIX and TWENTIETH BOOK Of the Faculties of Simple MEDICINES As also of their Composition and Use THE PREFACE AMongst the causes which we term healthful and other remedies which pertain to the health of man The excellency of medicines and the expelling of Diseases Medicines easily challenge the prime place which as it is delivered by Solomon God hath produced out of the earth and they are not to be abhorred by a wise man for there is nothing in the world which sooner and as by a miracle asswageth the horrid torments of diseases Therefore Herophilus called them fittingly administred The hands of the Gods And hence it was that such Physicians as excelled in the knowledg of Medicines have amongst the Antients acquired an opinion of Divinity It cannot by words he expressed what power they have in healing Wherefore the knowledg of them is very necessary not only for the prevention but also for the driving away of Diseases CHAP. I. What a medicine is and how it differeth from nourishment WEe define a medicine ro be That which hath power to change the body according to one or more qualities and that such as cannot be changed into our nature contrary whereto we term that nourishment which may be converted into the substance of our bodies But we define them by the word power because they have not an absolute nature but as by relation and depending upon the condition of the bodies by whom they are taken For that which is medicine to one is meat to another and that which is meat to this is medicine to that Thus for example Hellebore is nourishment to the Quail but a medicine to man Hemlock is nourishment to a Sterling but poyson to a Goose the Ferula is food to an Ass but poyson to other cattel Now this diversity is to be attributed to the different natures of creatures It is recorded in history that the same by long use may happen in men They report that a maid was presented to Alexander the Great who nourished with Napellus and other poysons had by long use made them familiar to her so that the very breath she breathed was deadly to the by-standers Therefore it ought to seem no marvel if at any time it happen that medicines turn into the nature and nourishment of our bodies for we commonly may see birds and swine feed upon serpents and toads without any harm and lastly Serpente Cinonia pullos Nutrit inducit per devia rura lacerta Illi eadem sumptis quaerunt animalia pennis The Stork with Serpents and with Lizards caught In wayless places nourisheth her brood And they the same pursue when as they 're taught To use their wing to get their wishd-for food CHAP. II. The difference of Medicines in their matter and substance The earth the mother of riches and medicines EVen as the concealed glory of worldly riches lyeth hid in the bowels of the earth and depths of the Sea and waters as gold silver and all sorts of metals gemms and pretious stones furnished with admirable virtues so we may behold the superficies of this earth cloathed with almost an infinite variety of trees shrubs and herbs where we may contemplate and wonder at the innumerable diversities of roots leaves flowers fruits gums their smells pleasant tasts and colours but much more at their virtues This same mother-earth as with her breasts nourisheth marvellous distinct kindes of living creatures various in their springing encrease and strength wherein the immense goodness of God the great Architect and framer of all things doth most clearly appear towards man as who hath subjected to our government as a patrimony so ample and plentiful provision of nature for our delight in nourishment and necessity of healing Therefore the antient Physicians have rightly delivered that all sorts of medicines may be abundantly had from living creatures plants the earth water and air Medicines are taken from living creatures either whole and entire What medicines taken from living creatures or else the parts and excrements of them We ofttimes use in Physick whole creatures as foxes whelps hedg-hodgs frogs snails worms crabs and other living creatures We also make use of some parts of them as the livet of a Wolf or Goat the lungs of the fox the bone of the Stags heart Cranium humanum fat blood flesh marrow the cods of the Castor or Beaver which is therefore termed Castoreum and such other particles that are usefull in Physick We know that also there are some medicines taken from excrements as horns nails hairs feathers skin as also from urine dung spittle hony egs wax milk wool sweat and others of this kinde under which we may comprehend musk civet pearl oesipus and sundry others of this nature We take medicines from plants both whole and also from their parts whether trees shrubs What from plants or herbs For we oft-times use succory marsh-mallows mallows plantain and the like whole but otherwhiles only the roots of plants their pith wood bark shoots stalks leaves flowers seeds fruits juices gums rosins mosses and the like Things taken from the earth for the use and matter of medicine are either earths stones What from the earth or Minerals The sorts of earth are Bole-Armenick Terra sigillata fullers-earth chalk potters clay and such like Stones are the pumice Marchisite of gold silver brass marble the load-stone plaister chalk sulphur vivum lapis specularis and others Metals and Minerals are gold silver tin lead brass Iron steel antimony ceruse brimstone Cinnaber litharge of gold and silver tutty true Pompholix verdigreece alum Romane vitriol coprass white green salts of sundry kindes both of Arsenicks and such like The following medicines are from fresh water rain-water spring-water river-water What from the water and all things thence arising as water lentils common flags water-lillies water-mints and all the creatures that live therein From the salt-water are taken salt Alcyonium all sorts of coral shels of fish the herb Androsace which grows in plenty in the marshes at Fontignan and Cape de Sete Asphaltum which is found in the dead sea From the air proceeds Manna therefore called mel aërium i. e. hony of the air What from the air and also all other kindes of dew that are useful in Physick by reason of the virtues they receive from the sun which raiseth them up from the air whereas they make some stay as also from the plants whereupon they fall and reside CHAP. III. The differences of simples in their qualities and effects ALL the mentioned sorts of simples are endued with one or more of the four