burns in the very cavities and caverns of them the cavities themselves consisting of a Bituminous matter For Bitumen and these things which are made of it being kindled burn in water by which also the said fire is cherished This you may see in Naphtha which is a kind of Bitumen for if you put but a drop thereof into water and put fire to it you will see it burn and continue burning so long that you would wonder at it which could not be unless it were fed by the moisture of the water which it did attract and transmutes into its own nature The like you may see in Champhir and other kind of Bitumen Pliny also affirms that these are some certain burnings in the earth which sometimes cast out Bitumen and are increased by raine And Fallopius saith that in the territories of Mutina is a short plat of ground out of which comes fire and smoke and the ground is all like dust which if you kindle you cannot quench again with water so that these kind of fires are perpetual and very long lasting in waters And hath it not been observed that a fiery Bituminous matter doth sometimes flow out of hot Springs Pliny makes mention that in the City Somosata of Comaganes a certain lake sent forth burning mud and Plato makes mention of the like concerning a Spring in Sicilia And Agricola reports another upon his credit Fallopius also saith that in many places where the earth is digged deep there are ashes and calcined stones which are the effects of fire and that in the territories of Modena Bolonia Florence and other places as in Italy c there are found Springs and several places casting out fire But as to Springs this happens onely where the bituminous matter is very near the Spring head and as high and where the veins are more open Now then the manner of Springs being caused by this Bituminous fire is this viz Seeing art doth for the most part imitate nature the thing is even the same in a hot Spring as in a distilling vessell or a seething pot covered with a lid onely there is this difference that to the bottom of these the fire is put on the out side but here the fire is within the cavern it self through which the water passeth and that either lying in the bottom or sticking to the sides thereof As therefore in these artificial vessels the water being by the heat of fire resolved into a vapour is forced upwards to the covers or heads thereof where by reason of some less degree of heat it is condensed into drops and returns to its self and into its own nature again So even after the same manner water in the caverns of the earth being heated by the Bituminous fire with which it is mixed is by the heat thereof forced into a great quantity of vapours which ascending through the cranines veins and fibres of the earth being there for the greatest part turned into water doth with the rest of the vapour yet very hot break forth in fountains viz very hot and very full of spirit so that it seems to boyle if the fountains be near to the caverns or onely warm if more remote And as these Springs differ in their heat according to their nearness or remoteness to their fire so also in their Bituminous odour and tast For as in distilled waters their Empyreuma vanisheth in length of time so in these in length of course So that these fountains which are very remote from this Bituminous fire are neither hot nor have any Bituminous odour And as by this natural distillation water is the best way procolated from its Sea saltness so also doth it become thereby less obnoxious to putrefaction For we know that distilled waters last longest Ob. It may be objected that if the matter preserving this fire were Bitumen then it would follow that almost the whole world should be Bitumen because ever since and before the memory of man these hot baths were and are like to continue for ever and therefore there must be that element for ever which must preserve that fire Sol. It doth not follow that there must at present be so much Bitumen as will maintain the fire so long for it is perpetually generated and as long as there shall be sic city and humidity in the earth there will be Bitumen generated And do not we see that metals are generated a new in the same places out of which they have formerly been digged Witness the profit which Fallopius saith the Duke of Florence hath by it and the testimony of learned Sendivogius who saith that there have been metals found in mountains where formerly there have been none If so then much more may sulphur and Bitumen be generated a new Ob. If it should be granted that Bitumen is generated a new yet if that were the aliment of the fire the fire would change its places because the Bitumen is consumed one part after another and so by consequence the baths would not be so equally hot as before the fire being by this means more remote from the fountains Sol. The flame is fed two ways either when the flame follows the matter as when the fire burns wood or when the matter follows the flame as in a lamp in which the oyle follows the flame not the flame the oyle and so it is in the earth and therefore the fire is always in one place Neither doth that withstand it which we see by experience in sulphur which is burnt part after part the fire following of it for you must know that in the earth where there is a great heat the Bitumen and Sulphur are melted and by this means follow the flame as I said before of Oil. Ob. If Bitumen feed the fire of these baths then the waters thereof would have the odour tast and colour of Bitumen but it appears that they have not Sol. Though all baths are heated by Bitumen yet some immediatly as those which do pass through the place where it burns these onely have the tast and odour of the same and some mediately as those that pass through places as rocks c. heated by Bitumen burning under them as was the opinion of Empedocles and Vitruvius Neither do I by this distinction contradict what I said before concerning the waters being distilled up by that fire onely which burned in the caverns and veins of the earth through which they pass for in this place I speak onely of the waters being heated this mediate heat not being sufficient to distill them to any considerable height Ob. It is very improbable that any subterraneal fire can burn within the bowels of the earth by reason of the want of air as we see in cupping glasses where as soon as they are applyed the fire goeth out besides the fuliginous vapours would recoil and choak the fire for there are few or no vents and exhalation seen Sol. There is not any such great want
it self and naturally cold because dense and heavy but hot accidentally onely Now the great question will be from whence this heat of the earth doth proceed I will first shew from whence it doth not proceed and thereby confute the opinion of some 1. It proceeds not from the Sun as many imagine supposing that all heat in the world comes from thence and that the earth being beat upon by the sun-beames doth thereby receive into it self a certain heating vertue But this is very improbable seeing that they that digg in the bowells of the earth observe that the heating power of the Sun although in most hot seasons doth not penetrate the superficies of the earth above six feet deep do not we see how a thin wall or boughs of trees in an arbour keep off the heat of the sun though never so great to say nothing of the earths being colder two feet deep in Summer than in Winter 2. It proceeds not from an antiperistasis of the cold air in the superficies of the earth for this hath place no further than the heating power of the rayes came Besides the naturall cold of the solid and dense earth must of necessity have greater power to repell upwards than the adventious of the soft thin and light air to force downwards the heat of the sun which indeed in all reason should being generated but a little way within the earth of its own accord being very light ascend upward through the passage made by the Sun and this we know that after a long Summers day it is before the next morning almost vanished though never so great much less will it be preserved till and through the Winter It must then of necessity be another kind of heat it is such that towards the superficies of the earth is colder as being more remote from its original or beginning and is in Summer-time by reason of the Suns opening the earth and making vent easily expired and is therefore less perceived but in Winters frost is restrained from exhaling and is condensed as may easily be perceived in deep wells Now to know from what principle this heat hath its original or rise we must examine whence proceeds the heat in hot baths for there the subterraneal heat offers it self more conspicuous and apparent to our view But concerning the original of the heat of subterraneal waters there is as much doubt as of the generation of those waters themselves And therefore I shall in the first place endeavour to prove how heat doth not come thereby confuting the opnion of some and in the next place to shew which way it may proceed probably 1. It is not caused by the heat of the Sun and that partly for the reasons above mentioned as also because then those waters would be hotter in Summer-time than in Winter 2. It is not from the agitation of winds in the channels of the fountains for if so then they being vented forth the heat would presently be extinguished 3. It comes not from sulphur Calx viva as is the opinion of many learned as Seneca c. and that because neither doth sulphur at all heat unless it be actually hot nor Calx viva unless whilest it is dissolving in water to say nothing of that vast quantity which would in a little time be resolved and the sudden remarkable change that would be in hot springs 4. It proceeds not according to Doctour Jordens opinion from the fermentation that is in the generation of metals and minerals caused by the agent spirit acting upon the patient matter and so producing an actuall heat for ex motu fit Calor say all Philosophers which serves as an instrument to further this work of generation For if it were so then the heat in bathes would in time cease for he himself saith that this fermenting heat continues no longer till the generation of them be finished which is done in some determinate time but we see that the hot baths continue for ever Neither doth it suffice that he saith that generations of metalls are not terminated with one production but the mineral seed gathereth strength by enlarging it self and so it continually proceeds to subdue more matter under its government so as where once a generation is begun it continues many ages and seldom gives over as we see in the Iron mines of Illua the tin mines in Cornwall the lead mines at Mendip and the Peak which do not onely stretch further in extent of ground than hath been observed heretofore but also are renewed in the same ground which hath been formerly wrought I say his saying thus doth not suffice for though it be so as I do not deny but it may yet notwithstanding he doth not say that generation of metals continueth in one place except any ground be digged first and so space and place left for new mattter to come as is not in our baths and so by consequence the flowing of hot water would cease in that place where the said generation is not continued and if that generation be extended further yet so also and accordingly is the heat diminished unless it break forth continually in new places but we see hot springs continue many years together in one place at a constant heat Besides if this opinion were true then where we see metals and minerals generated there also must of necessity be hot baths but we see it is not so I shall now moreover demand of him how that crude metalline matter is before any the said fermentation sublimed from the central parts of the earth towards the superficies thereof if not by a subterraneall fire All these being excluded it remains now that we consider of a subterraneal fire onely for it seems impossible that so great and durable a heat should be caused or preserved by any other power whatsoever than that of fire and of this opinion was Empedocles an ancient Greek Philosopher and also Seneca but both these differ amongst themselves as to the manner of the heats proceeding from this fire and indeed from other Authours that seem to be more Anthentick The one is of opinion that it is sufficient if the fire be under the place through which the waters run and so like fire under a still force up the water by way of a vapour the other that the heat proceeds from some occult remote burning and passed through the veins and fibres of the earth where it meets with the waters and distill them up to the heads of the fountains But Agricola excepts against these two ways as being very impropable the first because the earth where the fire is could not endure the fire so long being of a calcinable cumbustible nature the second because by this way such a quantity of water could not be so heated as to be turned into a vapour so suddenly by so small a degree of heat There can therefore no other reason be given for these hot springs than the fire which
of air in the earth nay there is such a plenty of it there that many learned Philosophers were nay Aristotle himself of opinion that all Springs were generated of subterraneal air 2. Air is not the aliment of fire for saith the Lord Bacon in his Treatise De vita morte Flamma non est aer accensus flame is not kindled air nay but unctuous vapours which arise from the matter that is burnt so that whereas without air fire goeth out and is extinguished the reason is because the fuliginous vapours wanting evaporation do recoil upon the fire and choak it Now this Bituminous fire is not being of a sulphureous nature very fuliginous and besides what smoak or sumes or vapours there come from it are subtile and penetrating and either evaporate through the superficies of the earth insensibly or incorporate themselves with some sutable subject that is in the earth or els are of themselves condensed into some unctuous matter adhearing to the sides of the caverns into which they are elevated So that according to the fuliginousness of vapours more or less recoiling the fire is more or less choaked Nay if we will believe Historians there have been burning Lamps closely shut up in glasses for fiftheen hundred years together in old sepulchres Now they burnt without air were not extinguished by reason the aliment of it was a Naphtha or Bituminous matter which was so pure that it bred no fuliginous vapours to choake the fire thereof 3. Where this fire is very great there is a great vent and exhalation but where but little little is the vent and insensible And in most places the fire is not great extensively but intensively because it is kept within a narrow compass as in small caverns and veins of the earth Q. How comes this Bitumen to be kindled in the earth Sol. It is agreed by all that are of the opinion that Bitumen is the matter of the subterraneal fire that hot and dry exhalations in the bowels of the earth being shut up and not finding any place to break forth are agitated attenuated rarified and so inflamed and being inflamed kindle the Bitumen Now lastly let no man wonder that there should be so great a force of fire conteined in the earth as to be sufficient for the generation of so many Springs that flow from thence daylie seeing Pliny and many other Philosophers wonder so much on the other side when they considered of the subterraneal fire and brake forth into an exclamation saying it is the greatest of all miracles that all things are not every day burnt up And cannot the burnings of the Aetnean Visuvian Nymphean mountains convince us a little of this But for the further confirmation of this opinion let us a little consider whence the winds proceed and what they are And are they not a hot and dry exhalation Now that this proceeds from and out of the earth most agree and that it entered not first into the earth is very probable For how can a hot dry light exhalation whose nature and property is to ascend descend into the earth in such a quantity as to cause such great and lasting winds as many times happen It must therefore be in the earth originally and be stirred up by some great heat in the same And what shall we think of the dry exhalation or spirit which is shut up in the caverns of the earth in great quantities and endeavouring to break forth through obstructed passages causeth great earth-quakes whereby Cities Towns and Countries have been overthrown to say nothing of those dreadfull noyses sometimes in the bowels of the earth Whence I say these great exhalations I say great because I confess that some little quantity of them may be caused by certain fermentations in the earth should be raised if not from some great heat of fire within the earth never any one yet could rationally determine And Caesius affirms that at a certain village called Tripergulus about an hundred and twenty years since after fiftteen dayes earthquake the earth opened and winds smoak and very great fires brake forth out of the same also pumice-stones and abundance of ashes in so much as they made a mountain and about that place were many hot Springs Also in Apulia is a hot bath called Tribulus where there is abundance of ashes and calcined stones and about the lake Lucrinus and Avernus are the same But if any should yet doubt that winds proceed from the earth or from the occult fires of the earth I shall make it yet further to appear by propounding to their consideration some observations concerning the Sea For it is observed that wind doth proceed from the Sea after a more apparent and violent manner than from the land and that more certain signes of an ensueing wind are taken from the Sea than from the land For when a calme Sea makes a murmuring noyse within it self it signifies that then the exhalations which is the matter of the wind are rising out of the earth and bottom of the Sea and this the fishes perceiving and being affraid of it especially Dolphins play above the water and the Sea-urchins fasten themselves to rocks the Sea a little swelling sheweth that the exhalation is endeavouring a vent then boyling sheweth that it hath penetrated to the superficies but as yet in a little quantity but then the eruptious of the exhalations following upon the waters mounted up aloft make wind and a tempest such as Marriners have often experience of when as they perceive that the wind blows from no other place but ariseth at themselves Now why waves or billows should preceed wind let any man if he can give any other reason Also I have been informed by some Marriners that a little before a great tempest there is seen a great quantity of an unctuous shineing matter floating on the top of the Sea and that this is an infallible signe of an ensuing storme The reason of this is because wind breaking forth out of the earth forceth up with it self that Bituminous matter from the place where it self was generated But now why winds should arise from the Sea more apparently than from the land is because there is more plenty of fire in the gulfes of the Sea for there it hath more aliment or fewel viz. Water which as I said before is the aliment of that Bituminous fire And whence are those great mountains of stones and minerals and those Islands which do sometimes arise up anew from the Sea but from a subterraneal fire which forceth them up from thence according to the judgement of learned Sendivogius and experienced Erker and those chasmes and gapings of the Sea Much more might be alleadged for the confirmation of this opinion as the manner of the generation of minerals and metals and many such like subterraneal operations which can not rationally be ascribed to any other cause than fire within the earth but all the premises being seriously
the evening the stomack is less laxated and languid than at noon and can therefore concoct a greater quantity of meat Yet the supper must not be very large neither greater than what the stomack can be well able perfectly to concoct before the next morning Let it be ready at six at least if not seven hours after dinner I advise that all whether it be at dinner or supper that they lerve with an appetite eat not half so much as the Spaw drinkers usually do indulging their pallates and gratifying their stomacks according to the measure of their appetites which many times is rather adventious or preternatural then natural I utterly disapprove of mixing of the Spaw water with either Wine or Beer but yet I allow of the drinking of a glass of it self at bed time for the corroborating and closing of the mouth of the stomack and suppressing of vapours which would otherwise disturb the brain from quiet sleep CHAP. XIV Of the Sulphur-well THis is called the Sulphur-well by reason of its Sulphurious odour although besides this it hath two other qualities viz. saltness and bitterness I shall in the first place endeavour to prove whence it contract its saltness and thereby I shall the better make to appear the cause of it stanch and bitterness Now because the Salt which this water yields upon evaporation is of the same nature with cannot be distinguished either in odour or tast the stanch being lost in the evaporation from common black Sea-salt I shall first declare what is the cause of the saltness of the Sea which is no other than that of this water And first I shall shew what is not the cause of it thereby confuting the opinion of many ancient Philosophers and their followers 1. The saleness of the Sea is not caused by the Suns exhaling the sweeter parts out of it as was the opinion of Aristotle for this supposeth that there was the same saltness in the Sea before but was not but upon this account manifested but this can not be for then why are not other waters as Rivers Ponds Lakes c. made saltish also by the Suns exhaling their sweeter vapours 2. The Sun doth not boil into the Sea by the vehemency of its heat that saline tast according to Pliny being almost of the aforesaid opinion for then why doth not the Sun work the same effect upon a Pond or Vessel of water on which it may work more vigorously by heating more vehemently viz. because it is less resisted by reason of the small quantity of water in them than on the Ocean 3. This saltnes is not caused as Scaliger would have it by rain mixt with hot dry and terrene exhalations for the rain it self would also then be saltish which indeed is most sweet and if it were saltish then why are not Pits Rivers c. which are many times filled with Rain-water saltish also Now the weakness of these opinions viz. the chiefest that have usually been embraced being detected I shall shew from whence very probably this saltness of the Sea may proceed We must therefore in the first place consider that the Sea is not simply saltish but saltish and bitter together that is it hath a tast made up of bitterness and saltness for which cause as saith our learned Countrey-man Mr. Lydyat in his disquisitio Physiologica de origine fontiam Chap. 9. de salsedine maris the Latines gave these two names to it viz. Mare quasi amarum Salum quasi salsum And this Aristotle himself consents to giving the reason of those two tasts in general and of them in the Sea in particular where he saith that all kinds of tasts arise from a kind of terreness more or less adust but bitterness from a terreness very much elaborated by a fiery heat in the burning bowels of the earth and saltness where that heat is somewhat remitted If so then let us consider whether there be not abundance of terrene adustness in the bowels of the earth and gulfs of the Sea where a bituminous fire is alwayes burning being fed by water as I declared more at large in the 2. Chap. viz. Of the original of Springs in general and that whether we may not probably conclude and especially because bitumen is bitter and very full of Salt that the burning of the bitumen together with the terreness therewith mixed in the gulfs of the Sea be not the cause of the saltness thereof Moreover that bitumen hath a great power to communicate to and beget a bitter and saltish tast in water is confirmed by that which Geographers write concerning the Lake of Palestina which is called in Greek {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} i. e. bituminous For say they the Lake is so bitter and saltish that no fishes can live therein and it is called in sacred writ the salt sea {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} And Historians say of it that if a man be cast into it bound hand and foot he cannot be drown'd and the reason of this is the saltness thereof for we see that waters bear the greater burdens by how much the salter they are witness the difference betwixt the Sea and fresh Rivers and our boiling of brine till an Egg swim thereon and will not sink This being premised it will be easie to conclude from whence the saltness and bitterness of the Sulphur-well proceeds And as for the stinking odour thereof that I suppose is caused from the vapours of the burning bitumen and adust terreness mixt therewith which lye not far from the very head of the Well Ob. If there be the same reason for the saltness of this Spring as there is of the Sea then why is there not the same reason for the Sulphurious odour of the Sea as of this and why doth not the Sea receive and retain the same odour as this doth Sol. I do not deny but the same odour may be communicated to the Sea as to this water together with the saltness thereof but because the saltness thereof was communicated to it by degrees viz. from some certain gulfs of the Sea so also this odour for it cannot be rationally conceived that the whole Sea received all its Salt into it self at one time after a natural way and therefore being such a great body must become saltish by little and little even insensibly And accordingly the Sulphurious odour also is imparted to it insensibly and although the saltness may continue by reason that the Salt it self is of a fixed substance yet the odour being of a subtile volatile nature is exhaled by the Sun and so lost But now the case is far otherwise in the water of this Sulphur-well for this is at once fully impregnated with the said saltness and Sulphurious odour and immediatly passeth away through narrow channelsâ— and veins of the earth without any vanishing of the odour by means of the Sun or otherwise which it contracted from the
weighed impartially considered I suppose there are but few but will conclude that as all Springs proceed from the Sea through subterraneal channels and caverns so also are distilled up to the heads of Fountains by a subterraneal bituminous fire And as for those that are not yet satisfied let them consult with the treatise of our late and learned Countryman Mr. Thomas Lydyat entituled Disquisitio physiologica de origine fontium and there they shall find this opinion rationally discussed and solidly confirmed but if yet they shall be left vnsatisfied let them produce a more rational account of any other opinion that will hold water in all respects better than this of mine doth and I shall thanke him and embrace it And thus much for the original of Fountaines in general I shall now proceed to treat of the nature of Springs in particular CHAP. III Of the strange variety of Fountains and other Waters NAture hath not discovered her selfe so variously wonderful in any thing as in the Waters of Fountains Rivers c. Some of which strange waters I shall reckon up hat it may be the better conceived how variously subterranealls communicate their vertues to this Element Now the wonderfulnes of waters that I shall mention consists either in the strangeness of their colours tasts odours sounds weight observation of time effects 1. Srange Colours Athenaeus makes mention of a Lake of Babylonia that in Summer-time for some few dayes is red He also saith that the water of Borysthenes is blew in Summer-time Pausanus mentions a certain water at the Town Joppe and in Astyris that is yellow Cardanus speakes of a white water in the River Radera of Misena He also sayes there is a green water in the Mountain Carpatus He makes report of a black water in Allera a River of Saxonia Scaliger reports that the Fountain Job in Idumea changeth colours four times in a year 2. Srange Tasts Agricola makes mention of sweet water in Cardia neer Dascylus and Puteolana neer the cave called Syhill Aristotle relates of a water in Sicania of Sicilia which is used insteed of vinegar and pickle Rulandus also makes a report of a soure water in Mendick and Ponterbon Caesius speakes of a bitter and salt water in Palastina in which Fish can not live of the same tast is the sulphur Well in York-shire Caussinus saith that the River Hyspanis is as sweet as Honey in the beginning and acide at the end Pliny relates that in the country of the Troglodytae there is a Spring called Fons Solis i. e. the Fountaine of the Sun which alters its tast according to the rising and setting of the Sun Mutianus saith that the Fountain Diotecnosia in the Isle Andros hath the tast of Wine Salt waters in York-shire Spain Italy Sicilia and divers other places Nitrous water in Lâ—tiâ— of Macedonia and at Epsome and Scarborow c. Astringing waters as Alluminous and Vitrioline almost every where Corroding water is in the River Styx the water whereof being put into a Silver Copper or Iron vessell corrodes its way through the same Fat waters as they are tastable may be mentioned in this place and many of this sort saith Caesius are in Germany Italy Macedonia and other places 3. Strange Odours Pausanus saith that in Peloponnesus is a water that hath a very fragrant smell He also saith that in the Town of Elis the water of the River Aniger is of such a horrid smell that it kills both man and beast Aristotle makes mention of a water not far from the River Aridanus which is hot and sendeth forth such a stanch the nothing can drink of it and kills all birds that fly over it Caesius reports of Arethusa a River of Sicilia that it smells like dung at certain seasons The Sulphur-Well in York-shire smells like the scouring of a Gun that is very fowl 4 Strange Sounds Pliny makes mention of a Fountain of Zama in Affrica that makes mellodious sounds Vitruvins reports that a Fountain in Maguesia hath a tunable sound 5. Strange Weight and that either in relation to themselves as being heavy or light or to other things put into them Plutarch makes mention of a River called Pangeus a vessel of the water whereof weighs twice as heavy in Winter as in Summer Strabo saith that the water of the River Euleus is fifteen times lighter than any other water Seneca writes that in Syria there was a Lake called Asphalites in which no heavy thing could sink Caesius saith that the Lake Alcigonius in Lerna is of that nature that if any go into it to swim he should certainly be drowned Strabo writes that amongst the Indians in a mountainous Countrey there was a River called Silia on which nothing could swim which River saith Caussinus is an emblem of ambition because it will suffer nothing to be above it Some Rivers run over Lakes and will not mix with them as Marcie over Fucinus Addua over Larus and divers other there are of this nature Some Rivers run under the bottom of the Sea and will not mix with it as Lycus in Asia Erasinas in Argolica Atheneus saith that in Teno is a Fountain that will not mix with Wine but will fall alwayes beneath it 6. Strange observations of times Cardanus mentions a Spring called Fons Sabbaticus that flowes all the six dayes of the week but is dryed up the Sabbath day Caussinus relates that the Fountain Vmbria flowes onely against a time of famine Ovid writes that the water of Pheneus is unwholsome by night but wholsome by day Solinus reports that in Helesinâ Regione a Fountain otherwise still and quiet doth at the sound of a pipe rejoycingly exult and leap up Ovid saith that the Fountain of Jupiter Hammon is cold by day and hot by night 7. Strange effects The River Styx kills all them that drink of it as is agreed by all Historians Strabo writes that in Palestina the Lake Gardarenus makes the nails horns hair fall off from those beasts that drink thereof Pomponius Mela saith in Insula Fortunata is a water that makes them that drink of it to laugh to death Pompeius Festus reports that the Fountain Salmacis inclines men to venery Vitruvius relates that the Fountain Clitorius makes them that drink of it to abhor wine Ovid saith that the Fountain Lyncestis makes men drunk Pliny makes mention of a Fountain that makes men mad Pliny reports that the Dodonean Fountain will quench lighted torches but kindle those that are extinguished Heurnius saith that he saw amongst the Eugeneans a certain Fountain that would turn divers things to stone that were cast into it H. ab Heer 's and Doctor Jorden reckon up many of this nature whereof some will couvert things into stone in a short time and some in a longer and some onely crust over things as that dropping Well at Knaresborow unles it sinks into things as leaves mosse and all those it converts to a stoney