render Cabinets more exact and curious And this may be done two ways either by a simple Series which has no other Affinity than what belongs to the same Emperor or else by an Historical Series according to the Order of Times and Years which may be discovered by the Consulates and the Power of the Tribunes This is the way which Occo and Mezza Barba have taken in ranging the Medals that they have described Indeed thaâ— which is disagreable in this way is that the same Reverse must be very often repeated because that in Different Years the same Figures are found especially those that are the most common There is another way more Learned I must needs say which Oiselius has followed who without troubling himself about placing them separately as they belonged to every Emperor only has taken care to reunite every Reverse to certain Pieces of Curiosity by which means we methodically learn whatsoever can be drawn from the Knowledge of Medals Thus has he performed his Design which seems to me to be borrowed from Goltzius and formed almost in the same Order he has given to the 24 Titles of his Thesaurus Rei Antiquariae or rather it appears to come originally from the Dialogues of the Learned Archbishop of Tarragone First he has placed a Series of Imperial Heads the compleatest he could after that he has collected all the Reverses that carried any thing of Geography in them that is to say Such as did set forth any People Cities Rivers Mountains or Provinces of which he has made Eight Tables either with a design of giving the Curious a Model or else having really no more but those Medals he shews us and upon which he speaks what he knows Then he has collected whatsoever relates to the Deities of both Sexes joining the Vertues with them which are as so many Deities of the Second Order As Constancy Clemency Moderation and the like which makes up for him a pretty large Series After this we find in four Tables all the Monuments of Peace Games Theatres Cirques Liberalities Doles Magistracies Adoptions Mariages Arrivals into Provinces or Cities c. In the following Tables is placed whatever concerns War Legions Armies Victories Trophies Allocutions Camps Armes Ensigns c. In a Single Table is to be seen what belongs to Religion Temples Altars Priests Sacrifices Instruments and Ornaments of Augurs and Prelates To which may very well be referred the Apotheoses or Consecrations which he has placed by themselves and are distinguished by Eagles and Peacocks for Princesses by Altars Temples and Chariots drawn by two or four Elephants or two Mules or four Horses Lastly He has collected all Publick Monuments and Edifices built to eternize the Memory of Princes as Triumphal Arches Columns Equestrial Statues Gates High-ways Bridges Palaces and other Structures There is but one Defect methinks in placing Meâ—als this way which is that Heads Metâ—â—ls and Sizes must needs here be mixt and consequently the Tables made after such a â—ashion as is impracticable As Medailâ—ons were only coined for Publick Ceremonies Shews or to make Presents of either to the People or Strangers so their Reverses are much more Curious than those of Ordinary Medals because they commonly represent Triumphs Games Buildings or some other Noble Monument relating to some point of History which is that that is sought after with greatest Solicitude and when found gives the greatest satisfaction L'Erizzo has begun to shew and give us his Advice upon these sorts of Medals Monsieur Tristan a Person of great Reading and fine Erudition has caused several of them to be engraven and M. Patin has given us very Noble ones in his Treasury In M. Carcavi's time those of the King's Cabinet were engraven and the Bishop of Pamiez is about bestowing his on the Publick and he promises also the Explanation of them than which nothing will be finer nor better deserve the Curiosity of the Learned and Ingenious The Reverses are often charged with different Epocha's of Times with marks of the Publick Authority of the Senate People and the Prince With the Value of the Money the Place where they were coined or lastly with the different marks of the Mint-masters and Cities It 's true This might have been left to the next Instruction which will be concerning Inscriptions and of which they seem to be as parts but yet since they are very rarely to be seen round the Medals but only in the Field or at least in the Exergue and that even sometimes the Reverses have no other Figures than these sorts of Characters I have thought â—t more fit to speak of them in this place than to refer them to another The Eopcha's set forth the Years of Princes and Cities and give Medals an Extraordinary Beauty because they rectify Chronology which is mighty serviceable to the clearing up Historical Affairs 'T is by this way that M. Vaillant happily acquitted himself in unfolding to us the History of the Syrian Kings where several Princes of the same Name have caused so great a Confusion And by this means Father Noris the Great Duke's famous Antiquary has discovered a thousand Noble Secrets which he has now given us in his Book de Epochis Syromacedonum Indeed as to this the Greeks have been more Careful and Successful than the Romans and the Later Ages more exact than the Former because the Roman Medals have set out no other Epocha than that of the Consulate and Power of the Tribunes and neither the one nor t'other is certain because they do not always go according to the Year of their Reign and but very rarely does That of the Power of the Tribunes agree with That of the Consulate For That of the Power of the Tribunes proceeded regularly from Year to Year whereas the Emperor not being always Consul the whole Interval from One Consulate to the Other which was frequently of several Years kept always the Epocha of the last As to give you an Instance The Emperor Hadrian's Medals for several years had Cos III. so that by this way no Certain Order can be made of the Different Medals which have been coined since the 872. Year of Rome in which he entred upon his Third Consulate to his Death which was not till Twenty years after The Greeks on the contrary have affected to mark the Years of every Prince's Reign exactly and that even in the Lowest Empire where the Reverses scarce bear any thing else than these sorts of Epocha's more especially since Justinian I speak here of Imperial Medals only for I know well enough excepting some Cities all the Others which Goltzius has given us have no Epocha's at all and this is that which perplexes Chronology extremely The Epocha's of the Reigns of Kings I confess are oftner found in them Father Hardouin in his Antirrhetique gives us that of King Juba upon Medals of which one shews the 32d Year others the 36th 40th
Aurelius by Antoninus c. or else these are Persons that never reigned as Drusus Germanicus Antoninus c. However a general Rule must not be taken from hence for if we should say that no body put on the Crown before he reigned simple Caesars might be shewn us that were crown'd with Laurel or adorn'd with a Diadem as Constantine the younger and Constantius in the Constantine Family and if we should say that all the reigning Emperours put on Crowns or Diadems several Medals might easily be shewn of Augustus Nero Galba Otho Hadrian c. that had been Emperours whose Heads are quite bare Heads covered are either with a Diadem or a Crown a Head-piece some Foreign Habiliment or a Veil The Diadem is Ancienter than the Crown it is the proper Ornament of Kings and did not belong to Emperours but in the lower Empire It is a Fillet sometimes more sometimes less broad whose Extremities ty'd in a Knot behind the Head fall upon the Neck The Roman Emperours used it not till after Constantine setting it off with Pearls and Diamonds either single or in two Rows permitting the Empresses to wear it which was not seen in the higher Empire where the Woman's Head was never crowned The Crowns of Emperors after Julius Caesar are for the most part of Laurel the Right of wearing such an one being granted him by the Senate and was afterwards continued to his Successors Justinian is the first that used a sort of a closed Crown which is sometimes deeper like a Cap sometimes flatter like the Mortier of our Presidents but surmounted with a Cross and is often bordered with a double Row of Pearls 'T is this that M. du Cange calls Camelaucium and is often confounded with the Mantle named Camail by the Likeness of the Words tho' One is to cover the Shoulders and the Other the Head Crowns with Rays are bestow'd on Princes when translated into the Number of the Gods either before or after their Deaths that sort of Crown being only proper to the the Gods says Casaubon However I will not make this a constant Maxime for I know how many Exceptions there may be against it especially after the Twelve Caesars We find no Emperour assumed it whilst living before Nero who deserved it the least of all Augustus himself not having that Honour till after he was dead Several other fashioned Crowns are found upon Medals that ought to be explained One sort is call'd Rostral compos'd of the Prows of Ships interlaced one with another and were given after Naval Victories Agrippa received one from Augustus after his Victories over S. Pompey's and M. Antony's Fleets Another is call'd Mural and is composed of Towers It was the Reward of them that had taken Cities as also the Ornament of their Genii and Tutelar Deities Therefore Cybele the Goddess of the Earth and the particular Genii of Provinces and Cities wore these Tower'd Crowns Those of Oak were given to them that had saved a Citizen's Life Such are those that inclose the Inscription Ob Cives servatos and are sometimes found upon the Heads of Princes Some are design'd to Crown them that carry'd the Prize in Publick Games as at the Games held in the Isthmus of Corinth call'd Isthmia where the Victorious were crown'd with Apium a sort of Parsley larger and bigger than ours The Form is to be seen upon a Medal of Nero. Hadrian in honour of Antinous caused one to be made of the Lotus to which he gave his Name ANTINOEIA as it is found upon Medals The Priests to distinguish their Office used the Sculls of Oxen intermix'd with the Dishes that were to receive the Victim's Entrails and with the Ribbons that adorn'd them when they were led to the Altar They are to be seen upon the Medals of Augustus That which M. Patin gives us with the Word ΑΡΞΙΕΡΑΤΙΚΟΠis of a Matter unknown to me but it is visibly a Pontifical Crown Neither is it necessary to make the Word an Adjective and understand ΣΤΕΦΑÎΟΠsince being a Substantive it signifies the High-Priests Dignity which was defer'd to Augustus The difference of the Roman and Greek Head-Pieces may be easily discern'd at first sight 'T is the Ancientest Habit for Heads that appears upon Medals and the most Universal Kings Emperours and the Gods themselves wearing it That which commonly covers the Head of Rome has frequently two Wings like the Petasus of Mercury Some Kings have it adorn'd with Jupiter Hammon's-Horns or a Bulls only or a Ram's to denote their extraordinary Strength The foreign Habiliments are the Mitres of the Armenian and Syrian Kings and are almost like to those of our Bishops but sometimes are squared and sometimes indented upon the Top such is that upon the Medals of Abgarus King of Edessa The Tyara very like the Pope's was us'd by the Persian and Parthian Kings Some Kings wore the Phrygian or Armenian Bonnet as it is upon the Medals of Mydas Atys and that of Zemisces whose Reverse contains the Adoration of the Magi and represents those three Princes in such Bonnets Several Grecian Kings affected to cover their Heads with a Lyon's Skin in Imitation of Hercules as Philip the Father of Alexander And after their Example some Roman Emperours cloath'd themselves as Commodus Alexander Severus c. The Veil that often covers the Head of Princes and Princesses denotes either their Sacerdotal Functions as Sacrificing or their Admission into the Rank of the Gods an Honour that was given them by the Heathens till Constantine whose Apotheosis was suffer'd upon the Money the Christian Emperours not thinking themselves able enough to banish all Pagan Ceremonies at once But a little after the Princes and Princesses affected out of Devotion to make a Hand appear coming from Heaven that placed their Crowns upon their Heads this way acknowledging that they held the Crown they wore from God Such is that of Eudoxia and her Husband Arcadius Honorius Galla Placidia c. This seems enough to me to gain belief that it was not through any Impiety they us'd in the Lower Empire a Circle that went round the Head of the Emperour and was call'd Nimbus like the Circle of Light that is plac'd about the Images of Saints It is very plain to be seen upon the Medals of Mauritius and Phocas and some others This puts me in mind of certain Medals of the Higher Empire that have the Prince's Head environ'd with Rays like the Sun On the contrary the Piety of the Princes that reign'd after Zemisces and Justinian Rhinotmetus very often caused them to set the Heads of our Lord and his Holy Mother upon their Medals with the Nimbus we have mention'd The Heads of the Gods like those of Princes were either a Crown a Head-piece a Veil a Cap or some other Symbol to distinguish them The Crown of Laurel distinguishes Apollo and the Genius of the Senate call'd ΘΕΑ ΣΥÎΚΛΗΤΟϹ and
entred into any man's head to counterfeit them in hopes of gain The series of the Popes may be very well compleated out of Silver and Copper Not indeed ever since St. Peter but only from about 250 years ago that is from Martin the Fifth's time about the year of our Lord 1430. For from that time till Alexander the Eighth we have Medals of every Pope either Cast or Stamp'd to the number of between Five or Six hundred which is easily proved by Father Moulinet's Book who had caused all he could meet with to be engraved there with a brief explanation of each of them It is not without reason he maintains That before the time by me assigned there is no Medal to be found coined during their Pontificat but are only restored for it is certain that the Dies or Stamps of Martin the Fifth's Medals and others down to Julius the Second were made in the Pontificat of Alexander the Seventh by the care of the Abbot Bizot supported by the favour of Cardinal Francis Barbarini who would have caused a far greater number to have been restored if the Pope's Death had not spoiled the design he had laid to have had the rest engraved whose Heads he hoped to have got from their Statues Tombs Seals and other Monuments of the Vatican In lieu whereof this Series at present can only be made out from the Leaden Seals of their Bulls where the Name of the Pope is only to be had and not their Representations it being then the Custom to give you but St. Peter's and St. Paul's Sixtus the Fourth is the first that fets his Bust upon his Money which he caused to be stamped with this Inscription Vtilitati publicae in Memory of his beginning to Pave the Streets of Rome With this help a compleat Succession of the Eighth Age may be begun As for the Eugenius IV. of Gold coined during the Council of Florence it is only a piece of Money in the King's Cabinet Notwithstanding what I have said it must be confess'd the design of restoring the Medals of all the Popes since St. Peter has been already thought upon and may be performed by some Body though only with Cast Medals for I my self have several of all Ages for the most part with two or three Reverses as some with two large Keys in Pale and these Words Claves Regni Coelorum Others with the Bust of St. Peter and two small Keys in Saltire with the same Legend Others again with a Veronica or other particular Reverses It will not be amiss to warn you in this place that you confound not with the true Medals of the Popes certain Pieces which the Enemies of the Holy See have coined either to insult or render it odious Such is that of Julius the Third with this Inscription instead of a Reverse Gens Regnum quod non servierit tibi peribit Such that of Paul the Third ΦΕΡÎΗ ΖΗÎΟϹ ΕΥΡΑΙÎΕΙ which must never be ranked amongst Genuine Medals Lastly such are certain ridiculous Medals cast I believe either in Germany Holland or at Geneva some of which represent the Head of a Pope joyned with that of a Devil and on the Reverse a Cardinal 's with a Fool 's The Legend is as impertinent as the Type on one side Johannes Calvinus Haeresiarcha pessimus on the other Stulti aliquando sapite I desire you to tell me what Gust or Learning there is in this There is yet another sort as foolish as this which gives you the head of a Pope joyned to that of an Emperor and on the Reverse that of a Cardinal with a Bishop's Theodosius Imperator Celestinus Pontifex the Reverse is so defaced that no more than these words are legible Episcopus Anno CCCCXXIII Who can guess what is meant by these pleasant conjunctions I should not have designed to mention them if it were not that these simple pieces fall easily into the hands of beginners who torment themselves to no purpose in seeking out their meaning as if we could attribute good sense to the Fantastick Dreams of some ill-contrived heads when they never had any The Series of the Popes may be augmented with all the Ecclesiastical Court as Cardinals Bishops and other distinguished Church-men whose Medals may be found After the set of Popes may be made a very compleat one of the Emperors of the West from Charlemagne provided you admit into it some Monies Oct. Strada has given us a Model having brought his work from Julius Caesar down to the Emperor Matthias who Reigned at the finishing of his Book But that Author must not be much relied upon since the Medals he gives us are almost all false that is either invented by himself to compleat his Series or taken from those which Maximilian made to augment the Idea of the House of Austria's Grandeur Therefore to speak strictly one cannot begin sooner than at Frederick the Third in 1463. who Coined a Medal upon his Entrance into Rome Since which time we can hardly collect Thirty unless those of the Kings of Spain are taken in which set begins but at Philip the First King of Spain and Arch-Duke of Austria Father of Charles the Fifth As the Kingdom is the most Noble and Ancient so the Series of the Kings of France is the most numerous and considerable of all the Modern It 's true for the two first Families one must be contented with Monies Of which M. Bouteroüe has composed a very curious Book in which he has caused a very large quantity of them to be Engraved but from the third we begin to find not only pieces of Money but also some Medals Not to insist too much upon that of Charlemagne with this Inscription Renovatio Regni Franciae which very probably belonged to a later Charles on a piece of Lead which served instead of a Seal M. Bizot affirms none were Coin'd with the Effigies of the Prince before Charles the VIIth's time And the first on which we see any Bust is that which was Coined by the City of Lyons for Charles the VIIIth and Anne of Brittany But the true glory of the Nation is That she can prove by Coins an uninterrupted Succession of her Monarchs ever since Clodoveus for 1200 years which no Kingdom in the World besides can do M. Harlay at this time first President has made a curious Collection of them and he has been pleased to enrich his Majesty's Cabinet He making it his business to Sacrifice all that he hath to the Service and Glory of his August Monarch It is all that can be hoped for in this sort of curiosity for it would be lost labour to pretend to collect all that are Engraved in the le France Metalique they being all made at Will till Charlemagne after whose time also a great many are the Invention of Jaques de Bie and his Associate Du Val. There is now a design on Foot which may yet have a
We have made a fifth Order of Deities because the World begins to have a value for the Series of them by reason of the great Satisfaction that is found in observing their different Names Symbols Temples Altars and Countries where they were worshipped A good Copper Series may be formed of them by means of the Grecian Cities which furnish us with very large quantities of them but the noblest and most pleasing is that of Silver which the Medals of Families supply us with and there are a great many of them in the King's Cabinet Now both Metals might be carried on much further if we would but borrow Imperial Reverses where the Deities are much better represented than on those of Families not only because they have their several Titles there but also because they are commonly represented at their full Length so that we may see their Arms Accoutrements Symbols and the Cities where they have been more particularly worshiped It was after this manner I had formerly begun and had collected above four hundred of them but I found I had not stock enough at the same time to maintain my Imperial Series which was thereby much weakened I have thought upon a sixth Order to be composed and that should be of all the Illustrious Persons whose Medals we have such as the Founders of Cities and Republicks Bizas Tomus Nemausus Taras c. Smyrna Amastris c. Of Queens Cleopatra Zenobia c. Of the most famous Law-givers Lycurgus Zeleucus Pittacus Pythagoras Archimedes Euclid Hipocrates Chrysippus Homer and the like Wise and Learned Men for most certainly it would be a great satisfaction to see a good Series of these Heroes which would needs reach very far I will conclude this Instruction with saying That when several Heads are found on the same side of the Medal it becomes then much more Rare and Curious be they either placed Face to Face as those of M. Aurelius and Verus of Macrinus and Diadumenianus and the like or be they joyned Neck to Neck as that of Nero and Agrippina Mark Antony and Cleopatra c. But they are yet much Rarer when they have three Heads on them as those of Valerian betwixt his two Sons Gallienus and Valerian the younger That of Otacilla with her Husband and Son c. INSTRUCTION V. Of the several Reverses that render Medals more or less Beautiful and Curious IF I had not tied my self up by professing to instruct a young Beginner to whom every thing is new in the History of Medals I would not have concern'd my self about explaining to him the several States of them before they attained to that perfection in which we find them in the Age of Augustus and almost down as low as to that of Constantine But since I ought to instruct a Person that is desirous to learn he ought also to be told That among the Romans and all over Italy for now we only pretend to speak of that Country their Medals or rather their Moneys were a long time not only without Reverses but also without any mark at all so that the first Money used in Rome was but of plain Copper and without any Impression upon it till the time of King Servius Tullus who caused them first to be stamped with the Image of an Oxe a Sheep or Hog at which time it began to be called Pecunia à pecude I don't design by this Discourse to strike at the Ancient Tradition which tells us That Janus reigning in Italy 700 Years before the Foundation of Rome stamped the first Money putting upon it a Crown a Bridge or a Boat of which three he was the Inventer and introduced their use into his Country However I know very well that this Tradition is not absolutely certain since several People in Europe affirm we are beholden to Saturn for the use of Money and that it was he who retiring to Janus into Latium taught him to put a Stamp upon it as also to Till the Ground and that in acknowledgment of this kindness Bona posteritas puppim signavit in Aere Hospitis adventum testificata Dei But however it happened in these first dark times as there was no other Head than that of Janus upon the Latin Money or as others say That of Janus and Saturn joyned together by the hinder Parts so also was there no other Reverse than the Prow of a Ship This continued till the Romans who had made themselves Masters of all Italy near five hundred Years after the building of Rome began to Coin Money of Gold and Silver under the Consulate of C. Fabius Pictor and Quintus Ogulnius Gallus five years before the first Punick War and CDXXCIV from the building of the City This is the first Year they Coined Silver for Gold they did not till 62 years after In those happy times when the Common-wealth flourished they began to beautify and perfect their Medals both as to the Head and the Reverse The Head of Rome and the Deities succeeded Janus's and the first Reverses were either Castor and Pollux on Horseback or a Victory driving a Chariot with two or four Horses from whence the Roman Deniers were called Victoriati Bigati Quadrigati according to the Reverses as they were before named Ratiti from the Ship Ratis Soon after the Mint-masters who by their Employments were become Masters of the Money began to Stamp it with their own Names and Titles and to grave thereon the Monuments of their own Families insomuch that we find Medals stuff'd with the marks of Magistracies Priesthoods and Triumphs of their Ancestors and even with some of their most glorious Actions such is that of the Aemilian Families inscribed M. Lepidus Pont. Max. Tutor Regis On which is to be seen Lepidus in a Consular Habit putting a Crown upon the Head of young Ptolomy whom the King his Father had left under the Guardianship of the City of Rome And on the other side is the Head of Alexandria the Capital City of the Kingdom where the Ceremony Alexandria was performed Such was another of the same Family on which is the young Lepidus represented on Horseback bearing a Trophy with this Inscription M. Lepidus annorum XV. Praetextatus hostem occidit Civem servavit Such that in the Julian Family when Julius Caesar being as then but a private Man and not daring to engrave his own Head found out this devise on one side to set the Image of an Elephant with the word Caesar which equivocally signifies either that Beast's Name in the Phoenician Language or his Own and on the Reverse in quality of Augur and Pontifex he caused to be engraven the Symbols of his Dignities viz. the Sympulum the Sprinkler the Axe of the Victims and Priest's Bonnets as upon that which has the Head of Ceres there is the Augur's Staff and Vessel Such lastly is the Reverse in the Aquilian Family where M. Aquilius who defeated the Rebellious Slaves in
who had consecrated his New Rome to the Mother of God and was himself honoured as a Saint all over the Empire We have also at the same time the Monogrammes of Cities as that of Ravenna and some others as may be seen in M. Du Cange And on the Modern also are Monogrammes of Names as Strada shews us since the time of Charlemain The Number Action and Subject of the Figures or Personages on the Reverse render them more or less Valuable and Rare For as for the Ordinary Heads which have only some single Figure on the Reverse setting forth either some particular Vertue for which the Person was commendable or else some particular Deity to whom he paid his chiefest Devotions these ought to be put amongst the number of Common Medals because they carry nothing of History in them that deserves to be enquired after These single Figures we speak of are to be distinguished from Heads whose Reverses are sometimes crowded For they being commonly the Heads either of Children Wives Collegues of the Empire or Confederate Kings 't is a general Rule among all the Skilful in this Science that Medals with two Heads are almost always Choice as for instance that of Augustus on the Reverse of Julius Vespasian on the Reverse of Titus Antoninus on the Reverse of Faustina M. Aurelius on that of Lucius c. From whence it is easy to infer that the more Heads are on it the more Choice is the Medal Such is a Nero on the Reverse of a Nero and Octavia such a Severus on the Reverse of his two Sons Geta and Caracalla Philip on the Reverse of his Son and Wife and Hadrian on that of Trajan and Plotina Therefore it is true generally speaking that the more Reverses are charged with Figures the more they are to be valued especially if they illustrate any Memorable Action To give you some Instances hereof The Medal of Trajan Regna adsignata where three Kings appear at the foot of a Theatre on which is seen the Emperor crowning them The Largest of Nerva hath five Figures Congiar P. R. S. C. An Allocation of Trajan where are Seven Figures Another of Hadrian to the People which hath Eight Figures without a Legend Another to the Soldiers where there are Ten. A Medal of Faustina Puellae Faustinianae where there are 12 or 13 c. An Allocution of Probus which has a dozen Figures * Vota Publica of Commodus on which is Ten. As for Publick Monuments without doubt they give a particular Grace and Beauty to the Reverses of Medals especially when they declare to us some Historical Event Thus the Temple of Janus in Nero and the Port of Ostia are much Rarer than the Macellum though the Structure of them is not so Noble for one signifies the Universal Peace he gave to the Empire Pace Pop. Rom. terrâ marÃque partâ Janum clausit Whereas the other teaches us nothing unless it be that he caused Shambles to be built for the Convenience and Service of the Publick Among these Curious and Noble Monuments we ought to place the Amphitheatre of Titus his Naval Column the Temple which was built Romae Augusto the Trophies of M. Aurelius and Commodus c. which are the first things known to the Curious The different Animals that we find upon Reverses have also their Valuation when they are extraordinary Such are those that were brought to Rome from Strange Countries to divert the People principally in their Secular Games or when they represent the Ensigns of the Legions that bore them Thus we see the Legions of Gallienus some of them that carried a Porcupine Others an Ibis and others again a Pegasus And the Medals of Philip and Otacilla Saeculares Augg. have on their Reverses the Beasts they exhibited in their Ludi Saeculares and caused to be slain to display their Magnificence and to regain the Peoples Affections which were extremely sowr'd and alienated by the Death of Gordian Never were so many sorts of them seen before there was one Rhinoceros 32 Elephants 10 Tigres 10 Elks 60 tamed Lions 30 Leopards 20 Hyaena's 1 Hippopotamos 40 Wild Horses 20 Wild Asses 20 Wild Lions and 10 Camelopards The Figure of some of them is to be seen upon the Medals of the Father Mother and Son and amongst others of the Hippopotamos and the Strepsikeros sent from Africa As for the Eagles that are found on the Reverses of the Egyptian Kings and at the Consecrations of Emperors they have nothing but what is very common No more than the Wolf of Remus and Romulus to be met with both in the Higher and Lower Empire Elephants in Trappings are found upon an Antoninus Pius a Severus and some other Emperors that procured them to embellish and decorate their Shews and besides these there are other Uncommon Animals which shall scarce ever be met with unless upon Medals Witness the Phoenix upon the Medals of Constantine and his Sons after the Example of the Princes and Princesses of the Higher Empire to denote by that Immortal Bird either the Eternity of the Empire or else the Consecration of the Princes that are admitted into the number of the Gods Mademoiselle Patin has lately published a very Curious Latin Dissertation thereon which is a great honour to both the Father and Daughter Other Animals are also found upon Medals as Birds Fishes and Fabulous Monsters and likewise Extraordinary Plants which are the produce only of some particular Countries as may be learnt more at large in the Famous Spanheimius his Third Dissertation de Praestantià Vsu numismatum A Work worthy of its Author in which is to be seen the vast Extent of his Knowledge Penetration and Judgment and a certain Air and Character of the Honneste homme that is so often wanting in other Learned Men and which particularly appears by the Respect wherewith he treats those whose Sentiments he cannot approve which gains him Esteem and Veneration from all Authors For Study and Retirement are apt commonly to make Learned Men morose their Continual Conversing with the Dead disposing them to be forgetful of the Affability and just Decorum that is due to the Living It must also be observed That oftentimes the Prince or Princess whose Heads are set large upon the Medal on one side are seen placed on the Reverse at their full height or sitting under the Representation of some God or Genius and engraven with such Art and Delicacy that tho the Size is very small and fine yet one may perfectly discern it to be the same Visage that is in Relief on the other side So Nero appears on his Medal DECURSIO Hadrian M. Aurelius Severus Decius c. under the form of Deities conferred upon them as a Reward to their Civil and Military Vertues There remains yet for us to shew the manner how Medals may be placed according to their Different Reverses to
Name of Flavius after Constantine who could not be more highly flattered than by being called New Constantine Novus Constantinus And to make this Name more Famous it was always presupposed to have descended from the Family of Vespasian in a Right Line unto Constantine by this means making good that happy Presage of the Temple dedicated by Domitian Aeternitati Flaviorum But however it is very true that the Name of Flavius seemed as it were entirely forgotten after that time and did not begin to revive till in the Family of Constantine which being extinct Joseph was resolved to keep up the Name and his Successors followed his Example Even some Kings of the Lombards honoured themselves themselves with it as Autharitus as likewise some of the Goths as Reccaredus But it appears to have lasted no longer than Heraclius and his Son Constantine at least it is not to be found upon any Medals after that time I mean Original Medals and not those made according to the Fancy of Strada who has given this name even to the Comneni and Angeli The Ambition of the Grecian Princes and the Servile Flattery of their Subjects decorate their Medals with a Great number of Titles unknown to the Emperors such as ΒΑϹΙΛΕΥϹ ΒΑϹΙΛΕΩΠNicator Nicephorus Euergetes Eupater Soter Epiphanes Ceraunus Callinicus Dionysius Theopater They were also much less scrupulous than the Latins in usurping the Name of the most High God Demetriuâ— causing himself to be called ΘΕΟϹ ÎΙΚΑΤΩΡ Antiochus ΘΕΟϹ ΕΠΙΦΑÎΗϹ ÎΙΚΗΦΟΡΟϹ Another Demetrius ΘΕΟϹ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΩΡ ΣΩΤΗΡ They made likewise as little Scruple in usurping the Symbols viz. the Thunder Horns of Jupiter Hammon and the Lions Skin of Hercules All Alexander's Successors made a very great point of Honour of This. But being at last subjected to the Romans they gave Them the same Title whence it happens that we seldom find it any where else but upon their Medals For very Few of the Latins have the word Deus in comparison of the Greeks upon which we find ΘΕΑ ΡΩΜΑ ΘΕΑ ΣΥÎΚΛΗΤΟϹ ΘΕΟϹ ÎΕΡΩΠΘΕΟϹ ΚΑΙϹΑΡ ΣΕΒΑϹΤΟϹ ϹΑΙΟϹ ΚΑΙϹΑΡ ΘΕΟϹ They likewise stuck not to call Hadrian ΑΔΡΙΑÎΟϹ ΟΛΥΜΠΙΟϹ having built a Temple at Athens common to them Both Commodus had the same name ΟΛΜΠΙΟϹ ΚΟΜΜΟΔΟϹ and the Empresses were flattered with the like Titles being called Juno Venus c. whom commonly they only resembled by their Galantries Our Roman Princes though they were much more modest yet gave themselves the Names of Great Pious Invincible Just Wise Provident c. Antoninus was the first that was called Pius Commodus had the vanity to add Foelix to it for which a thousand Abuses passed upon him Sept. Severus having affected the Name of Pertinax which Helvins had taken to denote his Constancy he forsook That to be called Severus Pius Pescennius took upon him the Sirname of Justus And Diocletian That of Beatissimus Foelicissimus and his Colleague in the Empire took upon him the same also in his new Titles which the Sons of Constantine had Ambition enough not to let them be lost witness the Medaillon of Constantius Victoria Beatissimorum Caesarum Mons Patin tells us of a Probus in Gold with these words Victorioso â—emper Constantine called himself Maximus after the Example of those Emperors who had added it to their Sirnames Armeniacus Maximus Parthicus Maximus and Victorinus had that of Invictus For I am willing to believe they did not without some difficulty suffer the Names of the Gods to be given them as Jovi Crescenti Jovi Juveni Jovi Fulguratori c. and that they lookt upon them only as Expressions of Respect and the Affections of their Subjects The extraordinary Merits of Balbinus and Pupienus joyned to the mildness of their Government gained them the Name of Patres Senatus a Title that was afterwards in Flattery bestowed upon some Empresses as we shall shew anon These two Princes seemed always so friendly to each other and lived in such good Correspondence that they were not contented to fignify it by a Reverse that was common to their Predecessors Concordia Augg. but their Hands were joyned together upon their Medals as the Mark of a strict united Friendship exprest by these words Amor mutuus Augg. Charitas mutua Augg. Fides mutua Pietas mutua Princesses in the Higher Empire received also the Title of Augusta as Julia Augusta Antonia Augusta Agrippina Augusta c. even those that never were the Wives of Emperors as Julia Titi Marciana Matidia c. Others added to this the Titles that had been given them meerly in Flattery as Julia Genitrix Orbis Faustina Mater Castrorum Mater Senatus Mater patriae Julia Domna who was the only Woman that durst call her self Pia Faelix Augusta the Romans not having granted to the Ladies the Quality of the Devout Sex so liberally as we do M. Du Cange shews That in the Lower Empire the Emperor's Mothers had the Title of Venerabilis by this Curious Inscription he relates Piissimae Veneraebili Dominae nostrae Helenae Augustae Matri Domini nostri Victoris semper Augusti Constantini Aviae beatissimorum Dominorum nostrorum Caesarum Ordo populus Neapolitanus By which it is easy to explain the Reverse of the Medal of Constantine the Great 's Consecration performed by the Heathens the Figure upon it being Helena and the VN MR. signifying Venerabilis nostra Mater Alliances also were admitted into the Legend of Names not only that of Adoptions which gave them the Names of Sons but also those of Nephews and Nieces To which must be reduced all Alliances of Blood to avoid making different Titles of them nor must we forget those also of pure Friendship or mere Consideration Such is that upon the Medal of Ariobarzanes King of Cappadociae called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to mark out to us the great Affection he had for the Romans And such were the Medals of the Arsacidae who call themselves 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Such also that of Herod Agrippa called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to shew the steadiness of his Love to the Person of the Emperor Claudius As the Ptolemy's were called Philopater Philometer Philadelphus After the Emperors became Christians Nicephorus Botaniates in pure Devotion assumed the Name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In the next place we find upon Medals the Titles of Father Mother Grandmother Son Grandson and Great Grandson Caius Caesar Divi Julii filius Caius Lucius Caesaris Augusti filii Drusus Caesar Tiberii Augusti filius Germanicus Caesar Tiberii Augusti filius Divi Augusti Nepos Caius Caesar Divi Augusti pronepos Divo Maximiano Patri On another Divo Max. Socero Divo Romulo Filio Divo Constantino Cognato Agrippina Mater Caii Caesaris Aug. Agrippina Aug. Divi Claudii Caesaris Neronis Mater Diva Domitilla Divi Vespasiani Augusti filia Divis Parentibus ΘΕΩΠΑΔΕΛΦΩΠΙΟΥΛΙΑ ϹΟΛΙΜΙΑϹ ϹΕΒ. ΜΗΤΡ ϹΕΒ. Marciana Augusta Soror Imp. Trajani Sabina
Hadriani Aug. Vxor Imperator Maxentius Divo Constantio adfini These same Legends also discover to us how short a time the Acknowledgments of those lasted who having been adopted or whose Obligations for the Empire were owing either to their Father or Mother after they had first taken upon them the Quality of Sons quitted that soon after as well as the Name Trajan at first took upon him the Name of Nerva who had adopted him which a little while after he left off and retained only that of Trajan So Hadrian did the like First it was Nerva Trajanus Hadrianus presently after it was only Hadrianus So the good Antoninus once called himself Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus but a little after changed it for Antoninus Augustus Pius on the contrary their Vanity and Ambition made them to keep up Names to which they had no Right either by Blood or Desert Thus for instance that of Antoninus is found joyned to Six Emperors as low as Caracalla and Elagabalus that of Trajan to Decius c. These Proper Names being become common to a great many have exceedingly embroiled the Roman History of Antiquaries because the Latin Medals have no Epocha's whereas the Greek Medals being much more exact in giving the Sirnames and setting forth the Years have wonderfully facilitated the Knowledge of certain Kings which would otherwise have been very perplex'd and intricate such as the Antiochi Ptolemy's and the rest We must likewise not forget here to take notice that the Name of the Magistrate under whom they were Coined is often found in the Legend of the Medals On the Greek 't is expressed by ΕΠΙ ϹΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΥ or simply 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or else 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Titles ΗΓΕΜΩΠand ΠΡΕϹΒΕΥΤΗϹ are also to be seen In the Latin Colonies the Names of the Duumvirs are found in the Ablative Case However this Instruction would be Lame and Imperfect if I should say nothing concerning the Position of the Legend The natural Order which distinguishes it from an Inscription is that it should be round the Medal within the Engrailment or Ring beginning from the Left-hand to the Right and this is generally on All since Nerva But on the Twelve Caesars we commonly find them from the Right to the Left or even partly One way and partly the Other Some are only in the Exergue as DE GERMANIS DE SARMATIS c. There are Others in a Parallel Line the One above the Other below the Representation as on a Julius Some of the same Emperor are posited Croswise and as it were in Saltire some of his too are in Pale on the Head-side and on the Reverse the Head Marc. Antony There are others of them in the middle of the Field cut off by the Figure as on one of Antony's Reverses by a very noble Trophy There is another of his where a fine Palm-Tree in the middle of a Crown of Ivy cuts these words Alexandr Aegypt In a word there are some upon the Border as in that of Julius which shews that this matter hath always depended on the Fancy of the Workman But one may be deceived by some Medals whose Legends are wrote after the Hebrew manner from the Right to the Left That of King Gelas is after this manner ΣΑΛΕΓ Some also of Palermus ÎΑΤΙΜΡΟÎΑΠand that of Caesarea has instead of Flavia ΑΛΦ which occasioned some to think it was formerly called Alphaea As that of Lipara was also unknown by being wrote ΠΙΛ for ΛΙΠΑΡ I must not forget to inform a young Beginner of the meaning of these Letters REST which he will find upon several Medals and are the Mark of them that Succeeding Emperors restored to revive the Memory of their Predecessors Claudius is the first who restored some of Augustus's Medals Nero did the like Titus after his Father's Example restored almost all his Predecessors But Gallienus without adding the REST caused the Consecrations of all the Preceding Emperors to be Coined anew on two Medals One of which bore an Altar the Other an Eagle they are known by their Size and Metal which is but base We will shut up this Instruction with observing that no certain Rule can be given how to place Legends upon Medals For although it be true that the Legend is the Soul of the Medal yet there are some Bodies to be found without a Soul that is to say Some Medals without a Legend either on the Head or Reverse-side not only among the Consular but those of the Imperial also As for instance in the Julian Family the Head of Julius is often without a Legend there are also Reverses that want Legends especially in that same Family which has a Medal that bears on one side the Head of Piety with a Stork and on the other an Augur's Staff enclosed in a Crown and a Vessel for Sacrifices without any Legend There are some that have but half a Soul if I may so say because one of their sides sometimes that of the Head sometimes that of the Reverse has no Legend We have several Heads of Augustus without any Inscription as that whose Reverse bears the Equestral Statue decreed him by the Senate with the words Caesar Divi Filius There are a world of Reverses without Legends and sometimes too even when they are considerable for the Body of the Representation and Number of Figures To these I think we may add those that have only the Name of the Mint-master or the bare S. C. since neither of them contribute any thing to the explaining the Type Such are Three or Four handsome Medals of Pompey that have very fine Reverses and only the Name of M. Minatius Sabinus Proquaestor Two fine ones of Julius Caesar one whereof is charged with a Globe the Fasces an Ax a Caduceus and two Hands joyned together has only the Name L. BVCA the other carrying a Military Eagle a Figure that sits holding a Branch of Laurel or Olive and Crowned from behind by a Victory on has foot only ex S. C. One of Galba's whose Reverse is an Allocution with Six Figures which some take to be the Adoption of Piso is found also without any Legend The Learned say the Coin is but Modern and that the true Medal bears Allocutio INSTRUCTION VII Of the several Languages that compose the Inscriptions and Legends of Medals according to the several Countries where they were coined IF we should give this Instruction its whole Extent that the Knowledge of both Modern and Ancient Medals is capable of we might very well say there were as many different Languages upon them as there are Countries that have coined Medals and Money and must admit the German French Flemish Italian Dutch and all other States where Money is made and so much the more because there be some that are curious of Money as well as of Medals and have considerable Collections not only of all
Italy 167 Judaâ— 165 Capta 84 Julia Antonina 105 Agrippina ibid. Titi ibid. Junâ— 90. 144. 158 Jupiter ibid. Lepis 164 Justin â—50 c. ΚΑΒΙΡΕΑ 93. Festivals of the Cabin ΚΟΜΟΔΕΙΑ 24. Festivals of Commodus L. LAtium 196 M. Lepidus 50 Liberality 161 Liberty ibid. Lâ—vius 165. 206 Louis the Great 13 Loâ—cilla 260 Lugduni â—4 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 69 i. Anni Lunus 143 Lycurgus 47 M. MAbillon 127 Macedonia 165 M. I. K. Maria Jesus and Constantine 57 Mariniana 189 Mars 90 148 Martiel 22 Matidia 198 Mauritania 165 Maximiâ—ian 37. 100 Maximâ—s 10â— Medaglioni 25 Melicerta Palamâ—â— 158 Meâ—â—â—trier 13. 160 Mercury 143. 151 Mescâ—nia Fam. 72 Misâ—pâ—tamia 108 Michael Ducas 98 Rhangabes 123 124 Milo Crotoniates 177 Mincia Fam. 72 Minerva 143 Morel 19. 26. 74. 94. 97 c. Moulinet 8. 118. 176. 214 ÎΑΡΘΗΞ 146. 1. Ferula Nemausus 47. Nemesis 16â— Niocori 6â— ÎΕΟΣ ΗΛΕΟϹ 99. 1. novnt Sol. ÎΕΟΙ ΗΛΙΟΙ 99. novi Solet Neptune 15â— Nero 99. 137 ÎΕΡΩΠΠΑΤΡΩΠc. 1. Neropatronus 99 Nerva 58 Nicator 35 Nicephorus 98 Norbana Fam. 72 Numerianus 89 O. ΟϹϹΟ 45 62. 99. 208 Oiselius 208 Orbiana 186 Osiris 144 Otacilla 60 Othe 186. 199 P. PAetus 108 Pamphylia 195 Pannonia 167 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 109 Paul the second 32 Patin 16 17. 36. 43. 52. 53. 65 69. 72 104. 157. 182. 191. 208. 209 Paulina 186 Pausanias 207 Peace 160 Perga 195 Pergamus ibid. Pescennius 18 â—8 Petasus 141 Petavius 206 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 106. Amatores Graec. Philip of Maceden 16 the Sixth 14 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 106. Amat Cl. Philopater 35 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 106. Amat Roman Philostratus 207 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 106. Amat Christi Phocas 146 Piety 160 ΠΙΛ 109. 1. Lipara Pittacus 47 Plautâ—s 4. 22 Plenty 160 Pletina 5 Polybius 162. 206 ΠΟΡΦΥΡΟΓΗÎÎΗΥΟϹ 98 Portunus 158 Posthums 18. 28 29. 198 Providence 160 Provincia Dacia 197 Pythagoras 97 R. RHodes 152 Rhodiginus 207 M. Rigord 187 Romanus 98 Roma renasâ—ens 87 Rosinus 207 Rostagny 21 S. ΣΑΛΕΓ 109. Gelas. Salonina 202 Sardis 195 Savet 19. 20. 22. 24 Security 161 Selcucus 35 Σ ΕΟΥΗΡΕΙΑ 94 Festivals of Sev. Septimius Severus 17. 18. 22 Seguin 73. 202 Serapis 144 Sicilia 51 167 Sida 195 Smyrna ibid. Spanhemius 61. 94. 69. 123. 207 Spet Dea 145 Stauracius 38 Strada 11. 102 Stratodes summus Sac. 108 Suesonius 188. 197 Suidas 207 The Sun 143 Corn. Supera 186 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 83. of Syracosians T. TAcitus 206 Taras 47 Tellesphorus 144 ΘΕΑ ΦΑΥϹΤΙÎΑ 52 1. Dea Faustina ΘΕΑ ΣΥÎΚΛ ΗΓΟϹ 1 Dea Senatus 1â—3 Theo. Archon 105 Theodora 98 Theodoret 183 Theodosius 10 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 94. Deorum nupt Theogenes 169 Theophilus 98 ΘΕΟϹ ΕΠΙΦΑÎΗϹ 102 ΘΕΟϹ ÎΙΚΑΤΩΡ ibid ΘΕΟϹ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΩΡ 102 Tiberius Caesar 82 Tigranes 99 Toynard 68 Trojan 163 Tranquillina 186 Tomus 47 Tristan 65. 75. 209 Tryphon 99 V. VAL Du. 12 Vaillant 27. 34 35. 40 Vellcius Paterculus 206 Venus 160 Verus 200 Vesta 90. 161 Villalpandus 2. 117 Vrsatus 211 Vrsuius Fulvius 43. 208 Vulcan 143 W. WOlfangus Lazius 23 Z. ZAleucus 47 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 169 Animal indomitum The End The Use of Metals The use of Money Greek Medals Ancient Latin Medals Consular Imperial The Higher Empire The Lower Empire Modern Medals * The French King Modern use Popes Scandalous Medals of the Popes Emperors Kings of France M. Harlay The Life oâ— Lewis the Great Father Menestrier's History The Cabinet of M. Seignelay The Medals of Illustrious Men. Golden Medals Silver Medals * Potin Medals of a base Metal †Billon Medals wash'd over with Silver Plated Copper Med. 2. p. ch 17. Medals of red and yellow Copper Medals of Corinthian Brass 2. p. ch 17. Medals of two different Coppers Medals of Lead Medals of Iron Medaillons Mr. Morel Conturniate Silver Medaillons Medaillons of Gold Medals of Copper and their different sizes Order of the great Copper Of the middle Copper Order of the little Copper Mr. du Cange Medals of the Low Emp. Opus pisani pictoris Opus Bolducis Medals without Reverses 1st Order of the Kings The Kings of Monsâ—â— Vaillant Grecian Kings Kings of the Goths Kings of France Dissert 23. 2. Order Cities Goltzius his Medals His Reputation among the Antiquaries Colonies F. Hartiouin's Book M. Vaillant's Colonies 3. Order Families Heads upon the Consular Medals The first way of forming the Series of Consular Families The second way Why called Consular 4. Order The Imperial Occo's Work That of Mezza Barba at Milan 1683. M. Patin's Work 5. Order The Deities 6. Order Illustrious Persons Medals with several Heads Adversa Jugata The first Medals how marked Is primus signavit Aes Plin. How mark'd in the Consuls time The Sympulum was a small Vessel used for Libations How stamp'd in the time of the Empire Middle Copper of Monsieur Patia F. Chamillard brought it upon his return from his Voyage to the Pyrenees The beauty of the Reverse whence it is Inscriptions Epocha's Great Occurrences Titles of Honour In the Cabinet of the Duke of Arschot Particular benefits Single Names only In Monsieur du Cange t. 5. Ib. t. 1. Ib. t. 10. Monogrammes Figures Heads In the Cabinet of the Duke of Arjâ—â—ot The Medals of Monsieur Pamiez Publick Monuments Animals Leg. XXX Ulpiâ— III. Italica II. Adjuâ—rix In the Thousandth Year from the foundation of Rome * Archoleâ—as The Works of Monsieur Spanheâ—mius Princes and Princesses upon the Reverse Two ways of ranking them according to their Reverses Printed at Antwerp 100 CXVâ—â— Antonius Augustinus Book of Oiselius Reverses of Medaillons * The Exergue is a part of the Field divided from the rest in this manner Different Epocha's of Cities Printed at Florence 1690. Of Offices Of Reâ—gns Page 72. Colonies * In Maesia Age. Dissertation of Monsieur Toynard Neocores The way of setting down their Epocha's Monsieur Patin * 44. * 229. Indictions The signification of S. C. Δ. E. History of Medals In his Treasure p. 127. Tribun Potestat Vaillant Tom. 1. Tiberius Drusus The Names of Cities * P. T Mint-master's Marks F. Hardouin in his Antirrhetique p. 16 17. Marks of the Value of Money The altering of the Value Tiberius Constant Phocas The difference betwixt the Legend and the Inscription Two Legends to every Medal Offices Fam. Aebâ—tia Fam. Caeliâ— Fam. Cornelia Fam. Aemilia Fam. Aliena Fam. Antonia Brave and Noble Actions The Essential Relation of the Legend to the Type Virtues On Claâ—dius Honours Antoninus Decius Hadrianus Constantinus Hadrianus Faustina the younger Julia Pia. Consecrations General Favours Maâ—entius Sept. Severus Aurelian Hadrian Augustus Constantine Theodosius the younger Victor Galba Particular Favours Al. Severus Caligula Nerva Domitian S. Severus Hadrian Nerva Certain pâ—â—uliar Events â—â—spasian M. Aurelius Philip. Publick Monuments Deities honoured by Princes Medals of Princesses Thesaurus Goltzii In the King's Cabinet Legends of Cities Provinces and Rivers Elagabâ—lus Military Ensigns Legions c. M. Antony's Legions Legions of Gallien Armies Hadrian Trâ—jan Hadrian Caracalla Amoniniâ— Hadriâ—n Publick Plays M. Morel's Project Specimen universae rei nummariae Publick Vows Gevartius tab 45. Titles assumed by Princes Imperator Dictator perp Pater patria Augustus III. Vir Reip. C. Censor Censor perpetuus Perpetuus Augustus Dommus Despota Monsicâ—râ— Vaillant hath the Medal ΠΑΤΡΩΠSenioâ— Nobilis Caesar Princeps Juventutis Caesar Flavius It is to be seen upon a Medal of Titus Pius Felix Patres Senatus Augusta Mater Castrorum c. Alliances Adoptions Friendships Medals of Maxentius Hadrian Trajan and Plotina Ptolemey Philadelphus and Arsinoe Praetore Proconsule Pont. Max. Praefecto Scriba gubernante Urbem Eph. Legato The Position of the Legend The Letters REST what they signify * Billen In the Cabinet of the Duke of Arschot Tab. 14. Ursin Fam. Caecilia Latin Greek Hebrew Samaritan * Upon Ezekiel Talismans Arabick M. de Court Father Moulinet Phoenician Dialog 6. and 7. Greek Char. Dissert 2. M. Du Cange's Book Latin Characters Ancient Orthography Holland by Abbot Byzot Modern Latin Characters Don John Mabillon The true Preserv Preservation suspected Several sorts of Varnish Broken Medals to be rejected Broken Medals to be preserved Bursten Medal Numismata serrata Divers sorts of Broken Medals Medals half stamped Ab. Bizot Medals Counter-marked Different Ornaments of the Head Womens Dresses Naked Heads Covered Heads The Diadem Crowns The Author seems to be mistaken here for the Reward of the Isthmian Games was a Crown of Pine and that of the Nemean Games was Parâ—ley Nero's Medal he mentions represents Pine rather than Parsley Vid. Patini Sueton. Table 1 â— in the Cabinet of the Duke of Arschot Head-pieces Foreign Habilâ—ments The Veil The Nimbus Heads of the Gods Pantheons Busts The Globe The Sceptre The Cross The Ferula The Labarum Thunder The Acacia The Crescent Arms. Cabiri Anubis Club and Lion's Skin Reverses The Hasta Nam ab origine rerum pro Diâ—â— râ—mortalibus veteres â—aâ—tas coluere Just lib. 43. cap. 3. The Patera Horn of Plenty Caduceus Thyrsus Thunder Laurel Branch Hands joyned Mil. Ensigns A Rudder Shields Games A Ship Grapes Harps Bushel Mil. Standards Staff The Pontifical Cap and Instruments Curule Chair 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Chariot Tower Basket of Flowers Cheval de frise Tripod Zodiack Parazonium p. 228. Tab. 25. Tab. 41. Tab. 55. in the Cabinet of the Duke of Arschot Wheels The Deities Rivers Provinces Animals Medals made by Fancy which never were Cast Medals Repaired Medals Medals restored with Modern Stamps Giov. Cauvino Laurent Parmesan Carteron Medals stamped upon Anent ones Counterfeit Reverses Reverses inserted or clap'd together Legends alter'd and counterfeited Counterfeit Varnish Crack'd Medals If every Medal had a different Matrix Monsieur Baudelot ' s Treatise If all base Gold is modern T. 204. Tom. 2. p. 24. A Young Beginner ought to understand History in some measure Geography Chronology Mythology What Books necessary for him Goltzius for Greek Cities Vrsinus for the Consular Occo and Mezzabarba for the Imperial M. Patin Gevartius Oiselius Hemelatius Du Cange Tristan Vaillant Morell F. Hardouin Antonius Augustinus Thesaurus Goltzii Vrsatus Rare Medals Tom. 2. The Price of Medals Praise of the Modern Med. of Gold in the King's Cabinets Order the Modern †Beggars Books that treat of modern Medals