likewise be beaten tho' not so as to be kill'd or disabled No Woman of innocent conversation shall appear abroad in an immodest or affected Garb she that doth shall forfeit a thousand Drachms Women are forbid to travel with above three Gowns or more meat and drink than they can purchase for an Obolus neither shall they carry with them above an Hand-basket or go out any where by nighâ— but in a Chariot with a Lamp or Torch carry'd before it Laws relating to the Love of Boys Procurers and Strumpets NO Slave shall Caress or be Enamour'd with a Free-born Youth he who is shall receive publickly fifty stripes If any one whether Father Brother Uncle or Guardian or any other who hath Jurisdiction over a Boy take hire for him to be effeminately embrac'd the catamited Boy shall have no Action issued out against him but the Chap-man and Pander only who are both to be punish'd after the same manner the Child when grown up to maturity of Age shall not be oblig'd to keep his Father so offending only when dead He shall bury him with decency suitable to a Parent 's Obsequies If any one prostitute a Boy or Woman He shall be prosecuted with the Action call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and if convicted punish'd with Death Any Athenian impower'd so to do may bring an Action against him who hath vitiated a Boy Woman or Man Free-born or in Service for the determination of which the Thesmotheâ—ae are to create Judges to sit in the Heliaea within thirty days after the complaint hath been brought before them or suppose any publick concern hinders as soon as occasion will permit if the Offender is cast He shall immediately undergo the punishment whether Corporal or Pecuniary annext to his Offence if he be sentenc'd to die let him be deliver'd to the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and suffer Death the same Day if the vitiated Servant or Woman belong to the Prosecutor and he lets the Action fall or doth not get the fifth part of the Suffrages He shall be fin'd a thousand Drachms if the Criminal be only fin'd let him pay within eleven Days at the farthest after Sentence is past if it be a Free-born Person he hath vitiated let him be kept in bonds till payment thereof He that hath prostituted himself for a Catamite shall not be elected an Archon Priest or Syndic shall execute no Office either within or out of Attica's boundaries conferr'd by Lot or Suffrage he shall not be sent on an Embassie pass Verdict set footing within the publick Temples be crown'd on solemnary Days or enter the Forum's purified Precincts if any one convicted of the above-mention'd lasciviousness be caught offending in any one of these points he shall suffer Death Persons who keep company with common Strumpets shall not be accounted Adulterers for such shall be in common for the satiating of Lust. Whores shall wear as a Badge of distinction flower'd Garments Laws appointed for the drawing up of Wills and right Constitution of Heirs and Successors THE Right of Inheritance shall remain in the same Family Boys or Women are to receive for their Inheritance no more than a Medimn of Barley All Genuine Citizens whose Estates were impair'd by litigious Suits when Solon entred the Praetor-ship shall have permission of leaving their Estates to whom they will admit they have no Male-children alive or themselves be not craz'd thro' the infirmities of old Age the misery of a distemper or the enchantments of Witchcraft or if they be not hen-peckt or forc'd to it by some unavoidable necessity The Wills of such as having Children yet dispose of their Estates shall stand good if the Children die before they arrive to Maturity Any one tho' he hath Daughters alive may give his Estate to another body on this proviso that the Person enjoying it shall marry a Daughter Adopted Persons shall make no Will but as soon as they have Children lawfully begotten let them return into the Family whence they were adopted or if they continue in it to their Death then they shall return back the Estates to the Relations of the Person that adopted All legitimate Sons shall have an equal claim to their Father's Inheritance He that after he hath adopted a Son begets legitimate Children shall share his Estate among the legitimate and adopted The Estate of him that dies intestate and leaves Daughters shall come to those who marry them but if there are no Daughters these shall enjoy it viz. His Brothers by the Father's side and their Sons if he hath neither Brothers nor Nephews then Males descended from them tho' very far distant in Kindred but if none of the Grand-children remain down to the second Cousins by the Man's side the Wife's Relations shall put in for the Inheritance admit there are none living of either side they who have the nearest pretence to Kindred shall enjoy it as for Bastards from Euclides's Archon-ship they shall pretend no right to Kindred if there is a lawfully begotten Daughter and an illegitimate Son the Daughter shall have preference in Right to the Estate both in respect of Divine and Civil Affairs No Bastard shall have left him above five 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 All the Year round except in the Month 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Legacies shall be examin'd by Law so that no one shall enjoy any unless lawfully devolv'd on him He that issues a Writ against one settled in an Inheritance shall bring him before the Archon and deposite 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as is usual in other Actions for unless he prosecutes the Enjoyer he shall have no Title to the Estate and if the immediate Successor against whom the Action is brought be dead the other within such a time as the nature of the Action doth require shall make an Appeal to the Archon whose business 't is to take Cognizance of this Action as also it was of the former Action of the Man in possession of the Estate Five Years being expir'd after the Death of the immediate Successor the Estate is to remain secure to the deceas'd Person 's Heirs without being liable to Law-suits Laws appertaining to Guardianship NO one can be another's Guardian who is to enjoy the Estate after his Death Guardians shall let out their Pupils Houses The Archon shall be oblig'd to take care of Orphans Heiressâ—â— decay'd Families Women that remain in the Houses of their deceas'd Husbands pretending to be with Child and to protect them from Violence and Abuses if any one is injurious or contumelious the Archoâ— shall fine him as far as the limits of his Power extend if the Offender herein transgress beyond his commission of punishing the Archon having first impos'd him as he thinks fit shall compell him at five days warning to make appearance at the Court of Heliaea where if he be convicted that Court shall impose on him arbitrarily either pecuniary or corporal Penalty No Pupil after five Years space shall sue a
was about great and publick Offences whereby the State was brought into Danger such Actions were not referr'd to any Court of Justice but immediately brought before the Senate of Five-hundred or the popular Assembly were the Delinquent was severely punish'd but the Plaintiff underwent no danger altho' he could not prove his Indictment except he fail'd of having the fifth part of the Suffrages for then he was fin'd a thousand Drachms The second sort of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was an Action of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of which I shall speak in another place it was brought before the Archon to whom the Plaintiff gave in his Accusation but was not liable to have any Fine laid upon him tho' Sentence was given against him The third was an Action against the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 preferr'd by Persons that thought themselves unjustly dealt with by them who ran the hazard of being disfranchis'd and forfeiting their Freedom if they were not able to make good their Accusation Indeed in all the fore-mention'd Accusations the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 only excepted this Penalty together with a Fine of a thousand Drachms was inflicted upon the Plaintiff if he had not the fifth part of the Suffrages CHAPTER XXIV Of the Private Judgments Actions c. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was an Action of Slander by which the Criminal was fin'd five-hundred Drachms 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was an Action of Battery in which case there was no set Penalty inflicted by the Laws but the Judges took an account of the Dammages suffer'd by the Plaintiff and compell'd the Delinquent to make sufficient retribution 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was an Action against such as ravish'd Women or had us'd Violence towards any Man's Person 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was an Action of Trespass being against those that had endammag'd another man's Estate Lands Houses Cloaths c. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was an Action enter'd by Heiresses against their Husbands by Parents against their Children and Orphans against their Guardians when they were ill us'd or injur'd by them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was an Action of Divorce when the Husband had put away his Wife On the contrary when the Woman fled from her Husband the Action was call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was against Theeves Demosthenes reports that if any Man had stoln above fifty Drachms in the Day-time he was to be indicted at the Tribunal of the Eleven But if any Theâ—t was committed in the Night it was lawful to kill the Criminal if he was caught in the Fact or to pursue him and if he made any resistance to wound him and so hale him to the Eleven by whom if he was convicted of any of those Crimes that bore an Action of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 he was not not permitted to give Bail but immediately suffer'd Death If any Person surreptitiously convey'd any thing of the smallest value out of the Lyceum Academy Cynosarges or any of the Gymnasia or out of Havens above the value of ten Drachms he was adjudg'd to dye If any Man was convicted of Theft by a private Juâ—gment he was to make retribution to the Person he had injur'd by paying him double the value of what he had depriv'd him of nor was this punishment alone thought sufficient to expiate his Offence but it lay in the Judges Power to keep him in Bonds five days and as many nights and expose him in that condition to the view of all the People 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was against such as refus'd to restore any thing committed to their Charge 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was a Suit betwixt Debtors and Userers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was an Action against those that would not stand to their Contracts or Bargains Not much different from this was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 only 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are distinguish'd from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in this That these chiefly imply private Contracts about the Lone of Money Division of Inheritances and References to the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whereas the other are extended as well to publick Negotiations between Cities and Kingdoms as to Bargains made by private Persons Others there are that acknowledge no such difference betwixt them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was an Action against such Persons as would not consent to make a division of Goods or Estates wherein other Men were sharers with them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was about publick Duties whereby it was required that the Person design'd to undertake them should have a Time appointed wherein he should enter upon his charge It is also taken for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 when Daughters inherited the Estates of their Parents they were oblig'd by Law to marry their nearest Relation This was the occasion of this Suit which was commenc'd by Persons of the same Family each of which pretended to be more nearly allied to the Heiress than the rest The Virgin about whom the Relations contested was call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was a Daughter that had no Brothers lawfully begotten and therefore inherited her Father's whole Estate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was one that had Brothers and shar'd the Estate with them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was a Suit commenc'd by one that made pretensions to the Estate of a deceased Person as being his Son either by Nature or Adoption 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was an Action enter'd by the Relations of the deceased whereby they claim'd a right to the Estate as belonging to them by reason of their Consanguinity or bequeathed by Will It was so call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because the Plaintiff deposited the tenth part of the Inheritance if the Cause was private and the fifth if it was a publick Estate he contended for this he was to forfeit if he could not make his Plea good 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was a Law-suit about Kindred whereby any Person claim'd a Relation to such or such a Family and therefore it seems to have been of the same Nature with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was a Protestation that the deceased Person had left an Heir made to hinder the Relations from entering upon the Estate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was an Action whereby the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was prov'd to be false and groundless 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was when any Person claim'd some part of another man's Goods which were confiscated and sold by Auction 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 when a Husband divorc'd his Wife the Law oblig'd him to restore her Portion or in case he refus'd that to pay her for each Pound nine Oboli every Month upon the failure of which he was liable to have this Action enter'd against him in the Odeum by his Wife 's 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Guardian whereby he was forc'd to allow her a separate
Demetrius the Phalerean's time they restoring always what was decay'd and changing the old and rotten Planks for those that were new and entire insomuch that it furnish'd the Philosophers with matter of Dispute Whether after so many Reparations and Alterations it might still be call'd the same individual Ship and serv'd as an Instance to illustrate the Opinion of those that held the body still remain'd the same numerical substance notwithstanding the continual decay of old parts and acquisition of new ones through the several Ages of Life for which reason Callimachus calls it's Tackle everliving 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 To great Apollo's Temple ev'ry year The sturdy Theoris th' Athenians send Yet spight of envious Time and angry Seas The Vessel ever whole will be Mr. Dechair The beginning of the Voyage was computed from the time that Apollo's Priest first adorn'd the Stern of the Ship with Garlands saith Plato and from that time they began to cleanse and lustrate the City and it was held unlawful to put any Malefactor to death till it's return which was the reason that Socrates was repriev'd thirty days after his condemnation as we learn from Xenophon The Theori wore Garlands of Laurel upon their Heads and were accompanied by two of the Family of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 who were appointed to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 at Delos for that Year of which Office I have already treated Before them went certain Men with Axes in their Hands in shew as if they design'd to clear the Ways of Robbers in memory that Theseus in his Journey from Troezen to Athens free'd the Countrey from all the Robbers that infested those Parts To this Custom Aeschylus seems to allude when he saith 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Mov'd with a Sense of Piety To Him th' Athenians do repair Still as they on their Journey go Whatever Parts infested be With Robbers cruel Outrages Setting 'em free Mr. Dechair When they went thither they were said 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to ascend when they return'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to descend When they arriv'd they offer'd Sacrifice and celebrated a Festival in Honour of Apollo this done they repair'd to their Ship and sail'd homewards At their return all the People ran forth to meet them opening their Doors and making Obeysance as they pass'd by the neglect of which respect makes Theseus complain in Euripides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 My scornfull Citizens I find neglect Rushing to crow'd about the op'ned Doors And pay Me that Respect which is decree'd For one that from the Embassie returns Mr. Dechair The next Oracle I shall speak of is that of Apollo Didymaeus so nam'd from the double light imparted by him to Mankind the one directly and immediately from his own Body which causeth the Day the other mediately and by reflection from the Moon which enlightneth the Night The place of it was also call'd Didyma and belong'd to the Milesians It was also call'd the Oracle of the Branchidae and Apollo himself was call'd Branchides from Branchus who was reputed the Son of Machareus but begotten by Apollo for it was no unusual thing for the ancient Heroes to be call'd the Sons of two Fathers the one Mortal who was always their Mothers Husband the other some lascivious Deity that had fallen in Love with her so Hercules was reputed the Son of Iupiter and Amphitryon Hector of Priamus and Apollo with many others This Branchus having on a certain time kiss'd Apollo receiv'd from him a Crown and Scepter together with the gift of Prophesy and presently after disappear'd Some time after a magnificent Temple was erected in honour of Him and dedicated to Him and Apollo whence Statius saith he was patrioque aequalis honori In honour equal to his Father Phoebus Others derive the Name from Branchus a Theâ—salian Youth belov'd by Apollo who receiv'd him into his own Temple and commanded that Divine honours should be paid him after Death But Stephanus the Byzantian telleth us that this Oracle was sacred to Iupiter and Apollo and perhaps it might belong to all three In the time of the Persian War this Temple was spoil'd and burn'd being betray'd into the Hands of the Barbarians by the Branchidae or Priests that had the care of it but they conscious of their own wickedness and fearing least they should meet with condign Punishment desired of Xerxes that as a requital of their Service he would grant them a Habitation in some remote part of Asia whence they might never return into Greece but live secure being plac'd beyond the reach of Justice Xerxes granted their Request whereupon notwithstanding a great many unlucky Omens appear'd to them they founded a City and call'd it after their ancient name Branchidae But for all this they could not escape Divine Vengeance which was inflicted on their Children by Alexander the Great who having conquer'd Darius and possess'd himself of Asia utterly demolish'd their City and put all it's Inhabitants to the Sword as detesting the very Posterity of such impious Wretches The Persians being vanquish'd and Peace restor'd to Greece the Temple was rebuilt by the Milesians with such magnificence that it surpass'd all the other Grecian Temples in Bigness being rais'd to such a bulk that they were forc'd to let it remain uncover'd for the compass of it was no less than that of a Village and contained at least four or five Stadia Another of Apollo's Oracles we read of in Abae a City of Phocis mention'd by Herodotus and Stephanus the Byzantian by the latter of which we are told it was more ancient then the Delphiaen Sophocles also hath taken notice of it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hence all Religion now I will no more Trouble that hallow'd Fane which equally Parts the divided Earth no Journies make To Abae for the Answers of a God In vain 't is to be good Mr. Dechair The Scholiasts on this place are of opinion that Abae was a City in Lycia but are sufficiently refuted by the testimonies already cited At Clarâ—s a City of Ionia not far from Colophon there was another Oracle sacred to Apollo first instituted by Manto the Daughter of Tiresias who fled thither in the second Theban War when the Epigoni i. e. the Sons of those that were slain in the former War invaded Thebes under the conduct of Alâ—maeon in revenge of their Fathers Deaths The Person that deliver'd Answers was a Man who was generally chosen out of some certain Families and for the most part out of Miletus He was usually unlearn'd and very ignorant yet return'd the Oracles in Verses wonderfully satisfactory and adapted to the intention of the Enquirers and this by the Virtue of a little Well feign'd to have sprung out of the
loud pretensions to Antiquity as the best of their Neighbours they gave out that they were produc'd at the same time with the Sun and assumed to themselves the Honourable Name for so they thought it of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which word signifies Persons produc'd out of the same soil that they inhabit For it was an old Opinion and almost every where receiv'd among the Vulgar that in the beginning of the World Men like Plants were by some strange Prolifick Virtue produc'd out of the Fertile Womb of one common Mother Earth and therefore the Ancients generally called themselves 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sons of the Earth as Hesychius informs us Alluding to the same Original the Athenians would sometimes stile themselves 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Grashoppers and some of them wore Grashoppers of Gold binding them in their Hair as Badges of Honour and marks to distinguish them from others of later Duration and less Noble extraction because those Insects were believ'd to be generated out of the Ground Virgil has mention'd this custom in his Poem entitul'd Ciris Ergo omnis caro residebat cura capillo Aurea solemni comptum quem fibula ritu Cecropiae tereti nectebat dente cicadae Wherefore she did as was her constant Care With Grashoppers adorn her comely Hair Brac'd with a Golden Buckle Attick-wise Mr. Io. Abell of Linc. Coll. Without doubt the Athenians were a very ancient Nation and it may be the first and only one that ever inhabited that Countrey for when Thessaly and Peloponnesus and almost all the fertile Regions of Greece chang'd their old Masters every Year the barrenness of their Soil secur'd them from Forreign Invasions Greece at that time had no constant and settl'd Inhabitants but there were continual Removes the stronger always dispossessing the weaker and therefore they liv'd as we say from Hand to Mouth and provided no more than what was necessary for present Sustenance expecting every Day when some more powerfull Nation should come and displace them as they had lately done their Predecessors Amidst all these troubles and tumults Attica lay secure and unmolested being protected from Forreign Enemies by means of a craggy and unfruitful Soil that could not afford Fuel for contention and secur'd from intestine and civil Broils by the quiet and peaceable Dispositions of it's Inhabitants for in those Golden-Days no affectation of Supremacy nor any Sparks of Ambition had fired Men's minds but every one liv'd full of content and satisfaction in the enjoyment of an equal share of Land and other Necessaries with the rest of his Neighbours The usual Attendants of a long and uninterrupted Peace are Riches and Plenty but in those Days when Men liv'd upon the products of their own Soil and had not found out the way of supplying their wants by Traffick the case was quite contrary and Peace was only the Mother of Poverty and Scarceness producing a great many new Mouths to consume but affording no new Supplies to satisfie them This was soon experienc'd by the Athenians for in a few Ages they were increas'd to such a number that their Countrey being not only unfruitfull but confin'd within very narrow bounds was no longer able to furnish them with necessary Provisions This forced them to contrive some means to disburthen it and therefore they sent out Colonies to provide new Habitations which spread themselves in the several parts of Greece This sending forth of Colonies was very frequent in the first Ages of the World and several instances there are of it in later Times especially amongst the Gauls and Scythians who often left their Native-Countries in vast Bodies and like general inundations overturn'd all before them Meursius reckons to the number of forty Plantations peopl'd by Athenians but amongst them all there was none so remarkable as that in Asia the Lesse which they call'd by the Name of their Native-Countrey Ionia For the primitive Athenians were nam'd Iones and Iaones and hence it came to pass that there was a very near Affinity between the Attick and old Ionick Dialect as Eustathius observes And tho' the Athenians thought fit to lay aside their Ancient Name yet it was not altogether out of use in Theseus's Reign as appears from the Pillar erected by him in the Isthmus to shew the Bounds of the Athenians on the one side and the Peloponnesians on the other on the East-side of which was this Inscription This is not Peloponnesus but Ionia And on the South-side this This is not Ionia but Peloponnesus This Name is thought to have been given them by Iavan which bears a near resemblance to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and much the nearer if as Grammarians tell us the Ancient Greeks pronounc'd the letter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 broad like the Dipthong 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as in our English word All and so Sr. George Wheeler reports the Modern Greeks do at this Day This Iavan was the fourth Son of Iapheth and is said to have come into Greece after the confusion of Babel and seated himself in Attica And this Report receiveth no small confirmation from the Divine Writings where the Name of Iavan is in several places put for Greece Two instances we have in Daniel And when I am gone forth behold the Prince of Graecia shall come And again He shall stir up all against the Realm of Graecia Where tho' the Vulgar Translations render it not Iavan yet as Mr. Rous hath observ'd that is the Word in the Original And again in Isaiah And I will send those that escape of them to the Nations in the Sea in Italy and in Greece Where Sr. Walter Raleigh hath taken notice that the Tigurine Version with that of Geneva retains the Hebrew words and useth the Names of Tubal and Iavan instead of Italy and Greece But the Grecians themselves having no knowledge of their true Ancestor make this Name to be of much later date and derive it from Ion the Son of Xuthus This Xuthus as Pausanias reports having robb'd his Father Deucalion of his Treasure convey'd himself together with his ill-gotten Wealth into Aâ—tica which was at that time govern'd by Erectheus who Courteously entertain'd him and gave him his Daughtâ—r in â—arriagâ— by whom hâ— had two Sons Ion and Achaeus the former of which gave his Naâ—e to the Ionians the latter to the Achaeans It is not improbable that 〈◊〉 himself might râ—ceive his Name from Iavan it being a Custom observable in the Histories of all Times to keep up the Ancient Name of a Fore-Father especially such as had beeâ— eminent in the Times he liv'd in by reviving it in some of the 〈…〉 his Posâ—erity From the first Peopling of 〈…〉 the time oâ— King Ogyges we have no Account of any thin◠〈…〉 thâ—re only â—lato reports they had a Tradition that 〈◊〉 Athenian Power and Glâ—ry were very great in those Days that they were excâ—â—lâ—â—tly skill'd both in Civil and
the Gymnical exercises Let him be disfranchis'd who beats his Parents or does not provide for them If any Man being found guilty of abusing his Parents frequent prohibited places the Eleven â—hall Fetter him and bring him to Tryal at the Heliaean Court where any one who is impower'd thereto may accuse him if he 's here cast the Heliaean Judges shall inflict upon him what punishment they please and if they Fine him let him be clapt up in Gaol till he pays the whole No Bastards or such as have been brought up to no Employ shall be oblig'd to keep their Parents If any one's Estate after his decease shall be call'd in question the enjoyer of it is oblig'd to prove the Lawfulness of his Parent 's getting it according to that Golden Precept Honour your Parents He that is undutiful to his Parents shall be uncapable of bearing any Office If thro' the infirmity of old Age or torture of a Disease any Father be found craz'd and distemper'd in mind a Son may forthwith have an Action against him wherein if he be cast he may keep him in bonds Laws belonging to Sojourners EVery Sojourner is to choose his Patron out of the Citizens who is to pay his Tribute to the Collectors and take care of all his other concerns Let there be an Action against them who don't choose a Patron or pay Tribute In this Action no Forreigner shall appear as a Witness Let them be cast into Prison before Sentence is past without any grant of Bailment on whom the Action of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is laid but if condemn'd they shall be sold whoever is acquitted of this imputation may accuse his adversary of Bribery Laws relating to Slaves and Free'd-servants HE that beats another Man's Servant may have an Action of Battery brought against him No one may Sell a Captive for a Slave without the consent of his former Master if any Captive hath been sold he shall be rescu'd and let his rescuer put in Sureties for his appearance before the Polemarchus If any Slave's Freedom hath been unjustly asserted by another the Asserâ—or shall be liable to pay half the price of the Slave Any Slave unable to drudge under the Imperiousness of his Master may compell him to let him quit his service for one more mild and gentle Slaves may buy themselves out of bondage No Slaves are to have their Liberty given them in the Theater the Cryer that proclaims it shall be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 All emancipated Slaves shall pay certain services and due Homage to the Procurers of their Liberty choosing them only for their Patrons and not be wanting in the performance of those Duties to which they are oblig'd by Law Patrons are permitted to bring an Action of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 against such Free'd-Slaves as are remiss in the foremention'd Duties and reduce them to their pristine state of Bondage if the charge be prov'd against them but if the accusation be groundless they shall entirely possess their Freedom Any who have a mind whether Citizens or Strangers may appear as Evidence in the above-mention'd Cause He that redeems a Prisoner of War may claim him as his own unless the Prisoner himself be able to pay his own Ransom Maintenance is by no means to be given to a Slave careless in his Duty Laws concerning the Senate of Five-hundred NO one is to be twice an Epistatâ— The Oath of the Senate I pass by as before treated of The Establishment of Phocus runs That Senators with the rest of the Athenians shall keep the Feast call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as is usual by the custom of the Country and that there shall be an Adjournment of the Senate and Vacations of lesser Courts for five-days from the time in which the Protenthae begin to celebrate the Solemnity The Cryer shall pray for the good success of Affairs and encourage all Men to lay out their endeavours on that design The Cryer shall curse him openly with his Kindred and Family who shall appear at the Sessions and plead Causes for Lucre. Let the most grave of the Senators having decently compos'd their Bodies deliver their most prudent and wise thoughts to the People and after them let such of the rest as will do the like one by one according to seniority In every Assembly let there be one Tribe elected to preside and to look after the Laws The Prytanes are not to authorize the People to Vote twice for the same thing The Senate of Five-hundred may Fine as far as five-hundred Drachms Let the Senate of the Five-hundred build new Ships Such as have not built any shall be refâ—â—'d the donation of Crowns This Senate shall give account of their Administration and they who have executed their Offices well shall be rewarded with Crowns Laws which concern Magistrates NONE shall be Magistrates but they who have competent Estates The Election of Magistrates shall be by Beans It shall be punishable with Death to pass two Suffrages for the same Candidate The Archons shall be created by the People No one shall bear the same Office twice or enter on two several the same Year All Magistrates that are elected by Suffrages Surveyors of publick Works and they who have any Authority in the City upward of thirty days with those who preside over the Courts of Judicature shall not enter on their respective Offices till they have undergone the accustom'd Examination and after the expiration of those Offices they shall give an account of the discharge of their Trust before the Scribe and Logistae as other Magistrates are oblig'd to do This shall be the manner So much I receiv'd from the Publick so much I laid out or in the reverse Such as have not made up their accounts shall expend none of their money in Divine uses nor be Patrons or Witnesses nor shall they have license to travel bear another Office or have the honour of a Crown conferr'd on them It 's Death for any one in debt to be invested with a publick Trust. It 's also Death to attempt Usurpation Let him be out-law'd who shall continue in his Magistracy after the dissolution of Democratical government whereupon it shall be lawful for any one to kill such a Person and make seisure of his Goods A Psephism THIS Decree was made by the Senate and Athenian State the Tribe Aeantis being Prytanes Cleogenes Clerk Boëthus chief President and Demophantus it's Ingrosser the date of this Psephism is from the election of the Senate of Five-hundred and thus it runs If any one levels at the ruine of the Common-wealth or after it's subversion bears any Office let that Man be censur'd as an Enemy to the State and dispatch'd out of the way let all his Goods saving the tenth part to be confiscated to Minerva be expos'd to Sale he that kills him with all his Assistants shall be blameless herein and free from the guilt of his Death all Athenians likewise in
and other Traffick if any of these Persons make any Bargains not inconsistent with the Laws they shall stand good If any one recedes from a promise made to the Commons Senate or Iudges he shall be proceeded against with the Action call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and if found guilty be punish'd with Death He that doth not stand to an engageâ—ent made publickly shall be disfranchiz'd He His Heirs and all who belong to him shall be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 who hath receiv'd bribes himself tamper'd others with them or us'd any insinuating Artifice to the prejudice of the State He who being in a publick Office receives bribes shall either loose his Life or make retribution of the bribes ten-fold Laws belonging to Marriages NO Man shall have above one Wife No Athenian is to marry any other than a Citizen If an Heiress is contracted lawfully in full Marriage by a Father Brother by Father's side or Grand-sire it 's lawful to procreate with her Free-born Children but if she be not betroth'd these Relations being dead and she consequently an Orphan let her have a Guardian to joyn her in Wedlock to the next of kin but supposing she is no Heiress and but low in the world let her choose what Guardian she please and he shall be oblig'd to the performance of his Trust. If any one marry a Stranger as his Kins-woman to an Athenian Citizen he shall be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 his Goods publisht to Sale the Thirds of which shall fall to the Impeacher who shall make him appear before the Thesmothetae after the manner of those who are prosecuted with the Action of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Stranger that settles with a Citizen-Woman may be sued by any one impower'd thereto in the Court of the Thesmothetae where if the Law goes against him he shall be sold and the third part of what he is sold for and of his Estate be given to the accuser in the same manner Forreign-women shall be dealt with who marry Free'd-men and beside that the Man shall forfeit a thousand Drachms No Athenian Woman shall marry her self into an exotick Family Any one may make a Sister by Father's side his Wife No Heiress must marry out of her Kindred but shall resign up her self and Fortune to her nearest Relation Every Month except in that call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Iudges shall meet to inspect into those who are design'd for Heiresses Husbands and shall put them by as incapacitated who cannot give sufficient credentials of their alliance by Blood If any one sues another by a claim to the Heiress he must deposite 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the tenth part of her Portion and he who enjoys her shall lay his Case open to the Archon but in case he makes no Appeal his right of inheritance shall be cut off if the Heiresse's Husband against whom the Action is brought be dead the other within such a time as the nature of the Thing doth require shall make an Appeal to the Archon whose business it is to take Cognizance of the Action If a Father bury all his Sons he may entail his Estate on his marri'd Daughters If an Heiress cannot conceive Children by her Husband she may seek aid amongst the nearest of her Husband's Relations All Men are oblig'd to lie with their Wives if Heiresses three nights at least in a Month. He that ravishes a Virgin shall be oblig'd to marry her A Guardian shall not marry the Mother of those Orphans with whose Estate he is entrusted Slaves are allow'd the Familiarity of Women When a New-marri'd Woman is brought to her Husband's House she must carry with her a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in token of good House-wifery Let a Bride at the first bedding with her Bridegroom eat a Quince Laws touching Dowries A Bride shall not carry with her to her Husband above three Garments and Vessels of small value They who are the next in Blood to an Orphan-Virgin that hath no Fortune shall marry her themselves or settle a Portion on her according as they are in Quality if of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 five-hundred Drachms if of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 three-hundred if of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 one hundred and fifty but if she hath many Kindred equally alli'd all of them severally shall put in a contribution till they make up the respective summ if there be many Orphan-virgins their nearest Relation shall either give in Marriage or take one of them to Wife but if he doth neither the Archon shall compell him but if the Archon does connive at the neglect he himself shall be Fin'd a thousand Drachms to be consecrated to Iuno Whoever breaks this Law may be indicted by any Person before the Archon That Woman who brings her Husband a Fortune and lives in the same House with her Children may keep their Estates in her own hand without paying Interest-money An Heiress's Son when come to man's Estate shall enjoy his Mother's Fortune and keep Her He that promises to settle an Estate on a Woman shall not be forc'd to stand to it if she dies without Heirs Laws referring to Divorces HE who divorceth his Wife must make restitution of her Portion or pay in lieu of it nine Oboli every Month her Guardian otherwise may prosecute him in the Odeum with the Action call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for her maintenance If a Woman forsake her Husband or He put away his Wife He who gave her in Marriage shall exact the Dowrie given with her and no more That Woman who hath a mind to leave her Husband must give in a separation-bill to the Archon with her own hand and not by a Proxy Laws belonging to Adulteries HE that deflowrs a Free-woman by force shall be Fin'd an hundred Drachms He who in the same manner violates a young Maiden's Chastity shall be Fin'd a thousand Drachms He that catches an Adulterer in the Fact may impose any Arbitrary punishment If any one is injuriously clapt up on suspicion of Adultery He shall make his complaint by Appeal to the Thesmothetae which if they find justifiable He shall be acquitted and his Sureties discharg'd from their Bail but in case he be brought in Guilty the Judges shall lay on him death only excepted what punishments they will and he be forc'd to get Friends to pass their word for his future Chastity If any one commit a Rape he shall be amerc'd twice as much as is usual otherwise No Husband shall have to do with his Wife any more after she hath defil'd his Bed and her Gallant convicted and if he does not put her away he shall be esteem'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hereupon she is prohibited coming to publick Temples where if she does but enter she is liable to any Penalty except Death No Adulteress shall be permitted to adorn her self she that doth shall have her Garments cut or torn off her back by any that meets her and
Guardian for the mis-management of his Trust. Laws about Sepulcres and Funerals LET the dead be interr'd No Tomb is to consist of more work than ten Men can finish in three days neither is it to be erected arch-wise or adorn'd with Statues No Grave is to have over it or by it Pillars above three cubits high it 's Table and Labellum or or little Vessel to contain Victuals for the Ghost's maintenance are to be of the same height He that defaceth a Sepulcre or laies one of a different Family in that of another breaks it eraseth the Inscription or beats down the Pillar shall suffer condign Punishment No one shall come near another's Grave unless at the Celebration of Obsequies The Corps shall be laid out at the Relations pleasure the next day following before Day-light shall be the Funeral Procession the Men shall proceed first the Women after them it 's unlawful hereby for any Woman if under three-score and no Relation to go where the mournful Solemnity is kept or after the Burial is solemniz'd Too great a concourse of People is prohibited at Funerals Let not the Corps be buried with above three Garments Let not Women tear their Faces or make Lamentations or Dirges at Funerals At every one's Death there shall be paid to the Preistess of Minerva who is plac'd in the Cittadel a Choenix of Barley the like of Wheat and an Obolus No Ox shall be offer'd to atone for or appease the Ghost of the deceased Children and Heirs shall perform the accustom'd Rites of Parentation Slaves when Dead shall not be embalm'd or honour'd with a Funeral Banquet Let there be no Panegyricks unless at Funerals publickly Solemniz'd and then not spoken by Kindred but one appointed by the Publick for that purpose They who fall in the Field are to have their Obsequies celebrated at the publick Charge Let the Father have the privilege of giving that Son a Funeral Encomium who dy'd valiantly in the Fight He shall have an annual Harangue spoken in his Honour on the day he fell who receives his Death with undaunted Prowess in the Battel 's Front Let him who accidentally lights on an unburied Carkase cast earth upon it and let all Bodies be buried West-ward Don't speak evil of the Dead no not tho' their Children provoke you Laws against Ruffians and Assassins THE Areopagite Senate shall sit in Judgment over Cases of wilfull Murder of Wounds given wilfully Setting Houses on Fire or killing by Poyson The Assassin's Council shall not make any preliminary Apology use any motives for the gaining of Compassion or speak any thing forreign to the Cause The Thesmothetae shall condemn Murderers who fly after the Fact The Assassin shall suffer Death in the Murdred Person 's Country and being hal'd away to the Thesmothetae according to the appointment of the Law he shall be liable to no other violence or ill usage besides what his Capital punishment includes no body shall take Money for his Pardon he that doth shall pay double the Money he receiv'd of the Criminal his Name likewise by any body shall be carried in to the Archons but the Heliastick Court alone shall pass Judgment upon him If any one kills or assists in killing a Murderer that abstains from the Forum Consecrated places publick Sports and the Amphictyonick Festivals he shall undergo the severity of the Law as much as if he had kill'd a Citizen of Athens The Ephetae are to take Cognizance of this Matter One accus'd of Murder shall have nothing to do with City-Privileges He that puts him in trouble who was forc'd to make flight out of Attica for Chance-medley shall undergo the same penalty with him who doth the like to one within Athens He who commits Chance-medley shall fly his Country for a Year till satisfaction be made to the dead Person 's Kindred then he shall return sacrifice and be purified He shall not have an Action of Murther brought against him who binds him over to his appearance before the Magistrate that return'd from banishment before his limited time is completed If any one hath unadvisedly given his Antagonist in the Exercises his Death or kill'd by chance a Man lying in Ambuscade or being in the brunt of an engagement in War or one debauching his Wife Mother Sister Daughter Miss or the Nurse of his legitimate Children let not such an one be banisht It shall be lawful to kill that Person who shall make an assault on the Innocent If any one being banisht for Chance-medley shall have an Indictment of wilful Murder laid to his charge before he hath made up the difference with those who banisht him He shall make his defence before the Court 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in a little Vessel which shall not be permitted to come to shore but his Judges shall give Sentence on the Land if he is cast he shall answer Justice for wilful Murder but if absolv'd shall only undergo the former Sentence of banishment for Chance-medley If any Archon or Man in a private capacity is instrumental in the depravation or repeal of these Statutes let him and his Children be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and his Goods be sold. It shall be lawful to hale a Murderer if found in any religious Places or the Forum to Gaol and if he prove guilty to put him to Death but if the committer of him to Gaol do not procure the fifth part of the Votes he shall be fin'd a thousand Drachms If any one comes to an untimely End his nearest Relations may bring the Action of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 against those People they suspect either to be Abettors of the Murder or Protectors of the Felon and till such time as these either make satisfaction or surrender the Delinquent the Murdered Man's Relations are privileg'd to seize three Men of their Body The Right of the prosecution of Murderers belongs to the Kindred of the Murdered Kins-folks Children their Sons in Law Fathers in Law Sisters Children and those of the same 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Murderers have liberty granted of imploring the Father of the Murder'd to be mild and favourable but if he is not alive then his Brother or Sons all together shall be intreated for without the joynt consent of them all nothing shall prevail if these fore-mention'd Persons are all dead and the Death of the Person came by Chance-medley according to the determination of the fifty Ephetae ten of the same 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 may if they think fit convene and delegate one and fifty out of the Nobility to the Ephetae ** All they who were Murderers before the making of this Law shall be subject to it's obligation If any one hath been Murder'd in any of the Burroughs and no body removes him the Demarchus shall give orders to his Friends to take him away bury him and perform the Duty of Lustration towards the Burrough that very day on which he was kill'd when a Slave is Murdered He
observes out of Philochorus And when the State was reduced to it's old Democracy if any of the Citizens through too much Wealth became formidable to the poorer sort and objects of their Envy it was customary to compel them to contribute towards the defraying of the Expences at Publick Festivals and so by conferring upon them a great tho' chargeable and dear-bought Honour at once sweeten the Imposition if not also oblige those on whom it was impos'd and rid themselves of those Fears and Jealousies which the Immoderate Opulency of private Persons might reasonably give to a Popular State Thus much of Festivals in General as to the Particulars I have omitted very little that is material in the Tracts of Meursius and Castellanus upon this Subject and some things not taken notice of by either of them and perhaps not unworthy your Observation I have added Yet I do not pretend that this is a complete or entire Collection of the Graecian Festivals for that would be endless seeing almost every Man of Repute and that had done any Notable Service for the Publick had his Anniversary Day and impossible since hundreds of them especially those that were observed by the less considerable Cities are not so much as mentioned in any Author at this Day extant or but barely mentioned without any Account of the Persons to whom they belonged or the Ceremonies used at their Celebration However as much as is necessary to the Understanding of the Ancient Greek Writers the following Chapters will furnish CHAPTER XX. Grecian Festivals 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 MEntioned by Hesychius without any Notice of the Deity 〈◊〉 whose Honour they were observed It is not improbable they might belong to Apollo and be at least the latter of them the saâ—â— with the Lacedaemonian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 This Conjecture is grounded upon the words of Hesychius who tells us that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was the Name of the Person consecrated to the God at the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and that the Festival it self was term'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which Name seems to have been deriv'd from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that Festival being observ'd in Imitation of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Military way of Living as Athenaeus and Eustathius have observ'd It is not unlikely the former might belong to Venus whose Priest as Grammarians inform us was call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Cyprus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Was celebrated at Argos in Memory of one of Proetus's Daughters being in all probability the same with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Which as the same Author tells us was observ'd at Argos in Memory of a deceas'd Person It was also celebrated at Thebes with Solemn Sports 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 At Athens in Honour of Agraulus or Aglaurus the Daughter of Cecrops and the Nymph Aglauris and Priestess of Minerva to whom she gave the Sirname of Aglaurus and was worshipp'd in a Temple dedicated to her The Cyprians also as Porphyry reports honour'd her by the Celebration of an Annual Festival in the Month Aphroâ—isias at which they offer'd Human Victims and this Custom is said to have continu'd till the Time of Diomedes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In Honour of Bacchus sirnam'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from his Cruelty as Plutarch is of Opinion or because he convers'd with and was attended by Lions Tygers and other Savage Animals which procur'd him the other Name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which properly denotes an Eater of raw Flesh or any Barbarous Person This Solemnity was observ'd in the Night after this manner The Women being assembled made a strict Search after Bacchus as if he had fled from them but after some time finding their Labour to be in vain said that He had retir'd to the Muses and conceal'd Himself amongst them This being done and the Ceremony ended they regal'd themselves with an Entertainment after which the Time was pass'd away by proposing Riddles and cramp Questions Large quantities of Ivy was us'd at this Time because that Plant was accounted sacred to Bacchus and so great Excesses were sometimes committed that once the Daughters of Minya with Vocal Musick in Honour of Erigone sometimes call'd Aletis the Daughter of Icarius who out of an excess of Grief for the Misfortunes of her Father hang'd her self whence the Solemnity had the Name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 At her Death she requested the Gods that if the Athenians did not revenge Icarius's Murder their Virgins might end their Lives in the same manner that she did Her Petition was granted and a great many of them without any apparent cause of Discontent became their own Executioners Whereupon to appease Erigone they instituted this Festival by the Advice of Apollo Others report that it was observ'd in Honour of King Temaleus or of Aegisthus and Clytaemnestra And some are of Opinion that it was first observ'd by command of an Oracle in Memory of the Daughter of Aegisthus and Clytaemnestra who in company of her Grand-father Tyndarus took a Journey to Athens where she prosecuted Orestes in the Court of Areopagus and losing her Cause hang'd her self for Grief 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Triennial Festival Solemniz'd at Actium in Epirus with Wrestling Horse-racing and a Fight or Race of Ships in Honour of Apollo who had the Sirname of Actius from that Place 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 To Minerva sirnam'd Alea at Tegea in Arcadia where that Goddess was honour'd with a Temple of great Antiquity 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Cock-fight at Athens in memory of the Cocks from whose Crowing Themistocles receiv'd an Omen of his Success against the Persians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Solemn Games Celebrated at Rhodes upon the Twenty-foâ—â—tâ— Day of the Month 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which answers to the Athenian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Honour of the Sun who is call'd in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and is said to have been born in the Island of Rhodes tâ—e Inhabitants of which were reputed his Posterity and therefore call'd Heliades as we learn from Strabo The Combatants in these Gameâ— were not only Men but Boys and the Victors were rewarded with â— Crown of Poplar 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 At Megara in Memory of Alcathoüs the Son of Pelops who lying under a Suspicion of having murder'd his Brother Chrysippus fled to Megara where having overcome a terrible Lion that wasted the Countrey and had slain beside many others King Megareus's own Son he so far ingratiated himself that he had in Marriage the King's Daughter and was declar'd his Successor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 At Athens in the Month Posideon in Honour of Ceres and Bacchus by whose Blessing the Husbandmen receiv'd the Recompence of their Toil and Labour and therefore their Oblations consisted of nothing
Presidents were also lessen'd to that number In the CVth Olympiad they were increas'd by the addition of one more and in the CVIth another was joyn'd to them whereby they were made Ten which number continu'd till the Reign of Adrian the Roman Emperour These Persons were call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and assembl'd together in a place nam'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the Elean Forum where they were oblig'd to reside ten Months before the Celebration of the Games to take care that such as offer'd themselves to contend perform'd their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Preparatory Exercises and to be instructed in all the Laws of the Games by certain Men call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Keepers of the Laws Farther to prevent all unjust Practises they were oblig'd to take an Oath that they would act impartially would take no Bribes nor discover the Reason for which they dislik'd or approv'd of any of the Contenders At the Solemnity they sat naked having before them the Victorial Crown till the Exercises were finish'd and then it was presented to whomsoever they adjudg'd it Women were not allow'd to be present at these Games nay so severe were the Elean Laws that if any Woman was found so much as to have pass'd the River Alpheus during the time of the Solemnity she was to be tumbl'd headlong from a Rock But it is reported that none was ever taken thus offending except Callipatera whom others call Pherenice who ventur'd to usher her Son Pisidorus call'd by some Eucleus into the Exercises and being discover'd was apprehended and brought before the Presidents who notwithstanding the severity of the Laws acquitted her out of respect to her Father Brethren and Son who had all won Prizes in the Olympian Games But my Author reports in another place that Cynisea the Daughter of Archidamus with manly Courage and Bravery contended in the Olympian Games and was the first of her Sex that kept Horses and won a Prize there but that afterwards several others especially some of the Macedonian Women imitated her Example and were crown'd at Olympia Perhaps neither of these Reports may be altogether groundless since innumerable alterations were made in these Games according to the Exigencies of Times and change of Circumstances all which are set down at large in Pausanias Natalis Comes and other Mythologists All such as design'd to contend were oblig'd to repair to the publick Gymnasium at Elis ten Months before the Solemnity where they prepar'd themselves by continual Exercises we are told indeed by Phavorinus that the Preparatory Exercises were only perform'd thirty Days before the Games but this must be understood of the Performance of the whole and entire Exercises in the same manner they were practis'd at the Games which seems to have been only enjoyn'd in the last Month whereas the nine antecedent Months were spent in more light and easy Preparations No Man that had omitted to present himself in this manner was allow'd to put in for any of the Prizes nor were the accustom'd Rewards of Victory given to such Persons if by any means they insinuated themselves and overcame their Antagonists Nor would any Apology tho' never so seemingly reasonable serve to excuse their Absence For in the CCXVIIIth Olympiad Apollonius was rejected and not suffer'd to contend because he had not presented himself in due time tho' he was detain'd by contrary Winds in the Islands call'd Cyclades but the Crown was given to Heraclides without performing any Exercise because no just and duly qualify'd Adversary appear'd to oppose him No Person that was himself a notorious Criminal or nearly related to any such was permitted to contend Farther to prevent unâ—erhand Dealings if any Person was convicted of bribing his Adversary a severe Fine was laid upon him Nor was this alone thought a sufficient Guard against evil and dishonourable Contracts and unjust Practises but the Contenders were oblig'd to swear they had spent ten whole Months in Preparatory Exercises and farther yet both they their Fathers and Brethren took a solemn Oath that they would not by any sinister or unlawful means endeavour to stop the fair and just Proceedings of the Games The Order of Wrestlers was appointed by Lots in this manner A Silver Urn call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 being plac'd into it were put little Pellets in size about the bigness of Beans upon every one of which was inscrib'd a Letter and the same Letter belong'd to every pair now those whose Fortune it was to have the same Letters wrestled together if the number of the Wrestlers was not even he that happen'd to light upon the odd Pellet wrestled last of all with him that had the Mastery wherefore he was call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as coming after the rest This was accounted the most fortunate Chance that could be because the Person that obtain'd it was to encounter one already weary'd and spent with conquering his former Antagonist himself being fresh and in full Strength The most successful in his Undertakings and magnificent in his Expences of all that ever contended in these Games was Alcibiades the Athenian as Plutarch reports in his Life His Expences saith he in Horses kept for the publick Games and in the number of his Chariots were very magnificent for never any one beside either private Person or King sent seven Chariots to the Olympian Games He obtain'd at one Solemnity the first second and fourth Prizes as Thucydides or third as Euripides reports wherein he surpass'd all that ever pretended in that kind CHAPTER XXIII Of the Pythian Games THE Pythian Games were celebrated near Delphi and are by some thought to have been first instituted by Amphictyon the Son of Deucalion or by the Council of Amphictyones Others referr the first Institution of them to Agamemnon Pausanias to Diomedes the Son of Tydeus who having escap'd a dangerous Tempest as he return'd from Troy dedicated a Temple at Troezen to Apollo sirnam'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and instituted the Pythian Games to his honour But the most common Opinion is that Apollo himself was the first Author of them when he had overcome Python a Serpent or cruel Tyrant Thus Ovid Neve operis famam possit delere vetustas Instituit sacros celebri certamine ludos Pythia perdomitae Serpentis nomine dictos Then to preserve the Fame of such a Deed For Python slain He Pythian Games decreed Mr. Dryden At their first Institution they were only celebrated once in nine Years but afterwards every fifth Year according to the number of the Parnassian Nymphs that came to congratulate Apollo and brought him Presents after his Victory The Rewards were certain Apples consecrated to Apollo according to Ister and the fore-cited Epigram of Archias in which he has enumerated the Prizes in this and the other three Sacred Games 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Where Brodaeus will have 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to signify the Delphian Lawrel which