In the seventh Book of Epidemical Diseases there is mention just made of one Pythocles of whom it is reported that he gave his Patients water or milk mingled with a great deal of water To these we may joyn the (c) See the Phaedrus of Plato and Xenophon of the sayings and deeds of Socrates Physician Acumenus a friend of Socrates of whom Plato and Xenophon talk very advantageously All that these Authors report of his opinions is that he looked upon a walk in the open air to be much better (d) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 We have translated these words after the sense of Mercurialis which seems to be just than in Portico's and other covered places There remains an ancient Physician named Aegimius of Velia or Elis who according to Galen was the first that writ about the Pulse altho' the title of his Book was about (e) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 instead of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cal. de differ Puls lib. 4. Palpitation because at that time Pulse and Palpitation signified the same thing as we may gather from some passages in Hippocrates where the latter of these words signifies exactly the same with the former If this Aegimius was not cotemporary with the abovementioned he lived at farthest in the time of Diocles or Praxagoras of whom we shall speak in the following Book THE HISTORY OF Physick PART I. BOOK IV. Of what happen'd relating to this Art from the death of Hippocrates to Chrysippus exclusively CHAP. I. Thessalus and Draco the Sons of Hippocrates Polybus his Son in law some others of his descendants and some persons of the same name with Hippocrates HIppocrates left two sons Thessalus and Draco who followed the profession of their Father and a daughter that was married to one Polybus who was likewise a Physician His two sons had each of them one to whom they gave the name of their father and this name was in such esteem in the family that there were no less then (a) Suidas See the Chapter of Praxagoras below seven one after another who bore it who were all Physicians Hippocrates's eldest son was of greatest reputation He spent the greatest part of his life (b) Galen in lib. Hippocr de nat hum Comm. 1. in the Court of Archelaus King of Macedonia To him as likewise to his brother and even to their children were attributed some of the Books found in the Collection of Hippocrates ' even before the time of Galen who calls Thessalus an Admirable man (c) Galen ibid Polybus also rose to great reputation and continued to teach the scholars of his father-in-law There are yet some books remaining under his name one of which treats of the means of preserving health others of diseases and one of the nature of the seed which agrees almost in every thing with Hippocrates 'T is very probable that these books likewise are suppositious Those which were found amongst the works of Hippocrates and which were anciently ascribed to Polybus do him more honour being as we have observed before of all the books father'd upon Hippocrates those wherein the reasoning is most exact and most coherent From one of these books entituled of the nature of the Foetus is drawn the greatest part of what we have before laid down concerning the manner of conception or of the formation of the Foetus in the Womb. We find likewise in the fourth book of Diseases which has been laid with almost universal consent to the same Polybus a very Ingenious System of the causes of Diseases drawn from the four humours established by the Author which are (d) See upon this Book 3. the Pituita the Blood the Bile and the Water Galen testifies for Polybus that he never deserted the opinions of Hippocrates nor made any alteration of him any more than Thessalus but this seems not probable especially of the former if the book we have cited be truly Polybus's we see already in it some difference in the System and we find further that the opinion concerning the passage of part of the drink into the Trachaea Arteria which is as we have observed maintained in more than one place of Hippocrates's works is vigorously opposed We must not confound the sons of our Hippocrates with those of whom (e) Aristoph in Nubibus 〈◊〉 Galen quod â—nimi mores sequantur temper cor p. Cap. 4. Athâ—naeuâ— l. 3. Aristophanes Galen and Athenaeus speak so brutish and lewd that they gave occasion to the people of Athens to call all persons of that infamous Character the sons of Hippocrates These were the sons of one Hippocrates an Athenian who was himself esteemed a man of no worth There is yet another Hippocrates among the Greek Authors who wrote of Veterinary or the Physick of Beasts which are collected into one Volume or rather the Collectors have made bold with the name of the great Hippocrates and have father'd works upon him in which he had no concern CHAP. II. Prodicus Dexippus and Appollonius disciples of Hippocrates Ctesias his Kinsman HIppocrates was not contented to teach Physick only to those of his own family As he practised Physick (a) Galen affirms this and it may be gathered out of the Maxims of Hippocrates that have beeâ— cited out of a principle of humanity and not purely for profit or glory he imparted his knowledg to strangers being the first of the Asclepiades that did it so that Physick which was before confin'd within the limits of one Family was afterwards communicated to all the world and might be learn'd by any that would apply themselves to it We have seen already the Oath he exacted of his Scholars One of the most considerable of these was one Prodicus of Selymbra (b) Plin. l. 29 C. 1. who is said to have invented the use of unguents in Physick to have first anointed the body with those compositions for preservation of health and for the cure of distempers This Medicine became so common among the Antients that they proceeded even to the abuse of it especially after they had introduc'd Liquid perfumes or sweet-scented Oyls of which Virgil makes this complaint (c) Casia was a sort of Spâ—e infused in Oyl of Olives to persume it Et Casia liquidi corrumpiturnsus Olivi These being used as well for pleasure as necessity and lewd women and effeminate men making the greatest consumption of them this abuse grew so scandalous that sober persons were afraid to use them lest they should be taken to use them to the same purpose that they did For this reason 't was that the Philosopher Aristippus who found these sweet Oyls serviceable to him made such imprecations against those Debauchees that brought a scandal upon the use of perfumes But Pliny seems to confound this disciple of Hippocrates with his master The Unguentarie medicine being a branch of the Gymnastick it is without doubt the invention of (d) See Book the 2 Herodicus and not of Prodicus
they were cur'd There are some other (a) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Liber Books which bear the name of MERCVRY which prove likewise that Astrology made a great part of his Physick The Ancients were so strongly possessâ—d that Magick and Astrology made a part of Physick that some wou'd place Zoroaster an ancient King of Bactria who is generally taken to be contemporary to Ninus King of Assyria or who according to Berosus was the same with Cham the Son of Noah among the Physicians because he had the reputation of having been a very great Magician or the Inventor of Magick To conclude 't is probable Mercury might make use of some ordinary or natural Medicines but Antiquity scarce affords us any proof of it The Herb (b) Vid. Hoâ— Odyss MOLY that MERCVRY gave to Vlysses as of force against the charms of Circe is in the number of superstitious Remedies but that which bears his Name (c) Mercurialis or Mercury and which is in common use seems to have been employ'd by its Inventor as now it is To the Mercurialis we may add Coral of which they say MERCVRY taught the use against the bitings of Serpents which was to drink it in pure Wine The Author of the Hymn to MERCVRY which is father'd upon Orpheus who reports this of Coral speaks of MERCVRY's Grot where all sorts of good things were hidden where no diseases came where remedy was to be had for the bitings of Serpents for Lunaticks and Lepers So far Orpheus but he does not tell the means MERCVRY us'd on these occasions I find nothing more particular concerning the Physick of HERMES than that the ancient Aegyptians deriv'd from him in general all that belongâ—d to that Profession (d) Poâ—itiâ— or lib. 2. cap. 15. Aristotle speaks of an ancient Law among the Aegyptians by which the Physicians were forbidden to move the humours that is to purge before the fourth day which if they did t was at their own peril and risque This agrees with what was said before of the sacred Books by which Physicians were oblig'd to regulate their practice and perhaps this Law might be contain'd in that Book ascribâ—d to MERCVRY Diodorus takes notice that the Aegyptian Physick consisted mainly of Abstinence Clysters and Vomitories but we have no proof that this practice was establish'd by HERMES We have nothing more on this subject but that after his death he was worshipp'd as a God a practice that grew very frequent afterwards as may be seen in the following Articles CHAP. VI. OSYRIS or APIS or SERAPIS and ISIS other Inventors of Physick (a) Diodor. hb. 1. There were anciently to be seen in the City of Nâ—sa which some place in Arabia others in Aegypt the following Inscriptions upon two Pillars in Mystick Characters The first says â—hus My Father is CHRONOS the youngest of the Gods I am King OSYRIS who have extended my Conquests over the whole Earth from the uninhabitable parts of the INDIES to those under the BEAR to the sources of the DANUBE and thence to the OCEAN I am the eldest Son of CHRONOS and have brought him a fair and noble Race I am Father of the Day there is no place in the World where I have not been and I have fill'd the Vniverse with my good Deeds The second was in these words I am ISYS Queen of all this Country who have been instructed by THOUT No one can unbind 〈◊〉 I bind I am the eldest Daughter of CHRONOS the youngest of the Gods I am Wiâ—e and Sâ—â—â—er to King OSYRIS I am the first that tâ—â—ghâ— Mâ—â— Agriculture I am Mother to King HORUS 'T is I that blaze in the Dog-Star I buiâ—â— the City of Bubaâ—tus Adieu adieu 〈◊〉 where I was bred From these tâ—â— Insâ—â—â—â—ions we may infer first That OSYRIS and ISIS who have been taken for the most ancient King and Queen of Aegypt were contemporary to HERMES or THOVT If the conjecture advanc'd in the Article precedent were well grounded they wou'd be of the same Family too Others aver that THOVT was Counsâ—llâ—â— or Secretary to this King and Queen without taking notice of any relation between ' em We are told in the second place by the Inscription of Osyris That he had fill'd the World with his benefits The same Authâ—r that recites the Inscriptions tells us in the same Book That the Aegyptian Priests affirm HERMES to be the Inventor of ARTS and SCIENCES in general and that the Kings meaning the King OSYRIS and Queen ISIS had invented those which were necessary to Life Of these Arts none is so useful as Agriculture of which ISIS boasts her self to be Inventress The same invention is ascrib'd to OSYRIS nor is it the only one they share in common betwixt ' em They are likewise said to have invented Physick First t is said of OSYRIS because 't is said of APIS who appears to have been the same (a) Plutarch de Iâ—â—d Oâ—yâ—id Person APIS says Clemens Alexandrinus a Native of Aegypt invented Physick Cyril who was of the same City with Clemens says likewise That APIS an Aegyptian one of the most considerable of those that serv'd in their Temples and who understood natural Philosophy was the first that invented the ART of PHYSICK and practic'd it with greater success than any that preceded him teaching it afterwards to ESCULAPIUS By this APIS shou'd not be the same with OSYRIS who was King of Aegypt whereas the other was but a Priest but we may either suppose Cyril to be mistaken or that APIS was King and Priest at the same time Be it as 't will Plutarch assures us That APIS and OSYRIS according to the Tradition of the Aegyptians themselves were but two different Names for the same person which Strabo confirms as does also (a) De curâ affect gentil Theodoret. The same Author wou'd have it likewise that SERAPIS was a third name for OSYRIS (b) Tacit. Hist lib. 4. Some ancient Authors maintain Serapis to have been the same with ESCVLAPIVS (c) De Idolatr lib. 1. cap. 19. Vossius fancies that the Aegyptians gave that name to Joseph to whom they paid Divine Honours in acknowledgment of the benefits their Country receiv'd from him but if SERAPIS be the same with OSYRIS he must be abundance older We shall speak of the Temple of Serapis in the Article of Esculapius As for ISIS Diodorus tells us That the Aegyptians affirm that ISIS invented divers medicaments and that she was very expert in Physick For which say they being already rais'd to be a Goddess she still takes care of the health of Men. Hence it is that they who implore her succour find themselves immediately reliev'd They say That the reputation of ISIS is not founded upon vain Fables like those of the Greeks but upon evidence of Fact That 't is supported by the testimony of almost all the Vniverse who honour this Goddess for the succour they find from her in
was a common practice to give Apollo the Surname of Paean Io Paean was the burthen of all the Hymns sung in his praise Servius (f) In Eneid 12. observes that Paean was a Dorick word in which Dialect it usual is to turn o into a Paean for Paeon The Scholiast upon Nicander is of another mind Paeon (g) Schol. in Nicand Theriac says he is Esculapius There is a passage likewise in the Plutus of Aristophanes where the Surname of (h) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Finding favour with Esculapius Paeon or Esculapius the Physician as some translate it This â—pâ—thete might at first belong properly to Apollo but it has been bestow'd upon his Son Esculapius likewise and after him upon all famous Physicians whom they had a mind to do honour to In this sense perhaps it is that Homer says that Physicians are of the race of Paeon Hence come the words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 medicabilis curable 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the hand of a Physician And Servius in the place before cited says upon these words of Virgil Paeonium in Morem That Paeonius signifies Medicinalis or belonging to a Physician Paeon is given to Esculapius (i) Parere del S. Leonardo di Capoa intorno la Medicina A Learned Italian who writ some years since in refutation of the Scholiast upon Nicander alledges That Esculapius was not yet Deifyâ—d in the days of Homer but we shall see in the sequel that his Apotheosis was pass'd long before We might support the Scholiast by the authority of Virgil who attributes the raising to life Hippolitus to the power of the Herbs of Paeon thereby plainly intending Esculapius whom he presently after calls the Son of Phoebus Artemidorus likewise confounds Esculapius with Paeon (k) De Somo interprâ—â— â—ib 2. cap. 42. If you dream says he that Esculapius removes or comes to any place or into any House 't is a sign of the Plague or other distemper for 't is on these occasions Men have need of this God But if the sick dream so 't is a sign of recovery for adds he this God is call'd (l) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 PAEON So far Artemidorus but here it may be answer'd that by Paeon is meant no more than Physician Lucian on the other hand distinguishes formally between these two for he introduces Hercules threatning Esculapius to maul him so that (m) â—â—alogues of the Gods Paeon himself shou'd not be able to cure him These different Authorities shew us that the Ancients were divided upon the matter At last if Homer's PAEON who was Physician to the Gods was any other than Apollo or Esculapius he not having inform'd us what Family he was of we need perplex our selves about the matter no farther CHAP. VIII ARABUS another Inventor of Physick OF ARABVS I find nothing but these words in Pliny (a) Lib 7. cap. 18. The Aegyptians will have it that Physick was invented among them others attribute the Invention to ARABUS the Son of Babylone and Apollo CHAP. IX ESCULAPIUS the most famous or most generally known of the Inventors of Physick or of those that brought the Art to some degree of Perfection Wherein of CHIRON the CENTAUR and the HEROES his Pupils as also of MELAMPUS and POLYIDUS THE Aegyptians who attribute the invention of Med'cine to Hermes account Esculapius his Pupil The aforecited Book intituled Asclepius which is the same name with Esculapius introduces Hâ—rmes and Esculapius talking together like Master and Scholar And Julius Maternus Firmicus says upon the tradition of the Aegyptians (a) Lib. 3. cap. 1. de â—â—â—siri Nicâ—pso That the God Mercury communicated the secâ—ets of Astrology and Mathematicks to Esculapius and Anubis from whence we may infer that he did not hide from the former his Skill in Physick which was his principal Study T is the more probable that Esculapius was instructed by Mercury in that he was his Kinsman (b) Sancthoniathon 1. ap Philon. 1. Sydâ—c or Sadoc Brother of Misor Father of Hâ—rmes having first had seven Sons call'd Dâ—â—scures Cabires or Corybantes had an eighth which was Esculapius whose Mother was one of the seven Sister Titans Daughters to Saturn by his Wife Astarte The Author from whom what is here said is drawn adds That the Cabires had Children who found out wholsome Herbs and remedies for the bitings of venemous Beasts and that they made use of Enchantments This was the Tradition of the Aegyptians and Phaenicians concerning Esculapius who according to them must have been of the same Age and Family with the rest of the Inventors of Physick of whom we have spoken already Clemens Alexandrinus alone after having told us that Esculapius was of Memphis and that he improv'd Physick which Apis invented seems to make him later for he says in another place that he was Deify'd a little before the Trojan War by which he seems to have confounded Esculapius the Aegyptian with Esculapius the Greek of whom hereafter But the Greeks make him not quite so old as we shall see Cicero after them says that there were three Esculapius 's the first whom the Arcadians worship was the Son of Apollo He invented the Probe to probe wounds with and taught the use of Bandage The second was Son of the second MERCURY Thunder-struck by Jupiter and bury'd at the Cynosures (a) See the Chapter of Podalâ—rius The thiâ—d who was Son of Arsippus and Arsinoe invented Purgaâ—â—â—n and Tooth-drawing If the first Esculapius of Cicero be the same of Pausanias and Pindar speak who was Son of Apollo and Coronis he cannot be veâ—y ancient having been educated by the Centaur CHIRON who lived but just before the Trojan War and having had two Sons present at that Siege All these Esculapius's may in my opinion be reduc'd to (b) See the Chapter of the Wife and Daughters of Esculapius one so that it there ever were any Esculapius 't is probable he was a Phaenician or an Aegyptian but he has been multiplied as most of the rest before him by the slight of the Greeks with whom t was custe mary to adopt Aegyptian Fables that they might honour their own Country with the production of any extraordinary Persons Hence 't is that their Esculapius is so recent their Annals not reaching much higher than the War of Troy Yet this way shou'd there be but two Esculapius's one Aegyptian and one Greek but the same motive that prevailed upon the Country in general to naturalize this Physician induc'd several Provinces and Cities to put in their particular claim each setting up a Title apart exclusive of all the rest The Greeks have been so unsuccessful in their attempts to find an etymology for the name in their Tongue that t is alone a sufficient proof that the word is not originally Greek The Reader may in the (a) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab a privativo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Siccari quod
impediret quo nitous â—omines siccarentur vel moreâ—â—â—tur Or according to the Etymologicum magnum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Or according to Tzetzes because he cur'd Ascles Tyrant of Epidaurus their names were compounded and he instead â—f being call'd simply Hepius or Apius as before was nam'd Asclepius Margin see both theirs and some etymologies drawn from the (b) Bochart derives Asclepius whence the Latin Esculapius from the Phaenician Is Calabi viz. Caninus upon the score of keeping Dogs in his Temples of which the reasons hereafter Others derive it from Ez and Keleb of which the latter signifies a Dog the other a Goat because of a tradition that he was suckled by a Goat and guarded by a Dog of which more anon Junius Father-in-Law to Vossius derives Asclepius from Ascalaphus which signifies to change Vossius de Philosophiâ But in the same Tongue we find the words Is Calaphot A Man of the Knife which etymology appears the more just in that it expresses perfectly his Profession his principal Talent being Surgery as shall be shewn Phaenician Language and judge for himself I shall here repeat that 't is probable there was but one Esculapius and he a Phaenician or which is tantamount that if there was a Greek of the same name and reputation that he borrow'd both of the former The Esculapius of the Cyrenians was likewise unquestionably the same with the Phaenician but of him a word or two hereafter However it be Antiquity having left us nothing of the first but the little we have cited we must stick to the account the Greeks give of theirs Of him by and by but first a word or two concerning Chiron the Centaur who was his Master CHAP. X. The Centaur CHIRON and the HEROES his Pupils in Physick THE Centaur CHIRON was (a) Pindar Pyth. Od. 6. Hygin Fab. cap. 138. Apolloâ— Rhod. Argonaut lib. 2. c. Son of Saturn and Philira and the Fable tells us that the reason why he was half Man half Horse which the Poets call a Centaur was that Saturn while he was with Philira apprehending a surprize from his Wife Rhea turn'd himself immediately into a Horse for a disguise Others say that Chiron was feign'd to be half Man half Beast because he understood Physick for both kinds and Suidas says that he wrote a Book call'd (b) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Horse-Medâ—cine Perhaps the Fable has made a Centaur of him because he was of Thessaly the Country of those fictitious Monsters for Thessaly being the place where they first began to back Horses those that first at a distance saw a Man on Horseback made but one body of ' em (c) German Caesar in Arat. Phaenom Some tell us simply that Chiron invented Physick without specifying any kind (d) Galen Introduct Plin. lib. 7. cap. 46. Others say that he first found Herbs and Medicaments for the cure of Diseases and particularly Wounds and Ulcers (e) Plutarch Sympos lib. 3. qu. 1. The Magnesians his Country-men offer to him for this reason the first fruits of Herbs or Plants and say that he was the first that wrote of Physick From him 't is said that Centaury a Plant well known took its name as did also some others They add that Diana taught him the vertues of some other Simples Others after all make him the (f) Hygin cap 27. Inventor of Manual Operation only This conceit is founded upon the etymology of his Name which is plainly derivâ—d from a Greek word which signifies (g) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from whence Chirurgery which signifies working with the Hand a Hand and from which the name Chirurgery is likewise deriv'd Surgery or Physick was not the only Science of which Chiron was Master he understood likewise Philosophy Astronomy Musick Hunting War and other Arts. His habitation was in a Cave of Mount Pelion whither all the great Men of his Time resorted for his instructions in these Arts and Sciences The Heroes whom he educated were Hercules Theseus Aristeas Telamon Teucer Jason Peleus Achilles Patroclus Palamedes and Esculapius He taught Hercules not only the Art of War and Astronomy but Physick also in which according to Plutarch this Hero excell'd Some interpret the passage of Euripides which says That Hercules hearing that Alceste was to die for her Husband Admetus fought Death and rescu'd her from him by force after this manner (a) Muret. Var. Lection Alcestis being so ill that her recovery was despair'd of Hercules by his Med'cines restorâ—d her to health T is said that he bore the Surname of (*) Expeller of Evil. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as well as Apollo and for the same reason that is because he expellâ—d Diseases But 't is more probable he was so callâ—d because he clearâ—d the World of divers Monsters according to the Fable 'T is argued likewise that Hercules understood Physick from the several Medicinal Plants that bears his name Theophrastus Dioscorides and other ancient Botanists speak of a sort of Poppy call'd Hercules â—s Poppy There was also another Plant call'd Heracleum The Nymphaea was likewise callâ—d Heraclea according to Pliny who says that it sprung upon the Tomb of a Nymph who died of Jealousie upon the account of Hercules who had an Intrigue with another There is also a sort of Panax and some other Plants nam'd from Hercules Yet to me it seems probable that these names were given since his time to denote the extraordinary force of these Plants which they compar'd to the strength of Herculeâ— For a like reason the Epilepsie or Falling-Sickness was call'd the Herculean Distemper not that he was ever troubled with it or knew how to cure it (*) Or rather because the strength of Hercules is not sufficient to bear up under it but because a power equal to that of Hercules is requir'd to subdue so difficult a Malady (a) Epistol Abderit ad Hippocrat Justin lib. 13. Schol. 〈◊〉 Apollon Rhod. Argonaut lib. 2. This Hero had a Daughter callâ—d Hepione who understood Physick likewise We shall see by and by another Hepione Wife to Esculapius Aristaeus King of Arcadia and Son of Apollo and Cyrene was by his Father committed to the care of Chiron the Centaur who taught him Medâ—cine and Divination He is said first to have taught Men to make Oyl and (*) Aristâ—â—â— is said to have been the first that kept Bees and to have produced â—em after a strange manner Virg. Georg. 4. Honey and Cheese-curds and divers other things useful to Society To him is ascrib'd the discovery of the virtues of Silphium or Laserpitium whose Gum or Juice inspissated was very much in use among the Ancients but (†) Some conclude it to be that kind of Ferula which yields Asafoetida and which by most modern Bonatists is callâ—d Laserpitium at present we either have it not or don't certainly know it as the sequel will shew Theseus had his education in the same
School and Theophrastus mentions a Plant that bore his name whence some infer that he found out the vertue of it which was to loosen the Belly Telamon and his Son Teucer come in with these for an equal share of the knowledge of Physick Philostratus vouches for the Father And the (*) Germander Teucrium a Plant which bears his name and is very well known is also according to the common tradition an argument that he was the first discoverer of it Jason had likewise the reputation of a great Physician (a) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 medeor to to heal or cure of which the etymology of his Name remains as a proof Peleus also was admitted to the same honour as well as his Son Achilles The latter carried with him to the Siege of Troy a Lance given him by the Centaur which had the virtue of healing the wounds it made which Telephus experiencâ—d to his relief (b) Lib. 25. cap 5. Some says Pliny pretend that Achilles curâ—d TELEPHUS with the Herb Achillea which is a sort of a Yarrow or Milfoil Others say That he found out * Some have perhaps with equal reason fancied Achilles the Inventor of Weapon Salve or that he was possess'd of the secret wherein according to them consisted the virtue suppos'd to have been in his Spear of curing the wounds it made Vert de Gris which is of great use in Salves and for that reason say they Achilles is painted scraping the Verdigrise which is the rust of Copper from the point of his Spear and dropping it into Telephus 's wound Homer tells us that Eurypylus being wounded requested Patroclus the friend of Achilles (c) Iliad 2. subs fin to communicate to him some of those excellent Remedies he had learn'd of his Hero (*) Patroclus having been Companion and fellow Pupil to Achilles under Chiron might reasonably have been thought not to have needed his Instructions the Disciple of Chiron the justest of all the Centaurs To the authority of Homer we may join that of several other Poets (d) Vindicianus Sidâ—n Apolhnari Claudian in Pan. de 3. conâ—ul Honor. item ad Hadrianum who all agree that Achilles learn'd Med'cine of the Centaur Chiron Whether Patroclus understood Physick or not and especially Surgery after what has been said is scarce a question for Eurypylus in the afore-cited place desires him to make an Incision into his Thigh and draw out the head of the Arrow with which he was wounded and to wash the wound with water and apply something to asswage the pain (a) Philostrat in Heroicis Palamedes by the instructions of Chiron was no less a proficient in Med'cine than the rest for by his advice the Plague that ravag'd all the Cities of the Hellespont and even Troy it self was stopp'd from coming into the Graecian Camp which lay before the Town in a very unhealthy place His method was to oblige 'em to a spare Diet and much Exercise This is what is reported of these Heroes as to Physick I meet with no particular cures of Chiron's making except that of Phaenix (b) Apollodor lib. 3. the Son of Amintor to whom he restor'd his sight after his Father in a fit of Jealousie had put his Eyes out Galen says that the Greeks call'd malignant Vlcers which were in a manner incurable Chironian because Chiron only cou'd cure 'em tho it seems more reasonable to think they were so call'd for a quite contrary reason that is that Ulcers of that nature were despair'd of by that incomparable Surgeon * Vide Ovid. Metam lib. 2. Posse mori cupies tum cum cruciabere dirae Sanguâ—neâ— Serpentis per sancia memora recepto c. The Fable informs us That Hercules having unawares wounded Chiron with an Arrow dipt in the blood of the Lernean Hydra the pain was so insupportable that the Centaur's greatest trouble was that being immortal he cou'd not die Whereupon Hercules to make him all the amends he cou'd unbound Prometheus who consented to become immortal in the room of Chiron who died according to his desire and was translated to a place among the Stars This Centaur had two Daughters one of which made her self famous by her predictions and skill in Physick Her name was Hippo. The other was call'd (c) Vâ—cavit Ocyroen non haec artes contenta paternas Edidicisse fuit c. Ovid. ibid. Ocyroe of whom Ovid testifies that she understood her Father Arts. CHAP. XI MELAMPUS and POLYIDUS Wherein is the first example of Purgation and of a Mineral Remedy taken inwardly THEY were both of Argos The first was Son of Amithaon and Aglais or of Idomenca Daughter of Abas He is one of the most ancient Poets known of whom Homer himself makes mention He wrote several thousand Verses uâ—on the Lamentations of Ceres for the Rape of her Daughter upon the Mysteries of that Goddess and other subjects He understood also the Art of Divination and of Physick two Arts in those days inseparable There are yet some Books remaining under his name which teach to tell Fortunes by Palpitations by Moles and other Natural Marks on the Body which Books are manifestly spurious We have already taken notice of the means Melampus used to cure the Daughters of Praetus that had lost her Wits which was to purge 'em with Hellebore or with he Misk of his Goats which had eaten it Hence perhaps it was that he had a (a) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Seâ—vâ—us in 3 Georg Surname given him which seems to hint that he was the first that used purging Med'cines for 't is certainly the oldest instance we have of the use of (b) See the Chapter of â—odalirius Purgation But 't is more probable that he was so nam'd because he was the first introducer of the pretended methods of Purgation that is by washing and puâ—ifying those that lay under any distemper eâ—â—â—er of Mind or Body or that were foul with Crimes which was not done by Medical Purgation but by superstitious Rites such as pronouncing certain Verses or Words over the Party or to apply to 'em or give 'em Herbs gather'd at times and after a manner superstitious or to wash 'em in Baths to that purpose Melaâ—â—pus us'd all thâ—se means to the Daughters of Praecus He not only gave 'em Hellebore but he us'd also (a) The worâ— Charm comes from the Latin Câ—â—â—â—â— which sâ—â—◠〈◊〉 â—â—â—ong Verse wâ—â—ther 〈…〉 â—â—â—try Verses or Charms and after caus'd 'em to bath in a certain Fountain in Arcâ—â—â—a call'd the * Câ—â—â— to quiâ—â—◠〈◊〉 de fâ—â—â—e â—â—ârit Vâ—â—â—â—agâ—â— Amiâ—haâ—â—e natâ—â—â—â—â—aeridas attonâ—â—as postcuâ—â—n per carmen herb is Eripuit furâ—is purgamina mâ—nâ—â—â— in â—as Miâ—â—t aqâ—as odjumque meri permanfit in undis Ovid. Meâ—am lib 15. Cliterian Fountain where they finish'd their purification The lâ—able tells us That from that time whoever tasted that Water contracted an aversion to Wine (b)
unite to their own those Lights which were reflected from abroad But tho' the knowledge of these first beginners in every place were but very mean compar'd with that of those that came after 'em yet because they laid the foundations and were the most perfect of their Times they were honour'd as if no possible improvements were to be made upon them This in my mind is the just Idea of these reputed Inventors of Physick But there is yet this difference between the first Esculapius and the rest whom the Greeks mention That if he be as old as is pretended he will appear not only to have laid the first grounds of this Art in his own Country as all the rest in theirs but to be the ancientest of all What we have just now said starts yet another question Who were the first People that cultivated Physick There 's no question but the Aegyptians or Phaenicians were the first who are likewise the most ancient People known Aegypt has been call'd the Mother of Arts and the Greeks themselves acknowledge that they borrow'd their Religion and almost all the Sciences and curious Arts. Phaenicia furnishâ—d 'em with the use of Letters so that the Greeks in a manner held of these People all that was nice among 'em which they receiv'd pretty late too as did the Romans after them who tarry'd a long time e'er they introduc'd into their State what they in their turn deriv'd from the Greeks of this sort of knowledge CHAP. XIX PODALIRIUS and MACHAON Esculapius's two Sons famous Physicians or Surgeons their Wives and Families (a) See Eustath in Ilâ—ad 4. SOme Ancients have believ'd that the latter was only a Surgeon but that the former was a Physician What has been said before of their Father may determine that point That Machaon was the eldest may be inferr'd from what Q. Calaber makes Podalirius say upon the occasion of his death That his dear Brother had brought him up like a Son after their Father was taken into Heaven and that he had taught him to cure Diseases (b) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tho' Homer always names Podalirius first when he mentions both Brothers together 't is only for the convenience of his Metre Machaon seems to have been esteem'd and preferr'd before his Brother by the great Men of the Army He dressâ—d Menalaus wounded by Pandarus wiping first the blood from the wound and not sucking it with his lips * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which Portus in his Latin Version of the Iliad â—enders Saâ—â—gutâ—â—c exucto Iliad as a certain learned Man mis-led by the nearest signification of the word that Homer uses has written And after having cleans'd the wound he applied some softning Remedies as his Father did †Tarda Philocteâ—ae â—sanavit cuâ—ra Machaon Prop. lib. 2. This and Vâ—â—gdâ—'s Tâ—stimony that he was in laded in the Wooden Horse are direâ—â—ly râ—pagnant to Pausanias and Q. Caâ—â—â—er who say that Machaon was slain before the Waâ—lâ— of Troy by Eâ—rypylus in single â—hat For the stratagem of the Wooden Horse decided the fate of Troy and this cure was made in his return Vide infra Machaon likewise it was that cur'd Philoctetes of a lameness contracted by letting an Arrow dipt in the Gall of the Lerncan Hydra a Legacy of Hereules at his death fall upon his foot By this cure Machaon shou'd have been a more expert Surgeon than Chiron the Centaur who cou'd not cure himself of a wound by the same ‖ Chap. 1â— weapon As for the rest both the Brothers were as well Soldiers as Physicians and Machaon seems to have been very brave Homer tells us of a wound he receiv'd in the shoulder in a sally of the Trojans He was likewise one of those that were enclos'd in the Wooden Horse that famous Machine by which the Greeks took Troy He lost his life in single (c) Hygin Faâ— lib. 1. cap. 81 1â—8 113. Duel with Nireus or as (d) Pausan Lacoa Q. Calaber lib. 6. 7. some others will have it with Eurypylus Son of Telephus during the Siege of Troy Both the Brothers are reckon'd among the Gallants of Helen (e) Pausan in Messeniacis Stâ—â—b lib. 8. Anticlea Wife to Machaon was Daughter to Diocles King of Messenia By her he had two Sons Nicomachus and Gorgasus who resided at Pherae and possess'd the Kingdom of their Grandfather till the Heraclians at their return from Troy made themselves Masters of Messenia and the rest of Pelopernesus from whence they drove both them and others Pausanias mentions some other Sons of Machaon as Sphyrus Alexanor and Polemoerâ—tes Whether * This doubt is easily resolv'd â—or his Wise'â— Inheritance was Messenia in Peloponuesus and his Subjects or Soldiers were Thessalians aâ— Homer witnesses of Trica by some said to be the place both of his Fathers and his Birth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Iliad Δ Machaon were a King in his own Right or in Right of his Wife only is uncertain but Homer in two or three several places calls him (a) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Iliad 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pastor of the People which is the Title he gives Agamemnon and the rest of the Kings Pausanias adds That he was buried in Messenia whither Nestor had caus'd his Bones to be convey'd from before Troy Podalirius in his return from Troy was cast upon the Coast of Caria by a storm where he was entertain'd by a Shepherd who understanding that he was a Physician brought him to King Damathaeus whose Daughter had got a fall from a House-top Her he cur'd by letting her blood in both arms which so affected the King that he gave her him for a 〈◊〉 and with her the †Not the Achaian Peninsula call'd Pelopouâ—â—sus lying between the Aegaean and Ponian Seas mention'd before as the Dower of 〈◊〉 Brothers Wife but the Thracian between the Propontis and the Euâ—ing Seâ—â— Chersonese where he builâ— two Cities Syrna so nam'd from his Wife Syrna and Bybassus from the Shepherd that receiv'd him after his Wreck He had among other Children a Son call'd Hippolochus from whom Hippocrates deriv'd himself as we shall see hereafter CHAP. XX. The first instance of PHLEBOTOMY Reflections upon the Antiquity and Invention of that Remedy and of PURGATION And upon the opinion that Brutes taught Men the first use of divers Med'cines THis is what is related of the Sons of Esculapius The latter having given us the first instance of Blood-letting it may deserve our further consideration Stephanus Byzantinus from whom we have taken this relation not telling us where he had it and being the only Evidence the fact is yet very questionable (a) Parere del S. Lionardo di Capoâ— intorno la Mcdicina A modern Author before cited thinks the silence of Homer a sufficient argument to prove that it was not known in his days and that if he had been acquainted with a Remedy of that nature he wou'd sooner
the Sences the Muscles and the Tendons The Grinders signify the Teeth Those that look out of the Windows are the Eyes The Doors shut in the Streets and the sound of grinding become low signify the mouth which opens with pain to speak and the necessity of eating slowly and without noise The voice of the Bird denotes the morning which is the time when old men get up because they cannot sleep The Daughters of Musick that are brought low signify that men leave off Singing at that age and have no â—relish of Arts or Sciences The fear and trembling of ancient persons and their difficulty of going is represented by what follows immediately after The flourishing Almond tree is white hair The Grashopper being a burthen is the body which from a light and slender one as it was before is become gross and heavy To conclude the long home is the grave and those that go about the streets are the mourning men or women that made a trade of waiting upon burials The rest of the Emblem or Enigm is more difficult to explain To succeed in such an attempt a man ought to have the very same Idea of the parts of the body as Solomon had This is certain that the sacred Author designed under these hidden terms to show the dissolution of our principal organs and this is all we can pretend to know As for what has been written of the Silver cord which some interpret to be the Arteries or the Spinal Marrow of the golden Bowl which some take to be the the membranes of the Brain the Liver or the Heart of the Pitcher which signifies the Skull and the Wheel that denotes the Lungs all this I say is but a bare conjecture that has no solid foundation Perhaps there may be something in the writings of the Rabbies that may help to interpret this passage But if there is I know nothing of it and leave is to others to find it out that understand them To these curious Gentlemen I likewise leave every thing else relating to Physick which it to be found in the Books of the Jewish writers The informations we receive from this quarter are but very inconsiderable if all the rest be of a piece with the ridiculous Fable of the bone call'd Luz which according to them is found in the Back-bone which is the Root and as it were the Basis of the whole frame of the human Body so that the Heart the Liver the Brains and the Genitals derive their original from this miraculous bone which has this virtue or priviledge besides that it cannot be burnt nor grownd nor broke to pieces but continues still the same being as it were the bud of the Resurrection from which the whole Body of the animal shall shoot again as Plants from their Seeds Rilanus from whom I have borrow'd this passage adds that the Rabbies reckon'd two hundred forty eight bones and three hundred sixty five veins or ligaments in a man's body Those that understand Anatomy will langh at this but as little skill as these Doctors show in this Science 't is probable that they were not much better verst in it in the time of Solomon or those Aegyptian Kings whom we mention in the beginning of this Chapter Their Superstition was no less then than when the Rabbies flourishâ—d who plam'd an infinite number of Fables upon the world as the account we have given of the Physick of these ancient times sufâ—â—ciently testiâ—ies THE HISTORY OF Physick PART I. BOOK II. By Mr. BROWN CHAP I. Of what happen'd to this Art from the time of the Trojan War to that of Peloponnesus WE have hitherto set down almost every thing that the earliest times of antiquity furnish us with relating to Physick If the Reader is surpiz'd to see the account so uncertain and mixt with Fables to the time of the Trojan War he will have more reason to be so when he is inform'd that even after this period if we may believe Pliny (a) Sequentia ejus Medicina a Trojanis temporibus mirum dictu in nocte dentissimâ latuere usque and Peloponucsiacum bellum Tunc eam in lucem revocavit Hippocrates lib. 19. Cap. 1. Physick lay buried in a most profound darkness till the Peloponnesian War broke out when Hippocrates as it were reviv'd it and brought it to light 'T is at least the space of seven hundred years from the first of these Wars down to the second Celsus does not descend altogether so low as Pliny but we want only about fourscore years which distance of time there is between Pythagoras and Hippocrates the first having liv'd in the lxth Olympiad and the second in the lxxxth Behold now after what manner he speaks of the latter (b) Cels Praefat After those whom I have mentioned that is to say the Sons of Aesculapius there was no person of reputation that practis'd Physick till such time as men began to apply themselves more earnestly to the study of learning which being as prejudicial to the body as it is serviceable to the mind it so fell out that those who pursu'd it with the greatest application having destroy'd their health with the perpetual Meditations and Watchings had more occasion for Physick than other Men. For this reason the science of healing Maladies was at first consider'd as a branch of Philosophy so that we may justly affirm that Physick and Philosophy were born together This is the true cause why we find several of the ancient Philosophers very well skill'd in Physick among whom we may reckon Pythagoras Empedocles and Democritus as the most considerable What this Author says here viz. that Physick and Philosophy began together is only pursuant to what he had advanc'd before and we have already observ'd that all the Physick of the Sons of Esculapius and of their contemporaries wholly consisted in healing of wounds If we must assign a reason for this great Vacuum which these Authors remark to have happen'd here in the History of Physick we may say that the knowledge of those that practicâ—d it during this interval being shut up within the narrow bounds of Empiricism men were content with knowing a few Remedies which experience had shown to be proper for certain Diseases without reasoning either upon the cause of the illness or the operation of the remedies so that these remedies being handed down from Father to Son and never going out of the Family there was no necessity to write upon this subject This being supposed we are not to wonder that since these Physicians did not make themselves known by their writings which is one of the surest ways of preserving our memories their names are buried in oblivion Another reason no less forcible than the former is this that those who succeeded Aesculapius and his Son how great soever their skill and experience might be lived in a fabulous age and having no opportunity to assist at so celebrated a Siege as that of Troy they wanted
a Homer to immortalize their names Vixere fortes ante Agamemnona Multi c. One might however have expected that the Historians wou'd have done what we cou'd not hope from the Poets but the History of these times is generally so confus'd and defective that the Physicians are not the only persons that have reason to complain of it We don't certainly know when Homer liv'd but much less the place where he was born Therefore tho we shou'd allow with Celsus that during this space of time there was no Physicians of any note whose memory is preserv'd down to us we ought not to impute it to them but to the Age wherein they lived and it does not follow that Medâ—cine was not cultivated before his time whom he supposes to be the restorer of it Isidore of Sevil more clearly discusses this question Apollo passes among the Greeks says he for the author and inventor of Physick His Son Aesculapius improv'd this Art or at least had the reputation of doing it but being kill'd by a Thunderbolt 't is said that ever since that Physick was forbidden and that the art perish'd at the same moment with its Author having been conceal'd or bury'd for almost 500 years till the Reign of Artaxerxes King of Persia when Hippocrates the Son of Asclepius of the Isle of Co discover'd it again to the world If we were to believe the account this Author gives us the reason of the interruption of Physick is evident enough After Esculapius's death no mention was made of this Art till the time of Hippocrates but in all appearance he was but ill inform'd of what happen'd during that period he sets down as he was of the true name of the Father of Hippocrates whom he calls Asclepius by a gross mistake imagining I suppose that he was callâ—d Asclepiades by the same Analogy that Homer calls Achilles Peleiades because Hippocrates was the Son of Asclepius just as Achilles was of Peleus Whereas in truth the name of Asclepiades belong'd in common to all the posterity of Esculapius whom the Greeks call Asclepius What Isidore adds immediately after about the three Sects of Physick is argument enough that he had taken no great pains to inform himself sufficiently in this matter CHAP. II. Of the Asclepiadae and the Schools which they erected THe descendants of Aesculapius who are callâ—d Asclepiadae have been believed to preserve this Art in their family without interruption We should be able to say something more particularly to this point if the writings of Eratosthenes Pherecides Apollodorus Arius of Tarsus and Polyanthus of Cyrene were now extant who took care to compose the history of these Successors of Esculapius But altho the Works of these Authors are lost yet the names of some of the Asclepiadae are still preservâ—d as appears by the list of the predecessors of Hippocrates who callâ—d himself the seventeenth in order of descent from Esculapius (a) Epist Paeti ad Artaxerxem The Genealogy of this Physician is still remaining in the following manner Hippocrates of whom we shall speak hereafter was the Son of Heraclides who was the Son of another Hippocrates the Son of Gnosidicus the Son of Nebrus the Son of Sostratus the third the Son of Theodore the second the Son of Crisamis the second the Son of Lostratus the second the Son of Theodore the first the Son of Crisamis the first Son of Cleomitides the Son of Dardanus the Son of Sostratus the first the Son of Hippolochus the Son of Podalirius the Son of Esculapius Stephanus Byzantinus bestows two Sons more upon Gnosidicus besides him already mention'd the first of these two was call'd Aenius and the second Podalirius It may be said perhaps that this Genealogy is fabulous but supposing some mistake or interpolation in this succession of the Asclepiadae 't is at least certain that there were several branches of the Family of Esculapius besides that from which Hippocrates was descended which latter was distinguish'd by the surname of Asclepiadae Nebrides which was given it for the sake of one Nebrus who was very famous for his great skill in Physick and to whom the Priestess of Apollo gave a very advantageous character according to the Author's observation whom we cited last We shall take occasion to say something hereafteâ— of Gnosidicus Heraclides and the other Hippocrates in the following Book As for those that came before them we ingenuously own that we know nothing of them CHAP. III. Of the several branches of the Asclepiadae and the three different Schools which they erected AS we have already observ'd there were other branches of the Asclepiadae that were dispersed in several places (a) Galen merhod med lib. 1. We find mention of three celebrated Schools erected by them the first was that of Rhodes which happen'd to fail first by the failing of this branch of the Successors of Esculapius which seems to have fallen out a long while before Hippocrates since he does not speak of it as he does of that of Cnidus which was the third and that of Co the second These two last flourished at the same time as as the School of Italy wherein were those Philosopher-Physicians of whom Celsus speaks altho the Grecian Schools were more ancient These three Schools that were the only ones that made any figure by a Spirit of Emulation perpetually contended among themselves who shouâ—d make the greatest progress in Physick However Galen assigns the first place to that of Co since it produc'd the greatest number of excellent disciples that of Cnidus held the second rank and that of Italy the third Herodotus also makes mention of a School of Physicians that was in Cyrene where as we have taken notice already there was a Temple of Esculapius whose worship was different from that of the Grecians From whence it may be conjectur'd that there were likewise Asclepiadae of another sort The same (a) lib. 3. Historian mentions likewise another School of Physick that was at Crotona the Country of Democedes a famous Physician contemporary with Pythagoras which Physician as Herodotus informs us being ejected out of his City by the severity of his Father Calliphon came first to Aegina and afterwards to Athens where he liv'd in great repute From thence he went to Samos where he had an opportunity to heal Polycrates the King of that Island of a troublesom distemper which was worth him two talents of Gold Some time after this being taken prisoner by the Persians he concealâ—d his profession but upon a discovery was oblig'd to undertake the cure of Darius who had dislocated his Foot and of his Qâ—â—tossa who had a Cancer iâ— her Breast This Historian adds that Democedes succeeding in these two cures obtain'd so great a reputa-with the King that he made him dine at his own Table however he cou'd not be induc'd to take up his abode there for finding an opportunity to return to Greece under the disguise of a Spy he perform'd it
accordingly despising all the Honours that were shown him in Persia and putting a trick upon those that had given him this Commission After this he marâ—ied and took to Wife a Daughter of the famous Milo his Countryman CHAP. IV. Of the School of Cnidus in particular WE know no other particulars of the Physick of Democedes nor of that of Crotona Neither have we better Memoirs of the School of Rhodes As for that of Cnidus we may judge of the method of was followed there by some fragments still extant in Hippocrates (a) De ratione virtuus in acutis lib. 1. Those says this Author who compiled the Cnidian Sentences or Observations have exactly observ'd all the Symptoms of every distemper and how some of them took them in a word all that any person who knows nothing of Physick wouâ—d write after he had inform'd himself by the Sick of all that they had suffer'd But continues he they have forgot the greatest part of those things which a Physician ought to know without hearing the relation of the sick party The same Author has likewise observ'd that the Cnidians used very few Medicaments and that Elaterium which is a Purgative made of the juice of a wild Cucumber Milk and Whey were in a manner all the Med'cines they used We may inferr from what Hippocrates hâ—s said in this place first that these Physicians contented themselves to make an exact ennumeration or description of the accidents that attend a distemper without reasoning upon the causes and tying themselves to the prognostics In the second place we may gather that they us'd but a very small number of remedies which themselves and their predecessors had try'd These two remarks are enough to let us see that the Cnidians were purely Empirics or at least that their chief perfection was not that of exact reasoning They departed the farthest from this method when they ventur'd to compare diseases or remedies together which by them was callâ—d Analogism The Cnidians says Galen us'd to cure those that had an abscess in their lungs after this manner Having observ'd that a Cough threw up all that lay upon the lungs they drew out the tongues of those that were troubl'd with the above mention'd distemper and endeavour'd to pour some drops of water down the aspera arteria on purpose to raise a violent Cough by these means which wou'd make them discharge all the purulent matter in their Chest CHAP. V. Of the Physicians of Cos. Reflexions upon their Physick and that of the Cnidians AS for what relates to the Physitians of Cos we may likewise assert that if the Coan prenotions that are to be found among the works of Hippocrates are nothing but a collection of the Practitioners of Cos as several persons have believ'd that they were none of the nicest reasoners nay we may say that they did not take the least care to give an account of their Prognostics From what has been said it will appear that it is not altogether true that Pliny and Celsus have advanc'd viz. that we meet with nothing of the history of Physick in so long an interval but much less that Physick and Philosophy began together as the latter asserts unless he is to be understood about Rational Physick that is to say about that which is peculiarly employ'd in finding out the hidden causes of diseases and assigning reasons for the operation of remedies for 't is certain that this latter couâ—d not begin but with the study of Learning and the Sciences It will be objected to me without question that I have here forgotten to speak of a thing for which the Asclepiadae deserv'd most reputation and which overthrows all that I have said about their manner of practice which I maintain'd to be almost wholly empirical viz. of their passing in the World for great Anatomists 'T is certain that Galen is of this opinion At that time says he that Physick was wholly confin'd within the family of the Asclepiadae the Fathers taught their Children Anatomy and accustom'd them from their infancy to dissect Animals so that this being handed down from Father to Son it was needless to set down in writing how every thing was done since it was full as impossible for them to forget this as the Alphabet which they learnt at the same time Several other passages we meet in this Author by which we may see that he really believ'd that the Asclepiadae were perfectly well skill'd in Anatomy But we may confront the authority of this Physician with that of the ancient Commentator upon Plato who expressly says that the Philosopher Alcmaeon of whom we shall have occasion to talk in the following Chapter was the first that dissected any Animal which destroys all that Galen has advanc'd about the Asclepiadae at least those of them that preceeded Alcmaeon with whom alone we are concern'd here for as for those that follow'd him they were either contemporaries with Hippocrates or else came after him Tho we were destitute of the testimony of this Author yet by the little progress that was made in Anatony even in the time of Hippocrates himself it seems at least probable that men had examin'd the bodies of Animals but very superficially which is remote enough from what Galen asserts that Anatomy was in its perfection in the time of the Asclepiadae And as for what he adds about a certain interval which he pretends to have been between the most antient Asclepiadae and Hippocrates during which he wou'd needs perswade us that Anatomy was neglected the Reader will find in the Chapter of Erasistratus what judgment he is to pass upon that matter I wou'd not be suppos'd to affirm that the Asclepiadae had no manner of knowledge of the parts of bodies It wou'd be a great absurdity to maintain it for without this knowledge they cou'd neither practice Physick in general nor Chirurgery in particular Without doubt they knew very well as for instance the Bones their Scituation Figure Articulation and all that depends upon them for otherwise they cou'd not have set them when they were broken or dislocated Neither cou'd they be ignorant of the Scituation of the most considerable Vessels It is likewise necessary that they shouâ—d understand where the Veins and Arteries lye because they open'd and burnt them continually for we have already observ'd in the Chapter of Podalirius that these operations were very common even in the first age of Physick Besides it was highly requisite that they shou'd very well know the places where the profoundest Vessels meet to avoid the loss of blood when they made any incisions or when they cut off any of the members In short they were oblig'd to know several places where there were Tendons and Ligaments and some considerable Nerves altho they confounded these three different parts and knew very little of the last as we shall show hereafter Besides this they knew something in general of the chief Intestins as the Stomach the
Guts the Liver the Spleen the Kidneys the Bladder the Matrix the Diaphragm the Heart the Lungs the Brain as well as the most sensible humours such as the Blood Cholar Melancholy Flegm the Serosities or Waters and all the different sort of excrements that proceed from several parts of our body It appears at first Sight that the Asclepiadae cou'd not know all this without being Anatomists or at least without having dissected Animals but 't is easy to demonstrate that they might attain to the knowledge of these things without it The first and most familiar instruction they had came from their Butchers and their Sacrifices and as for what relates to to a human body in particular they were glad of any opportunity to instruct themselves when they found any bones in the Fields that were stript of the Flesh either by Beasts or the length of time that these bodies had been expos'd to the air or when they found in some by places the carcass of some unfortunate Traveller that had been murder'd by Robbers or the bodies of Soldiers that died of the great wounds of they receivâ—d in Battel They consider'd them without giving themselves the trouble to make any other Preparation besides what they found ready made to their hands and took no notice of that scruple which forbad them to touch any dead body which they found by accident This was so great a scruple among the Ancients that it appears from a passage in Aristotle which we shall cite hereafter that in his time there was no dissection of human bodies Now this Philosopher liv'd above fourscore years after Hippocrates T is true indeed that the Egyptians as we have already taken notice having been accustomed of old to embalm dead bodies were furnishâ—d by this means with an opportunity to know the true disposition of some parts of the body which they must needs lay open when they separated them from others to preserve the rest and it might so happen that the Asclepiadae reapt some advantage by these discoveries of the Egyptians but as the chief intention of the latter was the preserving of Bodies so they scarce proceeded much farther than it was necessary for them to go on with their design I have thus recounted the several means by which these ancient Physicians discover'd the structure of bodies after the Death of the animal but the best School they had and indeed that which instructed them better than any of the rest was the Practice of their Professioâ— which daily gave them an opportunity to see in living bodies what they were not able to discover in the dead when they dressâ—d Wounds Vlcers Tumours Fractures Dislocations and perform'd other Chyrurgical operations And as Physick was preserv'd in the Family of the Asclepiadae for several Ages where it passâ—d from Father to Son so the traditions and observations of their Fathers and Ancestors supply'd the want of experience in each particular man This last opportunity joyn'd with the former has made several Physicians who livâ—d a long while after them and of whom we shall make mention hereafter to call it an easie and natural tho a long way to gain the knowledge of the humane Body maintaining that this way alone was sufficient for practice We shall find in the Fifth Book what were the reasons that induc'd them to this as likewise what other Physicians had to say upon this occasion CHAP. VI. Of those Physicians that were Philosophers and first of Pythagoras and Xamolxis his Slave HItherto as we have observ'd it does not appear that Reason had been very much consulted in Physick the whole knowledge of which Art seems to have totally consisted in discerning and knowing Diseases rather by their signs than by their causes and using a few simple Medicaments that were almost all taken from Herbs or the practice of some magical or superstitious Remedies The Philosophers were the first that interloping in this Art at the same time introduc'd the fashion of reasoning into it These Gentlemen added to it that part which is call'd Physiology and considers a humane body which is the subject of Physick such as it is in its natural state and endeavours to assign reasons for its functions and operations in examining the parts thereof and all that belongs to it by Anatomy and the principles of Physick Not that it appears by any of their writings or by the Titles of their Books that they had ever been what we call Practitioners Empedocles of whom we shall talk hereafter is the only man among them who is reported to have perform'd a cure All the rest appear to have devoted themselves rather to the Theory than Practice of Physick Pythagoras who liv'd about the lx Olympiad and founded the Italick School is the most ancient we know of those that began to take this Art into their consideration This Pihlosopher neglected no means nor opportunity to render his knowledge universal With this design he travell'd into Egypt which was the Country of Arts and Sciences and learnt all their curiosities 'T is very probable he borrow'd all the knowledge he had in Physick from thence of which we have nothing remaining but a few small fragments which however sufficiently discover a Spirit of superstition so remarkable in the preceeding Physicians as we have already observ'd that which relates to Physiology being very inconsiderable (a) Diogen Laert. Hist Philos Galen He believ'd that at the time of Conception a certain substance descended from the Brain which contain'd a warm vapour from whence the Soul and all the Senses derived their original while the Flesh the Nerves or Tendons the Bones the Hair and all the Body in general was made of the Blood and other Humours that meet in the Matrix He added that the Body of the Infant was formed and became solid in forty days but that eleven or nine or more generally ten months according to the rules of harmony were requisite to make him intirely compleat that all that happen'd to him during the whole course of his life was then regulated and that he carry'd it along with him in a Series or Chain proportion'd to the Laws of the same harmony above-mention'd every thing falling out afterwards necessarily in its own time At the end of this Chapter we shall examine what he meant by this He likewise asserted that the Veins the Arteries the Nerves are the cords of the Soul According to him the Soul spreads itself from the Heart to the Brain and that part of it which is in the Heart is the same from whence the passions proceed whereas Reason and the Understanding reside in the Brain This opinion which belongs in common to him and the sacred Writers perhaps came first from the Caldeans with whom he had convers'd As for the causes of Distempers he had learnt without question all that was believ'd concerning them in the same School and in that of the Magicians whom he had likewise consulted The Air said
and such a word We have already seen an example of this kind in the word (g) See the Chapter of the purging of the Brain Tetragonon which some took for a drug others for an instrument proper to purge the Head For other words of this nature Erotian and Galen may be consulted But it is further remarkable that besides the obscurity which comes from the difficulty of the words in Hippocrates there is another which comes from the faults crept into and the different reading found in the Original Manuscripts of this Author in which the works of Hippocrates shared the common fate of all the antient pieces that past through abundance of hands We shall bring only one instance of the Variation before spoken of and we shall find one word which is not explain'd in any of the Glossaries nor by any of the Lexicographers or Dictionary writers We read in the second book of his Epidemick Diseases towards the end the following words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fabius Calvus a Physician of Ravenna who first translated Hippocrates into Latin from a Greek Manuscript of the Vatican by the order of Clement the seventh translates this passage as if he had read 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 meretrix a Whore instead of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 scortatio fornication and taking the following word for the name of a woman he translates the whole passage thus Meretrix Achromos Dysenteriae Medela as if there had been in Hippocrates's time a Courtezan named Achromos that cured the Dysentery Cornarius and Foesius more Modern interpreters of Hippocrates Translate the same passage thus Scortatio impudens vel turpis Dysenteriae Medela (h) Tetrabibl Serm. 3. Cap. 8. Aetius and (i) Lib. 1. c. 35. Paulus Aegineta affirm that Coition sometimes cures old Diarrhaea's and perhaps they allude to this passage Supposing then we ought to read with Cornarius and Foesius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as perhaps we ought the difficulty will rest only upon the word (k) We might if it were worâ—â— the while derive it from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 usque and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 humerus or if we write it with a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 not with a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 summus elatus sublimis as if Hippocrates meant Scortationem quâ ipsi humeri sublimes fiunt id est quae ad ex tremum usque ut cuâ—n Satyrico loquamur anhelatur 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 proprium sit verburn 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vei sine aspiratione 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 summis humeris luctet ait idem Hipprocrates de aliâ luctâ loquens Lib. de intern affect Edit Foes p. 549. dum de lienis morbo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which as we said before is not be found in the Dictionaries Those that take what Hippocrates here says for his advice do him wrong 't is a simple note of fact which happen'd to some person in that case CHAP. XXVIII Of the Letters of Hippocrates and other pieces annext to his works wherein are divers circumstances touching his Life and death and the chief occasions he had to shew himself in the exercise of his profession AFter having spoken of the Writings of Hippocrates in general we ought to examin those pieces which are tackt to them and which as we have said appear under the title of Aliens We have already seen wherein they have consisted and shall begin with the two discourses mention'd by Erotian as being the most Ancient That which Hippocrates spoke at the Altar of Minerva is address'd to the Communities and Cities of Thessaly to whom he complains that the Athenians had a design to reduce the Isle of Cos to their subjection and prays their succour in that pressing danger His discourse is very short That of Thessalus on the other side is very long It is address'd to the Athenians and puts them in mind of the services they had receiv'd from the Predecessors of Hippocrates for a long time and likewise from Hippocrates himself and from his Family The obligation which the Athenians are supposâ—d to have had to these later were first that the Father refus'd to go to the Illyrians and Paeons who had desired him and offer'd him great summs to come and free them from the Plague which Ravaged their Countries and having foreseen by the Course of Winds that this disease would reach Greece he sent his Sons his Son-in-law and his Scholars thro all the Provinces to give them necessary instructions to prevent taking the infection and went himself into Thessaly and a little time after to Athens where he did them great service which the Athenians so far acknowledged that they presented Hippocrates with a Crown of Gold and initiated him and his Son who speaks in the Mysteries of Ceres and Proserpine He remonstrates to the Athenians that they were further obliged to Hippocrates and to Thessalus himself in that this latter by the command of his Father followed the Fleet of Alcibiades into Sicily in quality of Physician making all necessary preparations for the Voyage at his own charges and refusing the Salary that was offered him These are the Principal Articles by which Thessalus endeavours to make the Athenians sensible how much they were oblig'd to his Family We shall examin only that of the Plague which Hippocrates foresaw coming upon Greece in which there is this difficulty First the time is not fix'd and we find nothing in other Authors concerning any Plague coming from the side of Illyria Aetius indeed takes notice that Hippocrates being at Athens at the time of a Plague advised them to light great Fires in the Streets to purifie the Air and make it more dry Galen also reports the same of Hippocrates upon the like occasions saying that he ordered great Fires to be made in divers parts of every City in Greece in which they were to cast Flowers Herbs and Drugs of sweet scent But herein there is this Essential difference that he brings the Plague which he speaks of from Ethiopia indicating thereby the great Plague so well described by Thucidides which he says precisely came from the same part But Ethiopia is directly opposite to Illyria one being on the South of Greece and the other on the North. It may perhaps be alledged that there might be a mistake in the place from whence the Plague came the thing yet being the same in fact But if we will have this Harangue of Thessalus to speak of the great Plague of Athens two great difficulties will arise upon it The first is that the Author last cited who deserves to be credited takes notice that the Plague was so furious especially at Athens that there was no great reason to brag of the Assistance of Physick On the contrary he assures us that the Physicians themselves were puzzled and they died indifferently with a Physician or without that the Physicians themselves
reasonable to believe that he took many things out of his writings having testified as he did abundance of esteem of him We may see by what has been said before (q) See the general maxims of Hippocrates the sentiments of Plato concerning the Gymnastick Medicine We find in Galen the description of some medicines which bear Plato's name as if he had been the inventor of them but they were manifestly some other Plato's or rather the name of this Philosopher was put upon them to give them the more credit We shall close with Plato's sense of the qualities to be required in a Physician There ought to be says he in every great City good Physicians who besides the study required to learn their profession have liv'd in their youth amongst multitude of sick people and have themselves run thro all sorts of distempers being naturally infirm or Valetudinarians This maxim is directly opposite to that of Hippocrates who requires that a Physician should be of a very healthy constitution Some have observed that Plato designedly chose the Academy which was the unhealthiest place of all Athens to reside in with his scholars only because it was unhealthy out of a perswasion that the infirmity of the body render'd the mind more vigorous But we must beg leave to doubt whether this was his Motive or not CHAP. IV. Nicomachus Aristotle 's Father ARistotle's Father whose name was Nicomachus liv'd about the same time with Plato He was of Stagyre in Macedonia and Physician to King Amyntas Father of Philip. He was of the Asclepiades as well as Hippocrates and pretended to be descended from a Son of Machaon of whom we have spoken before who bore the same name with himself This Physician wrote according to Suidas six books of Physick and one of Natural Philosophy but we have nothing of them remaining CHAP. V. Aristotle WE should speak here of some Physicians who liv'd before this Philosopher and were cotemporaries to his father but after having seen what Plato who was his master contributed to the advancement of Physick we thought it convenient immediately to subjoyn what his scholar further added Aristotle wrote two books Entituled (a) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Diogen Lacrt. in â—it Aristot of Physick but there are none of them remainning nor those the Title of which was (b) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Anatomy Diogenes Laertius ascribes to him another book the title of which was (c) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the Stone this book is translated into Latin in the Theatrum Châ—micum with another which treats of the perfect Magistery that is to say of the Philosophers Stone but both these books are evidently suposititious If Aristotle had ever writ any book under the title mentioned by Diogenes Lacrtius supposing that we ought to understand by the Stone the Philosopher's Stone this book would unquestionably have made more noise amongst the Ancients whereas we find neither tract nor footstep in all the Authors extant that wrote during the space of five hundred years which were elaps'd between the Author of this pretended book and him that quotes it It is not impossible but that in the time of the later the book in question was attributed to Aristotle but it is more probable that there is some fault in the Text. We shall have occasion to speak more of this in the Chapter of Theophrastus which comes next But it was not after this manner that Aristotle imployed himself in Physick 't was in writing these other books which we first mentioned But since these books are lost we shou'd be obliged to conclude here what concerns the Physick of this Philosopher if his History of Animals and of their parts and Generation were not happily preserved wherein we find many curious things relating to the History of Animals in general and of their Anatomy in particular (d) Plin. lib. 8.16 Athen. lib. 9. cap. 23 lib. 8. cap. 11. Alexander the Great whose master he was being inquisitive into the nature and different properties of Animals obliged him to this task and furnished him for it with the summ of eight hundred Talents which amount to almost a million of Gold besides several thousand men in the several parts of Asia and Greece who had Orders to obey him and to inform him of all that hunting and fishing had taught them and to keep on purpose all sorts of Animals to discover what was peculiar to them With these helps a perfect work upon this Subject might have been expected Nevertheless the Antients themselves took notice that he advanced many a thing contrary to fact He may upon this account be excused by saying that he took them upon Credit from others not having been able to act or view every thing himself But supposing he were in some things obliged to trust to relations As for Example for certain Properties of Animals which only chance could discover there are others in which he ought to have made his enquiries himself or at least to have been present and directed those that were his Operators Of this nature are those things which relate to Anatomy what opinion can we have of his exactness in this particular when we hear him affirm that all Animals have flexible necks composed of Vertebrae except Wolves and Lyons in which tho neck consists of but one bone and that the bones of Lyons have no matrow against all experience e For his other Errours in the Anatomy of a Lyon and Eagle and a Crocodile those that are curious may consult the learned Borrichius Those that publisht the dissection of a Lyon at Paris in the Academy of Sciences some years ago have taken care to show the Errours of this Philosopher in the Anatomy of that Beast All that they observe may in fact be true except one passage in which they seem to make Aristotle say what he never thought of We find these words in one of his books f 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which the Latin Interpreter renders thus videtur Leo Animalium omnium perfectissimum Animal in assumendo maris formam These Gentlemen explain these words as if Aristotle had meant that the Lyon has by way of Excellence and beyond all other Animals the visible and apparent marks of the perfection of his Sex These are their own words and they urge as a proof that the Philosopher was mistaken that the Vrethra of a Lyon that is the channel of the Virga does not appear outward above three inches and a half Their conclusion had been just if Aristotle had meant as they think and Borrichius with them that the Lyon of all male Animals had the parts which distinguish'd the Sex most large and apparent But this in my opinion was farthest from his thoughts for I suppose he meant no more than that the Lyon is of all male Animals the easiest to be distinguish'd from his Female by his Masculine Air or
was much the same with that of Hippocrates He blooded and purged after the same manner and upon the same occasions His particular method in every distemper may be seen in (e) Acuti Pass l. 3 c. 17. Caelius Aurelianus The same Author reports that Diocles caused all those that were troubled with the Iliack passion to swallow a Leaden Bullet a Medicine of which I find no mention in Hippocrates and which might perhaps be of Diocles's own invention He distinguished between the Ileus and Chordapsus which two names Hippocrates seemed to give to the same distemper Diocles signified by the former of these names a distemper of the intestina tenuia and by the latter of the intestina crassa He practised also Surgery and invented an instrument to draw out the head of a Dart when it was left in the wound which was called by his name in Celsus his time He invented also the manner of (f) Galen de Faâ—ciâ—s Bandage for the head which went also by his name Galen observes that this Physician was the first that wrote of Anatomical Administration that is of the manner and order of dissection for the better displaying the parts of the body He gave at the same time this account for the Silence of those that preceded him and of the motives that induced him to write upon that subject (g) De Adminisâ— Anatom lib. 2. Before Diocles says Galen Physick being almost entirely limited to the family of the Asclepiades the Fathers taught their Sons Anatomy and bred them from their infancy to the dissection of Animals So that it going from Father to Son by way of Manual Tradition it was needless to write of the manner because it was as impossible they should forget it as their Alphabet which they learnt almost at the same time But the Art of Physick spreading beyond this family by means of the Scholars of Hippocrates Diocles wrote upon this subject in favour of those whose Fathers were not Physicians Thus far Galen of Diocles who nevertheless by Galen's own report had made no great progress in Anatomy He satisfied himself with what his predecessors had done who were no great Anatomists as we have already observ'd Galen testifies likewise for Diocles that he practiced Physick out of a principle of Humanity as Hippocrates had done and not for Pront or Glory which were motives upon which other Physicians acted He speaks of him elsewhere as a great man in his Art and affirms that he was master of it in every part Athenaeus mentions a piece of Diocles which treated of Poysons and another which teaches (h) This Book was entitled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the manner of dressing victuals Athenaeus tells us of several other antient Physicians that wrote upon this latter subject and mentions amongst others Philistion whom we have spoken of before Erasistratus Philotimus Glaucus and Dionisius Their design in probability was not so much to please the taste as to render the food more wholesom Nevertheless Plato complains (i) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that the Art of Cookery was crept into Physick under pretence of dressing for health whereas it had the quite contrary effect and he asserts that this Art is just of as much use in Physick as (k) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Art of washing and perfuming is to the Gymnastick of which we have already spoken He calls the art of Cookery and the art Washing and Beautifying the flatterers of Physick and Gymnastick Diocles wrote likewise the distempers of Women He compos'd also a Book entitled of the weeks wherein he treated undoubtedly of the critical days after the manner of Hippocrates There was also another Diocles of Chalcedon who is cited by (l) Medicament local l. 7. c. 4. Galen but I know not when he lived CHAP IX Praxagoras PRaxagoras came a little after Diocles living at the latest about the time of Aristotle His Fathers name was (a) De dissectiones â—ulv cap ult Nicarchius b He was at the Isle of Cos as well as Hippocrates and of the same Family that is of the Asclepiades with this peculiarity () Method Med. lib. 1. that he was the last the Family being extinct in him This is the observation of Galen with which Suidas does by no means agree who says there were seven descendants from Hippocrates all Physicians who successively bore his name but I am rather apt to credit Galen Praxagoras is reckon'd the third after Hippocrates who worthily maintain'd the honour of rational Physick Galen speaks honourably of him as a man that understood his business excellently well He left several Books which are lost Galen cites some of them as that of the use of abstinence those of the ordinary and extraordinary symptoms of Diseases another entituled of natural things or things which naturally happen and another of Medicaments He past in his time for a great Anatomist but all that he wrote upon that subject being lost we know nothing of his Sentiments except that he believed with Aristotle that the Nerves come from the Heart He added (d) Galen de decret Hippocrat â—laton that the Arteries turn to Nerves as their cavities grow straight towards the extremities He held with this Philosopher that the brain was of little use and look'd upon it as only an appendix to the spinal Marrow He maintain'd also that the (e) De dignoseeâ—d Puls l. 4. cap. 2. Arteries contain'd no Liquor an opinion which we shall see driven farther by Erasistratus From hence we may conclude that Praxagoras was the first Author that distinguish'd the arteries properly so call'd from the veins The Physicians of the preceding ages having indifferently call'd both veins and arteries by the name of veins Praxagoras was the first that distinguish'd with more exactness than before the humours or juices of the body (f) See the Anatomy of Hippocrates and Aristotle Rufus Ephesius reports that he said of these juices that one was sweet another (g) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 equally mix'd or temperate (h) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 another resemosed Glass which was a sort of flegin very penetrant another sower another nitrous another of the colour of a Leek another salt another bitter another like the yolk of an Egg. He added besides these two other sorts of Juices one which he call'd (i) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Raking that is which produced a sense in the part as if it were scrap'd with a Knife or some such Instrument the other he call'd (k) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 These names as well as those taken from the colour of a Leek and the Yoâ—k of an Egg are really new But those of sowre bitter nitrous c. were applied by Hippocrates to the same things before fix'd (l) Introduct capâ— 9. Most diseases according to him depended upon these dispositions of the humours and it was his opinion that it was in vain to look any where else than into