be_v deliver_v as_o from_o papinian_n some_o distinction_n betwixt_o the_o roman_a civil_a law_n and_o the_o praetorian_a law_n make_v in_o the_o same_o city_n for_o it_o be_v say_v there_o that_o the_o civil_a law_n do_v consist_v of_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o people_n the_o ordinance_n of_o the_o senate_n and_o decree_n of_o the_o prince_n with_o the_o authority_n of_o wise_a man_n but_o the_o praetorian_a law_n be_v those_o which_o the_o praetor_n do_v introduce_v to_o supply_v to_o help_v or_o to_o correct_v the_o civil_a law_n so_o be_v there_o allege_a in_o the_o same_o digest_v out_o of_o paulus_n another_o division_n of_o law_n the_o first_o be_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o second_o be_v the_o civil_a law_n the_o first_o be_v free_v from_o injustice_n the_o second_o be_v deem_v profitable_a to_o all_o or_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o city_n and_o there_o be_v add_v jus_fw-la law_n the_o praetorian_a law_n differ_v from_o and_o correct_v the_o civil_a law_n honorarium_fw-la or_o the_o praetorian_a law_n as_o if_o it_o be_v no_o part_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n wherein_o it_o be_v say_v the_o praetor_n do_v give_v law_n though_o he_o do_v determine_v unjust_o have_v relation_n not_o unto_o that_o which_o the_o praetor_n do_v but_o to_o that_o which_o be_v convenient_a for_o he_o to_o do_v so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v wonder_v that_o the_o municipal_a law_n of_o every_o country_n do_v differ_v from_o the_o civil_a or_o roman_a law_n or_o that_o the_o civil_a roman_a law_n have_v not_o his_o full_a force_n in_o all_o country_n or_o that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o only_a law_n that_o govern_v in_o any_o country_n because_o the_o city_n of_o rome_n itself_o do_v admit_v some_o other_o law_n to_o be_v administer_v within_o the_o city_n than_o that_o which_o be_v call_v and_o account_v their_o own_o civil_a law_n or_o jus_n civil_a and_o where_o there_o be_v question_n make_v before_o concern_v the_o civil_a law_n whether_o the_o same_o be_v only_o the_o roman_a law_n or_o as_o well_o other_o municipal_a law_n some_o civilian_n do_v distinguish_v law_n a_o division_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n they_o into_o two_o part_n the_o roman_a law_n they_o call_v jus_n civil_a commune_v and_o the_o other_o jus_n civil_a particular_a to_o the_o first_o they_o refer_v also_o some_o municipal_a law_n especial_o those_o constitution_n of_o the_o empire_n since_o it_o be_v translate_v to_o germany_n as_o the_o aurea_n bulla_n of_o charles_n the_o four_o also_o the_o constitution_n and_o edict_n of_o germany_n the_o municipal_a or_o civil_a law_n of_o germany_n the_o german_a emperor_n in_o their_o diet_n or_o parliament_n which_o be_v reckon_v and_o refer_v to_o the_o common_a civil_a law_n because_o they_o be_v ordain_v by_o authority_n of_o the_o emperor_n and_o yet_o they_o be_v in_o true_a construction_n but_o particular_a civil_a or_o municipal_a law_n because_o they_o bound_v none_o but_o such_o as_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o empire_n or_o to_o those_o place_n of_o the_o empire_n for_o which_o they_o be_v make_v and_o which_o do_v submit_v themselves_o thereto_o so_o have_v the_o kingdom_n of_o france_n france_n the_o municipal_a law_n of_o france_n certain_a particular_a civil_a or_o municipal_a law_n make_v in_o their_o parliament_n which_o be_v ancient_o the_o council_n of_o their_o king_n but_o when_o the_o king_n of_o france_n do_v separate_v their_o council_n of_o state_n from_o those_o parliament_n yet_o the_o parliament_n have_v be_v hold_v in_o certain_a city_n of_o france_n as_o say_v brison_n precedent_n of_o the_o parliament_n of_o paris_n at_o certain_a time_n of_o the_o year_n the_o first_o and_o principal_n hold_v at_o paris_n establish_v by_o philip_n the_o fair_a or_o as_o some_o say_v by_o lewis_n huttin_n his_o son_n the_o second_o at_o tholose_a for_o languedoe_v the_o three_o at_o bourdeaux_n for_o aquitain_n the_o four_o at_o grenoble_n for_o dauphin_n the_o five_o at_o dijon_n for_o burgoigne_n the_o six_o at_o roven_n for_o normandy_n the_o seven_o at_o aix_n for_o provence_n the_o eight_o for_o bretaign_n institute_v by_o henry_n the_o second_o anno_fw-la 1553._o they_o have_v also_o municipal_a and_o particular_a spain_n the_o municipal_a law_n of_o spain_n civil_a law_n ordain_v for_o the_o kingdom_n of_o spain_n as_o those_o set_v down_o by_o alphonsus_n the_o 9th_o and_o the_o like_a for_o that_o and_o other_o country_n be_v extant_a and_o in_o use_n the_o kingdom_n of_o scotland_n have_v as_o different_a the_o municipal_a law_n of_o scotland_n and_o of_o england_n not_o altogether_o different_a this_o realm_n of_o england_n several_a and_o particular_a municipal_a law_n differ_v from_o the_o roman_a civil_a law_n as_o for_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n they_o be_v not_o so_o far_o different_a from_o the_o law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n of_o england_n as_o divers_a do_v conceive_v and_o that_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n be_v not_o altogether_o unlike_a these_o of_o england_n but_o in_o many_o point_n do_v concur_v with_o they_o be_v not_o improbable_a for_o that_o there_o be_v a_o book_n concern_v law_n the_o law_n book_n of_o regius_fw-la majestas_fw-la in_o scotland_n like_v to_o glanvil_n book_n of_o the_o english_a law_n the_o ancient_a law_n of_o that_o kingdom_n term_v regius_fw-la majestas_fw-la which_o as_o some_o student_n have_v read_v the_o same_o do_v affirm_v and_o as_o it_o be_v set_v forth_o in_o the_o printer_n epistle_n to_o glanvil_n book_n do_v agree_v much_o and_o in_o many_o place_n word_n for_o word_n with_o the_o say_v glanvil_n book_n and_o do_v often_o vouch_v he_o so_o that_o it_o be_v suppose_v the_o ancient_a law_n of_o both_o these_o realm_n do_v then_o agree_v and_o do_v yet_o in_o most_o point_n which_o have_v not_o be_v alter_v by_o statute_n since_o in_o either_o of_o these_o realm_n also_o king_n james_n in_o one_o of_o his_o speech_n make_v to_o the_o knight_n and_o burgess_n of_o the_o low_a house_n of_o parliament_n do_v pronounce_v and_o declare_v that_o the_o trial_n in_o the_o chancery_n of_o scotland_n be_v bring_v from_o this_o of_o england_n show_v the_o time_n author_n and_o occasion_n thereof_o therefore_o it_o one_o a_o opinion_n that_o the_o law_n of_o both_o these_o kingdom_n may_v in_o main_a point_n be_v convenient_o make_v all_o one_o may_v be_v conceive_v that_o there_o be_v not_o such_o great_a discrepancy_n or_o contrariety_n betwixt_o the_o law_n of_o both_o these_o kingdom_n but_o that_o by_o due_a examination_n it_o will_v be_v find_v that_o there_o be_v or_o at_o least_o may_v be_v a_o consonance_n betwixt_o they_o in_o many_o if_o not_o in_o most_o point_n but_o for_o the_o law_n of_o england_n how_o they_o do_v differ_v from_o the_o civil_a and_o other_o law_n shall_v be_v show_v in_o the_o next_o ensue_a chapter_n chap._n iii_o of_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n and_o how_o they_o do_v differ_v from_o other_o law_n our_o law_n of_o england_n do_v differ_v as_o in_o name_n so_o in_o divers_a other_o circumstance_n consideration_n and_o condition_n from_o the_o law_n of_o other_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n first_o for_o the_o name_n they_o receive_v a_o common_a appellation_n of_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n a_o name_n scarce_o give_v to_o the_o law_n of_o any_o other_o nation_n england_n why_o our_o law_n be_v call_v the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n therefore_o whence_o it_o receive_v this_o denomination_n of_o the_o common_a law_n may_v breed_v some_o question_n some_o say_v that_o it_o be_v call_v the_o common_a law_n to_o distinguish_v it_o from_o the_o law_n of_o particular_a custom_n or_o of_o custom_n allow_v for_o lawful_a within_o this_o realm_n but_o this_o be_v not_o certain_a nor_o scarce_o probable_a as_o shall_v be_v show_v anon_o when_o it_o shall_v be_v demonstrate_v that_o these_o custom_n allow_v for_o law_n be_v rather_o make_v part_n than_o distinguish_v from_o the_o common_a law_n some_o other_o suppose_v that_o it_o be_v call_v the_o common_a law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n to_o make_v difference_n betwixt_o it_o and_o the_o statute_n law_n which_o as_o they_o be_v of_o another_o kind_n of_o constitution_n than_o be_v the_o common_a law_n as_o will_v be_v make_v evident_a so_o be_v they_o of_o several_a sort_n in_o themselves_o as_o some_o of_o these_o statute_n be_v general_a and_o ordain_v for_o all_o the_o subject_n some_o be_v particular_a and_o make_v for_o the_o settle_n of_o particular_a man_n estate_n and_o of_o particular_a trade_n corporation_n and_o faculty_n therefore_o these_o can_v be_v nor_o may_v not_o be_v call_v the_o common_a law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o be_v common_a to_o all_o but_o only_o in_o this_o sense_n because_o they_o be_v constitute_v with_o the_o common_a consent_n of_o all_o the_o three_o opinion_n be_v that_o they_o
common_a peace_n and_o society_n of_o man_n lest_o the_o like_a occasion_n of_o wrong_n do_v shall_v grow_v general_a and_o so_o in_o the_o end_n hurtful_a to_o all_o so_o by_o this_o secondary_a law_n of_o nation_n grow_v the_o division_n of_o good_n the_o distinction_n of_o property_n free_a commerce_n betwixt_o nation_n common_a contract_n and_o the_o like_a by_o this_o we_o see_v that_o the_o secondary_a nature_n the_o secondary_a law_n of_o nation_n no_o part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n law_n of_o nation_n be_v no_o part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o differ_v also_o from_o the_o primary_n law_n of_o nation_n itself_o now_o let_v we_o see_v next_o how_o the_o civil_a law_n differ_v or_o be_v distinguish_v from_o these_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o of_o nation_n the_o civil_a law_n or_o the_o appellation_n way_n the_o name_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n take_v two_o way_n thereof_o be_v take_v in_o two_o several_a signification_n for_o either_o it_o be_v in_o a_o strict_a signification_n account_v particular_o and_o only_o for_o the_o roman_a law_n first_o set_v down_o by_o papirius_n papinian_n ulpian_n and_o other_o and_o afterward_o collect_v into_o the_o institutes_n pandect_n or_o digest_v novel_n constitution_n and_o the_o feuda_n by_o justinian_n commandment_n or_o else_o in_o a_o more_o proper_a sense_n it_o be_v accept_v for_o the_o particular_a law_n which_o every_o kingdom_n and_o commonwealth_n do_v constitute_v for_o itself_o and_o although_o caius_n with_o other_o learned_a civilian_n do_v confess_v that_o the_o law_n which_o every_o city_n do_v make_v for_o itself_o be_v proper_o entitle_v jus_n civil_a quasi_fw-la jus_o proprium_fw-la ipsius_fw-la civitatis_fw-la yet_o the_o roman_n have_v get_v under_o their_o subjection_n the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o know_a world_n give_v law_n unto_o all_o nation_n conquer_a by_o they_o which_o by_o a_o kind_n of_o excellency_n they_o term_v jus_fw-la nostrum_fw-la or_o jus_fw-la civitatis_fw-la therefore_o justinian_n after_o he_o have_v cause_v the_o digest_v to_o be_v compile_v command_v his_o judge_n that_o these_o law_n shall_v be_v use_v in_o all_o country_n and_o that_o his_o praetor_n of_o the_o east_n of_o illyria_n lybia_n and_o other_o part_n shall_v put_v they_o in_o practice_n whereby_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o roman_a or_o imperial_a law_n be_v general_o call_v the_o civil_a law_n and_o have_v for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o most_o place_n be_v ever_o since_o so_o observe_v whereas_o otherwise_o in_o proper_a sense_n and_o signification_n the_o particular_a law_n of_o each_o free_a city_n and_o state_n aught_o to_o be_v call_v their_o civil_a law_n but_o both_o these_o that_o be_v the_o roman_a and_o imperial_a civil_a law_n and_o nation_n the_o civil_a and_o municipal_a law_n do_v not_o whole_o differ_v from_o or_o depend_v on_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o nation_n the_o particular_a civil_a or_o municipal_a law_n of_o every_o city_n commonweal_n or_o free_a state_n do_v not_o whole_o differ_v from_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o of_o nation_n nor_o whole_o depend_v on_o they_o in_o this_o because_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o of_o nation_n be_v permanent_a and_o perpetual_a be_v always_o the_o same_o without_o any_o alteration_n but_o the_o other_o that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o roman_a civil_a law_n have_v be_v subject_a to_o many_o mutation_n the_o roman_a law_n subject_n to_o sundry_a mutation_n mutation_n alteration_n and_o abrogation_n so_o likewise_o all_o other_o civil_a and_o municipal_a law_n have_v be_v and_o be_v according_a to_o the_o variation_n of_o time_n of_o state_n and_o of_o sundry_a circumstance_n for_o example_n in_o the_o roman_a law_n rome_n the_o law_n of_o the_o king_n of_o rome_n whilst_o the_o roman_a state_n be_v under_o the_o government_n of_o king_n they_o make_v such_o law_n as_o they_o think_v fit_a for_o that_o time_n the_o present_a state_n of_o the_o city_n and_o their_o own_o purpose_n which_o be_v all_o digest_v into_o one_o volume_n by_o sextus_n papirius_n as_o be_v record_v by_o pomponius_n but_o the_o force_n of_o these_o law_n end_v with_o their_o reign_n and_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v transport_v into_o a_o new_a state_n at_o the_o first_o they_o can_v not_o frame_v any_o certain_a or_o constant_a law_n for_o the_o commons_o and_o gentry_n oppose_v each_o other_o for_o rome_n the_o law_n of_o the_o consul_n and_o commons_o of_o rome_n twenty_o year_n together_o such_o law_n as_o be_v then_o make_v do_v rather_o seem_v to_o cross_v and_o contend_v one_o with_o the_o other_o than_o to_o concur_v in_o any_o mutual_a harmony_n for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n for_o the_o consul_n make_v law_n according_a to_o the_o mind_n of_o the_o senate_n and_o the_o tribune_n of_o the_o people_n according_a to_o their_o affection_n until_o they_o agree_v to_o send_v certain_a legate_n unto_o athens_n and_o other_o city_n of_o greece_n famous_a at_o that_o time_n for_o good_a law_n and_o government_n that_o they_o may_v be_v better_o please_v with_o foreign_a law_n who_o envy_v and_o hold_v not_o their_o own_o indifferent_a which_o do_v they_o draw_v those_o law_n bring_v rome_n the_o law_n of_o the_o 12_o table_n fetch_v from_o greece_n to_o rome_n from_o thence_o into_o ten_o table_n to_o which_o they_o add_v two_o more_o of_o their_o own_o these_o they_o call_v the_o twelve_o table_n be_v the_o ground_n of_o the_o roman_a law_n but_o yet_o two_o year_n after_o these_o law_n be_v bring_v to_o rome_n and_o establish_v there_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o decemviri_fw-la upon_o which_o the_o force_n of_o these_o law_n do_v depend_v cease_v and_o be_v extinguish_v by_o the_o lust_n and_o licentious_a life_n of_o appius_n claudius_n be_v one_o of_o they_o and_o although_o those_o law_n of_o the_o twelve_o table_n continue_v afterward_o as_o ground_n of_o other_o law_n yet_o be_v they_o still_o add_v to_o and_o alter_v as_o the_o roman_a state_n do_v change_v for_o when_o pleasure_n the_o emperor_n of_o rome_n make_v and_o change_v law_n at_o their_o pleasure_n the_o emperor_n set_v up_o their_o sovereign_n and_o supreme_a authority_n they_o make_v such_o law_n edict_n and_o constitution_n as_o be_v answerable_a to_o their_o own_o end_n the_o succeed_a emperor_n often_o disannul_v what_o his_o predecessor_n have_v ordain_v and_o as_o they_o abrogate_a the_o law_n of_o other_o so_o do_v they_o not_o long_o uphold_v their_o own_o for_o who_o almost_o be_v there_o among_o they_o that_o do_v not_o change_v their_o own_o constitution_n beside_o as_o the_o state_n of_o the_o empire_n rome_n the_o admixture_n of_o divers_a law_n in_o the_o city_n of_o rome_n grow_v great_a they_o be_v force_v to_o alter_v their_o law_n with_o admixture_n of_o their_o decree_n of_o the_o senate_n statute_n of_o the_o commons_o ordinance_n of_o the_o magistrate_n as_o the_o praetorian_a law_n call_v jus_n honorarium_fw-la which_o be_v of_o great_a force_n for_o the_o time_n but_o of_o no_o long_a continuance_n for_o they_o be_v found_v upon_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o praetor_n and_o do_v often_o end_n with_o their_o year_n thus_o the_o roman_a law_n remain_v in_o much_o uncertainty_n till_o the_o reign_n of_o adrian_n the_o emperor_n who_o with_o consent_n of_o the_o senate_n do_v cause_v these_o law_n to_o be_v make_v perpetual_a whence_o grow_v the_o name_n of_o edictum_fw-la infringe_v adrian_n edictum_fw-la perpetuum_fw-la infringe_v perpetuum_fw-la but_o yet_o in_o divers_a succeed_a age_n sundry_a of_o these_o law_n be_v also_o abrogate_a and_o even_o the_o law_n compile_v in_o the_o pandect_n and_o code_o by_o justinian_n commandment_n be_v some_o of_o they_o by_o he_o alter_v and_o many_o take_v away_o in_o a_o latter_a book_n call_v the_o authentic_o all_o which_o be_v allege_v to_o show_v the_o instability_n change_n and_o uncertainty_n of_o the_o roman_a law_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o the_o law_n of_o other_o nation_n which_o have_v be_v find_v uncertain_a in_o their_o ground_n and_o unstable_a in_o their_o continuance_n second_o we_o may_v see_v that_o there_o be_v difference_n betwixt_o the_o civil_a roman_a law_n and_o the_o municipal_a law_n of_o other_o state_n for_o though_o the_o roman_a imperial_a call_v the_o civil_a law_n do_v bear_v much_o sway_n in_o most_o country_n of_o christendom_n and_o have_v place_n in_o law_n all_o country_n have_v some_o particular_a law_n and_o ordinance_n different_a from_o the_o civil_a roman_a law_n their_o proceed_n of_o justice_n but_o least_o of_o any_o place_n within_o this_o kingdom_n of_o england_n yet_o have_v all_o country_n their_o several_a custom_n statute_n and_o particular_a ordinance_n discrepant_a in_o divers_a point_n from_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o roman_a imperial_a civil_a law_n which_o be_v no_o marvel_n since_o in_o the_o digest_v there_o
be_v call_v the_o common_a law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n because_o all_o the_o subject_n of_o this_o kingdom_n must_v live_v under_o they_o and_o may_v challenge_v they_o as_o their_o birthright_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o their_o estate_n right_o and_o liberty_n in_o which_o sense_n also_o the_o general_a law_n of_o any_o kingdom_n or_o commonwealth_n may_v be_v call_v their_o common_a law_n howsoever_o it_o may_v be_v a_o question_n how_o at_o the_o first_o the_o name_n of_o our_o common_a law_n come_v or_o how_o the_o same_o may_v differ_v from_o the_o statute_n law_n or_o from_o any_o other_o law_n allow_v within_o this_o kingdom_n yet_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o law_n the_o municipal_a law_n of_o england_n be_v the_o most_o proper_a title_n of_o our_o law_n term_n and_o title_n of_o the_o municipal_a law_n of_o this_o land_n be_v both_o proper_a to_o our_o law_n and_o do_v include_v all_o our_o law_n as_o well_o the_o statute_n as_o common_a law_n first_o it_o be_v proper_a 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matter_n as_o be_v mischievous_a in_o the_o
commonwealth_n the_o punishment_n and_o prevention_n whereof_o be_v defective_a dispunishable_a or_o not_o full_o provide_v for_o by_o the_o common_a law_n the_o first_o of_o which_o statute_n law_n now_o extant_a be_v make_v in_o the_o nine_o year_n extant_a the_o first_o statute_n law_n that_o be_v now_o extant_a of_o king_n henry_n the_o three_o for_o the_o make_n of_o statute_n and_o assemble_v of_o parliament_n in_o which_o they_o be_v ordain_v he_o which_o will_v diligent_o read_v the_o ancient_a story_n of_o malmesburie_n huntingdon_n hoveden_n and_o math._n parisiensis_fw-la especial_o above_o other_o shall_v find_v that_o there_o be_v no_o small_a mistake_n in_o some_o thing_n about_o the_o antiquity_n and_o true_a conceit_n of_o their_o custom_n and_o strength_n there_o be_v according_a to_o the_o partition_n of_o some_o another_o part_n of_o our_o law_n or_o at_o the_o least_o a_o derivative_a out_o of_o the_o same_o that_o be_v the_o custom_n hold_v for_o law_n or_o judge_v 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of_o summon_n in_o many_o
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36._o of_o edward_n the_o 3._o which_o although_o it_o