which was denied and the Island affirmed to belong to the King of England In 1616 the company sent eight Sail of great Ships and two Pinaces which being all appointed to several harbours returned with full lading besides an overplus they left on Shore This year they discovered Edges-Island where they killed 1000 Morsses and other Islands North-eastward The Hollanders sent four Ships who made a bad voyage In 1617 the English sent out fourteen Ships and two pinaces they departed from Gravesend April 24 and arrived at Greenland May 28 where they met with eleven Sail of Dutch fishing in Horn-sound whom they forced away and took from them what they had caught as also the Kings Subjects which were found in their Ships this year they made 1900 tuns of Oyl They sent also a small Ship north-eastward which discovered Wyches-Island in 79 deg and some other places where they killed store of Morsses This year the Hull-men sent a Ship or two to Greenland and pretended that it was their discovery which was by oath in the Admiralty proved to be false The Dutch also did the same In 1518 an Hull-man meeting with some Zelanders animated them to go to Greenland and in Horn-sound to make a voyage perforce but the English chaced them from thence took some of their goods besides some ordinance and ammunition which was afterwards restored A new company also of some English Scots and Zelanders procured a grant for setting forth Ships to those parts which caused the former adventurers to joyn to them the East-India company who set out that year thirteen Ships and two Pinaces but were disappointed and some of them fought with robbed and worsted by a fleet of twenty-three Sail of Zealanders who came thither on purpose so that proved a very unfortunate voyage In 1619 nine Ships were sent which by reason of the Hollanders being there before them and driving away the Whales from the fishing places made also a losing voyage Besides another misfortune for as one of their best Ships lay at anchor under a mountain a great piece of a rock of Ice broke off and fell upon the Ship killed divers and wounded more and so broke the Ship that she was very difficultly fitted up to serve home and when they came home the Dutch who had fully laded so much undersold them that they were very much discouraged and gave over their trading thither But Mr. Ralph Freeman with a few more of the companions still continued and in 1620 set out seven Sail which by reason of so many Hollanders and Danes returned half laden And in 1621 eight Ships went out which notwithstanding all the harm the Dutch did them brought a reasonable good adventure of 1100 tuns of Oyl In 1622 nine Ships were sent one whereof was wrackt upon the Ice the other brought home 1300 tuns of Oyl We find nothing worth relating till 1630 when the Company set out a Ship â—ut of the Relation Publisht by Dr. W. Wats commanded by William Goodler who landed in Bell-sound and quickly made up his lading sending for the Ship to come to take it in the wind proved to be contrary so the Master set on shoar eight of his men to kill them some Deer who took with them two Dogs a Gun two Lances and a Tinder-box The first day they killed fourteen Deer but being weary and the night coming on they laid them down to sleep in the convenientest place they could find The next day proved very foggy and so much Ice was got betwixt the shoar and the Ship that the Ship was forced to stand so far off into the Sea that they lost the sight of her So they resolved to hunt till they came to Green-harbour where they would stay for their ship In this passage they killed eight Deer more with which they laded their Shallop and came to Green-harbour where when they arrived they found that the Ships were gone thence they resolved therefore to hasten to Bell-sound to their Captain and for the more speed they cast their Venison over-board into the Sea so they sailed all that night and the next day but having no compass they wandred to and again so long till the Ships were departed thence also These eight persons seeing themselves in almost a desperate condition resolved however not to be wanting to their own preservation and therefore they presently went about to get provision for the long Winter The first day they killed seven Deer and four Bears the next six Deer but the night coming upon them and leaving their provision in their Shallop there arose a very high wind which sunk their Shallop and in the morning they found a considerable part of their stores swimming by the shore which with great labour and some danger they recovered as also their Shallop which by main force they haled upon the Shore The next thing was to provide their habitation for which purpose they made use of the tent wherein the Cooper used to work which was made of Timber and boards covered with Flemish tile which being unable to resist the cold they built another tent or house within it twenty foot long and sixteen broad and stowed the distance with earth bones of fish fritture of Whales and such old timber as they could gather up of broken Shallops and the like of which they made the best provision they could laying it upon the beams that were under the tiles They made also four Cabins two to a Cabin and furnished them with the skins of Bears Deer and Foxes they had caught besides pieces of old Sails they found there Having accommodated these things they went out again to search for more provision and upon the Ice they found two Morsses sleeping they killed them both and rosted them in their tent and eat them at leisure Reviewing their provision they found it unsufficient to serve half the winter and therefore they first limited themselves to one meal a day and afterwards cut off one meal in a week more and so many meals they fed upon the fritture of the Whales reserving their Venison for sickness and Holidays this they preserved by roasting and stowing it in their empty casks which they found there Before they were well provided they began to want light for from October the fourteenth till February the third they had not the sight of the Sun but in clear weather they wanted not the light of the Moon which was a great advantage and consolation unto them For looking out on a bright moon-shining day they espied a great she-Bear with her Cubs coming towards the Tent they fought with and killed her but the Cubs escaped they haled her into their Tent and fed upon her twenty days her flesh was tolerably pleasant and wholesome but the Liver made their skins to peel off which was also observed by the Dutch that wintered in Nova-Zembla Many Bears afterwards came to visit them at least forty but they could kill no more then seven one
dedicated to him so stately and magnificent that by the relation of Johannes Magnus who tells prodigious stories of the Golden Roof c. the Temple of the Sun in Cuzco was but a poorly adorn'd Chappel to it In the middle of this stupendous Fabrick their God was set upon a bed or couch with a Crown upon his head adorn'd with twelve stars and a scepter in his hand Upon his right hand stood Oden or Othen arm'd like a soldier Cap a-pie not unlike the Roman God Mars On his left was plac'd the Goddess Freia their Venus holding a sword in one and a bow in the other hand These three Deities were had in special reverence amongst them Votaries coming from very remote parts every ninth year to visit the Temple and pay their devotions offering the most precious gifts they could provide and sacrifices for nine days together Pythagorean-like counting nine an auspicious number and on every day nine sorts of Animals three of every sort not sparing their servants friends children nor even their own selves from being part of such bloody victims This they did not by choice every votary striving to be presented a sacrifice to his God but by lots taking him on whom the lot fell tying a cord about his middle and so let him down alive into a large well dugg close by the Temple for that purpose if he expir'd quietly and without any great struggling or motion of the water they concluded that their god was pleas'd and their Petitions heard if otherwise and he seem'd to dye with any reluctancy they suppos'd their god was angry and thereupon presently made ready another such-like sacrifice to appease the wrath When the body was drawn up out of the well if a pleasing sacrifice they thought it not fit to bury it in the ground the ordinary way but hung it up upon a tree in the consecrated grove and for ever after suppos'd it to be instated in a place of happiness and esteem'd it as one of their Demi-gods In these cruel sacrifices their Kings themselves were not only present but sometimes when the lot fell upon them offer'd up to their Gods being attended to the place of execution with great joy and acclamations by the greatest part of their subjects who promised themselves great and lasting happiness by so Noble a victim Besides these three principal they worshiped many other inferior Deities upon different occasions as Methothim who presided over their Magical Arts Fro to whom they always offer'd black victims Vagnoft Hading c. with all the the Sons and attendants of their principal Gods Of which see Johannes and Olaus Magnus Adam Bremensis and Loccenius The many foolish superstitions to which their Ignorance and credulity made them subject as their arming themselves whensoever it chanc'd to thunder and shooting arrows up into the clouds to assist these Gods of their Country who as they suppos'd were waging war against those of other Nations Their using to sacrifice their horses before they engag'd with their enemies and setting the heads of them upon pales before the Army in manner of a Palisado and such like frequently met with in Authors are scarce worth mentioning only this may be observ'd that in their customs and ceremonies about their worship they had some faint notions of an Infinite power to which they owed their being and happiness that their soul did not dye with their body and such like common dictates of natural reason All which were clearly discover'd to them and the mists of Idolatry and Irreligion quite dispell'd by the happy plantation of Christianity amongst them In the year of Christ 780 〈…〉 Bero or Biorno III. King of Sweden desir'd Charles the Great Emperor of Germany to send some able Ministers into the North to plant Christian religion amongst them who accordingly sent one Herebertus surnam'd Belga a man of noted piety and learning in those times He succeeded well in his undertakings gain'd many proselytes and built a Church at Lyncopen in Ostro-Gothia where himself was Rector and afterwards dyed Ann. 814 Ludovicus Pius I. Emperor of Germany in the sixth year of his reign sent hither more Apostles one of which was nam'd Ansgarius a Monk of Corbey in France who brought with him from thence divers of the Monks and planted in Saxony a Monastery of the former name intending it for a Seminary to supply the want of Preachers in the North. But all this Emperors time Christianity was rather privately brought in hither Paganism prevailing and most of these pious men being martyr'd for their Religion then publickly countenanc'd or established till about ann 955 when Olaus Scot-konung desirous to enjoy the purity of the Gospel sent to Ethelred then King of England desiring him to furnish him with Ministers to preach Christianity to him and his subjects That there hath always been great friendship betwixt those two Crowns appears by many particulars one especially not to be forgotten is that the Kings of Sweden would never permit any of their subjects to engage with the Danes and other Northern people to exercise Piracy against or invade the English Dominions as 't is observed by Jo. Magnus and other Authors Ethelred readily consented to so pious a request and dispatch'd over one Sigfrid then Archbishop of York with divers other godly Priests and worthy labourers who at their arrival in Sweden found kind reception baptiz'd the King himself with all his Courtiers and prevail'd so far to have the Gospel propagated amongst his subjects that Christian Churches were built in every Province of the Kings Dominions This so happy a plantation was water'd by the blood of three of his Followers Vnaman Sumaman and Vinaman murther'd by the contrivance of a wicked woman and lye buried at Wexio a City in Smalandia After this Christianity was nurs'd up by their succeeding Kings Ericus especially who as was said before propagated it to the Finlanders Exercis'd it was according to the Ceremonies of the Church of Rome till about the year 1530 at which time Gustavus I. then King upon what motives Authors do not agree established the Lutheran Religion displacing all those that refus'd to subscribe the Articles he propos'd amongst whom was that elegant Historian and very learned person Jo. Magnus then Archbishop who refusing to comply with the King left his Country fled to Rome there wrot his History with an account of this Metropolis and dyed 1544. In the year 1537 the said Gustavus enter'd into a League with Christianus King of Denmark Philip Landsgrave of Hassia the Elector of Saxony and other German Princes to defend this Religion thus reformed against the Emperor and other Princes of the Communion of the Church of Rome In the year 1613 it was publickly consented to by the States of the whole Kingdom A. D. 1627 Gustavus Adolphus gave sactuary in his dominions to all those that were any way persecuted in Germany or elsewhere for this profession Confirm'd it was and agreed to by Charles
the Swedish Nation had made a law amongst his subjects that if any of them kill'd or injur'd a Swede he should pay only half the mulct which was to be pay'd if he had done the like to any other person whatsoever 33. Atislus a warlike and magnificent King 34. Hotherus who waged war with the Danes and Russes and died of a wound he received in battel 35. Rodericus King of Denmark and Swedland at the same time but either leaving or loosing the former he retir'd into the latter and there ended his days 36. Attilus who kill'd Wermundus King of Denmark in single Duel and was himself afterwards slain by Wermundus's two sons After this Kings time the succession for about 600 years was much interrupted who enjoy'd the Kingdom is uncertain Botvildus Charles II Ericus II and six more are mention'd but little more known of them then their names He whom Historians first pitch upon to have certainly succeeded was 46. Alricus who challenging Gestiblindus King of the Goths to Duel thereby lost both his life and Kingdom 47. Ericus III surnamed the Wise and by some the Eloquent a happy and peaceable Prince He reign'd according to Johannes Magnus's computation about four and thirty years before our Saviours Birth A Catalogue of the Gothish Kings who reigned shortly after their Transmigration out of Scandia while they dwelt about the Palus Maeotis near the time of the Trojan War collected out of Wolf Lazius upon whose credit you are to take them 1. Telephus well known for his exploits in the Trojan War 2. Bericus or Beger 3. Filimar 4. Frogradus 5. Aringis 6. Eurypilus 7. Tamyris 8. Antriregus After this succession of Kings in Scythia Europea the Goths either weary of that Country or driven out of it by some of their potent Neighbours are said by the same Author though I find not his opinion seconded by any Swedish writer to have returned into Gothia and particularly to have pitch'd upon the Isle Gotland as the fittest seat for their Kings a long series of whom might seem not very necessary to be set down being for the most part the same with the Swedish Kings before mention'd 48. Haldanus in whose reign the Hunns overrun Gothia and the greatest part of the Kings dominions built Hunnaberg an ancient City in Ostro-Gothia and after some continuance in the Country were by this King at last utterly expell'd 49. Sivardus or Sigvardus in whose time commotions arising in the Kingdom the Goths elected a separate King of their own nam'd Carolus whom some make to be 50. Charles III. 51. Ericus IV. slain by Haldanus King of Denmark 52. Haldanus who got the Kingdom by his valour Of this King are reported several prodigious Stories as of his Gigantick stature his pulling up Trees by the roots and such like not inferiour to those which Poets relate of Hercules and the Giants 53. Vngvinus who to his own Kingdom united Gothia for a long time govern'd by distinct Kings 54. Ragvaldus or Regnaldus 55. Amundus 56. Haquinus in whose reign the Goths elected one Sivardo King of Gothia 57. Ostenus I. who entertain'd an implacable hatred against the Norwegians sent a great Army against them subdued their Country made the Inhabitants Tributary to the Swedish Crown and as an opprobrium to the Nation set a Dog to be chief Governour over them to which they were to pay all subjection and swear allegiance under the penalty of losing one hand and one foot this is mention'd both in the Swedish and Norwegian Chronicles 58. Alverus or Alaricus elected says Krantzius out of the Nobles and in the midst of his happy Reign stabb'd by his Brother Ericus who was impatient to obtain the Crown which he thought he might procure after his death but vainly for the Government was conferr'd on 59. Ingo I. eldest son to Alverus He was the first that order'd the election of Kings to be held at Moresten near Vpsal of the manner of which see what was said in Suecia About this time the Kingdom was governed by Judges the next King is 60. Ingellus I. kill'd by his Brother 61. Germunder in a war against Denmark taken Prisoner and hung up upon a Gibbet 62. Haquinus 63. Egellus after whose time succeeded several Kings Johannes Magnus reckons twenty concerning whom nothing very remarkable is set down by Historians The next great Epocha is counted from the reign of 84. Bero or Biorno III. the first Christian King in Sweden converted to Christianity by one Herebretus at his request sent to him by Charles the Great Emperor of Germany 85. Brautamundus or Amundus in some civil commotions in his Kingdom kill'd by his brother and Successor 86. Sivardus II. who in his expeditions against Norway was with the greatest part of his Army overcome in battel the enemies Forces mostly consisting of Women 87. Herotus or Haraldus 'twixt whom and the King of Denmark a war broke out concerning the Province of Schonen which this King at last freely granted to the King of Denmark as a reward of his signal prudence and valour 89. Charles VI. 90. Biorno IV. 91. Ingellus II. in whose time Helsingia and several other Provinces in Suecia had their distinct Governours these he under colour of friendship invited to a Banquet and when he had made them drunk with strong Liquors he caus'd a fire to be set on the place where they were and so destroy'd them all and seiz'd on their possessions To revenge this cruelty Gramus Duke of Sudermannia and Hauno Duke of Ostro-Gothia rais'd Forces and came against him but with no good success at last for under pretence of a Parley they were taken Prisoners and at Ingellus's command burnt to death 92. Olaus from his commanding many thick woods to be cut down surnam'd Tratelia or Tree-Feller He is said by some to have embrac'd Christianity at the perswasion of Ansgarius a Learned Bishop sent into Sweden by Lewis II. Emperor of Germany But though he himself perhaps did favour Christian Religion it got small footing amongst his Subjects for Paganism is said for a long time to have prevail'd in the Reigns of the succeeding Princes 93. Ingo II. 94. Ericus VI. surnam'd Windy-Cap who is said to have had a Cap by holding up of which he could cause the wind to blow from what Point he pleas'd for which and such like magical exploits he by the consent of the people was elected King 95. Ericus VII surnam'd Victorious 96. Ericus VIII surnam'd Aarsel i.e. Rich in Corn. He is said to have countenanc'd Christianity which had been from the time of Bero 'till his reign very much suppress'd and endeavouring by Law to establish it in his Kingdom to have been by the fury of his Subjects torn in pieces and martyr'd for his good intentions toward them 97. Olaus surnam'd Scotkonung i.e. infant-Infant-King because advanc'd to the Crown when young He embrac'd Christianity and sent to Ethelred King of England to furnish him with able Ministers
England the Art of Printing The King furnish'd him with seven hundred Marks and Thomas Boucher Arch-Bishop of Canterbury and Chancellor of Oxford who put the King upon this business contributed three hundred more to carry on the design For some time Tourner did nothing but travel up and down with Caxton who traded at Amsterdam and Leyden and could never come at Harlem because the Citizens were cautious of admitting any stranger that might cheat them of the Monopoly of this new Art At last after the King had sent him a new supply of five hundred Marks he agreed with Frideric Corsellis one that wrought at the Press to steal away from his Trade and come over with him into England Which according to contract he did and set up a public Print-house at Oxford Where a strong Guard continually attended him till others had learned his Art for fear he should make an escape before he had perform'd his promise Not long after this there was a Print-house set up at Westminster another at St. Albans a third at Worcester and many others in several Monasteries The oldest Book we find printed at Westminster is Caxton's Chronicle of the Kings of England which was published in the year 1480. Boterus who is follow'd by some late Authors that rely too much upon his authority affirms that the Chinois had the use of Printing amongst them above a thousand years before 't was known in Europe and that the Europeans are not beholden to their own ingenuity for the discovery but the good nature of these strangers who imparted the secret to them But if this be true why then did not Marcus Venetus bring over the Art with him to Venice Rome or Naples that so the Italians might have had the credit of being the first Teachers or Restorers at least for Boter hardly allows the Germans any better title of the Art of Printing in Europe When this question is press'd home to Boter he is forc'd to confess tho unwillingly I Tedeschi sono stati Inventori della stampa dell'artigliaria et dell ' horologio a mota cose Nobilissime i. e. The Germans have been Authors of three noble Inventions Printing Guns and Clocks I do not find any great reason to believe the Germans to have been the first Inventors of Clock-work Clock-work tho they are as likely men if Histories would allow us to fix our conjectures upon them as any in the world But I am afraid Boter injures his own Country in ascribing this to the High Dutch The first man whom the Latin Historians mention as the contriver of an Engine in this kind is Severinus Boetius a famous Philosopher and Nobleman of Rome We meet with a Letter from Theodoric King of the Goths to this Boetius to beg a Clock of him to present to his Brother-in-law Gundibald King of Burgundy in which Letter he calls this Engine Machinam mundo gravidam coelum gestabile rerum compendium i. e. A Machine that encircled the world a portable Heaven an abstract of the Universe But however none have more improved the Art of making Clocks and Watches then the Germans The Emperor Charles the Fifth had a Watch in the Jewel of his Ring and our King James had the like both which were made in Germany In the Town-hall of Prague there is a Clock that shews the annual and periodical motions of the Sun and Moon the names and numbers of the Months Days and Festivals of the whole Year the time of the Sun 's rising and setting the rising of the Twelve Signs in the Zodiac and lastly the Age of the Moon with its several Aspects In the Elector of Saxony's Stable at Dresden there is a Saddle which in the pommel hath a gilded head with eyes continually moving and in the hinder part of it a Clock which shews exactly the hour of the day These and the like knacks are ordinary in every part of Germany but the most famous in its kind is the great Clock at Strasburg of which a full account shall be given when we come to treat of that City Tycho Brahe tells us that William Lantgrave of Hassia had spent much study in contriving a way to regulate Clocks and Watches that the former should not gain nor the latter lose any thing in their motion but what success he met with that great Astronomer does not inform us This in great measure is now perform'd by the regulation which is given to motion by the Pendulum and farther emprovements are projected by some ingenious members of our Royal Society at London and 't is hoped they will be shortly able to give the world a good and satisfactory account how they have sped in the enterprize The High Dutch have far outgone the rest of the European Artificers at the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or ingenious knacks and extravagances of Art then which nothing more demonstrates the excellency and curious skill of a workman One of these not many years presented the Landtgrave of Hassia with a Bear and Lion of pure Gold which were hollow within and each of them about the length of a man's middle finger Every part and lineament in them was proportionable to their length and both together weighed no more then a French Crown The most curious man in this kind which ever the German Nation bred was Johannes Regiomontanus who as Keckerman tells the story when the Emperor Maximilian came to the City of Noremberg made a wooden Eagle which flew an English mile out of Town to meet him and return'd back with him to his Lodgings Peter Ramus reports of the same man that having invited some friends to a Feast to divert them he threw an iron Fly from his hand which flew round the Room and return'd to him again Engraving Painting Cutting of Seals c. are Arts which the High Dutch are almost generally well skill'd in Of the Religion of the Modern GERMANS WE have before given the Reader a view of the Idolatrous practices Ceremonies and Sacrifices of the Pagan Germans and shew'n how zealous they were in defending the Rites and Customs of their false Religion and how much honour and respect they paid their Priests and indeed all others who attended upon their Altars Nor shall we find them less zealous in maintaining the true Religion after their Conversion to Christianity A sufficient testimony of which we may have from the multitude of Monasteries Nunneries Bishoprics and Collegiate Churches which are every-where to be met with in Germany This great Country cannot be suppos'd to have been all converted at once but piecemeal and hardly one Province in it but had its different Apostle Theodoret mentions Germany as well as Britain amongst the Nations converted by the Apostles And the Historian who under the name of Dorotheus Bishop of Tyre publish'd a Synopsis of the Twelve Apostles and Seventy Disciples reports that St. Thomas the Apostle preach'd in Germany But these and the like stories have little of certainty
superadded to the Title of Freyherr to denote the antiquity of those four who bear this name in the rank of Barons Paurmeister gives his opinion of the case proposed in these words Ego Baronum genera nulla esse arbitror quocunque nomine Semper-Freyen Freyherrn Edle Herrn vel singulariter Freyen Herrn Edle vel Die Edle appellantur Nobilitate ac Dignitate pares esse Omnes enim generali vocabulo Herrn comprehenduntur ut perpetuo habet Decretorum Comitiorum subscriptio Von der Graven und Herrn wegen i. e. I do not think there are any different kinds of Barons but that whatever Title they may have whether Semper-Freyen Freyherrn Edle Herrn Freyen Herrn or Edle they are all of them notwithstanding of equal Nobility and Dignity since they all agree in the general Title of Herrn as we find the Decrees anciently pass'd in the Diets subscribed Von der Graven und Herrn wegen i. e. by assent and authority of the Counts and Barons And as Herrn is a common name for all sorts of German Barons so is Herrschaft a general name for a Barony which two words the High Dutch use in the same sense as we do Lord and Lordship We see then what the Title of Frey-herr signifies â—â—â—on And in the modern writings of the Germans we seldom or never meet with the word Baron tho this is as ordinary in Spain Italy France and England as the former is in Germany However Schottelius who made as diligent enquiry into the ancient monuments and records of the German Nation as any man whatever assures us that Bar or Baar in old Teutonic manuscripts signifies a Baron and is commonly there used instead of the more modern word Frey-herr And possibly there may be as just grounds for deriving Baro from the High Dutch as either the Latin or Greek For the Latin word Vir signifying a man separate and distinct from the vulgar by his virtue whence the generality of Critics derive Baro has in all probability been borrowed of the High Dutch in whose ancient Laws Baro or Barus and Foemina do usually occur for a man or woman The English Saxons call'd a man Æ¿er or Æ¿ar which the old Franks turn'd into Ber and afterwards Paro In Junius's Edition of the Codex Argenteus the Gothic word Wair is used for man and Waire in the plural for men Sometimes instead of Baron the Germans use the Title of Banner-herr â—â—nner-herr or Panner-herr which may be render'd Dominus vexillifer and signifies the same thing with Banneret I cannot certainly affirm that the word Banner-herr tho ordinarily met with in German writers is ever made use of to denote any High Dutch Title of Honour but only to express the Honorary Titles of other Nations What a Chivalier Banneret or Knight Banneret which the Germans usually render Banner-herr does signifie may be learn'd from the account which the Author of La division du mond gives of it Pour faire says he un Chevalier Banneret cest quant il a longement suyvy les guerres et que il a assez terres et revenue tant que il peult tenir et soudoyer cinquants gentils homes pour accompagnier sa Banniere Lors il peult licitement lever ladit Banniere et non autrement car nul autre home ne puit porter Banniere en Battaile sil n'a cinquant homes prestz pour battailler Which story of maintaining fifty men under him to accompany his Banner is in the end of the old printed Copy of Gesta Romanorum in French notwithstanding the assertion of some late Authors that a Banneret need have no more then twenty-five some say ten men under him The Germans call a Knight Ritter â—â—tter for the same reason as the Latins stiled him Eques because this Title was formerly never conferr'd upon any man that had not perform'd some gallant exploit in the field and who was dubb'd Knight by being accouter'd with a Sword and pair of Spurs One of our ancient English Poets Dan. Lydgate gives us a full explication of the Title of Ritter in these words Eques ab Equo is said of very right And Chevalier is said of Chevalry In which a Rider called is a Knight Arragoners done also specifie Caballiero through all that party Is name of worship and so took his ' ginning Of spores of Gold and chiefly Riding The first original of dubbing of Knights with a Sword came probably from the ancient custom of the Northern Nations of girding their young men with a Sword as soon as they were able to bear Arms. Nihil says Tacitus speaking of the ancient Germans neque publicae neque privatae rei nisi armati agunt Sed arma sumere non ante cuiquam moris quam Civitas suffecturum probaverit Tum in ipso concilio vel Principum aliquis vel Pater vel Propinquus scuto frameaque Juvenem ornant Haec apud illos Toga hic primus Juventae honos Ante hoc Domus pars videntur mox Reipublicae Besides this Ceremony of giving a Lance or Target to such as were admitted members of the Empire they had another way of adopting Sons per arma Thus Theodoric King of the Eastern Goths in Italy adopted the King of the Heruli by a Charter still extant in Cassiodorus's Northern History And hence Justin the Elder being about to adopt Cosroes the King of Persia's Son was advised by Proclus his Chancellor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Procopius speaks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. That it should be done according to the custom of the barbarous Nations who did not adopt Sons by Writing but by Arms. There are not so many several Orders of Knighthood in Germany as in most other European Nations Orders of Knighthood if we except those who have any Honour and Title of some particular Order sent them from the Kings of Spain England and Denmark For from these Princes several Dukes Counts and other Grandees of the Empire receive the honorary Titles of Knights of the Golden Fleece the Garter and the Elephant The Teutonic Order of Knighthood of which we have spoken something before in the Description of Prussia was first instituted under the walls of Acon or Ptolemais in the Holy Land altho Jacob de Vitriaco Polydore Vergilius Gretser and several other Historians of good note make the Order much more ancient After the City was taken by the Christians these new Knights who were most of them Citizens of Lubec and Bremen fix'd themselves at a Church dedicated to the Virgin Mary from whence they are sometimes stiled Equites Mariani Here they were setled under Henry Walpot von Passenheim their first Great Master in the year 1190. Afterwards when the Christians were beaten out of Syria they remov'd to Venice and thence to Marpurg in Hassia where as in several other parts of Germany their Convent was endow'd with fair revenues Whence some fancy they first got the name of Equites
Mayor of Lond. Jacob Callaber Merchant of Amsterdam Sir Henry Calverley Colleges and Halls in Cambridg which have Subscribed are Christ Coll. Dr. R. Cudworth Mr. Clare Hall Dr. Sam. Blith Mr. Corpus Xti Coll. Dr. J. Spencer Mr. Emanuel Coll. Dr. Tho. Holbech Mr. Gonville and Caius Coll. Dr. R. Brady Mr. Jesus Coll. Dr Saiwel Mr. St. Johns Coll. Dr. Gower Mr. Katherine Hall Dr. J. Eachard Mr. and Vice-Chancellor Kings Coll. Sr. Tho. Page Provost Magdalen Coll. Dr. Peachel Mr. Pembrok Hall Dr. Nath. Coga Mr. St. Peters Coll. Dr. Beaumont Mr. Queens Coll. Dr. Henry James Mr. Sidney-Sussex Coll. Dr. Minshul Mr. Trinity Coll. Dr. North Mr. Dean and Chapter of Canterbury John Castillion D. D. Dean of Rochester Sir John Castleton Bar. Thomas Chalmers Esq Thomas Chambers Esq John Chase Esq Apothecary to His Majesty Robert Chase Thomas Cheek Esq Lieutenant of the Tower Knightley Chetwodd Fellow of Kings Coll. 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West-side whereof he sailed some days together with a good wind and therefore could not be a small Island as they describe this which H. Hudson could not find when he sought for it see a discourse of this in Purchas's Pilgrim l. 3. c. 1 15. We have nothing of this voyage but those imperfect or short notes which were found lying upon his table after his death wherein it is contain'd that they parted from Seynam Aug. 2. Aug. 14 they were 160 leagues North and Easterly from Seynam they continued sailing till Sept. 14 when they landed on a country high rocky and uninhabited from whence the cold and Ice forced them to return more South which they did till they reach'd Arzina a River in Lapland where the next Spring they were all found frozen to death in their Ship A few years after this about 1556 we read of Steven Burrows who searching a passage by the North-East unto the Indies arrived in 112 deg 25 min. of Longitude and 76 of Latitude and so sailed to 80 deg 11 min. and thence to Nova Zembla Now this cannot be any known place but Greenland which is also confirm'd because the Land was desolate the Ice of a blew colour and great store of Fowls All signs of Greenland But from this time began a great and familiar trade from England to all those Northern Regions and many trials made to discover the North-East passage so that no question but that they landed many times upon Greenland but took no notice of it as neither did the Dutch till many years after when a gainful fishing was there found out Before which none either gave it a name took possession of it or pretended to the discovery This trade was managed for divers years by the Russia company of English Merchants as will appear by the story of it which is this In 1553 the King and Queen Philip and Mary gave a commission to certain Merchants to trade into Russia and made them a corporation who presently not only began a very brisk and profitable negotiation into those Northern Countries but employed divers Ships for finding out a passage that way into the Indies Particularly Arthur Pet and Charles Jackman about the year 1580 rambled over all those Seas and it is very probable they also were upon Greenland but there is nothing particularly known concerning them No nation but the English frequented those Northern Seas till 1578 that a Dutch Ship came to Cola and a year or two after another to St. Nicholas by the solicitation of an English man that set himself against the company Afterwards they crept in more and more and in 1594 they employed Barents and others to find out a passage to the Indies and in 1596 the three Dutch Pilots aforenamed upon the same design who first light upon Bear-Island and thence to Greenland Barents separating from his company sayled to the Northeast of Nova-Zembla where he lost his Ship and himself died In 1603 Steven Benet was employed who went no farther then Cherry-Island whence he brought some Lead Oar. In 1608 Henry Hudson was sent forth to discover the North-pole who went to 82 deg as did also Thomas Marmaduke of Hull 1612 but saw divers Islands beyond that and gave names to divers places upon Greenland formerly discovered as Whale-bay Hackluits-Headland c. The company having been informed of the great number of Sea-horses Morsses and Whales that frequented Cherry-Island and Greenland first applyed themselves with one or two Ships to the killing of Morsses which in a short time made Morsses grow scarce In the year therefore 1610 they set out the Ship Amity Jonas Pool commander for Whale-fishing who fell upon the land formerly discovered though not regarded and called it Greenland whether because of the green Moss wherewith it was covered or mistaking it for Groenland a Northern Countrey formerly discovered or for some other reason I know not He called it also King James New-land but that name is grown obsolete He also gave names to many of the most eminent places upon the west side of the Country as to Horn-Sound because there they found an Unicorns-horn Ice-Point Bell-Point Lowness-Island Black-Point Cape-cold Ice-Sound Knotty-Point Fowl-Sound Deer-Sound And in Cross-Road 79 deg 15 min. variation 18 deg 16 min. northwest he seized upon the Country to the use of his Masters by setting up a red Cross and fastning a writing to it There also he made some quantity of Oyl and brought an Unicorns-horn as they called it from thence And this was the first time that any benefit was made by the fishing of that place In 1611 the company hired six Basques expert Fishermen and sent them with two Ships to fish for Whales in Greenland where the first Whale they killed yielded them twelve tuns of Oyl Some of his company looking about the Harbours for Whales discovered in Sir Thomas Smiths Bay a great number of Morsses The Master of one of the Ships taking with him some of his men went thither and killed of them 500 and kept 1000 alive on Shoar which afterwards they let go In 1612 two Ships more were sent when they killed seventeen Whales and some Morsses and made 180 tuns of oyl This year the Hollanders came thither with one Ship conducted by Andrew Sallows an Englishman Another English Pilot brought thither also a Spanish Ship the English Ships met with and threatned them but notwithstanding they made a good voyage In 1613 the company sent thither seven Ships who had a Patent to prohibit all strangers except the Muscovia company from frequenting those coasts Yet they met with fifteen Sail of Dutch French Flemish and some interlopers of our own Nation To some the General gave liberty to fish with others he made composition to have half or part of what they caught others he drave away from the Country after he had taken out the English that were in their Ships though themselves also by that means were not so well laden as they might have been this year they discovered Hope-Island and other Islands to the West In 1614 they set out thirteen great Ships besides two Pinnaces well armed and the Dutch eighteen whereof four men of war who being stronger stayed and fished there as did our men also but both parties made a poor voyage This land they fully discovered to 80 deg by Tho. Sherwin and Will. Baffin and by others divers Islands toward the East They also took possession of several parts of the Country for the King setting up a Cross and the Kings Arms in Lead the Dutch afterwards did the like in the same places for the Prince of Orange In 1615 they set out two great Ships and two Pinaces which by reason of fourteen Sail sent by the Hollanders came home not fully laden This year the King of Denmark sent three Ships men of war with an English Pilot James Vaden to demand Custom of the Ships for fishing upon his Island as he pretended the
each side four feet an head like an Acorn with four horns 2. The Sawfish which hath a long Snout on either side set with teeth like a Saw he seldome gives over the Whale till he hath killed him he eats up his tongue and nothing else 3. The Hay from two to three fathoms long round and small a sharp snout and three rows of teeth in his mouth with which he will bite great pieces out of the Whale and sometimes eat up all the fat the Fishermen have found Whales half devoured by them they are taken with a bait fastened to an Hook with an Iron Chain for a Rope they will presently sheer asunder The Whales when the Sea begins to freez go Southward dispersing themselves some unto the coast of America some few this way and many keep in the deep and wide Ocean where the Basques who say that the Whales follow the light used to fish for them before Greenland was discovered And I have heard that the Dutch caught a Whale near Japan that had sticking in her an Harping Iron lost at Greenland WILLOVGHBIES-ISLAND THe Dutch had no way to take from Sir Hugh Willoughby the honour of first adventuring upon these Northern Coasts which he did by the commission and at the charges of King Edward the sixth but at the advice and direction of the great Sea-man Sebastian Cabot Grand Pilot of England but by bestowing on him an imaginary Title of an Island which they call Willoughbies-Island and which they place near Nova-Zembla Besides what we have spoken to this matter in the description of Greenland it may further be noted that neither Captain Edge who travelled those Seas so many times nor Mr. Seller nor any other English man that we know of name any such Islands in their Maps nor do any of the Journals of our Mariners nor H. Hudson who expresly went to seek for it mention any such place and the latest Dutch Map of Nova Zembla which is the nearest Country to that imaginary Island set out 1678 makes not any mention of it nor does Sir H. Willoughby seem to have sayled that way which is East and by North from Sainam but set his course towards North-east nor doth the description he made of the Countrey agree to a small Island All which being considered Mr. Purchas with good reason several times affirmeth that Willoughbies-Island is no other then a conceit of the Cart-makers and for such we shall let it pass till better informed NOVA-ZEMBLA NOva-Zembla is separated from the Samoieds Countrey by the Streits of Waygates or as the new Map calleth them Straet van Nassau it was first discovered by the English in 1556 and since visited by several both English and Dutch who have attempted to find out a passage that way into the Tartarian-Sea and so farther to Cathay China Japan c. Yet notwithstanding all their endeavours very little progress hath been made in that discovery except you will say that they discovered by sad experience that though perhaps the Sea might be continued through those Streits yet by reason of the very great hinderance as well as danger of the Ice it is unpassable or if in some warm Summers perhaps it might be sailed yet is the danger and trouble so great that it is not worth the hazard and charges of the adventure Especially since the miscarriage of that worthy Pilot William Barents who out of confidence of the feasibility of the enterprise adventured so far that his Ship was first hem'd in and afterwards frozen and broken in the Ice so that they were forced to winter upon the land where the good man lost his life of whose sufferings by cold I have before spoken Only give me leave here to take notice of their particular observations of the setting and rising of the Sun comparing them with others made in Greenland by the English Our men that winter'd in Greenland 1630 The length of their nights lost the light of the Sun intirely Oct. 14 and saw him not again till Feb. 3. Those that stayed there in 1633 say that Oct. 5 was the last day they saw the Sun though they had a twilight by which they could read till the 17 on the 22 the Stars were plain to be seen all the 24 hours and so continued all Winter Jan. 15 they perceived for six or seven hours about noon so much light as they could make shift to read by it Feb. 12 they saw the light of the Sun upon the tops of the Mountains and the next day his whole body Those in Greenland in 1634 who all perished there left in writing that the Sun disappear'd Oct. 10 and was seen again Feb. 14. Those that winter'd in Nova-Zembla in 1596 in 76 deg on Nov. 2. new stile saith Purchas i. e. Oct. 23 saw the Sun not fully above the earth it rose South-South-East and set South-South-West after Nov. 4 Oct. 25 they saw the Sun no more but the Moon continued as long as she was in highest degrees to be seen day and night Jan. 24 they saw the edge of the Sun above the Horizon and 27 he totally appear'd and he then was in 5 deg 25 min. of Aquarius They farther observed that by an Ephemerides which they carried with them at Venice would be a conjunction of the Moon and Jupiter that very day at one a Clock in the morning which they in Nova-Zembla saw at 6 in Taurus So that the difference of Longitude of these two places is 5 hours which answers to 75 deg Venice therefore being accounted in the Longitude of 37 deg 25. min. Nova-Zembla must be 112 deg 25 min. And from thence it is no more than 60 deg to Cape Tabin the uttermost point of Tartary What to say to these observations so contrary to all Astronomers I know not had Barents made them they would have staggered us more but since the Observer hath so grosly mistaken in the Latitude of the place which he always places in 76 deg insomuch that Hudson saith that that place is by them laid too far North much out of its place to what end he knows not we have the less reason to assent to him in the rest besides to place Nova-Zembla in 76 is to make it in the same Latitude as Horn-Sound in Greenland which no man ever affirmed Nor can any one imagine that the refraction of the Sun-beams can cause such a difference for Mr. Baffins observation which he made in Greenland from the Air whereof that in Nova-Zembla cannot much differ will not admit any thing like that difference which take in his own words Beholding it about a north-north-east Sun by the common Compass at which time the Sun was at the lowest one fifth of his body was above the Horizon and four fifths below his declination for that instant was 10 deg 35 min. north being at noon in 2 deg 7 min. of Virgo his daily motion was 38 min. whose half being 19 to be
added to the former because it was at twelve hours before noon his place at that instant was 2 deg 26 min. of Virgo whose declination is as before 10 deg 35 min. The Latitude of the place was 78 deg 47 min. whose complement was 11 deg 13 min. the declination being subducted from the complement of of the elevation of the Pole leaveth 38 min. four fifths of which is 12 min. being substracted from 38 leaveth 26 min. for the refraction which is more or less according to the thickness or thinness of the air But to return to Nova-Zembla Situation of Nova-Zembla There is lately a new Chart of Nova-Zembla put out in Holland which separates it from Samoiedia by the Streights of Nassau or Fretum Waygats but makes the North of it wherein Barents in 1595 wintered in the same parallel with part of Greenland and that Nova-Zembla is inhabited with people like in clothing stature and manner of life to the Samoieds that they are Idolaters as many of the others Barbarous c. Another Map joyned with the former also continues Groenland to Greenland on the South-west corner which also is contrary to all other Relations but the Map of Nova-Zembla is manifestly calculated out of the observations of them that wintered there with W. Barents and therefore I shall neither disparage nor approve it further trial may determine it A late Traveller a French-man Chyrurgeon in a Danish Ship saith That Nova-Zembla is a Continent joyned on the South to Samoiedia by a ledg of Mountains called by him the Pater-Noster-Mountains and on the North to Greenland which is contrary both to this new Chart and to the observations of all Marriners both English and Dutch He saith also that he with others went ashore upon Nova-Zembla and brought away some of the inhabitants into Denmark that they were more barbarous then any other nation he had ever seen A Groenland-Monk in the Chron. of Iseland saith that the Pigmies inhabited Nova-Zembla this Traveller indeed saith they were but short truss'd persons but not so little as to deserve the name of Pigmies nor indeed much lesser then his Countreymen the Gronelanders are described The Dutch who wintered there Beasts mention no other beasts then Bears Foxes and such other as live upon prey for that say they there is neither Leaves nor Grass for other Beasts to feed upon but Mr. Hudson saith that all the land they had seen of Nova-Zembla seemed pleasant much high-land and without Snow in some places also green and Deer feeding upon it nor were all the high hills covered with Snow But Mr. Hudson was there in Summer and it is probable that assoon as winter begins the Deer betake themselves to Samoieda or some other place Our Merchants that have lived in Russia say Fowls that upon Nova-Zembla is a great lake wherein a wonderful number of Swans and Geese do breed which moult their feathers about St. Peters day and at that time the Russes go thither to gather their feathers and to kill the Fowls which they dry and bring into their own Countrey for winter provision Both English and Dutch in their frequenting this coast have given names to several places And it is a remarkable inconvenience that the Dutch very rarely make use of a name given by another nation but had rather give new ones themselves that the world may take them to be the great discoverers and diligent observers In 73d was a land discovered by H. Hudson and called Hold-with-hope unknown as he conceived to any Christian till that time and as our late Navigators say to any since CHERRY and other ISLANDS OUr men conceive Greenland to be broken land Northern Islands or a great number of Islands at least very near to one another On the West-side they discovered as far as 82 deg the most Northerly point they called Point Purchas there they found very many Islands which they thought not worthy to give names to being careful only to take notice of those six or eight Harbours which were commodious for their fishing On the East-side they went no farther then 78 deg because the Dutch disturbed their trading on that side There are also many Islands some of which are named Hope-Island as Hope-Island discovered in 1613 which may be that the Dutch call Willoughbies-land or John Mayens-Island though indeed it corresponds well to neither but rather to the later It belongeth to Greenland and is but a small Island and lies North-east and South-west whereas the Countrey Sir H. Willoughby landed upon was a large Countrey in as much as he sayled many days by the side of it and lies North and South which must be Greenland Edges-Island was discovered 1616 Edges-Island Wyches-Island by Capt. T. Edge who had made that voyage ten times Wyches-Island so call'd from a Gentleman of that name was found out 1617 but there being nothing remarkable come to our knowledg concerning these we pass them over Only it is worth noting that both the Whale and Morss-fishing was known and practised 800 years ago as appears by the Relation which Octher the Norwegian made to his Lord Alfred King of England where he also saith that the Morsses were hunted for their teeth which were mightily esteemed Cherry-Island Cherry-Island when first discovered I know not but it received not its name nor was known to be of any profit till 1603 when a Ship set out at the charges of Sir Francis Cherry touched upon it and found there some Lead and a Morsses tooth but stayed not to fish because the year was too far spent However they called it in honour of Sir Francis Cherry for whose use they took possession of it Cherry-Island In 1604 Morss-fishing a Ship set sail Mr. Welden the Merchant and Steven Bennet the Master from London April 15 and arrived at Cola in Lapland May 1 they stayed in Lapland till July 1 and July 8 they came in sight of Cherry and they came to an Anchor on the South-south-east side but because of the stream could not land so that they sailed round about the Isle and at length anchored two miles from the Shore Going on land one of them with his Gun killed as many Fowl as almost laded their Boat July 9 they found on Shore nothing but store of Foxes that part of the Island was in 74 deg 45 min. July 10 they weighed Anchor and stood into another Bay and came to anchor in eight fathoms where they saw an incredible number of Morsses swimming in the Sea Coming to Shore they espied a vast company of them lying on the ground they shot at them with three Guns they carried with them but with all their weapons they could kill but fifteen of above 1000 that lay there like Hogs hudling together on heaps but they found as many teeth as filled an Hogshead Before the 13th they killed near 100 more making use only of their teeth In 1605 the
them Gudbrandus Thorlacius an Islandish Bishop and discreet person saith that the Islandish Chronicles affirm that they used formerly to trade to Engroneland and that in the days of Popery that Country had Bishops Now our men in all the places where they have landed find none but Savages and those also Idolaters speaking a language different from all that ever they heard though the Natives in their customs most resemble the Laplanders of whom more in due place The occasion of our voyages to those Coasts Later discoveries by the English Sir Martin Frobisher was to find out a way to China c. by the Northwest which had been fruitlesly sought toward the North-east The first whom we read to have searched the North-west for a passage was Martyn Frobisher who in 1576 with two Barks coming to the height of 62 deg found a great Inlet called by him Frobishers Straits whereinto having sailed 60 leagues with main land on either side returned He found there a certain Oar which he conceived to be of Gold and the next year he made a second voyage to fetch a quantity of it but it proving to be nothing but black Lead answer'd not expectation yet they found a Silver Mine which lay so deep and fast in the Rocks that they could not dig it They melted Gold also but in very small quantities out of several stones they found there upon Smiths Isle They found also a dead fish of about twelve foot long not unlike in shape to a Porcpoise having an horn six foot long such as is commonly called Unicorns-horn growing out of his snout which is still kept at Windsor In 1578 he went out again upon a discovery wherein passing as far as he thought good he took possession of the Land in the name of Queen Elizabeth calling it Meta incognita In 1583 Sir Hum. Gilbert Sir Humphrey Gilbert upon the same design went to the great River of St. Laurence in Canada took possession of the Country and setled a fishing trade there This voyage I suppose was made upon suggestion of a Greek Mariner who assured some of our Nation that himself had passed a great Strait North of Virginia from the West or South Ocean and offer'd to be Pilot for the discovery but dyed before he came into England In 1585 Mr. Davis Mr. John Davis was employed with two Barks to the same search The first Land he came to he named the Land of Desolation and is one part of Groneland then he arrived in 64 deg 15 min. in Gilberts Sound where they found a great quantity of that Oar which Frobisher brought into England and also Lapis Specularis Thence they went to 66 deg 40 min. to Mount Raleigh Totness Sound c. where they saw some few low shrubs but nothing else worth noting In 1586 he made a second voyage to the same place where he found amongst the Natives Copper Oar as also black and red Copper Thence they searched many places Westward and returned with good hopes of discovering the desired passage In 1587 he made a third voyage to 72 deg 12 min. the compass varying to 82 deg Westward the Land they called London-Coast and there they found an open Sea and forty leagues between Land and Land thinking this to be the most likely place to find the passage and it was from him called Fretum Davis Thus from time to time proceeded the discovery of these Countries Mr. Hudson but now not upon hopes of a passage to the Indies but for the profit of trading till Mr. Hudson in 1610 after he was satisfied that there was no passage North-easterly was sent to make a trial here also He proceeded an hundred leagues further than any before had done and gave names to certain places as Desire-provokes Isles of Gods mercies Prince Henry's-Cape King James's Cape Queen Ann's-Cape and the like but the Ice hindred him from going further and the sedition of his men from returning home In 1612 James Hall returning into England James Hall and with him William Baffin who discovered Cockins Sound in the height of 65 deg 20 min. which differed in Longitude from London 60 deg 30 min. Westward They saw also the footing of a great Beast they supposed an Elk or the like James Hall was killed in the Boat by a Native pretending to trade with them They tried the Mine at Cunninghams River which the Danes had digged before and found it to be nothing worth There were Rocks of very pure stone finer and whiter than Alabaster and Angelica growing plentifully in many places which the Savages use to eat In 1615 Mr. Baffin was sent again Mr. Baffin he found Fair-Point to differ in Longitude from London 74 deg and 5 min. Westward But the chief thing they discover'd was that there was no passage in the North of Davis Straits it being no other than a great Bay but that profit might be made by fishing for Whales Morsses and Unicorns of which there are good store In 1616 Mr. Baffin went again In Sir Tho. Smiths Sound 78 deg Lat. their Compass varied 56 deg Westward the greatest variation that is any where known Despairing to discover their desired North-west passage they returned home and since that we hear of no more voyages made from England upon that design The King of Denmark also By the Danes partly to advance the trading of his own and partly to renew his ancient pretence to that country if any thing should be discovered worth the claiming whilst the English were busie in these discoveries set out two Ships and a Pinnace 1605 the Admiral was Capt. John Cunningham a Scot Godske Lindenaw a noble Dane was Vice-Admiral the chief Pilots were James Hall and John Knight English men Gotske arrived on some part of the country where he traffick'd some small matters with the natives took two of them and returned into Denmark The other two Ships arrived at Cape Farewell thence went to Frobishers Straits gave Danish names to divers places traded with the natives of whom they brought away three and found certain stones in a place call'd Cunninghams Ford out of an hundred pound of which were extracted twenty-six ounces of fine silver In 1606 He sent again four Ships and a Pinnace Godske Lindenaw Admiral and James Hall Pilot-General they brought away five of the natives In 1607 James Hall was sent again but the Seamen mutining as soon as he came to the coast brought the Ship back again into Denmark without any thing done The King of Denmark set out two Ships more under Christian Richardson an Holsteiner with Norwegian and Iselandish Mariners who returned before they saw shore More of their expeditions we know not till 1619 when he sent out John Munck with two Ships They arrived safe at Cape Farewell 60 deg 30 min. where their tackle was so frozen and full of isicles that they could not handle them the next day was so hot
his crown very bare unction and the like They vow perpetual chastity and abstinence from flesh Nor hath he that is once enter'd ever any hopes to get out again The Monastery of Troitza is said to have had near an hundred thousand Rubbles per ann in revenue It is built like a Castle having walls of stone regularly fortified and stored with Cannon and the ordinary number of Religious besides their officers and servants were about seven hundred They have also Nunneries of several orders Some admit only noble widows and maids others promiscuously but this is universally observed that none that are once enter'd do ever return to their secular condition The Emperor having continued with his wife twenty years without having issue by her thrust her into a Nunnery where after two months she was brought-a-bed but could not for all that go out of the Nunnery The History of the Princes of Russia THE Russes have the same vanity that the Romans and most other Nations have had to deduce their original either from Gods or the most famous of men Whereby how much honour soever themselves think to have obtained so much do other Nations think they have lost of truth Some Authors derive them from Augustus Cesar Ivan Vasilowich the learnedst of all the Russes and who had reason to be best informed told an English Goldsmith smiling because the Emperor had said that all Russes were theeves that he was not a Russ but a German and that their family came from Beala a famous King of Hungary More particulars of this we know not as neither who when or upon what occasion they came nor who were their successors But it is certain the Imperial Family was commonly called the House of Beala Others say that the first Governors were three brethren Rurich Sinaux and Truvor of the Varegi But who those Varegi were or what Country they inhabited 't is uncertain as is also the time of their coming which some say was ann 752 others 861. And of these Rurich setled at Novogrod Truvor at Plescow and Sinaux at Bielioser these two last dying without issue Rurich succeeded and left the whole dominion to his son Igor Igor married Olga and fighting with the Drewlians was taken by them and beheaded Olga afterwards defeated and destroyed these Drewlians went to Constantinople was baptized and took the name of Helena about the year 876 brought Christianity into Russia and died with the opinion of sanctity and her anniversary day is July 11. Suetoslaw when he came to age succeeded his father and Jeropolick him Next after him was Wolodomir concerning whom we have something of certainty Zonaras saith that in the time of Basilius the Emperor there was a Bishop sent from Constantinople to convert the Russes I think his name was Leo The Russes would not believe except they saw a miracle whereupon the Bishop threw the book of the Gospels into the fire and after a long time took it out unblemish'd and this was the beginning of the conversion of the Russes but their solemn receiving it was not till 988 when their Prince Wolodomir marrying Anna Sister of Basilius and Constantine was converted baptized and changed his name into Basilius He is by them look'd upon as their Apostle and they celebrate his Festival July 15. he died in 1015. This man removed the Metropolis of the Nation from Kiow to Wolodomir He had many children who fought and slew one another two Borissus and Chlebus are for their holy lives and unjust deaths accounted holy Martyrs and their day is July 24. Sewoldus Coras some call him Jeroslaws after many wars subdued his brethren and obtained the government He was follow'd by his son Wolodomir surnamed Monomachus but others say he was called Jeroslaw or fair bank because he built that City Saxo Grammaticus saith that he married the daughter of Harold King of England He was a potent Prince and kept very good correspondence with the Emperors of Constantinople But it is to be noted that the actions of this are confounded with those of the other Wolodomir They say he died ann 1146 which is not probable if he was the husband of that Lady who followed and is not set down till 1237 when reigned George by some called Gregory call'd by some Szeveloditz others make Wszevolod to be the father and George his son George was ann 1237 slain by Batus a Tartarian Prince who subjected the whole country to the Tartars ordering that the Tartars should from time to time chuse the Princes of Moskow that when they sent their Ambassador the Prince should go to meet and wait upon him on foot offering a platter of Mares-milk that if the Tartar let any of it fall upon the main of his horse the Prince should lick it up and that he should bare-headed and on foot give the Tartars horse his provender out of his cap but the most grievous was that the Tartar had a house and a guard in the Castle of Moskow Michael succeeded his brother and was also slain by the same Tartar Next was Alexander his son and then his son Danielou or Daniel surnamed Caleta He transferred the Imperial Seat to Moskow and called himself Great Duke of Muscovia c. some say by the authority of Inocent IV about ann 1246. Some place after him George Danielowitz Caleta who they say was slain by Demetri Michaelowitz who was kill'd by the Tartars Other place next to Daniel his son Ivan chosen by Zanabeck the Crim-Tartar who favoured him so much that he abated some part of the slavery imposed upon the Tzars His son Ivan Ivanowitz succeeded and was wholly subject to the Tartars Demetri Ivanowitz was his son who refused to pay tribute to the Tartars making a fierce war upon Mamai Kan and gained a very bloody victory the earth for thirteen miles together being cover'd with carcases But Tachtanisk Kan in another battel slew Demetri and renewed the power of the Tartars over the Russes Vasili Demetriwitz follow'd ann 1357 who chased the Tartars out of Russia and conquer'd Bulgaria beyond the Wolga Being jealous of his wife Anastasia he disinherited his son Vasili and gave the Empire to his brother George who at his death restor'd it from his own sons to the right heir But those sons making war upon Vasili took him prisoner and put out his eyes therefore was he call'd Vasili Ciemnox or dark But the Boiars being faithful to him he reigned peaceably till his death and left the Empire to his son Ivan Vasilowich surnamed Grotzdyn who was the first that gave lustre and fame to the obscure name of the Russes For taking away the Dukedoms and Governments from his Uncles who accounted themselves absolute in their dominions he united the whole Nation in his own person and call'd himself Tzaar or as they pronounce it Tzar that is King He married Mary daughter to Michael Duke of Tweria some say Severia or Severski and presently after chaced him out of his
Black Sea for fear of the guard which is always kept by the Turks in the ancient ruines which they call Aslan-Korodick Tawan is the greatest and easiest passage of the Tartars the river not being above five hundred paces broad being all in one channel The last pass and at the mouth of the Nieper is Oczacow where the river is three miles broad yet both the Tartars and others pass it frequently in this manner they furnish themselves with flat-bottom'd boats at the stern whereof they fasten across poles of a good length upon which they tye the heads of their horses as many on the one side as the other to balance them they put their baggage in the boat and row it over and with it the horses The Turks pass'd over in this manner forty thousand horse when the Grand Seignior sent to besiege Azak or Azow at the mouth of Don in the year 1643 which the Donski Cosacks had taken from him the year before Oucze Sauram or Nowe Koniecpolsky is the lowest habitation the Polacks have towards Oczacow which was begun to be built in the year 1634. Oczacow call'd by the Turks Dziancrimenda is the place where the Turkish galleys lye to keep the entrance into the Black Sea there is no port but good anchorage the Castle is well fortified the Town not so well there are in it about two thousand inhabitants Below that is a platform with good ordnance to guard the mouth of the river About three miles below Oczacow is an haven called Berezan upon a river called Anczakrick it is sufficiently deep for galleys Southward of that are two Lakes Jesero Teligol and Kuialik both of them so abundant in fish that the water having no exit stinks of them yet they come above an hundred and fifty miles to fish there Bielogrod is about three miles from the Sea upon the river Niester anciently called Tyras by the Turks Kierman This Town is under the Turk as is also Killa well fortified with a counterscarp the Castle is above the Town upon the Danow opposite to it on the other bank of the Danow is Kiha where are seen divers ancient ruines Betwixt Bielogrod and Killa are the plains of Budziack where the rebel or banditi Tartars refuge themselves who acknowledg no superior either Turk or Cham they are always watching upon the confines of Poland to catch what Christians they can and sell them to the Turks of these we have spoken before There are also many Turkish villages along the south-bank of the Niester but all the country betwixt that and the Danow as also betwixt that and the Nieper are desarts and are inhabitated by those Tartars who there pasture their flocks of whom we have spoken already Such also was the Vkrain till of late that the industry of the late Kings of Poland and the valour of the Cosacks has render'd it as fruitful as it was before desart We may judg of it by what Monsieur Beauplan saith that in seventeen years that he lived in that country himself laid the foundations of above fifty colonies which in a few year sprouted into above a thousand villages But being so lately planted the Reader cannot expect we should have much to inform him Yet it is not amiss to give some account of animals which are almost proper to this country They have a beast which they call Bobac Anim. not much unlike a Guiny-pig they make holes in the earth whereinto they enter in October and come not abroad till April within they have many little apartments disposing severally their provision their dead their lodging c. eight or nine families live together as in a City each having his particular habitation They are easily tamed and are very gamesome in an house When they go to make their provision they set a sentinel who as soon as he spies any one gives a signal by making a noise and they all haste to their caves many more things are spoken of these little creatures as that they have slaves and punishments c. Sounaky a kind of goat is desired for his beautiful sattin-like fur and white shining smooth delicate horns He hath no bone in his nose and cannot feed except he go backward Thy have many wild horses but of no value only for their flesh which they sell in the markets and think it better then Beef or Veal When these horses come to be old their hoofs so straiten their feet being never pared that they can hardly go as if that beast was so made for mans use that without his care he was unprofitable NOVISSIMA POLONIAE REGNI Descriptio Nobiliss tam dignitate â—…ueris quan Meritis ac Patriam Honoratiis Viro D. no NICOLAO PAHL in celeberrimo Maris Balthici emporio Vrbe GEDANENSI Praeconsuli vicepraesidi bonarum artium Patrono ac fautori observantiae ergò D. D. D. IOANNES IANSSONIVS POLAND POLONIA or Poland call'd by the Natives Polska takes its name as some conjecture from Pole which in the Slavonian language here commonly spoken signifies a plain and champain Country such as this Kingdom for the most part consists of Others suppose that the inhabitants from their first Captain Lechus or Lachus being called Po-lachi that is the posterity of Lachus and by corruption Polani and Poloni imparted their name to their country And in favour of this opinion it may be urged that they call themselves Polacci the Italians Polacchi the Russians Greeks and Tartars call them Lachi and Lechitae the Hungarians Lengel probably for Lechel the same with Po-lachi But Hartknoch finding the Bulanes placed by Ptolomy among the ancient inhabitants of Sarmatia and observing the Poloni to be call'd Bolani and Bolanii by the German writers thinks he hath made the fairest discovery of the original of the word Nevertheless Cromerus affirms that the present name either of the country or people hath not been in use above nine hundred years Certainly in the time of Alfred King of England about the year 880 this Country was called Weonodland and before that by the Romans generally Sarmatia as being the best known part of that great Country Only that branch of Poland which lies on the west-side of the Weissel belonged to old Germany and as Ptolomy acquaints us was inhabited by the Aelvaeones the Luti Omanni Longi Diduni and Luti Buri with other German Colonies By some writers the same is assigned to Vandalia and the Vistula called Vandalus having been for a time in the possession of the Vandals The people of Poland are the undoubted off-spring of the Slavi Slavini or Slavonians seated in Justinians time as Jornandes relates on the north-side of the Carpathian mountains from the fountain of the Weisel to the Niester and thence extending themselves westward to the Danube and eastward to the Euxin Sea from which parts they then made innundations into the Roman Empire In their first expeditions they were joined with the Antae and Vinidae or Venedi or rather in
and Charles IX whom the Swedes had set up King in his place These Gustavus Adolphus continued and in them overrun almost all Liefland till in the year 1629 a truce was made for six years upon these terms That in the mean time the King of Sweden should enjoy all he had won This truce was again renewed for 26 years more A.D. 1635. by the mediation of Ambassadours from the Kings of England and France and the States of the Vnited Provinces In the year 1654 whilst a great part of Lithvania was laid wast by the Moscovite Charles Gustavus King of Sweden before the 26 years were expir'd proclaimed war against the King of Poland alledging among other things as a reason for his proceedings That the Polish Ambassadour at Stockholm had protested against his succession to the Crown of Sweden At the beginning the fortune of the war went much on his side but within a short while the Danes making incursions into Sweden forced him to quit Poland and be more concern'd to defend what he had at home then to seek for new conquests abroad However the war still continued till A.D. 1660. when upon the death of Charles Gustavus peace was established between the two Kingdoms at Oliva a Monastery near Dantzic of which these are some of the Articles That John Casimir King of Poland should for ever renounce all pretensions to the Kingdom of Sweden and Principality of Finland That he should only challenge the title of King of Sweden for his life but not make use of it in any of his letters to the Swedish King That he should deliver up to the Swedes all that part of Liefland which lyes beyond the river Duna and disclaim all right and title to Esten and Oesel and whatever on this side the Duna was in the hands of the Swedes during the truce That the King of Poland should still keep the southern Liefland in which are reckoned Duneburg Rositen Luzen Marienhusen c. This country was long subject to Paganism and Idolatry until about the year 1158 it begun to be frequented by Merchants from Lubeck who got leave of the inhabitants to build a small Chappel in an Island upon the Duna thence called Kircholm for the exercise of Christian worship Afterwards Menard a Monk of Segeberg was consecrated Bishop of Liefland by the Archbishop of Bremen and sent over by the Merchants to propagate Christianity in these parts His seat was at Vxkel a small village upon the Duna not far from Riga Bertholdus a Monk of Bremen of the order of St. Paul succeeded him in his Bishoprick He was the first founder of Riga whither he removed his See but lived not long to enjoy it there For endeavouring to promote Christianity more by the sword then spirit he was overcome and slain by the Pagans Albertus Bertholdus's immediate successour fortifyed Riga and made it a City That done he joyned himself to the order of the sword bearers an order of Knighthood confirmed by Pope Innocent the third about the year 1204 hoping thereby to be better able then his predecessor had been to oppose the rage of the Heathen Not long after when this order was changed into the Teutonic order the Bishop of Riga and the rest of his society subjected themselves to the Teutonic Order of Prussia The master of which had power given him to appoint a Provincial of Liefland On the other hand the Prussian Bishops of Culm Pomesen and Sambland did though not at the same time as some would have it advance the power of the Bishop of Riga making him an Archbishop and themselves his Suffragans Only the Bishop of Warme as having never been subject to the Teutonic Order would not yield to be reckoned a member of the Province of Riga In this state the Church of Liefland continued for a long time till in the year 1513 William Plettenberg the XLI Provincial of Liefland bought off all homage to the Teutonic Order in Prussia and was himself made absolute Prince of Liefland His successors lived and injoyed their dominions in peace till the days of Sigismund Augustus King of Poland but afterwards what with foreign and domestic wars and the continual incursions of the Moscovite Polander Swede and Dane the Country was brought to be a meer medly of men and religions At this day those parts that are subject to the Danes and Swedes do generally profess the Lutheran religion Most of the subjects of the King of Poland adhere to the Church of Rome though some are Lutherans In some parts of Esten the poor ignorant Rusticks are half Pagans Liefland was formerly divided into two parts only Letten and Esten to which the order of the sword bearers added Curland Some have divided the whole Country into six parts Curland Semigal Esten Letten Harland and Virland but Semigal is no more then a Province of Curland and Harland and Virland parts of Esten Of these Curland is immediately subject to its own Duke who nevertheless pays homage to the King of Poland Some parts also of Letten which go under the name of South Liefland are since the treaty at Oliva in that Kings possession The Curoni antient inhabitants of Curland and Semigal are thought by some to be the same with the Caryones mentioned by Ptolomey There is not far from Windaw a small village which still bears their memory in its name being by the inhabitants to this day called Curon The most notable places in it are 1. Mitaw the seat of the Dukes of Curland upon the bank of the river Mauss taken by Gustavus Adolphus in the year 1621 but restored A.D. 1629. The Town is but mean and inconsiderable but the Castle magnificently rebuilt by some of the late Dukes 2. Windaw or Winden as the Germans write it though the inhabitants call it Kies seated on the mouth of the river Windaw whence it has its name Here formerly was the residence of the Provincials of Liefland afterwards the general Parliament or great Council of Curland had their sessions in this City which made it exceeding populous At this day there is little appearance of its antient splendor nor is it frequented by any but a few Dutch Merchants who are here laden with Tar Pitch and Wax 'T is a mistake very ordinary among the historians that write of this Country to confound this City with Wenden in Letten telling us that this too is called by the Polanders Kies And the old Dutch sea-carts mention a kind of Castle with three towers upon the mouth of the Windaw but never take notice of of any sea-port-Town in this place 3. Pilten or Piltyn the seat of the Bishop of Curland built by Waldemar King of Denmark A.D. 1219. The southern or Polish Liefland contains only a few small Towns or villages among which there is nothing worth taking notice of but Duneburg a Castle as its name intimates seated on the river Duna Volhinia Podolia c. THough the Polish dominion reached formerly a considerable
Knights of the Teutonick Order had made their Master in the year 1525 it was agreed upon That the Teutonick Order should be wholly extirpated and that part of Prussia which to this day is called Ducal Prussia should be govern'd by the said Marquess with the title of Duke of Prussia and the rest or Regal Prussia remain still subject to the King of Poland But with this proviso That the Duke should always pay homage to the Crown of Poland and as a member of that Kingdom be President of the Kings Council Lastly John Casimir the late King of Poland granted first in the year 1657 and again 1663 full and absolute power and dominion over Ducal Prussia to the present Elector of Brandenburgh on this condition That the Dukedome upon defect of male issue should return to the Kings of Poland as supreme Landlords and be conferred on the Dukes of Onoldsbach and Culmbach as Feudataries Muscovy How affairs stand at present between the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Poland may appear by the Treaty of Peace signed by both parties A.D. 1667 spoken of before But formerly the Kings of Poland have laid claim and made good their title either by justice or the sword to several large Territories now in the hands of the Great Duke For first Jorislaus Duke of Russia was forced to pay tribute to Boleslaus Chrobri A.D. 1018. Afterwards A.D. 1069 Boleslaus II. possessed himself of Kiow and indeed the whole Dukedom of Russia over which he set Jesaslaus a tributary Duke After his death continual wars were between the two Nations till Casimir the Great in the year 1340 reduced the Southern Russia into the form of a Province But how little of that remains at this day in the hands of the present King of Poland we have shew'd before Several of the Kings of Poland have stiled themselves Kings of Sweden Sweden upon no other pretence then having made themselves masters of a great part of Liefland But this title ceased upon the death of John Casimir their late King as hath already been observed in the description of Liefland Of the Pretensions of Foreign Princes to the Kingdom of Poland WE have seen to what Kingdoms and Countries the Kings of Poland have in former ages claimed a right and title and we may perhaps find as many Kings and Princes of other Nations who have challenged the Crown of Poland upon as good grounds But to omit the many conquests obtain'd by the Russians Bohemians Hungarians and others over the Poles enough to entitle any potent Prince to their Kingdom the strongest pretensions to this Crown are those of the Emperor For the most of the Polish Historians tell us That Boleslaus I. was created King of Poland by the Emperor Otto III. before which time the Princes of that Nation were only Dukes This story is confirmed by besides the testimony of the most considerable writers of Poland an ancient Epitaph found in the Cathedral at Posen in which among other commendations of Boleslaus I. are the following rithmes Tu possedisti velut Athleta Christi Regnum Slavorum Gothorum seu Polonorum Caesar praecellens a te Ducalia pellens And again Ob famam bonam tibi contulit Otto Coronam Propter luctamen sit tibi salus Amen However tho the Historians of Poland grant that Boleslaus received the title of King at the hands of the Emperor yet they deny stubbornly that this Kingdom was ever subject or tributary to the Roman Empire But Conringius an ingenious and learned German Physitian in his book entituled De finibus Germanici Imperii c. 18. has demonstrated the contrary For not to take notice of Charles the Great who 't is more than probable conquer'd Poland as well as Silesia 't is certain that Miecislaus the first Christian Prince of Poland paid tribute to the Imperial Crown And the Polish writers are forced to confess That Otto III. remitted all homage due otherwise to Boleslaus Chrobri when he created him King After Boleslaus's death Miecislaus II. his successor was compelled to pay the usual tribute to the Emperor Conrad II. After this several of the Kings of Poland very willingly submitted themselves to the Emperors and others were forced out of their obstinate refusal At last in the long vacancy of the Imperial Throne soon after the middle of the thirteenth Century during which Richard Earl of Cornwal was one of the four elected Emperors whilst the Empire of Germany was in a confused distraction the Polanders took occasion to shake off the German yoke to which they could never since be reduced This is part of the relation which Conringius gives us of the ancient state of Poland in reference to the German Empire founded chiefly upon the testimonies of Dithmarus Mersburgensis and Helmoldus men of unquestionable veracity in their Histories Hartknoch endeavours to evade the force of his argument by saying That tho it be true that the Polanders have formerly paid some certain sum of money to the Emperors by whom it was demanded under the notion of a tribute yet this does not necessarily suppose any dependance of the Crown of Poland upon the Empire of Germany For 't is ordinary even with the Emperors themselves to buy peace with money And thus the English bought their peace of the Danes and made Lewis XI King of France pay for his But let him consider First whether the words of Helmoldus Chron. Slav. lib. 1. c. 1. num 9. can be properly understood of any such sum of money as is usually paid by any Nation upon the ratification of a Treaty of Peace when he says servit ipsa speaking of Poland sicut Bohemia sub tributo Imperatoriae Majestati Here the Historian tells us plainly the Kingdom of Poland was in his time as much tributary to the Emperor as Bohemia and how truly that was under his subjection every Historian will shew Again 't was not very considerately done to instance in the tribute paid by the English to the Danes or by Lewis XI to the King of England For both these were doubtless acknowledgements of subjection and homage The Danes all know were absolute Lords of our Land for 26 and made almost continual incursions into it for the space of 250 years Dane-gelt which perhaps Hartknoch as some of our own Historians have done mistakes for a tribute or composition-money paid the Danes upon any invasion was at first only a Subsidy gather'd for the maintenance of a standing army to oppose the Danish fury Afterwards indeed the word was used to denote a tribute sometimes amounting to 72000 pounds levyed yearly in England and paid to the King of Denmark upon the refusal of which payment the English were sure to feel the weight of that Kings displeasure This tribute was certainly a sign of a true and real subjection to the Crown of Denmark which might have lasted longer had not the Saxon and Danish lines been peaceably united in the pious King
Edward the Confessor As to the tribute paid by Lewis XI of France to the King of England I shall say no more then That 't is well known upon what grounds our Kings especially Henry V. and Henry VI the latter of which was Crowned King of France in Paris pretended a title to the Crown of France before his days and what reason they had to demand a tribute So that Hartknoch's argument drawn from these two examples amounts to no more than this That the Emperors of Germany had never any more title to the Crown of Poland then the Danish Kings have had to the Throne of England or the English to the Scepter of France And what kind of pretensions those were Historians can inform us SVECIAE NORVEGIAE ET DANIAE Nova Tabula SWEDEN SCANDIA or Scandinavia probably so nam'd from the ancient Inhabitants who call'd themselves Schaanau or Shane tho Junius thinks it may be very well so called from the ancient word Schans signifying a Fortification the situation of the Country being well fenced by the Greeks Baltia or Basilia â—â—anâ—â—d its â—â—tion is a large Peninsula lying betwixt 55 and 72 degrees of Northerly Latitude and about 25 and 65 of Longitude It is bounded on the West and North by the vast Ocean on the East by part of Muscovy and the Sinus Finnicus and on the South by the Baltick Sea which Peninsula was inhabited by divers Nations as the Suiones or Sueci Queni Northmanni c. and was accounted the store-house of men and original of thirty potent Nations dispers'd into most parts of the habitable world But we shall now at this time speak only of the principallest part of it situated toward the most Easterly point wherein is the seat of a great and powerful Empire which has of late spread it self very largely out of this Peninsula commanded by the King of Sweden His dominion comprehends all from the Frozen Sea on the North the Dofrine Hills or Scars on the West the Lakes Ladoga and Onega and part of Russia on the East and the Sund or Oresund and the Baltick Sea on the South Omitting for the present the new Accessions in Livonia c. of which in due place That we may speak distinctly of this great Empire â—â—pâ—â—nd â—â—viâ—â— we will begin first of all with the North which is inhabited by a sort of people call'd Laps or Laplanders All which notwithstanding are not subjects of the Swede the Easterly parts being under the Muscovite and the Westerly under the Dane however we shall speak of them indistinctly their manners language and customs being the same in all 1. Muscovitick Lapland Muscovitick Lapland called by the ancient Geographers Biarmia at present by the Swedes Trennis by the Russes Tarchanavoloch and by the Natives Pyhinienni takes in all the maritime tract of ground which lies from about Kola to the White Sea It is divided into three parts or Provinces 1. Mourmanskoy or maritime Leporie 2. Tersa or Terskoy Leporie And 3. Bellamoreskoy Leporie The exact description whereof is not accurately known to us 2. Norwegian Lapland Norwegian Lapland formerly called Scrickfinnia by Jornandes Scretfennia now Finmark or the Province of Wardhuus runs all along the Norwegian shore from the Lake Tornetresk near the Dofrine Hills to the Castle of Wardhuus but how much more Easterly is not exactly discover'd to us All this Province or Lieutenancy belongs to the Crown of Denmark 3. Swedish Lapland or as the Swedes call it Swedish Lapland Lapmark It contains all that most Southern and inland part of Lappia from the Province of Hel-Singia in Sweden to the Lieutenancy of Wardhuus or quite to the North Sea It is counted by some to be of equal extent with almost all Sweden properly so called Andr. Buraeus says it contains in length above four hundred English miles and in breadth three hundred and sixty This Lapland is divided into six lesser parts or Provinces called Markar i. e. Lands all which have their names from the most remarkable Rivers that run thro each of them 1. The first and most Northerly of all is Tornelapmark The Provinces of Swedish Lapland extending it self from the furthest corner of the Bay of Bothnia all along or near to the North Sea call'd by our Sea-men North-Cape 2. Next to this lies Kimilapmark winding from the North toward the East and bounded on one side by the Eastern Bothnia on another by that part of Lapland which belongs to Russia and on a third side by Cajania and Carelia 3. West of Tornelapmark lies Lulalapmark which has on the West-side the Dofrine Hills and also on the South 4. Pithalapmark a Province very mountanous and barren 5. Next to this Vmalapmark bounding as the former upon the West Bothnia and the Dofrine Hills 6. South of which lies Angermandlandslapmark bordering upon Angermannia and Temptia tho Angermandlandslapmark and Vmalapmark are by many Authors reckon'd for one because they are both govern'd by one Lieutenant yet are they distinct Provinces Each of these Provinces are according to the ancient manner of the Country subdivided into lesser parts call'd by the Swedes Byar Their lesser Divisions and are equivalent to our Shires and the Pagi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the Ancients which were not Villages or Country Towns but large parts of a Country There are several of these Shires or Pagi in each Province except Angermandlandslapmark which makes but one Pagus vulgarly called Aosahla Vmalapmark hath four Vma Lais or Raanby Granby and Vapsteen Pithalapmark hath seven Graotreskby Arfwejerfsby Lochteby Arrieplogsby Wisierfby Norvesterby Westerby Lulalapmark hath five Jochmoch Sochjoch Torpinjaur Zerkislocht and Rautomjaur Tornelapmark hath nine Tingewaara Siggewaara Sondewara Ronolaby Pellejerf Kiedkajerf Mansialka Saodankyla and Kithilaby So that all the territories are divided into thirty-three Byars In each of these there are several Clans or Families which the Swedes call Rakar In the Byar called Aosahla there are about thirty in others more or less according as they are in bigness and fertility distinguish'd by several names each of which have a certain alotment of ground assigned them for the maintenance of themselves and their Cattel not in the nature of a country Farm but of a very great length and breadth so as sometimes to contain Rivers Lakes Woods and the like which all belong to one Clan or Family who enjoy it all in common without appropriating it to several persons And thus much for the division of Lapland not lately made except that under Charles IX some Clans had certain allotments assigned them but derived from very ancient time as appears from hence that neither the Laplanders have known nor the Swedes given them any other since the country has been under their subjection and it may not seem improbable that this manner of possessing was begun immediately after the Flood propriety being the effect of populousness The inhabitants of this Lapland supposing the
Treasurer the Key and the King on horseback follows them to the Church where the Arch-Bishop receiving him demands of him an account of his faith then reverently approaching the high Altar he tenders to him an Oath to this effect That he will fear God and defend his Church promote love justice and truth amongst his Subjects that he will govern his Kingdom by Natives and not admit any Strangers into Council or places of great trust that he will not alienate any Forts Lands or Territories within his Dominions but preserve them whole and entire to his Successours that he will provide himself and his Court out of his constant Crown Revenues and never burthen his Subjects with Taxes but upon these accounts viz. Either upon an Invasion whether by Christians or Infidels a Domestick Insurrection upon the marriage of his Sons or Daughters for the building of some new Forts or upon diminution of the Exchequer and that he will introduce no laws or Constitutions without or against the consent of the people To Sigismund the third King of Poland who claim'd this Kingdom they propos'd that he would not alter any thing in the establish'd Religion which was the Lutheran which Oath he either refusing or presently breaking lost the favour of his people and the Kingdom it self before he was well setled in it This done the Arch-bishop puts on him his Crown and other Kingly Ornaments and one of the Heralds proclaims such one is crown'd King of Swedland and Gothland and none but he then all the people answer Let the King live After this the King calls before him the Governors or Legifers of every Province and chief Cities within his Dominions who for themselves and their respective Governments take an oath of Allegiance to the King this done the King gives to every one of them to the Legifer of Vpsal first and the rest in order an Escutcheon with the Arms of that Province or that City where they are to preside as Badges of their Offices and returning to his Pallace his Nobility are by him splendidly entertain'd and the Ceremony ends Henceforward he hath power in Ecclesiastical and civil matters and rules his people as an absolute Monarch The next heir to the Crown is the Kings eldest Son if he have any who sometimes is by publick declaration acknowledg'd to be so before his Fathers death as Charles eldest Son to Gustavus the first is said to have been and though in that Kings time the right of succession was by the States granted only to his Issue Male yet in the year 1627 Gustavus Adolphus procur'd that the Kings Daughters also might be admitted to the Throne by which procurement his Daughter Christina was made capable to succeed him Upon default of Issue Royal it is by the Vnio Haereditaria provided that the nearest in blood to the Kings Family shall suceed and upon failure of these the power of electing is to devolve upon the States The Kings younger sons he commonly makes Governours over some particular Provinces giving them Titles fitted to their Commands His Daughters are provided for at the expence of the whole Kingdom their Portions being not taken out of the Kings Exchequer but levied by publick Tax In the Interregnum absence sickness or minority of the King the Kingdom is govern'd by the Drotset or Vice-Roy the Marshal Admiral Chancellour and Treasurer of the Kingdom who at their admission to the publick management of affairs take an Oath not to diminish any thing of the Kings Rights but preserve them whole and entire and if it happen that any part of them be by these Trustees during the Kings Minority sold or alienated the King when he comes to full age may by law recover it Anciently the Kings of Sweden shortly after they were elected used to make a publick Progress through their Dominions the Legifer or Lievtenant of every Province being bound to provide for his Reception what the King did was to assure the people of the great care he had of them and that charge wherewith they had entrusted him and to receive of the people Oaths of Allegiance and Fidelity This custom being found somewhat expensive and the civil troubles of the Kingdom oftentimes not permitting it is now quite left of and the people rest content in the confidence they have of their Prince without thus seeing his Person The Court of the King of Sweden The Court of Sweden like that of England consists of Ecclesiastical Civil and Military persons and government 1. For the Ecclesiastical there is the Arch-bishop with as many Suffragans as are by the King thought convenient who attend the King both at Church and Council upon these several of the inferiour Clergy continually wait 2. For the Civil officers the Drotset or Vice-Roy is chief whose office was anciently to admonish and direct the King to inform him upon any default whatsoever and upon non-amendment to declare the same to the Governours of the Kingdom in whose power it was when they thought fit to dethrone their Prince 2. Next is the Chamberlain or Commissary General who presides over the chief Court of Judicature the Kings Chamber commonly held at Stockholme and discharges all expences and orders all the disbursements of the Kingdom He has under him one Questor who takes care of what money is brought into the Exchequer and gives account to him Under these are twelve Masters of accounts who keep Registers of the Kings Revenues take care lest any detriment happen to the Crown and once a year make up their accounts to the Commissary General in the presence of some of the Privy Counsellours Every one of these has one particular Province of the Kingdom given him in charge in which he employs divers Tax-Masters who collect the Tributes Tenths and other Crown Revenues and bring them to his hands 3. In the third place succeeds the Chancellour of the Kingdom whose Office is much-what the same as in other Kingdoms 4. The Treasurer of the whole Kingdom who has under him several Secretaries and other Officers his office is to keep the Crown Globe Scepter and Sword he is Master of the Royal Mint and Pay-master general of the whole Kingdom accountable to none but the King only 3. For the Military Officers the principal is the Grand Marshal or Generalissimo of the Kings Forces Next is the High Admiral of the Kingdom with the several other officers not different from those in other States Besides these chief Officers of State each Province of the Kingdom has its peculiar Governour called Landshere or Stathallar whose power is very great and office considerable under him there are in every Province as many Lands-men and Nemdaries or Nempmen as there are Districts or Praefectures in it all which have distinct and subordinate offices appeals lying from the lower to the next immediately above it and so to the supream Court of Judicature the Kings Chamber all actions acquiescing in the King as the source and
fountain of the laws By these Governours and Deputies agreeeing together Tributes are exacted and Taxes levied According to an order of the Senate held at Lyncopen 1599 they were to keep Courts of Justice twice in every year all of them meeting in the Winter time about February at Vpsal at the publick Fair called Disting and in Summer at Lyncopen States or Orders of men in this Kingdom there are says Bureus six 1. Princes of the Blood Royal Nobility Clergy Souldiery Merchantry and Commonalty 1. Princes of the Blood The Princes of the Blood-Royal are disposed of by the King according to their age and capacity The eldest as was said is Heir apparent to the Crown The younger are commonly created Dukes and made Governours of Provinces of Vpsal first and the rest in order of dignity These after the death of their elder brother if he dye without issue have right to succeed in the Throne 2. Nobility The Nobility which is said to have descended from King Ingon or Harold of Norway and spred through Germany Suitzerland Spain c. when the Goths invaded the Roman Empire It is divided into three ranks or orders 1. Consists of Earls and Barons or Franck-Barons The Earls Jerl anciently were created only upon extraordinary accounts as were also their Dukes called Hertog neither of their titles being then hereditary A war happening between them and some of their Kings their Honour and Titles were for some ages quite laid aside till King Ericus XIV about the year 1560 first of all renewed these lost Titles and restored them to their owners which gracious favour of his was follow'd by his successors they not only conferring like honour during life but at present making it hereditary The second consists of those whose ancestors have been advanc't to the honour of Senators of the Kingdom The third sort is made up of those who are neither Counts nor Barons and whose ancestors have not been of the Senatorian Order of these Orders may be either their Knights for their valour created by the King whose Titles are not transmitted to their Heirs tho frequently upon equal desert confer'd on them or Gentlemen who are the lowest degree of the Nobility anciently called Affwappen either because they were expert in war or bore a Coat of Arms. All these Noblemen enjoy great priviledges and immunities All their estates are free from taxes and impositions so much only out of the Lands of Earls and Barons excepted as they at their creation receive of the King for which they pay some acknowledgment to the Crown only in time of war and all exigences whatever they are obliged to fit out horses and men for the Kings service proportionable to their estates Out of these are commonly elected the Senators Judges and chief Officers of the Kingdom men of low birth tho of considerable parts seldom advancing themselves into places of great trust and employment in Civil affairs in Ecclesiastical more frequently The estates of these Noblemen are inherited as well by their daughters as their sons the son if one having half and a daughter three parts of them which custom King Bergerus Jerl is said to have made and brought in about four ages ago 3. The Clergy Clergy concerning whom what we find is set down under Vpsal 4. The Souldiery 〈◊〉 which enjoys very great priviledges from the King as soon as any is listed Souldier he has over and above his ordinary pay all his Lands Tax-free if in time of war a Souldiers horse be killed under him the King provides him with another and if any be taken Captive by the Enemy the King redeems him at his own charges and such like which we shall mention when we speak of the Forces of the Kingdom 5. The Merchantry Merchantry in whose possession the most considerable part of the riches of the Kingdom is kept and by whose procurement forreign Commodities are imported For the good government and benefit of these every Maritime City and Mart-Town had anciently their particular Municipal Laws derived from Berca the ancient seat of their Kings and about 600 year ago a Town of the greatest trade in the Kingdom by these it was ordered how and in what manner the Maritime Cities might exercise Trade as well with Inland Towns as Forreigners what Commodities they might traffick with not hindring one anothers commerce c. These laws were by the Civil wars in the Kingdom quite neglected and for a long time out of use but by the care of some of the late Kings they or some equivalent to them begin to be restored and put in Execution 6 The last and lowest state Commonalty and as it were the Basis of the rest is the Commonalty called Bond or Beond of which there are two sorts 1. Named Scatbonder who have Hereditary Lands priviledges of fishing and fowling c. belonging to them these in time of war are bound to fit out one Horse and Man for the Kings service The second sort are those that labour in the Mines called Bergs-men no less profitable to the publick then the former and enjoy no less priviledges and immunities both possessing Estates and Fishery of their own and like the Commons of England having their Representatives in the publick Council of the Kingdom Of these some by reason of their freedom and advantage of Education which is denyed the Pesantry of other Countrys sometimes arrive at great honours in Church and State the famous King Ericus furnamed the Saint is said to have been a Country-mans son The Swedes as all other Nations were for a long time governed only by the laws of nature the confus'd edicts of their Kings Decrees of the States and Responses of the wise till about the year 1251 Bergerus Jerl compiled a body of Laws and Constitutions for the Kingdom collected out of the former These before the invention of Paper were engraven upon large wooden Posts thereby after the manner of the Romans and Athenians to be promulgated to the people They were commonly very short and general as designing the decision of particular cases to the publick Magistrates Besides these they had upon any emergent difficulties other ancient Laws which they called Recessus Regni and other ancient Statutes of the Kingdom by which only great controversies were decided At present the Courts of Justice are more regular and for the speedier execution of it there are in the whole Kingdom five supream Courts of Judicature 1. The Kings Chamber which is divided into three ranks or degrees 1. Supream in which all Cases twixt Senator and Senator brought thither by Appeal are decided 2. The Middle in which are determined actions of Treason and all others betwixt Noblemen Lagmen and publick Officers 3. The lowest where ordinary Trials are decided whether Civil or Criminal where it is judged whether the procedure in Inferiour Courts in actions brought thence by Appeal has been Legal or not From this Court there lies no
appeal but only to the King who may pardon the crime or mitigate the punishment as he pleases Under this for dispatch of business are two other Courts one for Civil and one for Criminal matters of inferiour concernment 2. The Court Marshal in which all matters relating to War are decided The Grand Marshal of the Army is always President having two Assessours Senatours of the Kingdom or publick Officers all men of the sword with the Master of the Camp Master of the Artillery and Captain General of the Kings Guards 3. The Court of Chancery for the decision of all cases Civil or Ecclesiastical 〈…〉 here the Chancellour of the Kingdom presides with four Senators Assessors and the two Secretaries of State here all Mandates Edicts Commissions c. are made in the Kings name all Decrees of Senate and Constitutions of the Kingdom registred and in a word cognizance taken of all complaints and Cases 'twixt one Subject and another whether relating to the Church or State which are brought hither by Appeal from some Inferiour Courts 4. 〈◊〉 The Court of Admiralty for the inspection and determining all business relating to the Navy or Sea affairs here the High Admiral presides four Senators four Vice Admirals and several Captains Assessours 5. The Court of the Kings Exchequer in which all business relating to the Kings Revenues or wherein the Crown is any way concerned are examined and decided here the Grand Treasurer is Judge who has four Assessours two Senators and two Noblemen Besides these there are other Inferiour Tribunals Inferiour Tribunals instituted at first by Gustavus Adolphus in the years 1614 and 1615 in some of the most principal Cities of the Kingdom 1. At Stockholme where the Drotset presides with sixteen Assessours four Senators six Knights and six Lawyers 2. At Junecopia in Gothland where the President is a Senator of the Kingdom six Nobles and as many Lawyers Assessours 3. At Aboa in Finland where a Senator is President six Nobles and six Lawyers Assessours 4. At Dorpat in Livonia a Senator President and twelve Assessours two other also were by him appointed one at Wismar in Pomeren and another at Rugen in the Dukedom of Breme but all proceedings there by reason of the wars 'twixt this Crown and the neighbouring Princes are quite stopt and the four former at present only made use of In the Cities of lesser note Justice is executed in this manner the first hearing is before an Inferiour Magistrate called Cammene Rat the second before the Consuls and Senate of the Town which are always four in number each having his particular charge the third if the case be of importance before one of the supream Tribunals where upon the first hearing the Judg or President of the Court is bound to determine the case or else to give under his hand that it is very intricate and requires longer time or a higher Court for its determination or else he with the twelve Assessours are to be fined each three Marks apiece Over and above all these Courts The Senate of the Kingdom and as it were a Compound of them all is the Senate of the Kingdom held anciently only for the election of their Kings and consisting of the Governours of the Provinces but at present made up of more members and summon'd for the same reasons and in the same manner as the Parliament in England In it there are two Persons elected out of every Consistory and one Rector of a Country Parish out of every District one Colonel with other Lievtenants and Majors out of every City one Consul one Senator or some other principal Citizen and out of every Territory one Inhabitant every different order of these have a distinct house to sit in and for every house a Chair-man or Speaker For the Nobility the grand Marshal for the Clergy the Arch-bishop for the Burgesses of Cities one of the Consuls of Stockholme or the Master of the Artillerie and for those of the Country some one elected out of their own Body When they have finisht their Deliberation severally they confer all the Houses together and having agreed upon a form present their resolves to the King if he is pleased with them and thinks fit to pass them into Acts he with the Members of the Parliament subscribe and seal them the Records of which the Marshal of the States an Officer appointed for that purpose puts into the Chancery causes them to be promulgated and then quits his Charge and his Staff the mark of his Dignity The Laws used in Sweden The Laws as well as those of Ostro and Westro-Gothia are very ancient every Province having formerly had says Loccenius particular Constitutions by which it was governed the Plantiff and Defendant using to plead their own Causes or to give the management of them to some of their Kindred never taking the assistance of any Advocate or Proctour contrary to their present practice In cases dubious it was in use here as in most parts of Europe to refer the determination of them to the trial either of Fire Ordeal sufficiently known to most men used at first in this Country by Olaus Scotkonung about the year 986 and quite abrogated by Bergerus Jerls about 300 years ago or of scalding water or of bringing the suspected Person in cases of murder to the dead body which if upon his approach begun to bleed they judged him to be the murtherer or of Duel call'd Wehiding i. e. consecration This manner of Tryal was first allowed say some by Frotho King of Denmarck whence being brought into Sweden and for sometime prevailing it was first of all by Gustavus the Great under great penalties forbid but not absolutely extirpated till the time of this present King A. 1662 when its punishment was made arbitrary At present if a Legifer be to be elected it is done by the Bishop who gives notice thereof in the Court eight weeks before the electionday and the people of the Territory who return three sufficient persons to the King and he chuses one of them If a President the Legifer and the people of the District chuse him Who takes an Oath to administer Justice impartially amongst them and can be Judg in one only District at the same time When a Plantiff commences an Action against the Defendant he with two able House-keepers goes to his house and summons him to the Court if he appear the first second or third Court day 't is well if not he loses the Action and distress is made upon his Goods In cases of Murder Adultery c. punishable by death if the guilty persons flie Bud kaffla or Hue and Cry is sent out after them which is to go through the whole Precinct and to be continued from one place to another by the delivery of a Staff the sign of authority A Woman convicted of adultery by six Witnesses loses her Dowry her Estate and if her husband pleases her life too
Forreign Princes and their manners modell'd by different Laws The second great Epocha in the Swedish Chronicles is from the reign of 108. Ericus IX surnam'd the Saint a virtuous and pious Prince He never lay'd any Taxes or Impositions upon his Subjects but was content with the Crown-Patrimony and when Money was offer'd him by his people he refus'd to accept it He built the Cathedral Church at Vpsal and propagated Christianity to the Finlanders This King new modell'd all the Swedish Laws and expung'd those that any way favour'd Paganism He was murther'd by a Party of Rebels and in the very place where they cut off his head there presently issued out says Loccen a spring of pure water famous for curing diseases 109. Charles VII a peaceable and religious King who founded several Monasteries and had an Arch-bishops see granted him in his own Dominions 110. Canutus son to Ericus 111. Suercherus II. 112. Ericus X a quiet and peaceable King 113. John I surnam'd the Meek He propagated the Christian Religion amongst the Leiflanders 114. Ericus XI surnamed the Stammerer He rooted out Paganism in Tavastia and brought over the Inhabitants to the Christian Faith 115. Waldemarus son to Bergerus Jerl who upon the death of Ericus in his Fathers absence was clected King which his Father being dissatisfied with at his return declaring his displeasure that an unexperienc'd youth his Son should be advanc'd to the Crown and himself disregarded he was thereupon desir'd to take upon him the management of all publick affairs After his death Waldemarus had absolute power in his Kingdom and ruled by his own unfortunate commands He was depos'd by his people and his Crown given to 116. Magnus I surnam'd Ladulaus i. e. the Lock to Granaries because he made such severe Laws against stealing Corn and breaking up Granaries that in his reign the people used neither Lock nor Key his Laws being sufficien to secure them from Thieves and Robber He built many Churches and made several wholsom Laws ordering that all Offenders instead of paying mulcts should be obliged to assist in building some Tower or Fort. 117. Birgerus son to Magnus in his time and by his means Carelia received the Gospel He manag'd affairs imprudently and thereupon was depos'd and banish'd by his Subjects and his Kingdom conferr'd on 118. Magnus II. surnam'd Smeek i. e. the flatter'd or cocker'd Prince In the former part of his reign he ruled peaceably and had the affections of his people but falling into sottishness and following strange women he lost the love of his Subjects and was in a Senate at Stockholm publickly arraign'd for his misdemeanors call'd for to answer for himself and not appearing in his own defence by them depos'd Ericus XII son to Magnus sometime during his Fathers reign manag'd all business of State and therefore he is by some reckon'd amongst the Kings of Sweden though without good reason for he was only an assistant to the King in Council not a Partner in the Government The fourth Swedish Epocha is reckon'd from the remarkable alteration of affairs under 119. Albertus of Mecklebourg elected by the Suffrages of the people For some time he rul'd well but preferring Germans to the chief places of trust in his Kingdom he thereupon lost the love of his Subjects and his Crown to boot After he was depos'd he retir'd into a Monastery The person who succeeded was 120. Margaretta Queen of Denmark and Norway She vex'd her Subjects with intolerable Taxes admitted Danes English-men and Italians into publick Offices and was thereupon assaulted by the Nobles of the Kingdom who had certainly slain her had she not given them fair promises and propos'd to them one to succeed her viz. 121. Ericus XIII her Nephew son to Wartislavus Duke of Pomeren He was King of Denmark Norway and Sweden at the same time He marryed Philippa Daughter to Henry IV. then King of England for some time he reigned happily but breaking the Laws of the Kingdom and not observing his Coronation-Oath he fell into great troubles and at last after he had enjoy'd three Crowns for five and forty years was dethron'd by his Subjects this King after he was depos'd is said to have turn'd Pirat and very much infested the Brittish Coasts his Kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden were given to 122. Christophorus Duke of Bavaria This King revis'd and corrected the municipal Laws of Sweden and caus'd them to be promulgated from him call'd Christopher's Laws He dyed suddenly at Helsinburg as he was going to consult with his Nobles at Jenecopia After this Kings death there was an Interregnum for some small time during which all publick business was manag'd by one Benedictus Bielke and Nicolaus Baner two Principal Officers of State in the time of King Christophorus The fifth Epocha is reckon'd from the ending of the Interregnum which was when the Government was undertaken by 123. Carolus VIII Canuti Marshal of the Kingdom who was descended from the Stock of the ancient Gothish Kings As soon as he was setled in the Throne he pretended Title to Gotlandia which the Danes then possess'd and thereupon made war with Christianus I King of Denmark but with small success He lay'd upon his Subjects heavy and grievous Taxes and attempting to take away Church Lands and pious Donations lost the favour of his Subjects and was by them expell'd or rather by the Danish forces driven out of his Dominions His friend whom he in his Banishment trusted himself with was Casimirus King of Poland who entertain'd him nobly for seven years during which time Sweden was govern'd by 124. Christiernus I. King of Denmark call'd hither by the prevailing Faction but seizing the publick Treasure of the Kingdom and committing many cruelties he was shortly after deposed from being King and 125. Carolus Canuti recall'd from Dantzick and restor'd to the Throne but being troubled with civil Commotions at home chiefly manag'd by the Arch-bishop of Vpsal and endanger'd by the Danish Forces from abroad commanded by the depos'd King Christiernus I. he voluntarily left the Government of the Kingdom and appointed for his Successor his Nephew 126. Steno Sture Senior who was receiv'd by the Senate at Stockholm rather as a Protector then an absolute Governour of the Kingdom he manag'd all publick affairs very happily and with great satisfaction to the people for a long time till in the year 1491 at which time he was accus'd by the Senate for acting in several matters without their knowledg and advice for making a League with the Inhabitants of Riga against the Teutonick Order of which the Russes taking advantage had made some inrodes into Livonia and Finland and such-like Crimes and thereupon by them turn'd out of all office the Kingdom was conferr'd on 127. John II. son to Christiern I. King of Denmark He took Steno Sture into favour and going as was then the custom to visit his dominions left him Vice-roy at Stockholm to manage all the affairs of
forty German miles from Pleskow and as many from Novogardia 2. Nieslot or Neuschlos i. e. new Fort not far from the Lake Peipus upon the River Narva 2. Viria Wiria or Wilandia Viria which has Alentakia on the East Harria on the West the Finnic Bay on the North and Jervia on the South Places remarkable in it are 1. Wesenberg not far from the River Weissenaa which A. D. 1581 was taken by the Swedes from the Muscovite 2. Tolsburg twelve miles distant from Wesenberg 3. Borcholm 3. Harria or Harrenland 〈◊〉 bounded on the South with Wicia on the East with Viria and on the North and West with the Finnic Bay In this division is Revalia the Metropolis of Liefland a little but handsom pleasant and well fortified City lying in 59 deg 30 min. of Longitude In the year 1374 it was sold to the great Master of Livonia In 1561 being in danger to fall into the hands of the Muscovite it committed it self to the protection of the Kings of Sweden and has ever since been subject to them Here was anciently a Bishops See but since Lutheranism spred it self into these parts that Title is here discontinued and all Ecclesiastical affairs manag'd by Superintendents For the promoting of Learning and good Education this City has one publick Gymnasium wherein Professors and Tutors are maintain'd to read and teach Humanity and all the Liberal Arts. The chief Church is dedicated to St. Olaus Not far from this place is the Monastery of St. Bridget seated upon the Finnic coast and the Fort Pades or Badis lying upon the River Assa 4. Vikia Wicia or Wikke which has in it these three places of note 1. Habsalia Habsel lying upon the Bothnic Bay formerly viz. in the time of Frideric II. King of Denmark in the possession of the Danes afterwards A. D. 1575 taken by the Muscovite and in the year 1581 gain'd by John III. King of Sweden 2. Lode 3. Leal 4. Wickel or Wyck all Forts of good strength and consideration 5. Jervia which lyes landward almost in the middle of the other Districts It contains Wittenstein Oberpalen and Lau or Lais places of moment II. Odepoa bounded on the East with the Lake Peipus on the North with Embeck and the Rivers Fela and Pernavia on the West with the great Bay of Livonia and on the South with Lettia In it are these places of note viz. 1. Derpat Derbat Dorpat or as the Russes call it Juriogoord a large City built most of Stone and Brick and secured by strong Stone-walls where was formerly a Bishops seat It was heretofore under the Tzar of Muscovy A. D. 1230. Under the Poles A. D. 1582. Afterwards taken from them by Charles Duke of Sudermannia But by them regain'd A. D. 1603. In the year 1625 when Gustavus Adolphus sent Forces into Livonia under the command of Jacobus de la Gardie this City was gain'd to the Swedish Crown and ever since remains as a part of its possessions Here by reason of the great abundance of all sorts of commodities of life and the healthfulness of the air Gustavus Adolphus ann 1632 at the desire of one John Skytte Baron in Ouderof who had sometime been Tutor to that King instituted an University and appointed and stipended one Rector and several Professors for Theology History Mathematicks c. 2. Warbek upon the mouth of the River Embeck 3. Kanneleks 4. The Fort Ringen 5. Odepoa a small Town whence the whole District has its name 6. Nienhausen a strong Fort upon the borders of Muscovy 7. Marienburg another Fort not far from the Lake Peipus 8. Tarnest a place anciently of good importance but being in the hands of the Muscovites it was besieged by the Polander and at last by them taken and when they quitted it so demolished that tho the Swedes have spent some charges in repairing it it has not at present attain'd its ancient strength and splendor 9. Felinum Fellin fifteen German miles from 10. Parnavia Parnow upon a River of the same name a Town of great trade for all commodities Corn especially first of all added to the Swedish dominions by Ericus XIV King of Sweden an 1562 Afterwards taken by the Poles and regain'd from them an 1617. 11. Sales or Lemsael with some other less remarkable Towns and Forts III. Lettia bounded on the East with part of Muscovy on the West with the Livonian Bay on the North with Odepoa and on the South with the River Dwina It s chief City is 1. Riga an Arch-Bishops See lying in 48 deg of Longitude and 57 deg 30 min. of Latitude upon the Dwina at its entrance into the Bothnic Bay It is defended with a strong Wall Bulwarks Towers an extraordinary large Trench and three rows of great Guns which were put in good order and readiness chiefly by the care of Gustavus Adolphus King of Sweden Here is a noted Harbour for Ships much frequented by Merchants from Germany Holland England c. who come hither in the summer-time and are laden with Hemp Flax Wax Pitch Tar with Planks also and Wood ready hew'n for building Ships with skins of all sorts as of Bears Elks Foxes c. and Furs of Castors Sables Martrons Ermins c. all which are brought to this City out of Muscovy and Poland in the winter-time over the ice and snow upon sledds and made ready for sale against the time when the Merchants usually arrive The Citizens commonly speak either Swedish German Curlandish or Livonian and have their Divine Service which is reform'd according to the Augustan Confession always celebrated in some one of those languages In the year 1581 this City was taken by Stephen King of Poland from the Emperor and by his successor Sigismund III. endow'd with many notable priviledges and immunities and by him kept in possession till 1605 at what time Gustavus Adolphus Prince of Sweden brought an Army into Livonia and after six weeks close siege had it surrender'd up to him since which time it has always been under the Swedish power 2. Dunamund i. e. the mouth of the Duna or Dwina so call'd from its situation being plac'd upon the Dwina two miles from Riga at its very entrance into the Livonian Bay It is a Fort of great importance commanding the whole River so that without leave had from the Governour here no Ship can pass into or come out of the Harbour of Riga And because the Dwina at this place breaking forcibly into the Sea and often in the spring-time especially bringing huge flakes of ice along with it very much alters the Channel and thereby makes the passage into the River very dangerous there are waiting here a sort of experienc'd Guides call'd Pilosen or Pilots who for small wages conduct all strangers along the safe way either up to Riga or back again into the Baltic 3. Kakenhusen Kockehaus a strong Fort where was anciently the residence of the Archbishop of Riga 4. Ascherad with many lesser Towns
coming of the Asians into these parts says Odin or Woden the great Captain of the Asae spread his language over Saxony as well as Denmark Sweden and Norway Adding further That within awhile the Asian tongue was generally spoken in all the neighbouring Countries The strongest argument to prove a difference between this tongue and the old Teutonic may be had from a diligent enquiry into the various phrases and proprieties of speech used in both of them But when we consider how much the idioms of the High and Low Dutch differ and how vastly the Syntax of our English Language is alter'd from the Danish and German we shall have reason to confess before we pronounce these last two distinct primitive languages that time is able strangely to alter the physiognomy of tongues as well as men However the dispute is like shortly to have an end and the Danes will in a little while if they do not already speak good Dutch For the German tongue is now ordinarily spoken in Copenhagen and most of the chief trading Cities in Denmark To let pass the stories of King Dan Government whom some Historians make to reign in this Kingdom three hundred years before the birth of our Saviour it is manifest from the unquestionable testimonies of the best Roman writers that Denmark was a Monarchy in the Consulship of Catulus and Marius near an hundred years before Christ Afterwards we have a certain account of Gothric King of the Danes in the days of the Emperor Charles the Great from whom the present Kings of Denmark are descended in a lineal succession except what Pontanus seems not to allow of the line of the ancient Kings failed upon the death of King Christopher III. A. D. 1448 The power of the Danish Nobility in Council is exceeding great but not so large as to make the supreme Government Aristocratical Some would argue That the Nobles are above the King since 't is well known they denied to Crown Frederic II. in the year 1559 till he had sworn never to pretend to be able by his own authority to put any Nobleman to death From this and some other like instances Bodinus endeavours to prove the Kings of Denmark petty Princes rather then absolute Monarchs not remembring that even in France it self as well as all other Kingdoms of Europe it has always been thought requisite for the satisfaction of the people that every King at his Coronation should make some solemn Vow to maintain the ancient Laws and Priviledges of his Country and Subjects And if in the case mentioned the Nobility of Denmark required their King to lay a stricter obligation on himself then was usual the performance was arbitrary and not constrain'd The Subjects might possibly upon the Kings refusal to gratifie them have rebell'd against their lawful Sovereign but could not justly have compell'd him to a compliance Before the year 1660 King the Kingdom of Denmark was not as Norway Hereditary but Elective yet so that the Senators usually chose the eldest son of their King who thenceforward was styled the Prince The rest of the Kings sons had the Titles of Dukes and Heirs of Norway The Election in ancient times was commonly had in this solemn manner As many of the Nobles as were Senators and had power to give their voices agreed upon some convenient place in the fields where seating themselves in a circle upon so many great stones they gave their votes This done they placed their new elected Monarch in the middle upon a stone higher then the rest and saluted him King In Seland to this day there is such a company of stones which bear the name of Kongstolen or the Kings seat And Olaus Magnus tells us the same story of a great stone call'd by the Vicenage Morastaen near Vpsal in Sweden Near St. Buriens in Cornwall in a place which the Cornish-men call Biscow-Woune are to be seen nineteen stones set in a round circle distant every one about twelve foot from the other and in the very center one pitched far higher and greater then the rest This Cambden fancies to have been some Trophee erected by the Romans under the later Emperors or else by Athelstane the Saxon when he had subdued Cornwal and brought it under his dominion But Wormius more probably guesses that in this place some Danish or Saxon King was elected by his followers And I conceive the same may be said of Long Meg and her daughters near little Salkeld in Cumberland But to return to Denmark of later years the Danes in their elections have follow'd the customs of other Countries till Frederic III. in the year 1660 who was the first that ventur'd to exercise the authority of an absolute Prince and to shake off the dependance his Ancestors were wont to have upon the good will of their Subjects procuring with fair words and threats a Law to be established That for the future the Kingdom of Denmark should immediately upon the Kings death descend upon his lawful Heir Whereupon the present King Christian V. was the same night his Father dyed without any previous election or consent asked of the Nobility proclaimed King The Rites of Coronation are usually perform'd at Copenhagen where the King is anointed by the Bishop of Roschild The Chronicles of the Kings of Denmark which have hitherto been publish'd Catalogue of their Kings are so imperfect and contradictory one to another that 't is utterly impossible to give an exact Catalogue of their Kings Saxo Grammaticus who liv'd saith Stephanus in the twelfth Century has made a shift to collect a great many stories out of the scatter'd fragments of old Runic Inscriptions and ancient Ballads and to relate them in a better method and stile then could be well expected from the age he liv'd in But when we consider that the best he met with could not possibly be of more authority then such venerable scraps of Chronicles as are published by Wormius at the end of his Monumenta Danica and see how these two run counter it is hard to rest satisfied with the relation he gives us and yet as difficult to provide our selves of a better The first rational account given us of any of the Danish Kings which we may safely rely upon for truth is in our English Chronicles which as the Learned Sir Henry Spelman in an Epistle to Ol. Rosecrantz formerly Danish Ambassador in England treat more fully and clearly of the affairs of Denmark then any of the Danish Historians Wherefore omitting the relations given of Dan Humblus and the rest of their Heathen Kings as either false or frivolous we shall content our selves with a short Register of the Kings of Denmark since the first planting of Christianity in that Kingdom And 1. Harald being beaten out of his Kingdom by his brother Reinferd's accomplices fled to the Emperor Ludowic for help who assisted him in regaining of his Crown upon condition he would forsake his Idolatry and turn
Christian Whereupon he was baptized in the year 826 and immediately restored to his dominions But soon after he renounced Christianity and continued Heathen till reclaim'd by St. Anschar who for his good offices in the Northern Kingdoms was made Archbishop of Hamburgh in the year 835. 2. Eric succeeded his brother Harald with whom he had been baptized in Germany in his Kingdom and cruelty against the the Christians In his days about the year 853 the Danes first enter'd France under the command of their Captain Rollo though others more probably relate him not to have been the first of those Northern Rovers that invaded France but to have succeeded to Gotfrid and to have entred France about the year 876 and not to have been peaceably settled in Normandy till 889 or 890 see the History of the life of King Aelfred and seated themselves in that part which has ever since kept the name of Normandy 3. Eric Barn or the Child being the only male left alive of the Royal Family after the bloody wars between his predecessor and Guthorm King of Norway He begun his reign happily having married the daughter of King Guthorm but within awhile he grew more cruel then any of his Ancestors had been slaying more Bishops and destroying more Churches and Religious Houses both in Germany and England then all the rest of the Danish Kings put together In his German wars he slew Brunno Duke of Saxony and twelve Counts He dyed about the year 902. 4. Canutus the Hairy or Lodneknudt succeeded his father Eric In his days saith King Eric in his Chronicon every third man in Denmark went by lot to seek his fortune so that those who marched off over-run all Prussia Semgal Curland and several other Countries whence they never return'd but there they and their posterity have continued to this day He dyed a Heathen about the year 912. 5. After the death of Canutus the Danish Scepter was given to Frotho his son so say the most credible Historians tho Lindenbruch reports that his brother Sueno reigned nine years He was twenty years King of England and Denmark in the former of which he was baptized and dyed a good Christian 6. Gormo Gormund or Guthrum surnam'd Hartesnute and Engelender because born in England succeeded his father He together with his followers was baptized at Aalre in Sommersetshire and had our Learned and Pious King Aelfred to his Godfather who at the Font gave him the name of Athelstane and afterwards bestowed on him the Kingdom of the East-Angles From this Gormo a Village near Huntingdon call'd at this day by the inhabitants corruptly Godman-Chester had its name Gormon-Chester As Cambden proves from that old Verse Gormonis a Castri nomine nomen habet I am very unwilling I must confess to confound this Gormo with King Aelfred's God-son who as far as we can learn from English writers never sat in the Throne of Denmark neither do the times agree But the Danish Historians will have it so and 't is in vain to seek for satisfaction in the midst of such confusion as we meet with in their writings 7. Harald surnam'd Blaatand succeeded his father Gormo In his days the Danes threw up that famous Trench between Gottorp and Sleswic call'd Dannewirck of which we shall have occasion to speak more hereafter 8. Sueno or Svenotho surnamed Tuiskeg i. e. fork'd-beard succeeded Harald At first he was an Heathen and a severe persecutor of the Christians but afterwards he turned Christian himself and founded three Bishopricks at Sleswic Ripe and Arhuse Some say he dyed in the year 1012 and was buried at York others make him live till the year 1014 and bring him to his grave in Denmark 9. Canutus the Great son to Sueno He was at once King of England Denmark Sweden Norway Slavonia and Sambland some make him King or Duke at least of Normandy And this seems to be the meaning of that old Distich which not reckoning either Slavonia or Sambland a Kingdom brings him in thus speaking of himself Facta mihi Magni pepererunt inclyta nomen Quinque sub imperio regna fuere meo He was buried at Winchester in the year 1036 after he had been twenty-seven years King of Denmark twenty-four of England and seven of Norway leaving the Kingdom of Denmark to his son 10. Hardi-Cnute who within four years obtain'd the Kingdom of England upon the death of hs brother Harald Here he dyed in the year 1041 and was buried by his father in the Cathedral at Winchester 11. Magnus King of Norway seized on the Kingdom of Denmark upon the death of Hardi-Cnute pretending a title to it by contract But he enjoy'd it not long He dyed in the year 1048 and left the Kingdom to 12. Sveno Esthret son on one Vlf an English Earl He dyed in the year 1074 and left behind him five sons who all of them sate successively in their fathers Throne 13. Harald Sveno's eldest son held the Scepter only two years He was a soft easie and timorous Prince afraid to punish offenders or to look an enemy in the face So that the English making use of the opportunity shook off the Danish yoke without any considerable molestation 14. St. Canutus King Swain's second son was barbarously murder'd in St. Alban's Church in Odensee a City in the Isle of Funen whither he fled for sanctuary from the rage of his own Subjects in the year 1088 Pontanus says 1077 The occasion was this The pious King commanded that all his Subjects should pay Tythes according to the custom of other Nations This Edict was represented to the people by his brother Olaf who long'd for the Crown as an encroachment upon the priviledges and liberty of the Subject Whereupon they quickly rose in open rebellion against their Soveraign who to appease the rage of the rabble was martyr'd 15. Olaf Swain's third son upon the slaughter of his brother Cnute which he traiterously had procured was by his followers unanimously declared King But his brothers blood went not long unrevenged For in this Kings days the famine was so great in Denmark that even the Kings Houshold wanted bread Olaf at last sensible that this judgment was inflicted on the Kingdom for his sins pray'd that God would turn the current of his vengeance from the people upon his head that had offended His prayers were heard and the same night in the year 1096 he dyed hungry and miserable and the famine immediately abated 16. Eric Swain's fourth son surnam'd the Good for his religious zeal and piety who dyed in his pilgrimage towards Jerusalem and was buryed in the Isle of Cyprus in the year 1106. In his days Lunden was made an Archbishops See before which time all the Danish Bishops were under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Bremen 17. Nicolas Sveno's youngest son He was slain by the Jutes in revenge of Cnute Duke of Flanders whom he had caused to be killed in the Church in the year
for many of them to be dubb'd Knights upon any considerable piece of service done their King or Country The Danes call their Knights Ridders i. e. Equites Riders and all their offspring have the title of Riddersmens men The most noble Order of Knighthood in Denmark Knights of the Elephant is that Of the Elephant Of which we cannot have a better account then is given us by the Learned Elias Ashmole Esquire Windsor Herald at Arms in his famous work of The Institution Laws and Ceremonies of the most Noble Order of the Garter p. 120. Observing saith he some difference among writers touching the Institution Collar and Ensign of this Order I was in doubt what to say till at length I haply met with better satisfaction from a Letter wrote in the year 1537 by Avo Bilde Bishop of Arhusen sometime Chancellor to John King of Denmark and Norway unto John Fris Chancellor to King Christian the third a copy whereof was communicated to me by Monsieur Cristoftle Lindenow Envoy from Christian the fifth now King of Denmark to his sacred Majesty the present Soveraign of the most Noble Order of the Garter This Letter informs him of the Institution and some other particulars relating to the Order to wit That King Christian the first being at Rome whither he had travel'd upon a religious account Pope Sixtus the fourth among other honours invested him with this Order in memory of the Passion of our Lord and Saviour and withall ordain'd that the dignity of Chief and Supreme should be continued as a successive right to the succeeding Kings of Denmark This King founded the magnificent Chappel of the three Kings in the Cathedral Church at Roschild four leagues from Copenhagen where the Knights were obliged to assemble upon the death of any of their fraternity He also admitted thereinto divers Kings Princes and Noblemen The chief Ensign of this Order was the figure of an Elephant on whose side within a rundle was represented a Crown of Thorns with three Nails all bloody in honour and memory of the Passion of our blessed Saviour The Knights were obliged to the performance of acts of Piety Alms-deeds and certain Ceremonies especially upon those days on which they wore the Ensigns of the Order But King John set so high a value upon it that he wore them on every solemn Festival He also advanc'd the honour of this Order to so great esteem that it became accepted by both our King Henry the eighth and James the fifth of Scotland his sisters son with whom the Ensigns thereof remain'd as a pledg and assurance of constant and perpetual friendship with these he likewise invested divers Ambassadors Senators and Noble Danes There is one Ivarus Nicholai Hertholm a learned Dane as I am inform'd who hath written a particular Treatise of the Elephantine Order but not yet printed The scope whereof is to shew that the before mentioned Epistle of the Bishop of Arhusen does not sufficiently make it appear that it received its first Institution when Christian the first had those many honours confer'd on him by Pope Sixtus the fourth And that the Badge was an Ensign meerly Military anciently given as a memorial and incitement to the Danish Princes who took upon them the defence of Christianity against the Moors and Africans 'T is greatly presumed that this Book which we hope may shortly be published will furnish the world with many choice things relating to the antiquity and honour of the Institution Ensigns and Ceremonies of the Royal Order Heretofore the Knights wore a Collar of Gold compos'd of Elephants and Crosses fashioned something like Crosses ancrees Mennenius calls them Spurs at which hung the picture of the Virgin Mary to the middle holding Christ in her arms and surrounded with a Glory of Sun-beams But they have long since laid this Collar aside and now wear only a blew Ribbon at which hangs an Elephant enamel'd white adorn'd with five large Diamonds set in the middle Those Elephants worn by the Knights in the days of Christian the fourth had in the same place within a circle the Letter C and in the heart thereof the figure of 4 made to signifie Christianus quartus This honour hath most commonly been conferr'd by the Kings of Denmark on the day of their Coronation both upon the Nobles and Senators of the Kingdom It seems Frederic the third brought into use in imitation of the most Noble Order of the Garter an embroider'd Glory of Silver Purl wrought upon the left side of their Cloak or Vest on which was embroider'd two Crowns within a Rundle bearing this Motto Deus Providebit for such an one did Count Guldenlow Ambassador hither from that King wear at his residing here in England in the year 1669. But we are to note that the Motto hath changed with the King for that of the present King is Pietate Justitia and this the Knights of his election now wear in the middle of the circle Nevertheless all the Knights created by his father are obliged still to continue the former Motto In remembrance of the Danebroge or holy Danish Cross which was thought miraculously to have preserved King Waldemar the Second's Army from the fury of the Lieflanders as we shall have occasion hereafter to shew when we come to speak of the Arms of this Kingdom that King instituted the Order of Knights of the holy Cross Knights of Danebroge Which continued till the relique it self was lost in Ditmarss but then was for many years quite lay'd aside Of late the present King Christian the fifth revived this antiquated Order in the year 1672. Ordaining That Knights of this Order of which he himself is one should wear a white enamell'd Cross edged round with red hung in a string of the same colours reaching from the right shoulder to the left side Thomas Bartholinus P. has given us a large account of the first Original Progress Restauration c. of this Order To whom we refer the Reader Out of these Knights Senators and the rest of the Nobility were chosen formerly the Senators who seldom exceeded the number of eight but are now a far greater number As long as they continued in their places they were maintain'd as our Parliament may be if they please during their sitting by the Country The King allow'd them Castles to live in They pay'd no Taxes but were obliged to keep a certain number of Light-horse ready for service upon all occasions They were bound to attend the King at his call upon their own charges provided he stir'd not out of his own dominions But if he sent them on an Ambassy into other Princes Courts they had an allowance out of the Treasury Besides these there are others that live as Pensioners Pensioners to whom the King in requital of some good services done him assigns certain Livings for life or a set number of years forlaeninger out of which they are to provide so many
Light-horse as the King thinks fit and pay in yearly such a sum of money into the Treasury But these are neither so numerous nor large as before the alteration of Government in the year 1660. Again out of the Nobility are chosen all the Court-Officers Of which the chiefest are 1. Court-Officers The Chancellor 2. The Admiral who takes care of the building and repairing of all sorts of Ships belonging to the Crown He has under him a Vice-Admiral who acts by his Commission 3. The Marshal who provides necessaries for all manner of dispatches in the times of war and peace 4. The Treasurer who receives in and gives acquittances for all summs paid into the Kings Exchequer he has under him two Secretaries of the Nobility and a great number of inferior Scribes 5. The Master of the Horse There are only seven Bishopricks in Denmark Bishopricks which are all as in England in the Kings gift 1. Copenhagen where the Bishop has Archiepiscopal rights tho without the title 2. Ripen and 3. Arhusen both in the Northern Jutland 4. Odensee in Funen 5. Wiburg 6. Arhusen 7. Sleswic in the Southern Jutland The Cities are governed by their distinct Corporations Citâ—â—â— And the Citizens enjoy peculiar Priviledges and Charters as in other parts of Europe The Rustics are either Freeholders Frybunder Rustics such as have hereditary Estates paying only some small Quit-rent to their Landlords Or Wornede Villains absolutely in the power of their Lords Whilst the Kingdom of Denmark lay confused and broken into several incoherent parts Laâ—â— the Provinces had not all the same Laws but were governed by peculiar Statutes established by their petty but independent Princes Whence in Danish Authors we meet often with mention made of the Leges Scanicae Leges Sialandicae c. But afterwards when all these scatter'd members came to be re-united under the same head they were all subject to the same Government and Laws The Laws now in use were drawn into one body which they call the Jydske Lowbog or the Book of the Laws of Jutland and established by King Waldemar the first and revised and confirm'd by Waldemar the second To the observation of these as the only Municipal Laws of the Land the Kings of Denmark have formerly bin sworn at their Coronation Howbeit some of them have been since changed As for instance by the ancient Laws of Denmark as well as in England as may appear by the frequent mention of manbot and wergild in our English-Saxon Laws murder was not punished with death but a pecuniary mulct This custom was observed till the days of Christian the third who looking upon it as a constitution inconsistent with the Law of God and dictates of humane reason abrogated it ordering that from thenceforward wilful murder should be judged a capital crime The ancient Danes were so careful and zealous to transmit their Estates to their right heirs that tho they could be so merciful as to suffer murderers to live yet they punished Adultery with death Which Law is still in force in Saxony as may be seen in any Sachsen-Spiegel and many other parts of Germany The fashion of deciding all manner of causes in our English Courts by a Jury of twelve men Judâ—â—â—ture may seem to have bin borrowed from the Danes who used formerly as they do still in some parts of Jutland to assemble every Parish by themselves once a year in the fields to determine all differences by twelve select men From whom if the disagreeing parties were not reconciled an appeal lay to the Judge of the Province and thence to the supreme Court of Justice as is shown before The Heathen Danes had another way of determining Controversies by Duels in which the Challenger was to demonstrate the justice of his cause by his success This custom lasted till the first planting of Christianity by Poppo who to confirm the truth of his Doctrine took up with his bare hands glowing-hot bars of Iron without the least harm to the admiration of all beholders This miracle wrought not only a change in the Religion but Laws also of the Kingdom For hereupon King Sueno or Suenotto ordered That thence forward all persons accused of any hainous crime should clear themselves by carrying in their hands a glowing plough-share or some other piece of hot iron This kind of purging is called by some of the Danish Writers Jerntegn i. e. Iron-token by others Ordale Whence this last word should fetch its original is not agreed on by our modern Etymologists Verstegan brings it from Or an old word for Law and deal a part or portion And indeed the German word Vhrteil seems to favour this derivation Our fore-fathers the Saxons had borrowed from the Danes several kinds of Ordale As by carrying a bar of hot iron up to the high Altar bare hand by treading barefoot and blindfold over a certain number of glowing barrs laid on the ground at unequal distances by thrusting the naked arm into a pot of boiling water and lastly as they use to try Witches by throwing the accused party into a River or deep Vessel of cold water He that desires to see an exact account of the ceremonies used in the second and third kinds of Ordale may read them at large in the Ecclesiastical Laws of King Athelstane published by the Learned Sr. Henry Spelman Concil Britann tom 1. pag. 404. And in the same Kings Laws as they are published by Mr. Lambard you have the other two sorts described The first that throughly abolished all kinds of Ordale in Denmark was King Waldemar the Second about the year 1240 at the request of Pope Innocent the Third who thought it an intolerable and hainous impiety thus to tempt God Barclay in his Icon Animorum wonders that such innumerable swarms of men should sally out of these parts as were able to overrun the greatest part of Europe whereas at this day there is such a scarcity of Inhabitants that the King of Denmark is hardly able to wage war with any of his Neighbours without a supply of Souldiers out of foreign Countries But this is no such great miracle when we consider how the vastest Empires in the World Assyria Egypt Judaea and Rome it self vainly flattered with the name of Vrbs Aeterna have had their periods The greatest strength of the King of Denmark as of all Princes of Isles consists chiefly in the number of their Mariners and good Ships In all Skirmishes and Wars between the Dane and Swede it is obvious to observe how much the latter have usually prevail'd at Land and the former at Sea Christian the second upon a short warning fitted out a hundred good men of war to aid Henry the Second King of France against the English and this present King has a much larger Fleet always ready for action The Danish King can afford to build yearly twelve men of war without impoverishing his Exchequer And in this Naval force the
divided formerly the Dukedom of Holstein from the Kingdom of Denmark BEfore the invention of Guns and other terrible Engines of war now used by all the Europeans and the greatest part of the known world the only fortifications and ramparts were strong walls and ditches which the ancients fancied as indeed they were sufficient to defend them from the arrows and battle-axes the only weapons then in use of their barbarous neighbours Hence it was that the Chinois thought their Empire secured from the incursions of their bloody neighbours the Tartars when their famous King Tzinzow had hedged them in with a wall of some hundreds of miles in length Thus the best expedient the Romans could find of putting the borders of their Brittish dominions in a posture of defence against the daily revolt of the Natives whom they had driven into Scotland was the building of Picts Wall and Severus's rampire which reach'd from Sea to Sea For the same reasons the Kings of Denmark having their Territories continually infested by the daily inroads of the Germans thought it highly requisite to block up their passage by walling up that neck of Land which lies between Hollingsted and Gottorp It is hard to determine from the account given by Historians when this work was first begun Paulus Aemilius a curious French Historian says Gothofred King of Denmark whom the Danish writers call Gothric was the first that made use of this stratagem to exclude the Armies of the Emperor Charles the Great about the year 808. The same story is told us by Aimoinus and Christianus Cilicius But Saxo Grammaticus Crantzius and the whole Class of the Northern Historians tell us unanimously That Queen Thyra daughter of Ethelred King of England and wife to Gormo Gamle King of Denmark was the Authoress of this fortification and that thence she had the surname of Danebode i.e. the Mistress builder of the Danish Nation bestowed on her I can scarce allow the latter part of the story to to be truth since we find that this surname was given her long before she had done any thing either towards the building or repairing of the Danewirk as they call'd this Fort. For upon a monument erected by King Gormo Gamle in honour of his Queen Thyra we find the following Inscription Gurmr Kunugr gerdi kubl dusi eft Turui Kunu sina Tanmarkur-bat i.e. Gormo the King erected this Tomb for Thyra his Queen Danebode or repairer of the Kingdom of Denmark This inscription cannot be an Epitaph writ after Queen Thyra's death seeing all the Danish writers assert positively that she outliv'd her husband Gormo many years and after his death took the Danewirk in hand So that its more then probable the surname of Danebode was given her for the many good offices she had done the Nation in repairing several old decayed Castles and Forts and building a great many new ones King Eric the Eighth in his Danish Chronicle says Thyra built the Fort of wood Which Witfield understands of the fencing the rampire with Stakes as bulwarks are guarded in our modern fortifications Others make Harald Blaatand Queen Thyra's son the first Author of this work after he had driven the Emperor Otho out of Jutland Which Erasmus Laetus the Danish Virgil alludes to when speaking of this King Harald he says Hic ille est solido primns qui Cimbrica vallo Munijt arva solique ingens e corpore dorsum Eruit immani quod se curvamine longos Incitat in tractus mediumque perambulat Isthmum Et maris Eoi ripas cum littore jungit Hesperio ac tenuem Sleswici respicit urbem King Eric decides this controversy by telling us That Thyra built a wooden fortification and afterwards advised her son to strengthen the work by Trenches and Rampires of earth Notwithstanding all these relations of other Historians both Pontanus and Wormius agree that 't is most likely the rude draught of this Fort was first drawn by King Gothric and only repair'd and improv'd by Queen Thyra King Harald and other succeeding Princes Waldemar the first built a wall of brick seven foot broad and eighteen high to strengthen it After so many improvements the fort was reckon'd impregnable For soon after King Waldemar's reparation when Henry Duke of Saxony surnamed the Lion intended to have endeavoured a breach through this fort into the King of Denmark's dominions he was disswaded from the enterprise by his chief Counsellor Bernhard Razburg who represented the undertaking as a thing impossible to be effected assuring him Danewirkae custodium Danorum sexaginta millibus mandatum esse i.e. That Danewirk was defended by a Garrison of sixty thousand Danes Hence King Sueno finding himself unable to force his way through so strong and so well man'd a Rampire endeavour'd to work his passage by corrupting the Keeper of Wiglesdor the only Gate leading through this wall into Jutland At this day there remain but sleight marks of so great a work At Schubuge and Hesbuge two small Villages upon the ruins of the wall the Inhabitants find reliques of old furnaces and brick-kilns whence the Danish Antiquaries conclude that King Waldemar had his bricks burn'd here tho he was forced to fetch mortar as far as Gothland Joh. Cypraeus tells us at Dennenwirch an inconsiderable Village in these parts may still be seen the ruins of an old Castle where Queen Thyra lodged The same Author says Wiglesdor was antiently called Kaelgate because placed in an open and plain part of the Country where the Enemy could have no shelter nor be in any probability of suprizing the Defendants HOLSTEIN ANtiently the whole Territories of the Dukedom of Holstein contained at present in the Provinces of Holstein properly so called Ditmarss Wagerland and Stormar went under the general name of Nortablingia or the country beyond the Elb Northwards Adam Bremensis and Helmoldus are the first that mention Holsatia which the former derives from Holts-geseten i.e. seated in a wood or forrest DUCATUS HOLSATIAE DESCRIPTIO NOVISSIMA Excudebant Janssâ—â—io-Waesbergii et Moses Pitt The fruitfulness of the soil convenience of trading in the Baltic and Brittish seas and industry of the Inhabitants render Holstein the richest Country in the King of Denmarks dominions and make the incomes of some of the Nobility exceed the treasure of many Princes in Germany The chief Cities and great Towns in Holstein are 1. Kyel Chilonium seated on the Baltic shore in a corner of land shut in betwixt the mouths of two rivers Whence some have fetcht its name from the German word Kiel which signifies a wedge It is furnished with a large and commodious haven which is continually throng'd with Merchant-Ships from Germany Liefland Sweden and all the Isles on the Baltic Sea There is yearly in this Town a meeting of the greatest part of the Nobility of Holstein who come hither to consult about the affairs of the Dukedom especially the concerns of the mint and value of money The Castle which is seated on the
endeavours to prove that Xen. Lampsacenus mentions the Baltic Sea and thence concludes that this name is much more ancient then most of the modern Geographers fancy who make Adam Bremensis and Helmoldus the first Authors that call this Bay Mare Balthicum But he that shall take the pains to examine Pliny's words upon this occasion will find that no mention is there made of the Baltic Sea but of an Island only in these parts called Baltia which is now named Schonen but is not as the Ancients imagined an Isle From this Baltia some think this Sea was called Baltic as the Adriatic Sea had its name from the Island Adria Others more happily derive the word from the Danish and English word Belt because Seeland and the greatest part of the King of Denmark's dominions are girt round with this Bay And to this day the inhabitants of Seeland and Funen call that small arm of the Sea which part these two Islands die Belt Pomponius Mela who is followed by many late writers of good note calls the Baltic Sea Sinus Codanus which signifies no more then the Danish Bay For Codanus Godanus or Gedanus is the same with Danus and Gedanum and Dantiscum signifie the same thing And indeed when we consider what a large portion of the Danish Kingdom is encircled with the Sea we shall find reason enough notwithstanding the late surrender of several Islands to the Swedes to let it still retain this its ancient name The most considerable Islands in the Baltic which at this day are subject to the Crown of Denmark are these that follow FIONIA FIonia or Funen is parted from Jutland by a streight of the Baltic called by the inhabitants Medelfarsund about one German mile in breadth and separated from Seeland by the Beltis-sund or Baltic Bay The length of it from East to West is about ten German miles and the breadth eight Saxo Grammaticus Lyscander and most of the Danish writers make this the pleasantest piece of ground in the King of Denmark's dominions Whence they have fancied the Island had its name from fine which has the same signification in Funen as in England Tho Adam Bremensis may seem to favour this conceit in calling the inhabitants of this Island Finni and their Country Finningia and Pontanus allows the etymology yet methinks Stephanius guesses better at the derivation of the word when he fetches it from Fion which in the old Runic monuments signifies a neck of land rent from the continent and such any man will suppose Funen to be who shall have the opportunity of viewing that slender Frith which at this day separates that Island from Jutland The Island abounds with all manner of Corn especially Wheat and Rye which is hence yearly transported in great quantities into other Nations Besides the Natives have generally great Herds of Cattle and very good Breeds of Horses The Woods which overspread almost the whole Island are exceedingly well stored with Deer Hares and Foxes The chief City in this Island is Ottensee which some will have to take its name from Woden the great God of the ancient Danes whom some of their Historians call Othin or Odin Others more probably say 't was built by the Emperor Otho the first who overrun a great part of the Danish Kingdom and left his name in more places then one This opinion seems to be confirmed by a Letter written by the Emperor Otho the third about the year 987 in which this City is named Vrbs Othonesvigensis Pontanus thinks 't was first built by King Harald who to testifie his gratitude to the forementioned Emperor Otho the first by whose procurement he was converted to Christianity called it Ottonia or Ottensche and his son Suenotto This City is seated in the very center of the Island and therefore in a fit place for the Sessions of the Nobility and Magistracy which are yearly held in this place As were likewise the General Assemblies of the Kingdom of Denmark before the year 1660. The buildings in this Town are generally well built and the streets uniform Besides other public buildings there are in it two fair Churches whereof one is dedicate to St. Cnute the other to St. Francis Not far from the former of these stands a stately Town-Hall upon a very spacious Market-place where King Frideric II. renew'd the ancient League between the Crown of Denmark and the Dukes of Holstein and Sleswic in the year 1575. When the Quire of St. Cnute's Church was repair'd in the year 1582 the workmen found in a Vault a Copper Coffin gilded and adorn'd with precious stones upon which was writ the following inscription in old Latin-Gothic characters Jam coelo tutus summo cum rege Canutus Martyr in aurata rex atque reconditur arca Et pro Justitiae factis Occisus inque Vt Christum vita sic morte fatetur in ipsa Traditur a proprio sicut Deus ipse ministro A.D. MLXXXVI Other Towns of note in Funen are 1. Bowens a Port-Town of good trade seated on the West-side of the Island at the North-end of Medelfarsund 2. Middlefar seated on the common passage from this Island to Kolding in Jutland On the thirtieth of January in the year 1658. Carolus Gustavus King of Sweden led his Army over the ice to this place and having routed the Danish Forces that opposed him made himself absolute master of the whole Isle of Funen 3. Ascens not far from the mountains of Ossenburgh where John de Hoy Nicholas Fechlenburgh and Gustavus Troll Bishop of Vpsal were slain and their Army commanded by Christopher Earl of Oldenburgh totally routed by John Rantzaw King Christian the third's General who level'd this City to the ground 4. Foborg upon the Southern coast of the Island It was once burnt by the unruly soldiers of Christian the third whilst Odensee adhering to the captive Prince Christian the second who at that time was kept close prisoner at Sunderburg redeem'd it self from the like fate by a large sum of money 5. Swynborg over against the Island of Langland From this place Carolus Gustavus King of Sweden led his Army over the ice into Seeland in the year 1658. 6. Nyborg the usual passage from Funen into Seeland This City was first fortified with a Moat and Bulwarks by King Christian the third It is very memorable for the battel fought by the Confederates of the Empire Brandenburgh Poland and the Low Countries in the year 1659 against the Swedes who in that engagement were overthrown and utterly routed out of Funen Besides the great Towns mentioned there are in Funen a great number of fair Villages among which they reckon up no less then 264 Parish Churches SEELAND SEeland the largest fairest and most fruitful Island in the Baltic Sea lies to the East of Funen from which 't is separated as we have said before by the Belt On the other side it is parted from Schonen by a small Frith call'd by the inhabitants Oresundt thro which
pass all the Merchant-ships which traffick in the Baltic The breadth of it is about twelve German miles and the length eighteen This Island is undoubtedly the ancient Codanonia mentioned by Pomponius Mela which signifies the same thing as the more modern words Dania and Denmark Most of the Danish Etymologists derive Seeland from Soedland or Seedland from the plenty of Corn which this Country affords Others with greater probability make the word signifie no more then an Island or piece of ground encompassed with the Sea Whence Saxo Grammaticus and several other ancient Historians call it Seelandia from the old Danish word Sia or Sio which is now turned into Soe and in our English tongue corrupted into Sea In most or all of the ancient Runic Manuscripts it is called Soelunder or the Sea-Grove The Edda Islandorum calls it Soelund and gives us this account of the first original of the word There was formerly a certain King in Sweden named Gylfi who promised an Asian Sorceress call'd Gesion who had pleased him with her melody as much land as four Oxen could plow up in one day and a night Whereupon the old Hag brings four of her sons out of North Jutland and turning them into as many Oxen caused them to plow up a large and deep furrow round this piece of ground Which when the Sea had fill'd up the land became an Isle and was call'd Seelund Stephanius thinks Ptolomy alluded to this fable when speaking of some Islands in the Baltic he said 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i.e. Beyond the Cimbrian Chersonese ly three Islands called Alociae from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a furrow Copenhagen the Metropolis of this Island Copenhagen and of the whole Kingdom of Denmark is seated on the East of Seeland upon the Sea-shore The Danes call it Kiobenhaun and the Germans Copenhaven both which words are corruptions of Kiobmanshafen i.e. Portus Mercatorum as Saxo somewhere calls it Mejerus a learned Frisian writer derives the name of this City from Coppen which says he in the Frisian language signifies James and Haven q.d. St. James's Haven But there is very little or no grounds for any such derivation About the year 1168 Axil Wide surnamed Snare Saxo calls him Absolon Archbishop of Denmark built a considerable fortification in the Island in which now stands the Castle This was call'd after his name Axel-huys and was a good defence to the whole Island against the daily incursions of Pyrats Under the protection of this Fort several Fishermen and others that traded this way used to harbour their Ships in security This caused a continual concourse of the Natives who resorted hither to furnish the Vessels with such provisions as their Country afforded and in a short time laid the first rude draughts of a City which at this day for strength trade beauty and bulk is not surpass'd by many in Europe Most of the Danish Kings especially Christian IV. have been very active in beautifying this City with an University Churches Walls Ditches c. James Ecland Bishop of Roschild was the first that granted any priviledges to it in the year 1254. These his successor Ignatius confirm'd and they were afterwards considerably enlarged by King Waldemar in the year 1341 and Eric of Pomeren in the year 1371. Christopher of Bavaria endowed it with Municipal immunities like the other Cities of Denmark in the year 1443. All which were confirm'd by the large Charters of Christian the third and Frideric the second The Citizens houses till within these few years were very mean and low most of them patcht up of wood and mortar but of late they are grown more curious and expensive in Architecture and few of their streets are without a considerable number of fair brick buildings The Cathedral Church dedicate to St. Mary is beautified with a noble Copper Spire built at the charges of King Christian the fourth The Advowsance of this Church belongs to the Professors in the University The Market-place is exceeding spacious and no small ornament to the Town Besides these the Kings Palace the Arsenal which perhaps excels any thing that Europe affords in this kind the Observatory or Runde taarn and the adjoining University Church and Library the Exchange c. are places richly worth the seeing and deserve a larger description then the bounds of this short account of the whole Kingdom will permit The City is governed by four Burgomasters one whereof is Regent or President for his life This honour is at present conferr'd on that worthy and learned person P. John Resenius Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University at Copenhagen and Counsellor to the present King of Denmark With him most of the other Professors of note in this University as William Langius formerly Tutor to this present King Christian the fifth Erasmus Vindingius Professor of History and Geography and Author of the Academia Hafniensis which gives us an exact account of all the famous men that have ever flourished in this University Thomas and Erasmus Bartholini both well known by their incomparable works c. are at this day Ministers of State in the Court of Denmark and keep only the title and pension of Professors without being tyed to the performance of the duties SELANDIAE in Regno Daniae Insulae Chorographica Descriptio Apud Janssonio-Waesbergios et Mosem Pitt VIRO Illustri ac Generoso Dno GEORGIO SEEFELDO Haereditario in REFFES Regni Daniae Senatori ac Iudici provintiali Selandico Domino ac Patrono plurimum honorando D. D. D. Johannes Janssonius The rest of the great Towns and places of note in this Island are Roschild 1. Roschild which takes its name from a river running by the Town which drives seven mills Roe in the antient Danish Tongue signifies a King and Kille a stream of water 'T was formerly the Metropolis of the whole Kingdom but of late years this City has decayed and Copenhagen grown so fast that it is scarce remarkable for any thing at this day save the great old Cathedral the burying place of the Kings of Denmark and some small trade This City was first made a Bishop's See by Suenotho King of England Denmark Sweden and Norway about the year 1012. who gave the Bishoprick of Roschild which is now swallowed up of Copenhagen to Gerebrand a Monk Afterwards Sueno Gratenhede fortifyed it with a wall ditch and bulwark Lyscander tells us there were once no less then twenty seven fair Churches in this Town Among these I suppose he reckons the Chappel built by King Harald Svenotho's father in which both he and his son whose dead corps were carried out of England to Roschild to be buried are entombed In the old Cathedral amongst many other rich monuments in honour of several of the Danish Kings and Queens stands a fair marble pillar which Margaret Queen of Denmark erected on purpose to hang thereon the Whetstone which is fastened to it with a chain which Albert King of
Fish Butter Tallow Hides c. are brought from all parts of Norway to be shipt off into other Countries The Townsmen not many years ago observing the daily encrease of their trade and the great concourse of strangers which it drew from all parts and fearing they themselves might at last be prejudiced by an unlimited and general admission of foreign Tradesmen and Merchants into their City made an order that whoever would after such a time be admitted a freeman of the Town should either be whipt at a Game instituted upon this occasion and call'd by them Gantenspill or rowl'd in mud and dirt or lastly hung in a basket over some intolerable and filthy smoak This hard usage quickly diminished the number of foreigners who fancied it scarce worth their while to purchase their freedom at so dear and scandalous a rate But of late the industry and skill as well as number of the inhabitants encreasing these barbarous customs are laid aside and the Citizens themselves are now able to export what was formerly fetcht away from them The Bishop of this Diocess was heretofore under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Truntheim To the Governor of Berghen are subject the Prefectures of Sudhornleen Nordhornleen Soghne Sudfiord Norfiord and Sundmerleen The Prefecture and Bishoprick of Nidrosia or Truntheim THE fourth Castle and Government in Norway is that of the City Nidrosia as it was anciently called from the river Nider on which 't is seated or Truntheim formerly the Metropolis of the Kingdom and the seat of the King and Archbishop of Norway Pontanus somewhere calls this City the Cabinet of all the Norwegian monuments but Wormius found no great reason to confer so honourable a title upon it when after a diligent search into the Antiquities old monuments and reliques of the primitive inhabitants of this Kingdom he met with no more then three Runic inscriptions in this whole Diocess The conveniency of the Haven makes this place resorted to by some Mariners and Merchants to this day but the ruines are so great that it looks more like a Village then City not having had any opportunity of recovering its former splendor since it was burnt down in the year 1522. Its houses are a company of old fashion'd and rotten buildings and the Kings Palace is decay'd below the meanness of an English Cottage However something of its ancient grandeur still appears in the Cathedral dedicated to St. Olaus which tho almost consumed by fire yet by the ruines shews it self to have been one of the most magnificent and largest structures in the world In this Church the Huntsmen were wont to make a yearly offering of the skins of the largest and stoutest white Bears which they kill'd for the Priest to tread upon at Divine Service Groneland and Iseland were formerly parts of the Diocess of Truntheim but now this Bishoprick is not of so large an extent In the Castle resides the Governor of the whole Prefecture of Truntheim who has under him several other Governors of lesser Provinces In the Country a little beyond this City there grows no wood at all But instead thereof the inhabitants make use of fish-bones as well to build their houses and for several implements of housholdstuff as fuel and with the fat of the same fish they feed their Lamps in winter The Prefecture of Truntheim in the year 1658 was by the Danes surrendred up to the Swedes by a publick Treaty of Peace The next year they wrested it again out of the hands of the Swedish King but resign'd it back at the Treaty of Roschild Halgoland the Country of Ohther King Aelfred's Geographer is a part of this Prefecture Of which that Author gave this account to the King his Master ê§ nan man ne bude be Nor ðh an him i. e. That no inhabited Country lay further North then this But the great fishing trade upon these Coasts have made the English better acquainted with these parts then this Gentleman was with his own Country The Prefecture of Wardhus THE Castle of Wardhus the seat of the fifth and last great Governor in the Kingdom of Norway has its name from the Island Warda in which it stands This Isle lyes about two German miles from the main land of Finmark being near twelve English miles in compass The inhabitants of this and the two adjoining Isles which in Finmark go all under the general name of Trunsolem live only upon Stockfish which they dry in the frost They have no manner of Bread nor drink but what is brought them from other places Some small stock of Cattel they have but only such as can make a shift to live of their masters diet dryed fish Finmark or Norwegian Lapland ON the North of Norway lies Finmark or as the Natives use to call it Taakemark which perhaps was the ancient habitation of the Finni mentioned by Tacitus For the character which that Historian gives us of those people is very applicable to the modern Finmarkers The Finni says he are a people extraordinary savage and miserably poor They have neither Horses Arms House nor Home but feed upon roots and such provision as their Bows and Arrows can procure and are clothed with the skins of wild beasts To this day Finmark is not divided as all other Countries generally are into distinct Lordships and Inheritances but as in Mr. Hobbes's state of nature every private man pretends a right and title to every part of the Land and the strength of the Arm is the only Judge of controversies When fishing season comes in they throng to the Sea-coasts and when that is over retire again into the uplands Only the Islanders in Heymeland keep their stations and have their Churches in Trom Suro Maggero and other places The language manners and habits of the people are the same as in the Swedish Lapland of which an account has been already given Of the ancient Commerce between the old Britains English and Norwegians THo the relations which our English writers give us of the prowess and brave exploits of the valiant British King Arthur savour too much of Romance yet in the main our best Historians agree unanimously in this that no Prince ever conquer'd more of the Northern Kingdoms then this King W. Lambert in his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 assures us that all the Islands Nations and Kingdoms in the North and East Seas as far as Russia were tributary to him And Geoffry of Monmouth says King Arthur at one time summon'd no less then six Kings to appear before him at his Court in Britain viz. 1. Guillaumur King of Ireland 2. Malvase King of Iseland 3. Doldaff King of Gothland 4. Gunnase King of Orkney 5. Lot King of Norway And 6. Aschile King of Denmark Upon these conquests the Kingdom of Norway was annexed to the Crown of England and the Norwegians incorporated into one Nation with the Britains But this amity was of no long continuance for Norway was at too great a distance
and its people too stiff-necked to be kept in subjection In the days of our Saxon Kings a continual and uninterrupted war between this Nation and the Northern Kingdoms put a stop to all trade in the British and Norwegian Seas But as soon as the Danes had made themselves Masters of this Island commerce was again renewed which lasted till the English took their opportunity to-shew the world by rejecting the power of Denmark and all manner of communication with that people how highly they resented the tyrannical usurpation of foreign Princes Since the Conquest England has seldom or never wanted a considerable Fleet of Norway Merchant-men William of Malmesbury who dyed in the year 1142 tells us That in his time Bristow was a place much frequented by the Irish and Norwegians Hackluit gives an account of certain Treaties concerning the Northern trade between our King Henry the third and Haquin King of Norway He that will take the pains to read over the agreement between Henry IV. King of England and the Company of Merchants from the Hans Towns set down at large by Mr. Hackluit in the first Volume of his English Voyages p. 146. will find a considerable Register of our Merchant-men taken on the Coasts and out of the Havens of Norway and may thence be enabled to give a tolerable guess at the number of our Norway Merchants in those days In the twenty-fifth year of the reign of our present Soveraign Charles II. an Act pass'd for the encouragement of the Greenland and Eastland trades c. In which 't was order'd That it should be lawful to and for every person and persons Native or Foreigner from and after the first day of May 1673 at all times to have free liberty to trade into and from Sweden Denmark and Norway This and several other clauses of the same Act which take off a great part of the custom formerly paid upon the importation of any East-land commodity have encouraged great numbers of Merchants and others to traffick in these Northern Seas and improv'd the trade of Greenland and Norway far beyond the example of former ages For tho the advantages that can be hoped for from these kind of Voyages be not answerable to what may be expected out of the Levant and American plantations yet the small danger and charges these men are exposed to are strong inducements to venture a voyage wherein the hazard is not great nor any way proportionable to the prospect of gain Besides in the Act before mention'd 't is provided That whatsoever person or persons subjects of this Realm shall desire to be admitted into the fellowship of Merchants of Eastland shall be admitted into the said fellowship paying for his admission the sum of forty shillings and no more Which is a sum exceedingly inconsiderable if compared with the fees paid upon admission into some other companies The Islands of FERO THE Fero Islands are only so many high and rocky mountains in the Northern Seas divided from one another by narrow Friths and rapid Currents and inclosing a larger or lesser circuit of stony valley cover'd over with a turf of about two foot thick They are so called from Fare which in the language of the Natives signifies a Ferry from the many Ferries or Crossings of the water from one Island to another They are sixteen in number 1. Fugloe or Fowl-Island about three English miles long and two broad 2. Swino in which is a pleasant valley of a mile in length 3. Videroe six miles long and three broad 4. Bordoe six miles in length and a mile broad famous for a good harbour call'd by the Natives Vaag 5. Cunoe of the same bigness 6. Kalsoe something longer and broader then either of the former 7. Osteroe twenty miles long and in some places two in others four miles broad 8. Stromoe twenty-four miles long and eight broad In this Island stands Thors-Haven the Metropolis and Town of greatest Traffick in all the Fero Islands 9. Wagoe a round piece of ground of about eight miles in Diameter 10. Migness 11. Rolter a mile long and half a mile broad 12. Sandoe eight miles long and four miles broad 13. Sknoe three miles long and one in breadth 14. Storetdiemen 15. Lille-Diemen 16. Sideroe twenty miles long and eight broad The air in these Islands is in summer temperately warm not very hot at any time In the coldest winter the frost is never so violent as to cause ice in any of the Bays so that Horses and Sheep lye in the fields the whole winter long They have never any Thunder in the Summer but frequently in the Spring Autumn and Winter which is then generally accompanied with a storm and followed by showers of rain The air of it self is wholesome free from the Plague Small-Pox or any contagious disease except brought in by foreigners so that the inhabitants are commonly long-liv'd However in some of the Islands the Natives are exceedingly subject to rheums which cause violent coughs and head-achs both which diseases they cure by drinking soure Whey as hot as they can endure it Besides these the Scurvy Leprosie and a kind of feaverish distemper called by the Natives Landfarsoet are Epidemical illnesses which reign in several of the Isles but seldom or never turn to mortal diseases The Southern Islands produce great store of Barley tho hardly any other grain comes to maturity insomuch that a Tun of seed will ordinarily yeild twenty or thirty Tun of grain The pasture grounds afford great plenty of good and sweet grass These the inhabitants call Fiedelands and take care commonly that they lye open to the North and North-East winds In some of these fields they have stocks of as large and fat Oxen as any other part of Europe affords The Islands are all of them plentifully stor'd with all manner of medicinal plants requisite for the cure of those distempers to which the inhabitants are most inclined Amongst the rest you may every where meet with great quantities of Scurvy-grass Water-cresses Sorrel c. They have great store of Angelica which grows as well on the tops of high hills as in the open fields This commonly makes one of their most delicate dishes at all entertainments Besides the Radix Rhodia call'd in their language Hielpe-Rod is no where met with in so great plenty as in these Islands upon the banks of running streams and Lakes The distilled water of this plant is here made use of upon all occasions as Rose-water with us in England Here are several sorts of Fowl as Doves Stares Owls Sparrow-Hawks Crows and Ravens many of which are white Grellings c. Their chief Sea-fowl is a kind of Teal about the bigness of a Crow with a yellow long and round bill a great enemy to and persecutor of the Raven The Eyder a sort of Duck which yeilds the Eyder-down is a Fowl peculiar to these Islands This Bird usually pulls the down from her own breast to build her nest
lust and ambition 1002. Upon Otto's death Henry Duke of Bavaria was chosen Emperor by the Electors His piety got him the Title of Holy and a mischance in his Childhood surnam'd him the Lame Willegise Archbishop of Mentz a Wagoner's Son whence that City got a Wheel for its Arms Crown'd him He fought many great Battels and from most of them came off Conqueror The Saracens were by him driven out of Apulia and Calabria and the Wendish Armies which had over-run a great part of Germany he utterly vanquish'd He is by some Historians stiled the Apostle of Hungary because he was the first that thorowly converted that Nation Upon his death-bed after he had reigned twenty and three years he is said to have return'd his Empress Cunigunda to her friends for a pure Virgin in which state by mutual consent they both had continued from the first day of their marriage Tho we read that once he so far question'd his Wife's chastity and the performance of her Vow as to make her purge her self by a fiery Ordeal Which she perform'd by going barefoot over a red-hot iron grate without the least shrink or sense of pain 1024. Conrad a Prince descended from Charles the Great succeeded Henry and was Crown'd Emperor at Aix la Chappel by the Archbishop of Colen Amongst Historians we find this high character of him that he was Acer consilio manuque strenuus charus Principibus Populo acceptior Reipublicae salutaris i. e. Quick at Council-board and valiant in the field one on whom the Princes of the Empire doted the People's Darling the strength of the Empire One of the good Laws which he established was That it should be death for any Prince to offer to disturb the peace of the Empire by making an offensive war upon any particular Province in it He died suddenly in his return from an expedition against the Hungarians and was buried at Spire after he had reigned fifteen years 1039. Henry surnam'd the Black Conrad's Son succeeded his Father in the Empire He reign'd seventeen years and seven months The first war he engag'd himself in was against the Bohemians upon their refusal to pay tribute to the Emperor Afterwards he turn'd his Forces against the Hungarians and restored their King Peter who had been deposed by his own Subjects for Tyranny In the year 1046 he march'd into Italy to compose differences among the three Popes who were set up by contrary factions But he depos'd them all and made a fourth viz. Clement II. renewing the old Law wherein it was enacted That no Pope should be created without the consent of the Emperor 1056. Henry IV. succeeded his Father at six years of age He is said during his reign which lasted fifty years to have fought sixty-two great battels which are more then either Marcus Marcellus Julius Caesar or any other Roman General could ever brag of Pope Hildebrand who went under the name of Gregory VII cast off this Emperors yoke and after some skirmishes got Rudolph Duke of Schwaben proclaim'd Emperor in his stead to whom the Pope presented an Imperial Crown with this Inscription Petra dedit Petro Petrus diadema Rudolpho But this Emperor of the Pope's making was soon vanquish'd and slain However within a while the Empire was taken from him in good earnest and that by his own Subjects who deposed him and elected his Son into his room This Emperor is reported to have been brought to those extremities before his death as to be forc'd to beg a Prebendary of the Bishop of Spire some say Wormes in the Church which he himself had built which was nevertheless denied him 1106. Henry V. was admitted into his Father's Throne by his rebellious Subjects and crown'd Emperor at Goslar At his Coronation part of his Sword was melted with Lightning but the Scabbard was untouch'd and himself escap'd without harm He was forc'd to acknowledg the Pope's Supremacy and to quit all pretensions to the power of Investiture which his Ancestors challeng'd as their right He reigned nineteen years dyed without issue and was buried at Spire 1125. Lotharius Duke of Saxony was elected to succeed Henry V. and receiv'd his Crown from the Pope at Rome in the year 1133. The greatest thing this Emperor did was the reviving the practice of the Civil Law in the German Empire after it had been banish'd thence for the space of five hundred years 1138. Conrad Duke of Schwaben and Lotharius's Sister's Son succeeded his Uncle carrying the Empire against Henry Duke of Bavaria who for some time opposed him In his days a Body of the Canon Laws was first set forth by Gratian a Benedictine Monk and publicly taught in the Universities of Germany He reign'd fourteen years 1152. Frideric Duke of Schwaben surnam'd Barbarossa from his red beard was elected Emperor upon the death of Conrad and was Crown'd at Rome by Pope Adrian IV. He was a wise valiant and pious Prince and commonly fortunate in all his undertakings Pope Alexander the third excommunicated him for his obstinacy but afterwards was reconciled when the Emperor threw himself at the Pope's feet and suffer'd him to tread on his neck In the year 1187 accompanied with our King Richard I. and Philip II. King of France he went to fight against the Saracens in the Holy Land Here he was drown'd in a river wherein he intended only to have bathed himself and was buried at Tyre after he had reign'd thirty-eight years 1190. Henry Frideric Barbarossa's Son tho short of his Father in deserts was-elected into his place He took Tancred prisoner in Sicily who thought to have supplanted him in that Kingdom and having put out his eyes sent him bound into Germany Pope Celestine who Crown'd him Emperor perswaded him to engage himself in the Holy-war but he never reach'd Palestine dying upon his journey thither when he had reigned almost eight years 1198. Upon the death of the Emperor Henry his Brother Philip was at first elected But because he refused to submit himself to the Pope as his Ancestors had done he was shortly after excommunicated and Otto Duke of Brunswic by the Electors and the Pope's authority declared Emperor Whereupon the two Emperors engaged the whole Empire in a long and bloody war each asserting a legal title and refusing to quit his pretensions to the Crown At last Philip was treacherously slain in his bed after he had ruled the Empire at least the greatest part of it ten years 1208. Otto Son of Henry surnam'd the Lion Duke of Brunswic got possession of the Empire as soon as Philip was taken of He had not reign'd four years e're he met with his Predecessor's fate having the Imperial Crown taken from his head by the Pope of Rome and the Electors and given to Frideric King of Sicily Otto got some succours from the Kings of England and Poland but was never able to make any considerable resistance One battel decided the controversie establishing Frideric in the Imperial Throne
Otto being deserted on all hands and afterwards dyed miserably at Brunswic in the year 1218. 1212. Frideric II. King of Sicily being by these means advanced to the Empire prov'd a wise valiant and learned Prince in every respect like his Grandfather Frideric Barbarossa before-mention'd He is said to have understood perfectly the German Greek Italian and Turkish tongues and to have been admirably apprehensive at learning all manner of Arts and Sciences He was five several times excommunicated by three Popes but could never be forced to submit Pope Gregory IX was deposed by him and had doubtless lost his head if he had come into his hands alive His continual quarrels with the Popes gave the first occasion of heats and animosities which afterwards burst out into a terrible combustion and flame betwixt the Guelphs and Gibellines whereof the former adher'd to the Pope's interest and the later to the Emperors After he had reign'd thirty-eight years he dyed some say was poyson'd in Italy After his death follow'd an Interregnum of twenty-three years continuance during which time the Empire was govern'd indeed by none but claim'd by these seven following Princes 1. Henry Landtgrave of Hassia and Thuringen who was slain at the siege of Vlm 2. Conrad IV. Frideric the Second's Son who was elected King of the Romans and in the year 1254 after he had pretended to be Emperor for three years and five months was poysoned by his Physitians 4. Manfred 5. William Earl of Holland who was first pronounced King of the Romans by the Pope in opposition to Frideric II. He was slain treacherously by the Frisians 6. Alphonsus King of Castile the Author of the famous Astronomical Tables that still bear his name 7. Richard Earl of Cornwal Brother to our King Henry III. He is supposed to have bought the voices of the Archbishop of Colen and the Elector Palatine of the Rhine who proclaim'd him King of the Romans in the year 1254. But the same men that set him up deposed him afterwards and he was forc'd within six years to return to England where he ended his days 1273. Rodolph Earl of Habsburg after a long and grievous Interregnum was by an unanimous consent of the Electors chosen at Francfurt His election was confirm'd by the Pope but he refused to fetch his Crown from Rome alledging for an excuse that of Horace quia me vestigia terrent Omnia te adversum spectantia nulla retrorsum Whereupon he was Crown'd at Aix la Chapelle and immediately after his Coronation put out several Edicts for the suppressing of Robberies Oppressions and Tumults which the late licentious Anarchy had produced These Statutes and Proclamations he back'd with force of Arms till he had at last reduc'd the Empire to its former peace and tranquillity And 't was no easie matter to effect this since in the single Province of Thuringen he met with no fewer then sixty strong Castles which the Robbers had made almost impregnable He was the first that raised the Austrian Family creating his Son Albert who was afterwards Emperor Arch-Duke of Austria He dyed in the year 1271 and was buried at Spire in the seventy-third year of his age 1292. Adolph Earl of Nassaw was by the interest of the Elector of Mentz declared Emperor contrary to the expectation of most of the German Princes who thought him a Prince no way qualified for so high an advancement He serv'd in person and took pay in the Army of our King Edward I. who was at that time engaged in a war with France This was so highly disgusted by the Elector of Mentz his late promoter who thought it an action highly infamous in an Emperor to make himself mercenary that he prevail'd with the other Electors to depose him and elect in his stead Albert Arch-Duke of Austria Adolph tho not able to manage the Empire was unwilling to part with the power he had once got into his hands and therefore assisted by Otto Duke of Bavaria Rudolph Count Palatine of the Rhine and several of the Imperial Cities he was resolv'd to oppose Albert and his party to the uttermost But all the forces which he or his friends could raise were not sufficient to secure him so that upon the first engagement which happen'd near Worms his whole Army was routed and he himself slain by Duke Albert's own hand after he had reign'd six years and six months The German Historians observe that all the Officers who commanded Albert's Army against the Emperor Adolph came to untimely ends 1298. Albert having thus slain Adolph was Crown'd Emperor at Aix la Chappelle and receiv'd his Crown tho he once refus'd to do it at the hands of Pope Boniface VIII He is said to have been a Prince of quick parts and solid judgment a munificent rewarder of men of great deserts and as severe a punisher of delinquents but withal one that too greedily gap'd after the Territories and Dominions of neighbour Princes He made his Son Rudolph King of Bohemia and endeavour'd tho in vain to bring the Kingdom of Hungary under his own subjection At last when he had reign'd ten years he was treacherously slain by his Nephew and three Ruffians more of his party who for this murder were afterwards imprison'd and executed 1308. Henry Earl of Luxemburg for his great wisdom and valour was elected into the room of Albert. He rul'd the Empire four years and nine months and is reported to have been a Prince of such an even temper that no excess either of prosperity or adversity could move him and so devout in the exercise of religious duties that he would spend whole nights in prayer before a Crucifix and constantly every day receive the Sacrament of the Lords Supper This last piece of devotion cost him his life for he was poyson'd by a Franciscan Minorite with a Consecrated Wafer The Emperor was immediately sensible of the Friar's villany and therefore advised him to withdraw speedily lest he should be apprehended But the Priest neglecting his counsel was seized on first flay'd alive and afterwards put to death After the murder of this Emperor ensued a great famine in most parts of Germany which was so terrible in Bohemia and Poland that in some Families Parents and Children fed upon one another Nay in many Provinces the Malefactors that were in the day time executed for Murder and Robbery were in the night stoln from the Gallows or Gibbet and carried by the half-starved Bores to their Cottages and there eaten up Those that escaped the Gallows abroad and the jaws of hungry friends at home had much ado to secure themselves from the ravenous Wolves which could hardly be kept off with the best weapons the inhabitants were able to provide The German Chronologers have made use of the word Cucullum to bring to their remembrance the remarkable year when this famine first begun for it lasted three years in all whence the Verse Vt lateat nullum tempus famis ecce
CUCULLUM In which last word we have as many Numeral Letters as will give us the year 1315. 1318. Ludowic Duke of Bavaria after an Interregnum of some years was Elected and Crowned Emperor by a majority of the Electors but was oppos'd by Frideric Duke of Austria the Emperor Albert's Son who was set up by another faction and Crown'd at Bonna a small Town in the Territories of the Archbishop of Colen For some time the dispute was managed with equal success betwixt the two Emperors but at the last the victory went on Ludowic's side who having utterly routed Frideric's Army got the whole Empire into his own hands He was a great opposer of the Pope's authority insomuch that in a public Oration spoken by him at Francfurt he declared openly Quod nihil Juris Pontifici Romano sit in Imperium i. e. That the Bishop of Rome had no reason to pretend to any Jurisdiction over the Empire He deposed Pope John XXII and set up Nicolas V. in his stead He sleighted the Popes Excommunications which were daily denounc'd against him being encouraged thereto by Occam and some others who came in with him for a share in the Curse Occam's continual advice to him was O mi Imperator Tu me gladio defende ego Te verbis scriptis defendam i. e. Do you my Liege guard me with your Sword and I 'll protect you with words and writing 1346. Upon the death of Ludowic Charles IV. Son of John King of Bohemia was elected and proclaim'd Emperor by a Gang which he had corrupted with large sums of money He is blam'd by some Historians for taking much more care of the public affairs of France and Bohemia then those of the Empire for being more solicitous in promoting the interest of his own private Family then the good of the Commonwealth and lastly they represent him as a miserable penurious wretch that minded more the scraping together an Estate and great Portions for his Children rather then the administring of Justice and the grand concerns of his Empire and people However 't is commendation enough to say that he was the first contriver and establisher of the Aurea Bulla which contains a register of all the Rites and Ceremonies which for ever are to be observ'd by the German Princes in the Election of their Emperors of which more hereafter He was doubtless a prudent and learned Prince one that took great delight in the reading of Books and enjoying the company of Scholars There were three more Emperors elected against him at several times but none of them contended with him for the Crown The first of these was Edward III. King of England whose brave exploits in France had made him famous all Europe over But he finding employment enough in the management of his own Dominions at home very generously refus'd the Imperial Diadem when it was offer'd to him The second was Frideric Landtgrave of Thuringen who for a good sum of money very willingly quitted his pretensions Gunther Earl of Schwartzburgh was the third who was Crown'd at Aix la Chappelle and drew up his Forces near Francfurt intending to have given his Rival battel But Charles was loath to encounter so great a Soldier and hazard an Empire at one engagement which had cost him such large sums as he was obliged to pay to some of his Votaries He still fancied his Gold was the best weapon he had to trust to and so indeed it prov'd For therewith he hired a Physitian to poyson Gunther's body which made him unfit for government That done he compounded with his Children and a small piece of money bought off their Title He reign'd thirty-two years 1378. Wenceslaus Charles the Fourth's Son succeeded his Father upon his earnest entreaty for there was nothing in himself that could deserve a Crown In the beginning of his reign he gave himself up to all manner of vicious practices and towards the later end proved a cruel but unfortunate Tyrant He was twice taken prisoner but made his escape At last the Electors weary of so sordid an Emperor deposed him after he had reign'd twenty-two years Frideric Duke of Brunswic was elected into the room of Wenceslaus but never liv'd to enjoy the Imperial Crown For returning from the Election he was barbarously slain by Henry Count Waldeck who with a company of Ruffians lay in ambush for him near Fritzlar Whereupon the Electors immediately return'd to Francfurt and chose 1400. Rupert Elector Palatine of the Rhine A Prince of great valour tho never engag'd in any war but by constraint The greatest enterprize he ever set upon was the recovery of the Dukedom of Millain which his predecessor Wenceslaus had sold But John Galeazzes at that time Duke of Millain quickly routed his Army and forc'd him to retire back into Germany He dyed in peace after he had reign'd nine years and ten months and was buried at Spire 1410. Jodocus Barbatus Marquess of Moravia and the Emperor Charles the Fourth's Nephew succeeded Rupert He reign'd no longer then five months being no way qualified for an Emperor and having nothing remarkable in him but his beard which surnam'd him Barbatus 1411. Sigismund Wenceslaus's brother King of Hungary and Bohemia was chosen into Jodocus's place by an unanimous consent of all the Electors Historians represent this Emperor as a Prince of incomparable piety learning and valour who wanted nothing but success in his undertakings to make him compleatly happy He was a great promoter of the Council of Constance held in the year 1415 wherein John Huss and Jerom of Prague notwithstanding the Emperors Pass and promise that they should return safe to Bohemia were condemn'd to be burnt alive for Heretics This so incensed the Hussites that they immediately rebell'd against Sigismund under the command of their General Zysca who had been bred up in the Emperors Court This Zysca prov'd so fortunate in the field that he vanquish'd the Emperors Army fourteen several times He was a Captain of that courage that after his death his Soldiers cover'd a Drum with his skin imagining that the noise thereof would strike terror into the hearts of the stoutest of their enemies Sigismund having reign'd twenty-seven years most of which time was spent in a continual war with the Hussites dyed and left his Empire to his Son-in-law 1440. Frideric III. or IV. if we reckon the Duke of Brunswic who was slain at Fritzlar for one Duke of Austria was unanimously elected into the Imperial Throne upon the decease of the Emperor Albert and was Crown'd Emperor at Rome by Pope Nicolas V. He made it his whole business to procure and establish an universal peace in Christendom and to that end procured the calling of the Council of Basil He married Leonora daughter of Alphonsus King of Portugal whence the Houses of Spain and Austria were united into one Family He reign'd fifty and three years the longest of any of the German Emperors and dyed as some say of a Surfet by
parts of Germany So that these still retain'd their ancient forms until the Franks having made themselves Masters of all introduc'd new modes and establish'd a new sort of Government every-where For these Conquerors imitating the Romans reduc'd all Germany into Provinces over which they appointed so many Dukes who had authority to govern and to administer justice according to the tenure of their respective Commissions To these Dukes they sometimes added Assistants who were from their office which was to aid the Dukes in the management of great and weighty affairs call'd Counts or Comites The Dukes were always elected by the King and Nobility out of some illustrious Family yet so that if the deceased Duke's Son were capable and worthy of his Father's honour he was seldom rejected At last the power of these Dukes grew exceedingly great and terrible insomuch that 't was ordinary for several of them to deny to pay homage to the Emperors Which when Charles the Great observ'd he destroy'd the two great Dukedoms of the Francic Kingdom Aquitane and Bavaria by dividing them into several smaller Counties But not long after Charles's death the Emperors created new Dukes in most places where he had chang'd them into Counts Whereupon the Empire was quickly reduc'd to the former straits every Duke pretending to and exercising Regal authority in his own Province The first of these that grew formidably potent was Otho Duke of Saxony afterwards elected Emperor who tho he refus'd the Imperial Diadem and got it conferr'd on Conrad Duke of Franconia was always look'd upon as the most powerful Prince of the German Empire in his time After Otho's death the Emperor Conrad used all means possible to reduce the overgrown power of the Duke of Saxony to some tolerable mediocrity but his endeavours prov'd unsuccessful and Duke Henry stoutly maintain'd the Honours and Priviledges which his Father Otho had enjoy'd without disturbance From that time forward the Emperors lay under an obligation of creating new Dukes who getting into their hands the government of several potent Cities set up for almost absolute Princes Our Learned Antiquary Mr. Selden reckons up six several sorts of Graves or Counts which are these 1. Schlecht-Graven or simple Counts 2. Counts Palatine which as will be shew'n anon are subdivided into several other branches 3. Counts of the Empire 4. Marck-Graves or Counts of the Frontiers 5. Landt-Graves or Counts of Provinces 6. Burg-Graves or Counts of Cities and great Towns There was anciently a seventh sort Here-Graven who answer'd exactly to the primitive Dukes or Her-tzogen for as the office of these was to conduct and govern the Soldiers so the others were to determine all controversies as Field-Judges The Gefurstete Graven do not make a distinct species being nothing else then such Counts as besides their ordinary Title may challenge that of Furst or Prince In the old Laws and Constitutions of the Empire we meet with almost an innumerable company of inferior Officers who have the title of Graven bestow'd on them Such are 1. Cent-Grave he that had the government of an Hundred We may English the word High-Constable 2. Holtz-Grave or Wald-Grave Overseers of the Woods and Forests 3. Gograf of which before 4. Spiel-Grave the Master of the Revels 5. Hans-Grave a Title formerly given to the Chief Judg in all matters relating to Trade debated in the Diet at Ratisbon But we shall not weary the Reader with insisting upon these obsolete Titles of Honour contenting our selves with a short account of the six first kinds which are all our famous Antiquary beforemention'd has thought worthy his taking notice of The first are such as are stiled barely Counts Schlechtgraven without the addition of any more then the place which gives them that Title As Der Graf von Eissenburg Der Graf von Ortenberg c. There were formerly only four of this kind in the whole Empire who were ordinarily called Die vier Graven dess Heiligen Romischen Reichs i. e. The four Graves or Counts of the Holy Roman Empire These were the Counts of Cleve Schwartzenburg Ciley and Savoy But since the Counts of Cleve and Savoy were advanced to Dukes and the Family of the ancient Counts of Ciley was extinct which happen'd about two hundred years ago the Count of Schwartzenburg in Thuringen is the only Prince that bears that Title stiling himself usually to this day der vier Graven dess Reichs Grave zu Schwartzenburg i. e. of the four Counts of the Empire Count of Schwartzenburg Besides him there are now-a-days several other German Counts who may justly be referr'd to this head tho they have no Investiture into any Graffschaft or County but are only stiled Counts of some small Castle or inconsiderable Territories of which they are Lords Such are the Counts of Ottingen and Zollern who are supposed to be of the posterity of some of the ancient Counts of the Empire and thence retain the title tho not the grandeur and power of their Ancestors Counts Palatine call'd by the Germans Pfaltz-Graven Counts Palatine or Dess Heiligen Romischen Reichs Hoffe-Graven are such as have in their Title a certain eminence of their Dignity from a relation as their name denotes to the Emperors Court or Palace For Palatinus is but the possessive of Palatium and signifies no more then an Officer of the Houshold with us in England But this Title is twofold 1. Originally Feudal and annex'd to the name of some Territory or Grafschaft with such jura Imperii Majestatis as other ordinary Princes of the Empire have not as we see in the Title of the Counts Palatine of the Rhine 2. Meerly Personal without the addition of any particular Territory proper to him that hath the Dignity Both the Title and Nature of this later kind are originally to be fetcht from the Examples of the old Roman Empire but the former tho the Nature of it may be found in the ancient Constitutions of the Roman Empire under the name of Praefectus Praetorio yet was in ordinary use as to the Name and Title only in the Francic Kingdom For there was in the Court of the Francic Kings long before their Kingdom was chang'd into an Empire a chief Officer known by the name of Comes Palatii or Count Palatine who had a Vice-Regency under the King in like sort as the Praefecti Praetorio in the elder Empire or the old Chief Justice of England under our ancient Kings that is he had the exercise of supreme Jurisdiction in the name of the King in all causes that came to the Kings immediate audience I suppose the Office of Hofmeister used to this day in every German Prince's Court is a relique of this Palatinate And that Comes Palatii might easily signifie the same thing with Praefectus Praetorio or Hofmeister will not be difficult for any man to imagine that shall consider the signification which the word Comes had amongst the ancient Romans in the usual compellation of
Comites and Amici used by their Emperors to the greatest Officers in the Court and State whence afterwards in the Eastern Empire we meet with Comites sacrarum largitionum Comites metallorum Comites rerum privatarum Comites Patrimonii c. in all which expressions Comes manifestly signifies the same thing as Praefectus or Magister The reason why the name of Palatine which as we have said denotes only such as are members of the King 's or Emperor's Houshold should afterwards be join'd with a Province remote from the Court seems plain enough For whereas other ordinary Counts had only a power subordinate to that of the Counts Palatine who exercis'd supreme Jurisdiction in the Emperors name these had all the Royalties and Jura Imperii in their respective Provinces which the Counts Palatine enjoy'd at Court And the like forms of speaking we meet with among the old Romans in the Officiary Dignities of Praefectus Praetorio Orientis Praefectus Praetorio Illyrici Praefectus Praetorio Italiae and Praefectus Praetorio Galliarum Where we see the Title of the Houshold or Emperors Palace transferr'd to these several Provinces to denote that they who bore those Offices being as so many Vice-Roys in their peculiar Territories should enjoy like Power Jurisdiction and Dignity in their respective Dominions as if by the name of Praefecti Praetorio they had always liv'd with the Emperor in his Court The additional Title of Palatine hath been conferr'd upon the Counts of Habspurg Tubing Witelenspach Schiern Ortenberg and several other Princes of the Empire In some old lists of the German Princes we find mention made of four Ertz-Pfaltz-Graven or Archi-Palatini viz. Rheni Saxoniae Franciae or Franconiae Hungariae But at this day the Counts Palatine of the Rhine are so singularly eminent Princes by this Title that commonly no other place is understood by the general name of the Palatinate but only their Territories However Saxony is still a Pfaltzgraffschaft or Palatinate and the Duke thereof hath the Soveraignty of a Count Palatine tho he be not so stiled because the Title of Duke is rarely join'd with Palatinus Of the Authority and Power of the Counts Palatine of the Rhine we shall speak more at large hereafter when we come to a particular Description of their Territories What the Dignity of a Count of the Empire is â—â—nts of 〈◊〉 Emâ— may be learn'd from the Patent granted by the Emperor Rudolph II. to Thomas Arundel of Wardour in Wiltshire afterwards made Lord Arundel of Wardour by King James for the creating of him a Count of the Empire which Title his Heirs have kept to this day That the Title is hereditary appears from this passage in the Patent Te supradictum Thomam Arundelium qui jam ante Comitum consanguinitatem a majoribus acceptam in Anglia obtines omnesque singulos liberos haeredes posteros descendentes tuos legitimos utriusque Sexus natos aeternaque serie nascituros etiam veros sacros Romani Imperii Comites Comitissas creavimus fecimus nominavimus c. The learned Mr. Cambden in his History of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth speaking of this Patent tells us that whoever hath the Title of Count of the Empire conferr'd on him has withall a Seat assign'd him and may give his voice in the Imperial Diets he may purchase an Estate in any part of the Emperor's Dominions may list Volunteers and cannot be su'd in any Court of Judicature save only the Imperial Chamber By vertue of the aforesaid Patent the Title of Count of the Sacred Empire is at present enjoy'd by the Right Honourable Henry Lord Arundell of Warder Those of the Nobility whom the ancient Francic Kings made Governors of such Provinces as were of the Frontiers of the Empire Mark-graven were stiled Mark-Graven from the old word Marken which signifies the outmost Marks or Limits of the Empire in the same sence as we use the word Marshes speaking of the bounds betwixt England and Scotland or Wales From the High Dutch Mark-Grave the Latins borrow'd their Marchio and Marggravius the Italians Marchese and the later Greeks their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 instead of our French Marquis and Marchioness Some Etymologists have endeavour'd to bring the Title of Mark-Grave from the old Francic word Mare sometimes written March signifying an Horse and these fancy there was no great difference formerly between the Titles and Offices of Marschal and Mark-Grave or Mar-Grave as they write it In the Feuds we read Qui de Marchia investitur Marchio dicitur Dicitur autem Marchia quia Marcha ut plurimum juxta mare sit posita Where what is said of the derivation of the word Marchio from Marcha is true but if by ut plurimum juxta Mare the Author means that the word Mare bears a part in the original of Mark-Grave or Marquise he is manifestly mistaken For altho the Marca Anconitana and Trevigiana in Italy as also the Marquisate of the Holy Empire in Brabant and the Marca Normanica and Britannica in France be adjoining to the Sea yet the Marquisates of Misnia Lusatia Brandenburg Moravia Austria Mountferrat and Susa in Savoy are inland Countries but had the name of Margrafchaften fixt on them because they were such Provinces as were the Limits or Frontiers of the German Kingdom When Marquises as well as Dukes and Counts began to multiply in the German Empire there were four of them who had the Title of Die vier hohen Mark-Graffen i. e. The four High or Chief Marquises These were they of Brandenburg Merhern or Moravia Meissen and Baden whose Territories are thence call'd die vier hohen Markgrafchaften i. e. The four Chief Marquisates In the Titles of Landtgrave and Burggrave the termination grave signifies the same thing as in Markgrave Landtgraven Landt in the German tongue signifies no more then a Province or Territory so that the word Landtgrave if literally translated must be render'd Comes Provincialis a Count that has supreme Government in some particular Province Landtherr was anciently a Title of the same signification and conferr'd upon the Lords of Verona who were of the Family de la Scala or the Scaligers of Mirandula Padua and Millain who were lookt upon as Princes equal in power and dignity to as many Counts Palatine The Germans usually reckon up four Landtgraves as well as four Dukes four Counts four Marquises and four of most other Dignities as most eminent in the Empire these are the Landtgraves of Thuringen Hessen Alsace and Luchtenburg of which the Landtgrave of Hessen is at this day a Prince of the greatest note The most ancient Creation of a Landtgrave which we meet with in History is that of Ludowic III. Count of Thuringen who by the Emperor Lotharius his Father-in-Law had his Title alter'd into Landtgrave of the same place in the year 1126. Sometimes we meet with the word Landtgrave made use of to signifie
for some time inhabited that part of it which bordereth on the Euxin Sea at last they pass'd thro the Hercynian woods into Germany and gave the name of Sacasena afterwards turn'd into Saxonia to the Country that here by their Conquests they had made themselves Masters of Strabo indeed says and we may believe him that the Sacae did leave their ancient Scythian Seats and Mr. Cambden observes well that Ptolomy places his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 near that part of Scythia whence these men are said to have sallied out But that they ever pass'd the Hercynean woods is one of Goropius's Forgeries and a story not to be met with in Strabo or any other Author of credit I wonder most that Mr. Cambden who was so great a Master of our old English-Saxon tongue should not discern the absurdity of this etymology For in that language saex in the singular number signifies a Saxon as well as Sachs to this day in the High Dutch dialect and seax seaxna and seaxena as also the modern Dutch words Sachsen and Sassen are plurals Now if seax and seaxen be only broken remnants of sacson and sacsones we should in all probability meet with the entire words in some of our ancient Saxon Monuments which could never yet be produced by the best of Antiquaries Wherefore to omit other impertinences of this kind the most probable opinion is that the Saxons had their name from a short kind of weapon call'd in their language Seax different from what any other Germans wore and peculiar only to their own Nation In confirmation of this conjecture some of our English Historians give us a relation of a treacherous parly betwixt Hengist the first Saxon that landed in Britain and King Vortigern It was agreed that both parties should meet on Salisbury-Plain unarm'd but the Saxons intending nothing but treachery carried privately under their Coats short Daggers which upon the watch-word nem eowr Seaxes or take your Seaxes they immediately drew out these weapons and slew no less then three hundred of the British Nobility The like story and as equally true some of the German writers relate of a treacherous massacre committed by the ancient Saxons in Thuringen Pontanus urges the reasonableness of this Etymology more home when he tells us that Saxony in its ancient Arms bears two Seaxes or Hangers cross-ways which says he is an undoubted proof of their first denomination And 't is said that Erkenwyn King of the East Saxons gave for his Arms three short Daggers Argent in a Field Gules A Sythe is still call'd Saisen in the Netherlands and Scher-Sax in the High Dutch signifies as much as ein messer damit man scheret a Razor Wormius tells us that Sags or Saks in the Runic Dialect signifies a Sword or Dagger whose Hilt and Blade were almost of equal length Nor is it at all extraordinary for people to take their names from the several sorts of weapons used by them in battel Thus most learned men agree that the Scythians had their name from the Teutonic word Scytan to shoot because they were excellent Bow-men The Picards are thought to have been first called by that name from Pikes a sort of weapon they best understood We may therefore venture to conclude with the Latin Rythm of the Learned Engelhus Quippe brevis gladius apud illos Saxa vocatur Inde sibi Saxo nomen traxisse putatur From the account which is given us of this people by Zosimus Marcellinus Diaconus Manned and other ancient writers we may learn that they were men of a vast bulk of body and proportionable strength the most renown'd Warriors in Germany and the most terrible enemies which the Romans ever encounter'd Mr. Cambden says they were such notorious Pyrats and most of them so accustom'd to live at Sea that they were afraid to appear on dry land Which agrees with the relation which Isidorus gives of them Gens Saxonum says he Myoparonibus non viribus nituntur fugae potius quam bello parati Hence it was that all along the coasts of Britain and France as far as the borders of Spain the Romans maintain'd continual standing Regiments under the command of several Generals who from their Commission and Office which was to secure the Inhabitants from the sudden and frequent incursions of the Saxon Pyrats were stiled Comites litoris Saxonici per Britanniam Galliam Sidonius in one of his Epistles gives this character of a Saxon Pyrat That he is an enemy formidable beyond comparison one whom frequent Shipwracks recreate rather then terrifie as being not only acquainted but grown familiar with the perils of the Ocean c. Their whole Nation was govern'd by Twelve of the chief Nobles in the Land Government who were Elected to that Dignity by the Commonalty In time of war they chuse a King out of these Twelve chief Commanders who executed Regal authority over the rest as long as the war lasted but as soon as peace was concluded was degraded into his former quality This custom continued amongst them until the conclusion of their wars with the Emperor Charles the Great at which time Wittikind a Nobleman of Angria in Westphalia and one of their Twelve Rulers had the name and authority of a King conferr'd on him But when he was afterwards conquer'd and converted to Christianity by that Emperor this fading Title was turn'd into the more durable one of Duke and his Eleven Companions were advanc'd to the Honourable Titles and Dignities of Earls and Lords from whom the greatest Princes at this day in the German Empire derive their pedigrees Some have imagined that from this Duodecemviral Government of the ancient Saxons our modern way of Judicature by the Verdict of Twelve Jury-men had its first original Whether this opinion be wholly allowable I shall not stand to dispute having said something of this matter in the Description of Island But 't is certain that under the Reigns of some of our English-Saxon Kings this way of proceeding was practis'd in the decision of most Causes both Civil and Criminal For proof hereof I shall only quote an old Law made in King Ethelred's time wherein cap. 3. de Pignore ablato 't is enacted that tÆ¿elf lahmen scylon rehte taecean Ç·ealan and AEnglan syx England syx Ç·ylisce þlien calles þaes hy agon gif hi Æ¿oh taecen oþþe geladian hi ê§ hi bet ne cuþon i. e. All controversies betwixt the English and Welch should be determin'd by Twelve men skill'd in the Law six of each Nation who if they pass'd sentence contrary to the Law should forfeit their whole Estates except they should excuse themselves by acknowledging their error and bewailing their want of judgment in the case proposed Which penalty is near akin to the attainder to which our modern Juries are liable when they bring in a false and corrupt Verdict Tho we have spoken before of the Heathenish Gods worshipped in all parts of Germany Irmenseul and amongst the
20 Zottl 22 51 00 29 10 Zottsted 22 51 10 28 20 Zottwitz 28 51 10 34 15 Zschimichen 22 50 50 29 30 Zubern 26 51 40 32 20 Zublow 10 13 53 00 32 10 Zuchou 22 50 50 29 20 Zuck 40 41 43 47 55 24 20 Zuckmante 1 24 30 50 10 34 30 Zuenicke 22 33 50 20 29 40 Zuffenhausen 45 48 35 25 50 Zug 38 46 40 24 40 Zuger See 38 46 40 24 40 Zhurstein 32 49 20 33 20 Zukleibe 23 51 40 32 00 Zulauff 24 25 51 30 34 00 Zulberg 22 50 20 29 00 Zule 0 53 30 28 10 Zullich 10 135 52 10 33 00 Zullichaw 24 25 36 52 10 32 20 Zulichendorff 10 12 52 40 30 20 Zulin 10 125 52 50 29 50 Zultenhagen 12 52 30 30 40 Zultz 24 50 20 34 00 Zumflin 22 50 30 29 30 Zumloch 38 50 20 23 20 Zumsw 42 48 15 24 â—5 Zumteich 20 51 40 28 50 Zuntzen 41 43 47 40 24 05 Zuntzentorf 41 48 40 24 05 Zuatlangenhain 19 51 10 26 40 Zur 16 52 10 25 50 Zur fl 41 48 40 24 20 Zurbach 40 48 10 24 30 Zurich 1 38 47 00 25 00 Zuricher 38 46 40 25 00 Zurlag 41 42 44 48 10 24 25 Zurlein 38 50 00 23 20 Zurlied 16 52 15 26 20 Zurmarhausen 01 48 10 27 30 Zurmulen 05 53 25 25 20 Zurzach 38 41 47 20 24 45 Zusweier 40 41 43 44 48 15 24 25 Zuten 10 12 52 00 31 00 Zutern 38 39 45 49 00 25 10 Zutphen 38 52 00 22 00 Zutzevitz 08 53 40 33 00 Zuverhusen 16 52 30 25 50 Zuyder Elbe 03 53 45 26 30 Zuyder gronden 3 4 53 45 24 00 Zuyder Zee 1 38 52 40 21 10 Zweckfrontze 27 51 35 33 40 Zwehofel 28 51 00 34 15 Zweibrucken 39 49 10 23 40 Zweidorf 16 52 15 27 10 Zweilitschinnen 38 46 00 24 00 Zwenfurt 22 51 20 29 30 Zwenick 22 50 30 29 50 Zwerbenberg 45 48 25 25 10 Zwergen 16 51 20 26 20 Zwetel 33 48 30 31 30 Zwettenicht 23 51 25 32 10 Zwetzen 15 51 00 28 20 Zweybrodt 28 51 05 34 05 Zwicka 22 33 50 30 29 10 Zwlckaw 22 50 40 29 30 Zwidel 33 48 50 30 20 Zwiebrucken 38 49 00 23 40 Zwifalten 45 48 05 26 10 Zwifalten Torst 35 48 05 26 00 Zwikowetz 33 49 50 30 40 Zwingr 40 48 00 24 25 Zwirzetitz 2 33 50 20 31 50 Zwitta 32 49 30 33 30 Zwitta fl 32 49 20 33 40 Zwole 32 49 40 33 50 Zwoleniowe 2 33 50 00 31 00 Zwoll 38 52 40 22 00 Zwyckow 2 33 50 40 31 30 Zwynge fl 04 54 00 25 40 Zypel 15 52 10 28 40 Zyra 22 50 30 29 00 Additional Subscribers since the Publishing of the first Volume of the Atlas MICHAEL Lord Arch-Bishop of ARMAGH Lord Primate and Lord Chancellor of Ireland Earl of ARRAN Eldest Son to D. 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Directions for the Book-binder to place the Maps of this second Volume of the English Atlas 1 GErmania pag. 1 2 Albis Fluvius Generalis pag. 4 3 Circa Hamburgensis pag. 4 4 Saxonia Inferior pag. 53 5 Bremensis Ducatus pag. 56 6 Lunenburgensis Ducatus pag. 64 7 Mecklenburg Ducatus pag. 69 8 Pomerania pag. 76 9 Rugia Insula pag. 81 10 Marchia Brandenburgensis pag. 85 11 Vetus vulgo Altmarck pag. 88 89 12 Mittle Marck pag. 88 89 13 Nova vulgo Newmarck pag. 90 14 Anhalt Principatus Magdeburg Ep. 92 15 Brunsvicensis pag. 96 16 Luneburgensis pag. 101. 17 Hildesheimensis pag. 105. 18 Halberstadiensis pag. 107. 19 Turingia pag. 109. 20 Mansfeldiae Comitatus pag. 111. 21 Saxonia superior pag. 113 22 Misnia Voitlandia pag. 115. 23 Lusatia pag. 119. 24 Silesia Ducatus pag. 121 25 Inferior pag. 121 26 Gloganus Ducatus pag. 124 27 Volaviensis Ducatus pag. 124 28 Breslaviensis Ducatus pag. 125 29 Lignicensis pag. 125 30 Grotganus pag. 126 31 Glatz Comitatus pag. 127 32 Moravia pag. 129 33 Bohemia pag. 133 34 Franconia pag. 137 35 Terriorium Francofurtense pag. 139 36 Henneburgensis Ducatus pag. 140 141 37 Werthemiensis Comit. pag. 140 141 38 River Rhein pag. 4 39 Palatinatus Rheni pag. 4 40 Badensis Marchionatus pag. 145 41 Alsatia pag. 148 42 Upper Alsatia pag. 148 43 Lower Alsatia pag. 148 44 Strasburg pag. 149 45 Wertenburgensis Ducatus pag. 150
they had several drinking-cups kept in his house beforemention'd which were made of the first Letters he used Angelus Rocha who published an account of the Vatican Library in the days of Pope Sixtus the Fifth tells us that Aldus Junior a learned Antiquary shew'd him a printed Copy of Donatus's Grammar in Vellam in the first page of which were these words Johannes Faustus civis Moguntinus Avus maternus Joannis Schoeffer primus excogitavit imprimendi artem typis aereis Quos deinde plumbeos invenit multaque ad poliendam artem addidit ejus filius Petrus Schoeffer Impressus est autem hic Donatus Confessionalia primo omnium A. D. MCCCCL Admonitus certe fuit ex Donato Hollandiae prius impresso in tabula incisa In which words Mariangelus Accursius for the same Author says 't was his hand assures us that the first man that printed Books in Germany with molten Letters had the first hint of his Trade out of Holland The old Chronicle of the City of Colen which was wrote in the year 1496 confirms this story in telling us wie wail die kunst is vonden tzo Mentz al 's dan nu gemeynlich gebruicht wirt so is doch die eyrste vurbyldung vonden in Hollant vuss den Donaten die dae selffst vur der tzyt gedruckt syn i. e. Notwithstanding the common report of the first invention of this Art at Mentz yet the first hint was had from Holland where Donatus was printed before that time speaking of Guttenburg's first printing at Mentz And indeed most of the German Historians seem very willing to grant that the first printing with wooden Cuts was invented by this Coster before their Country-man found out the way of setting Letters composing words out of the several different characters and making lines up of words and pages of lines but this they look upon as an Art distinct from Typography and no more then in all probability was some thousands of years since practis'd in China and perhaps Mexico too where they used thus to cypher out their Hieroglyphicks But the Hollanders have a second part of their story which if true utterly confutes whatever the High Dutch can pretend to bring against them They tell us further that after Costor had improv'd this new-found Art so far as to print with Tin Letters he began to take more Servants into his House to enable him to carry on his work with greater vigour Amongst these there was one John whom Junius fancies to be Joannes Faustus abovemention'd to whom upon his taking an oath of secresie the whole Art was communicated After this fellow had for some time apply'd himself with all imaginable industry to his trade and attained to as great skill as his Master he resolv'd at the first opportunity to fly and to take with him as many of his Masters Utensils as he and another whom he had made privy to his design could conveniently carry off Accordingly on Christmas-Eve which was a night of as great solemnity in Holland in those days as it is still in the Popish dominions whilst Coster and his whole Family were attending the usual Processions these two seized on as many Cases of Letter and other printing instruments as they were able to convey without the danger of being apprehended in their flight With these carriages John and his Companion got safe to Amsterdam where for some short time they privately printed small Books and Pamphlets Thence they removed to Strasburg and there communicated their Art to Guttenburg who carrying on the Press at his own charges had the honour of being reckon'd the first Printer in the world At last they setled at Mentz where out of danger of being prosecuted by Costor they kept open shop and made public profession of their Trade The first Book they printed in this City was Alexander Gallus's Grammar with Peter Hispanus's small Grammatical Tracts annex'd There is in our public Library at Oxford a Copy of Tully's Offices printed by this Faustus on Vellam which by the irregular and unequal cut of the Letter seems engraven in plates or cut in wood as those Copies of Coster's work which are in the custody of the Prince of Orange and the Citizens of Harlem At the end of it we read these words in red Letters Praesens Marci Tulii clarissimum opus Johannes Fust Moguntinus civis non atramento plumali canna neque aerea Sed arte quadam perpulcra Petri manu pueri mei feliciter effeci finitum Anno M. CCCC LXV Junius says that he often has heard his Master Nicolas Gale tell of an old Bookseller in Harlem with whom he was acquainted in his younger days who had been Servant to Coster and Chamber-fellow witht his Fellow that cheated him of this invention The old man would tell the story with such vehemency of passion as commonly caus'd the tears to gush from his eyes and he was resolv'd to undeceive the world but liv'd not so long as to perform his promise These are the reports we have from both parties whereby each of them pretends a just title to the Invention but whether has the surer grounds I dare not venture to determine Some French Authors have engaged their Kingdom in the brawl and assert that France has as good reason to lay claim to this point of Honour as either Germany or the Low Countries The grounds they have for this conjecture are exceedingly mean and inconsiderable The first original of their mistake as Wimpheling assures us was this About the year 1471 the Art of Printing was first carried to Rome by one Vldaric Hahn a German Now Hahn in the High Dutch signifies as much as the Latin appellative Gallus a Cock whence the Latin writers call'd him Vldaricus Gallus which Campanus and others interpret Vlderic a Frenchman And when those Historians had represented him as the first Founder of Printing in Italy these men very illogically concluded he was the first Inventor of that Art which the world ever heard of Notwithstanding these brags Printing was not only us'd in Holland and Germany but in England also before ever the French were acquainted with it Stow tells us the Hollanders first taught our Nation this Art being brought over into England by William Caxton about the year 1471 and adds that the first printing in this Isle was in Westminster-Abbey But it appears the Art was sooner brought hither then he speaks of For there is in the Archives of our University of Oxford a Copy of St. Jerome's Exposition of the Apostles Creed given by Mr. Moses Pitt the Publisher of this ATLAS printed on Paper which ends thus Explicit exposicio sancti Jeronimi in simbolo apostolorum ad papam laurencium Impressa Oxonie et finita Anno domini M. cccc lxviii xvii die decembris Mr. Wood in his learned Account of the Antiquities of our University at Oxford tells us that Robert Tourner Master of the Wardrobe to King Henry the Sixth was the first that brought from Harlem into