War The English as is already mentioned had about the latter end of the last year sent a Fleet towards Denmark but that being by reason of Tempests and the unpassableness of the Seas full of sholes of Ice unable to advance was obliged to return The Winter being past General Montague was sent thither with a second no less useful for service being very well fitted for War and well manned with betwixt nine or ten thousand men but no Land forces then glorious for ostentation The English Fleet was got ready with that expedition that it put to Sea a Fortnight or three Weeks before the Dutch which bred no little jealousie in them seeing their Rivals ready before them and that with such powerful Forces however Mr. Downing then Resident at the Hague had assured them Apr. 6. that the English Fleet which was gone towards the Sound had no Orders to use any kind of hostility against their Shipping but only to endeavour the procuring of a Pacification betwixt the two Crowns And it proved so though the States were hardly induced to believe it And yet they will not now making a vertue of necessity seem to wish it otherwise so that their preparations moved flower at least in appearance whilest they gave out that they did not need to make hast being Denmark was secured in the Neutrality of that present power General Montague having Rendevouzed in Sould Bay March 27. 1659. weighed the twenty seventh of March and arrived in the Sound at an Anchor between the Island of Ween and Cronenburg Castle April 6. Apr. 6. And And by agreement between the King of Sweden and the English Admiral neither flag was stirred but born aloft and the three Flag-ships as they passed by the Castle saluted it where the King and Queen were in person with 21 19 and 17 Guns Every other Ship gave only a Volley of small shot which were answered Flags and all only with two Guns each according to the Custom of Sweden The Instructions given to General Montague I have thought proper to insert here being they will give great light to the following passages of that Summers action WHereas upon consideration had of the state of Affairs in the Eastern parts and particularly of the War faln out betwixt the two Kings of Sweden and Denmark which hath greatly disturbed the Navigation and Commerce of this and other Neighbouring States and distracted the Affairs of the greatest part of Europe We thought it necessary to use Our best endevours for composing the said War and thereby to remove the manifold Evils and Inconveniences which depend thereupon And to that purpose gave directions to Sir Philip Meadow Our Envoy Extraordinary with the King of Sweden to offer Our friendly Mediation to both those Kings and to contribute his utmost diligence for setling a Peace between them Giving him such further Instructions as We found necessary for that occasion a Copy whereof they bearing Date the ninth of December last is herewith delivered unto you And whereas since that time there hath been a Treaty made and concluded on betwixt Us and the King of France a Copy whereof is also herewith delivered you touching the said Affairs which both States finding to be of so great importance to their respective Countries and Dominions and the Interest thereof They judge that it concerned Them in a joynt way and by joynt Counsels to apply the most effectual remedies that could be thought of for composing the said War And therefore did agree by the said Treaty to offer their joynt Mediation to those two Kings for procuring of a Peace betwixt Them as also their Garranty for securing thereof in case it should be accomplished With a mind also to accommodate the differences betwixt the King of Sweden on the one side and the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg on the other And for the better effecting of the mutual intentions of these two States It was further concluded by the said Treaty that all endeavours should be used for disposing the States General of the United Provinces to co-operate with England and France in this good Work And accordingly as well We as the King of France have given Instructions to Our respective Publick Ministers both at the Hague and with the said Kings of Sweden and Denmark to prosecute and promote the aforesaid good Intention which We hope will have the issue that is desired and that such a Peace will be setled in those parts where so great and powerful Armies both by Land and Sea are engaged as will be for the security of the common Interest and in particular of this Commonwealth And having on these grounds sent a Fleet towards those parts the last Winter which in respect of the season of the year was not able to perfect the intended Voyage We have now judged it necessary upon the same Grounds and to the same ends as are before expressed to send a Fleet under your Conduct and Command into the Sound and Baltick Sea You are therefore on the receipt of these Our Instructions and of the other papers herewith delivered to repair to Our Fleet prepared for this Expedition a List whereof is hereunto annexed and upon your coming aboard you shall by Gods blessing and assistance with your first Opportunity of Wind and Weather set sail for the parts aforesaid and having come thither shall follow and pursue the Instructions following viz. 1 You shall immediatly upon your arrival in the Sound send to Sir Philip Meadow as also to our Envoy with the King of Denmark if he be there residing and receive from them a true and perfect account of the state of the affairs of the several Princes engaged as aforesaid and what effect our Mediation hath had and whether it be probable that a Treaty and Peace will ensue on the Terms wherein you shall find affairs to stand at your arrival 2 You shall either by your self or by the hand of Sir Philip Meadow as you shall find it most convenient let both the Kings of Sweden and Denmark know that you have brought the Fleet into these parts by Our command as a common friend to both and with desires to procure a Peace betwixt them And that for the same purpose you are ready to contribute all that lies in you to remove those difficulties that lye in the way of Peace and secure Agreement betwixt them We judging it to be their own Interest as well as that of their Neighbours and Allies that the present War between them should be put to a speedy end And that We cannot understand how the same can be continued without extream danger as well to themselves as to the present Interests of their Allyes 3 If a Treaty be begun between them before your arrival you shall do what you can to bring the said Treaty to a Peace without delay But if it be found that either no Treaty is begun or that the difference is such upon the
Treaty that no Agreement is like to be made thereupon Then Sir Philip Meadow as We have directed him by your Instructions to him shall in Our name propound the Treaty of Rotschild to be the Terms of a Peace to be now setled between them with such Alterations as shall be found necessary upon occasion of the War since faln out between the said two Kings perswading both of them to center therein as that which is the likeliest means as affairs now stand to put an end to this unhappy and unchristian War And this you as Admiral of the Fleet shall also let both the Kings know And also that you shall be obliged by your Instructions to oppose that Party which shall refuse a reasonable Peace upon these grounds We holding our self engaged to propound this Treaty in respect We were one of the Mediators thereof 4 In case the said two Kings can be brought to a Treaty then a Cessation of all acts of Hostility is to be endeavoured between them in which Cessation it is to be expressed that no part of the Forces under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg and that Confederate Army be transported into Zeland Funen or any other of the Isles where now the King of Sweden hath footing and that no relief of Men or Shipping be put into Coppenhagen nor any attempt made upon either of the said Kings by the Forces of any Prince or State whatsoever And you are authorized to use your endeavours that the Terms of the said Cessation be observed and to oppose whomsoever shall go about to break the same 5 And whereas We find that One great difficulty which the King of Denmark makes about treating separately with Sweden is because of his engagement to his Allies We have directed the said Sir Philip Meadow to let him know That this Peace being once concluded yea whilest it is Treating We shall use Our best endeavours to reconcile the King of Sweden unto the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg and do not doubt but something very effectually may be done therein But we conceive it of absolute necessity in the first place to agree the said two Kings without which it is impossible to imagine that any peace at all can any way be concluded on And we hope that the States General of the United Provinces will likewise agree herein 6 You shall also take the first opportunity to deal very seriously with the King of Sweden touching his present War in Denmark letting him know that We apprehend it very dangerous both for him and all his Allies in respect of the great Combinations that are made against him both by Land and Sea which in all probability he will not be able to defend himself against And that whosoever comes in to his assistance must expect to engage himself in a War with Holland and those other States which are the Allies of Denmark being a War which at this time this Nation is in no condition to engage in nor is the Parliament now sitting satisfied so to do And that therefore the Counsell which We as his true Friend and Ally do find necessary to give him at this time is That he will apply himself to make a reasonable Peace with the King of Denmark upon the Treaty of Rotschild which We at his own desire did in some sort become the Garranty of Letting him further know that in case his Majesty shall not think fit to follow this Counsel We cannot satisfie Our self to give him any assistance the consequence whereof will be so great upon this Nation And in case the Dutch will be perswaded to say as much to the King of Denmark We doubt not but matters will be brought to a happy issue in those parts 7 In case the King of Denmark shall refuse to treat upon the Terms before expressed you shall let him know That although We have not interested Our self in this present War but have carried Our self as Neuter betwixt him and the King of Sweden Yet now We find the Interest of this Commonwealth so much concerned in this War That We held Our self obliged to make use of all the means God hath put into Our hands to put an end thereto And that having done what lies in Our power by Our Ministers in a friendly way without success We have found Our self necessitated to give assistance to the King of Sweden as Our Friend and Ally who having declared himself willing to make Peace upon the Terms of the Rotschild Treaty We thought it not for the Common good nor for the interest of England to suffer him to be opprest and totally ruined by the conjunction of so great and powerful Forces against him 8 And upon this state of the case and having by your self or Sir Philip Meadow Our said Envoy used your best endeavour as aforesaid for making a Peace And if the King of Sweden shall give satisfaction upon the Terms of Assistance you shall then with the Fleet under your Command assist the King of Sweden in a defensive way in the manner expressed in the following Article 9 You shall with the Fleet under your Command either alone or in conjunction with the Swedish Fleet hinder what in you lies the transporting of any part of the Confederate Army under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg or by whom else the same is commanded into the Isles of Zeland and Funen or into any other of the places now possessed by the Swedes And if any attempt shall be made to do it you shall use the force that is in your hand to withstand and prevent it by whomsoever it shall be attempted 10 In case the Fleet of the King of Sweden shall be attempted by the Dane or by the Fleet of any other State separately or in conjunction with the Dane you shall use the Force which God hath given you to defend him 11 You shall also labour by the Fleet under your Command to hinder the carrying of any Succour or relief into Coppenhagen until the King of Denmark shall be willing to Treat upon the Terms expressed in the former Article and are hereby impowred to fight with any such as shall endeavour to carry in any such relief as aforesaid And are also impowred to authorize such number of the Fleet as you shall judge necessary under the Flag of Sweden to joyn with the Fleet of Sweden to pursue and assault his enemies for the better accommodating of the Termes of Peace as aforesaid 12 And because Our intention is to manage this business by Counsel and Correspondence with the States General of the United Provinces as also to prevent any further Engagement between the King of Sweden and the Lords the States in a Hostile way We have directed our Resident at the Hague to propound to the said States General that they will joyn with England and France in the making of this Peace upon the grounds of the Treaty of Rotschild and that in order
it was found that the Current ran so violently and uncertainly and differently in every small space of distance and the breadth of the water was so little that if the Dutch Fleet had come and he been obliged to fight the place was such as no Pilot knew how to work a Ship in And the other Station a breast of the Koll was good Sea-room and a steady Current for in that place is discernable no tide at all but if the Wind blow from the Ocean the Current runs into the Sound and if it blow out of the Baltick then the Current runs out The English Fleet thus posted and having obtained the consent of the King of Sweden to the Rotschild Treaty the Admiral again enforces the English Mediation upon the King of Denmark who being bound up and over-ruled by his Allies refuses the Terms of the Mediation whereupon the English Admiral according to his Instructions offers a Treaty of Assistance from England to the Swede which I thought fit to insert here WHereas there is a new and unhappy War broken out betwixt his Majesty the King of Sweden and the King of Denmark and that since the said Rupture the King of Sweden hath by his Arms got possession of the Town of Elzineur and Castle of Cronenburg in the Isle of Zeland and obtained thereby the Command of the Sound and hath also beleaguered the City of Coppenhagen yet with this mind and desire to make and conclude with the King of Denmark a good and secure Peace And whereas upon pretence of giving assistance to his Majesty the King of Denmark there is a great and powerful Army consisting chiefly of the Forces of the King of Hungary now Emperour of Germany and of the King of Poland already marched into Holstein and Jutland whereof they have already possession designing also to possess themselves of Funen and Zeland and the strength therein which should they be able to effect it would in all humane probability prove the ruine and loss of the Protestant Interest in those parts and endanger the subversion thereof in all Europe and also be to the destruction of Navigation and Commerce in the Baltick Sea and the King of Denmark himself whose assistance they pretend captivated into the hands of those whose interest obliges them to make a prey of him and his said Majesty the King of Sweden having upon these grounds and to the ends before expressed and in this exigency of affairs in pursuance of a Treaty made at London betwixt the two States on the seventh of July Old stile in the year of our Lord 1656 whereby it is in the first Article thereof among other things agreed that it shall be lawful for either of the said Confederates within the Kingdoms and Countries of the other to hire Ships as well Men of War as Merchant men upon the Terms and Conditions therein expressed desired the Assistance and ayd of his Highness the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland and the dominions and Territories thereunto belonging and for the further setling the Trade and Commerce betwixt the two States 1 It is agreed on either part that for the affording of Ayd and Succour to His Majesty and Kingdom of Sweden His most Serene Highness the Lord Protector shall be obliged to send forthwith towards the Sound a Fleet of Ships of War 2 That the said Fleet or Navy shall at the Charge of his said Highness and Commonwealth of England c. be equipped and fitted forth sufficiently with all things necessary for such an expedition and shall be also from time to time supplied for the keeping and maintenance of them in those Seas until the twenty ninth of September next 3 The said Fleet being come into those Seas they shall ayd and assist His Majesty the King of Sweden in a Defensive way that is to say First they shall do their endeavours to hinder any Forraign Ships of War to joyn themselves with the Fleet of Denmark under what Plag soever it be attempted or on what pretence soever Secondly for the hindering the transportation of any Souldiers or Forces belonging to the Confederate Army under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg into Coppenhagen or any Islands of Denmark Thirdly for preventing of the carrying any Relief or Succour of Money Victuals Souldiers or other provision of War into Coppenhagen Fourthly for the defence of the Swedish Fleet in case they shall be assaulted at Sea or blockt up in Harbour by the Dane or any other in Conjunction with him or separately from him 4 Forasmuch as His Highness and the Commonwealth of England will be at excessive charge in setting forth and managing the foresaid Navy for the attaining the ends aforesaid Therefore by way of Recompence and satisfaction of the charges expended and to be expended And in respect of the other hazards and dangers which may ensue to this Commonwealth by reason of this Assistance It is agreed that the People and Subjects of this Commonwealth from time to time Sailing and Trading coming and going through the Sound or Belt shall not at any time be obliged to pay any Tribute Tolle or Custom Duty or other Charge whatsoever for either Ships or Merchandizes to the King or Kingdom of Sweden or any of his Officers or Ministers whatsoever but shall in their said Passage and Navigation through the said places be treated in manner following 5 That upon the coming of any of the Ships of His Highness and this Commonwealth and the People and Subjects thereof into those parts and at their passage through the Sound or Belt producing their Legal and Authentick Certificates to the Officers of the King of Sweden and to such Officer or Officers as shall be appointed by His Highness to reside at Cronenburg or such other place thereabouts as His Highness shall desire the Commanders Masters and other Officers of such Ships of this Commonwealth as shall so pass shall on such Certificates pay to the Officer or Officers so to be appointed by His Highness such Tolle and Duty as His said Highness shall think fit to appoint which Tolle and Duty shall be for the sole benefit of His Highness and this Commonwealth in recompence of the said Charge and Hazards aforesaid And upon payment of such Tolle or Duty such English Ships shall be suffered to pass without any stop or molestation â— â—hat the People and Subjects of this Commonwealth shall in the â—â—â—ntreys and Dominions of the King of Sweden which either 〈◊〉 are in His possession or hereafter shall come into His possession pay no higher or greater Custom or Duty than the Subjects of Sweden at this time do and be used in all other things as the Subjects of Sweden at this time are â— That His Majesty of Sweden shall shut up the Sound as also the Great and Little Belt and all other Passages into the Baltick Sea and prohibit all Commerce and Navigation through the same to all such who
Embassadours so that the whole Negotiation seemed to be carried on by common consent the Swedes were troubled at this intimacy and familiarity affirming that it was wholly unpracticable that Embassadours sent to a Forreign King and not having seen that King to whom they were so deputed should in the mean time confer and treat with the Ministers of other States not friends of the said King and that in his own Court or Camp But the Kings arrival put an end to these murmurings the English Commissioners went to Fredericksburg where he was and being received in the way by a party of Horse and some Gentlemen which the King had sent to wait upon them were conveyed to their Lodgings in the Kings Coaches accompanied with the Coaches of those Publick Ministers who were then at Court. Having reposed a while they were led to publick Audience which passed in congratulations and mutual expressions of friendship After Dinner being admitted again to the Kings presence they unfolded the secret of their Commission the sum whereof was the story of the Hagues Treaty which the three States had agreed upon and resolved to stand to neither did they omit to tell him with what industry and affection they had promoted his Majesties Interest in the said Convention The King who had expected better things from his friends he had so much relyed upon was troubled at this discourse He found also that the state of his affairs had been represented to them in a lower condition than they truly were in and that by such who either envied his felicity or were ignorant of his condition He therefore magnified though modestly the past and present and making a Majesteous reflexion upon his own Person and Conduct told them He did not despair of a happy and a hoped issue to his undertakings After this the Mediators did all they could by joynt Counsels by communication of affairs by several Conferences with the two Kings their Commissioners and by their utmost endeavours to compose the vast breaches betwixt these dissenting Princes but to little purpose for the Danes would listen to no Accommodation that did not restore them all that had been taken from them and include their Allies and the Swedes refused to stir out of Zeland unless the Fortresses and strong places of Denmark were left them as Pledges for the observing of the future Peace The time seemed to be spent not in treating but in fruitless and quarrelsome contestations King Charles caused a large Declaration to be delivered to the Dutch wherein beginning at the Wars of Poland he put them in mind of the injuries and offences he had received from the United Provinces not forgetting their Collusion as he called it about the Treaty of Elbing The Dutch Embassadours on the other side afterting their candor and desire of Peace professed they were far from any thoughts of harm towards Sweden proposing nothing to themselves but the security of their Confederates and the freedom of their Commerce About the same time there were published two invective Manifesto's by the two Kings Orders against each other They were both severe and harsh in their expressions but being both are in print I thought fit in order to the brevity I propose to my self in this Relation and out of the reverence I bear to such great Princes July 24 14. to omit any further mention of them Whilest they thus cavil in Denmark there was another Treaty concluded on in the Hague betwixt the three States more advantageous for the Danes than the former for Drontheim was restored to them by vertue thereof in compensation of the losses they had sustained by this last invasion In this as in the other Treaty of the 21 of May the Ministers residing with both the Kings were injoyned that they should by joint Councels and Forces endeavour and this in the space of fourteen days time to conclude a Peace upon the Basis of the Rotschild Treaty except in what is excepted in this present agreement or should afterwards be changed by consent of the two Kings And lastly that they should support and assist with all their might that Prince which should declare for Peace and compel the unwilling by force of Arms to accept of it This Treaty was followed by another more forcible and nervous wherein it was agreed July 25. Aug. 4. that if the fourteen days mentioned in the second Treaty were not begun when this Convention should be delivered to the Ministers in Denmark that then the said term should begin within four and twenty hours after the receipt thereof And further that the dissenting King should by the conjoyned Forces of England and the Low-Countries be without any intermission of time compelled to receive and accept of Peace this was the sum of this third Convention But the States solicitous for Coppenhagen sent secret Instructions and Orders to their Officers in Chief that however affairs went they should have a care to conserve the same and hazard all rather than suffer it to be lost or change Master Neither were the English ignorant of this mystery though they dissembled it being no less unwilling than the Dutch to see this considerable City the ballance of the North fall into the hands of the aspiring Swede King Charles full of scorn and indignation to see the Law prescribed him by others resolved not to treat but by the ordinary way of Commissioners He did not absolutely reject the amicable interposition of the English and French but would by no means admit of the Dutch his Enemies and actually in Arms against him until the old and usual friendship betwixt the two Nations were renewed King Frederick on the other side professed he would do much less conclude nothing without the Mediators especially the interposition of the United Provinces although he did not deny but that the Treaty begun and ripened by them might be polished and brought to perfection by the Commissioners of both Kings Charles would not hear of quitting of Drontheym without an equivalent nor be perseaded to determine any thing about the time of evacuation or withdrawing his Army out of Denmark and being urged to declare himself grew angry protesting though in private that he being a King and a Conquerour and not inglorious could not nor would not suffer himself to be braved and controulled by two Commonwealths whereof one had abdicated and the other murthered their Prince He was more in choller against the English than the other because he expected more kindness from them than any These he reproaches with parricide and wonders they durst approach him with their hands reeking with the bloud of their own Soveraign They should therefore get them gone with their Fleet out of the reach of his Cannon unless they meant to try their violence But this transport of rage and scorn was but vented amongst his Confidents What he said to the Embassadours themselves in publick some time after was of no less consequence or noise The Plenipotentiaries
THE HISTORY OF THE Late Warres IN DENMARK COMPRISING All the TRANSACTIONS both MILITARY and CIVIL during the Differences betwixt THE Two Northern Crowns In the Years 1657 1658 1659 1660. Illustrated with several Maps By R. M. LONDON Printed for Thomas Basset and are to be sold at his Shop at the Sign of the George near Clifford's Inn in Fleetstreet 1670. TO THE KINGS Sacred MAJESTY SIR THis Narrative should have had like its Author too much Humility to presume into Your Sacred Majesties Presence but that it is warranted by Your Royal Commands and that all the Actions of my Life are Dedicated to Your Service The Subject is indeed one of the most considerable that hath happened upon the Stage of the World of late Ages where Kings were both Agressors and Defendants And this may in some sort warrant its Dedication to that Monarch who is proper Vmpire of the Controversies of Christendome Besides there was no Prince nor scarce any State in Europe of note that was not a Party in the quarrel Nay Your Majesties own Fleets and Your Treasures were employed there though not by Your Orders And Your Majesties happy Restauration had so much natural Influence upon the transactions in the North that it also restored those Crowns to that Peace they now enjoy If the English did not alwayes follow their true Interest in those parts 't is not to be wondered at being they prostituted it so unnaturally at home which did continue until the sense of their Faults and Errors obliged them to re-assume it by returning to their Duty and Obedience to Your Majesty All I will say for my Self is that as I cannot tell whether my humble Reverence for Your Majesties Person or my Loyalty and Allegiance for my Soveraign be the greater so they shall ever remain by an equal intermixture of Passion and Duty in SIR Your Sacred MAjESTIES most Obedient and alwayes Loyal Subject and Servant ROGER MANLEY The Preface TRuth being the life and chief ingredient of History hath been also my chief research in this Relation which I was so exact in that I cannot yet discover that I have been materially imposed upon I have endeavoured also to exempt my Narrative from both flattery and detraction which was no hard matter for me to do being I had been neither tempted by favours nor dis-obliged by injuries by either of the warring Princes though I had the honour to know them both What I wrote by way of memorials whilst it was acting upon the place in another language though not published seeâ— light but now in ours and it may be too soon to discover the imperfections of its Authour And yet I will not court the Readers favour being my errours are voluntary For who is obliged to write And how few write well A Catalogue of Books in the Press this 16th of September 1669. Printing for Thomas Basset at the George in Fleet-street near Cliffords-Inne ECclesia Restaurata or the History of the reformation of the Church of England containing the Beginning Progress and Successes of it the Counsels by which it was conducted the Rules of Piety and Prudence upon which it was founded The several steps by which it was promoted or retarded in the change of times from the first preparations to it by King Henry the 8th until the Legal settling and establishment of it under Queen Elizabeth together with the Intermixture of such Civil Actions and affairs of State as either were co-incident with it or related to it The second Edition by P. Heylyn Rastalls Entries with a Table not Printed heretofore This Book will be published in Easter Term next Aerius Redevivus or the History of the Presbyterians By P. Heylyn in fol. This Book will be published in Michaelmas Term next A Help to English History By P. Heylin This Book will be published in Michaelmas Term next Littletons Tenures in French and English in a small Pocket Volume exactly corrected and better Printed than any of the former Editions This Book will be published in Michaelmas Term next Wingates Abridgement of all the Statutes in force and use from Magna Charta until this present year 1669. A Geographical Description of the four parts of the world taken from the Notes and Works of the famous Monsieur Sanson Geographer to the French King and other eminent Travellers and Authours To which are added the Commodities Coyns Weights and Measures of the chief places of Traffique in the world compared with those of England or London as to the Trade thereof Also a Treatise of Travel and another of Traffique wherein the matter of Trade is briefly handled The whole illustrated with variety of useful and delightful Mapps and Figures By Rich. Blâ—me the price bound 40 s. This Book will be published in Michaelmas Term next THE HISTORY OF The late Warres in DENMARK BETWIXT The Two Northern Crowns The First Part. THough my design at first was but to describe the Siege of Coppenhagen and its accessorys as wil appear by some passages in this narrative Yet upon second thoughts and to gratifie the curious if this jejune Relation find any such I have judged it proper to add a summary of those transactions which were previous to it deducing the whole War from its original to that last Treaty which put a period to so many and so eminent calamities The ancient emulation and jealousie betwixt the two Crowns of Sweden and Denmark the result of their neighbourhood and frequent broyles have been much heightned by the Swedish acquisitions in Germany For having joyned Pomerania and Bremen to their former Dominions they have in a manner enclosed and beleagured Denmark which rendered them so uneasie to the Danes that these seemed to desire nothing more than an opportunity not only to recover the Dutchy of Bremen and what they had lost by the Treaties of Bromsbro and Christianople to wit Halland Jempterland Gothland and the Oesel but also to enlarge their own limits and secure themselves for the future from the further incroachments of their growing neighbours And now a so wished for occasion did fairly present it self for Charles Gustave King of Sweden being deeply ingaged in Poland had carried with him the flower of the Swedish Souldiery to serve in that expedition so that whilst he was busie in the conquest of other Countries he did in some sort expose his own Nor did the Danes omit so favourable a juncture but mustering their grievances into a Manifest too long to insert which they published least they should be thought to be rather invited by the favour of the occasion than necessitated by any provocations or injuries They had beat up their Drums about the beginning of the year 1657. and their preparations for war were carried on with unusual pomp and hopes of success Their proceeding was likewise formal for they denounced war by a Herauld at Arms some months before they entred into the Lists which proved ruinous to them for they thereby gave the enemy
only lesser Rivers and Fountains froze up but the Sea it self became passable being covered with an unusual but solid bridge of Ice King Charles was too prudent to let slip any opportunities which made way to his greatness Not a night passed wherein he did not send his Spies into the Island and his Scouts to discover the firmness of the congealed Waters which being at length reported to be strong enough save only a small but long rent of scarce five foot broad he gave orders to march commanding great quantity of planks posts hurds and the like materials to make a bridge over the said breach to be first brought thither and laid Two troops of Waldechs Regiment fell in the Ice breaking and several other single troopers were drowned which forced the Army to rush on with more vigour being too far ingaged to retire and the danger behind them being greater than that in their front The Danes made some though no great opposition for being bravely charged they were easily broke routed and slain scarce two hundred of them escaping the King pursued them that fled so close that he overtook Guldenlewe who was sick in his Coach not far from Odensea in which town the chief of the Island he also surprised five Danish Senators and several other fugitives so that he became absolute Master of this wealthy Province and the whole power of the Enemy in it which consisted of well with 5000. Souldiers and armed Boores sixty pieces of Cannon and great Magazines of all sorts of military provisions 'T is not unworthy the remembring that this adventrous march over the Frozen Seas was the resolve of the King himself at a Councel of War against the sense of his chief Officers who censured it of too much temerity And since it prospered well 't is due to the honour of that Kings Name which had it otherwise succeeded would have aspersed his memory The news of the losse of Funen being arrived at Coppenhagen carried so much the more of terrour and apprehension with it because besides the loss of so important an Isle the like Bridge which had let the Swede over the little Belt into Funen might serve to pass him over the great Belt into Zeland Hereupon the King of Denmark sends for Mr. Meadowe desiring him to set a Treaty on foot with all possible expedition which he did Feb. 3. by writing to the King of Sweden the purport whereof was to this effect That the King of Denmark had authorised the Lord Joackim Gersdorff and Christian Sckeel both Senatours of his Kingdom his Plenepotentiaries and Commissioners to meet treat and conclude with the like Commissioners of his at such time and place as his Majesty should please to appoint which he also desired at the instance and intervention of England and that his Majesty would be further pleased to deliver out safe conducts in due form both for him the Mediatour and for the Danish Commissioners and in the mean time suspend all future Hostilities This being dispatched with extraordinary diligence Feb. 5. the Messenger returned with his Answer Dated at Newburg in Funen where he left the King whereof the substance is That he thanked him for his care and dexterity in promoting the concerns of a peace which the Dane had hitherto so obstinately opposed How he was willing to enter presently upon a Treaty under the respective Mediatours of France and England and being it was left to him to appoint the place he gave the King of Denmark the choice either of the Isle of Spro or of Ruakoping in Langland for the Commissioners of both sides to meet in within eight daies That together with the present Letter he had sent safe conducts as desired And that the business required the greater haste forasmuch as he could promise no security to himself in a suspension of Arms. This was a clear answer and concession as to the desired treaty but he would not be complemented our of his advantages by a cessation of Arms knowing well that nothing more facilitates a conquest than a pannick terror incussed by the suddenness of an invasion and that the only way to profit upon it is to give no respite for recollecting those Spirits which the first impressions of fear had dissipated The Swedish King marches incessantly His nearest way to Zeland had been over the great Belt from Newbourg to Corsâ—ur about 16. English miles But he takes that of Langland so to Laland then to Falster which though much the further yet was the safer because the traject from Island to Island was no where so broad as that in the great Belt And he would secure all behind him They were not idle this while at Coppenhagen The Swedish safe conducts being delivered the Danish Commissioners together with the English Mediatour journeyed with what diligence they could towards Rydcoping They had travelled little more than sixty miles English when not far from Wardenburg or Warburg the last town upon Zeland from Coppenhagen they met with the Swedish scouts by whom they were advertised that their King was newly entred upon Zeland and not far behind And soon after they met the King himself in a Sledge at the head of 200 Finnish Horse This incredible diligence was altogether surprizing to the Danish Commissioners All alighting out of their Sledges the manner of travelling in the Northern Countrys to salute him His Majesty did the same and willing them to pass on to the neighbouring town and that he would speedily be with them For that he was going only to take view of a ground where he might most conveniently draw his Army into battalia To Warburg they went and there the Treaty first began where they also met the Chevalier Terlon Ambassadour of France who came in company with the Swedish King The Commissioners on the part of Sweden were Count Ulefelt a discontented Dane who had a long time refuged himself in the Court of Sweden and Steno Bielke a Senatour of Sweden The King of Sweden staid no longer at Warburg than was necessary for drawing over his Army and then ranging them in Batralia in a large extended Front in view of the Danes to make them appear more numerous at last marched off in the direct way to Coppenhagen 'T was uncomfortable treating whilst the King was marching and the Mediatours and Commissioners not being willing to be left behind adjourned the Treaty and breaking up thence overtook the King at Keuk four leagues from Coppenhagen who the next morning drew up in Battalia again and then drew off as before in an orderly march towards Coppenhagen The number of the Swedish Army was about 7000. Horse and Foot and some few Field-pieces with which he took up his quarters within two leagues of the City of which he would often sportingly say she was a fair Bride and deserved dancing for and not without reason neither for had he won Coppenhagen as he woo'd her she had brought him for her Dower all Denmark
with this severe message were upon the point to depart when it was told them again that if they were sollicitous about the event of this present expedition they should make such propositions to the Swedish Embassadours then residing in Coppenhagen as might be conformable to the present state of their affairs and the condition they were then in The Embassadours being returned to the City and having acquainted their King with what had passed in their negotiation applied themselvs to the Swedish Embassador Mons Bielke then in restraint demanding him whether he had any instructions to treat about peace which he denying they resolved as they wrote in their letters to the French Embassadour then in the Swedish Camp to commit their cause and its decision to God alone The said Swedish Embassadour was in the mean time in no little danger through the peoples fury who believing that he under the colour of friendship had betrayed them into this war however he solemnly protested to be altogether a stranger to his Masters present proceedings and not to have had the least knowledge of this invasion Which is more then probable being Coyet his Colleague who was returned to his Master some days before had left papers of consequence and a good sum of moneys behind him which fell into the Danes hands But neither these excuses nor his standing upon his guard in his lodgings whither all the Swedes then in Town were fled for Sanctuary could have saved him if the King had not upon his request taken him into his protection and secured him in Rosenburg a house of pleasure in the Kings garden where he remained under custody notwithstanding the Swedes objecting of the breach of the law of Nations by his detension until he was afterward delivered thence by the intercession of the Mediators of England Holland especially the last All hopes of Peace being now laid aside the Danes prepare for war with so much the more vigor They burn the suburbs which they had hitherto spared omitted nothing they thought requisite for their defence By this time the Swedes troops were advanced within sight of the Town and seeing the suburbs on fire could not choose but wonder that they who but a while since armed in a warlike posture had not refused peace upon such mean conditions should now unarmed and destitute of any real force to defend themselves not despair of their safety King Charles observing the enemies countenance made a stand till all his army was come up and then seised upon the two Forts of Wartew and Ladegard which joyned by continual works and trenches together extending also on both sides to the sea environed the whole suburbs and now his Navy consisting of 28 men of War were in sight and commanded to anchor before the Town so that the City was environed by sea and land and shut up from all entercourse from without But before I begin to describe the particulars of this famous siege I have thought it not impertinent to say something of the original increase and present state of this City the Metropolitan of Denmark and one of the beautifullest of the whole North. Coppenhagen the royal seat of the Danish Kings called by the inhabitants Kiobenhaven that is to say the Merchants-haven is seated upon the East side of the Island of Zeland under the 56 degr of Northern latitude This Town was in its beginnings very mean a few fishermens Cottages but in succession of time grew to that greatness by reason of the excellency of the haven that it is at this present most justly ranked amongst the most noble Cities of the North. Many of its Kings especially Christian the fourth the memory of whose vertues is still cherished by the inhabitants adorned this their residence with many notable priviledges and publick buildings This Christian having laid the foundation of a new City in the Isle of Amack joyned it to the old by a bridge and called it by the name of Christians-haven He built also a goodly Magazine house and strengthened the City on the Island-side with walls and bulworks but these fortifications neglected and well-nigh fallen in the long peace they had enjoyed were now repaired The Moats were cleansed and deepned and new works being added to the old where they were defective the Land-side was enclosed with ten whole and two half bulworks the rest of the circumference lying betwixt the Cittadel and the Western part of the Town is environed with the sea which extending it self Southward divides the Kings Palace a fabrick of ancient structure from the Island of Amack by a narrow inlet making the most commodious and capacious haven as also the most safe against all winds of the whole Baltick sea Coppenhagen hath as well as other great towns felt the various vicissitudes of fortune The Lubeckers having pillaged it twice consumed it once with fire Jarimarus Prince of Rugen the Sweaes and the Hanse Towns ravaged it by turns though these last in the year 1427 upon another attempt were beaten off with much loss Neither hath this City been only oppressed by strangers it hath laboured also under the miseries of civil dissensions for taking part with Christian the second against Frederick it was taken by Frederick and in the year 1530 after a years siege and the calamity of famine and war forced to surrender it self to Christian the third After that it enjoyed the sweets of peace for a long series of years until Charles Gustave King of Sweden made war upon it who had also subdued it if the Dutch the Brandenburgers the Imperialists the Poles the Muscovites and almost whole Europe had not hastened to its succour as concerned in its conservation and rescued it out of the hands of that victorious Prince But of these in order King Charles his sea and land forces being as we have already mentioned met before the Town seised upon the Castle of Wartow and Ladegard as also the other out-works without resistance for the Citizens sollicitous for the main and not sufficing for all had contracted their forces within their walls He omitted the suddain assaulting of the City having been certainly enformed of the enemies desperation and multitude resolved to perish rather than change master Being therefore over-born by the advice of his chief Officers he was forced to prolong the siege but lest he should leave any place behind him out of his power he divided his Army and sent Marshal Wrangel with part of it to besiege the strong Castle of Cronenburg which commands the Sound not absurdly fancying by taking of it to deter forreign forces from coming to relieve Coppenhagen or at least to be the better able to hinder and oppose them if they should attempt it COPPENHAGEN xxxxx thâ—â— Outworkes abandoned by the Danas anaaa the Swedes appâ—â—â—â—â—â— Christians Haâ—â—â— D the Pallace F Cittadel G 〈◊〉 H North Porte M West Porte N Helmer Bulâ—â—â—â—â— Coppenhagen The Swedes being rendred more wary by so many losses
compel them thereunto by force 18 You shall take care to give Us frequent Intelligence of your proceedings and of every thing that shall occur in those parts That thereupon you may receive further direction as shall be necessary either touching your acting there or returning with the Fleet which yet you are to do when the season of the year the necessity of the Fleet or other condition of affairs shall require although you should not receive Our further directions therein 19 In case it shall please God to take you away or otherwise disinable you that you cannot intend this service The Vice-Admiral of the Fleet is hereby impowred to execute these Instructions until We shall give other order therein March 18. 1658. 20 In case the whole Fleet contained in this List be not ready you shall proceed upon your Voyage with such part of them as are ready to said with you giving order to the rest to follow after you Out of these Instructions it is observable that the true Interest of England was then judged to be First to preserve Denmark from ruine and the power of the Sound in his hand as being a weaker Prince whose Interest it would be not to impose upon his Neighbours or if he did it were easier reducing him to terms of reason and therefore sincerely they endeavoured to re-establish the Peace of Rotschild and save that King from the violence of the Swede and Menes of the Dutch and to leave him a free Prince Secondly but if that could not be done then as hath been touched before they chose rather to help the King of Sweden and take his word for their share in the benefit of the Conquest than that the Dutch should grapple all into their hands and power The English being come thus first into Denmark resolved to hinder De Ruyters conjunction with Opdam who had Wintered in Coppenhagen and governed greatly in all their Councels and affairs for fear their force might be superiour in the Sound And therefore when the English Admiral was past the Schaw or Point of Schagen De Ruyter being not yet come out of Holland he left three Scout-ships one at the Schaw Point another about Lezow and Anout and a third at the Koll all in sight one of the other and the last in sight of the Fleet. He at Schaw had Order to meet De Ruyter there and deliver him a Letter wherein he desired him that he would signifie to him that he would not give any assistance to either side Apr. 4. 1659. by Men Ships or otherwise nor endeavour to go with his Fleet into Coppenhagen the Sound or Baltick Sea lest further hostility should fall out betwixt the Swede and him but remain with his Fleet without the Sound and Belt until it might be seen whether by their joynt endeavours a Peace might be concluded or until some other certain way of management of this affair might be agreed upon between them conducible to the ends aforesaid And he engaged on the other side De Ruyter agreeing to the desires expressed in his Letters that he would give no assistance to either side The arrival of this great Fleet was no less terrible to the Danes than acceptable to the Swedes for these hugged themselves with the hopes of powerful assistance from their tried friends whilest the other apprehended the carriage of a reconciled enemy King Frederick being therefore doubtful of what might happen gave notice to the States General by an Express of the arrival of the English Fleet consisting of thirty six men of War besides Fire-ships in the Sound adding his entreaties That they would be likewise pleased to dispatch their promised Succours whereby he might be at length delivered from the oppressions of his growing enemies But neither the Swedes confidence nor the Danes fear did last long for Montague having sent his Cousin Mr. Montague and his Vice-Admiral to salute King Charles did likewise assure him by word of mouth as he did King Frederick the next day after his arrival by Letters that He was come with his Fleet to help to reconcile the two Kings which he would endeavour with all his might and in the interim neither assist nor offend either of them April 11. The Danes raised with the Admirals friendly Message were assured by Sir Phil. Meadow the English Envoy's confirming of it He wrote in the same sence Montague had done before offering withall his Masters so often proffered Mediation and having laid open the irreparable evils of a continued War magnified the Peace of Rotschild as most consentaneous to the present State of affairs and the surest foundation of the future Treaty But both Kings delayed their Answers though he of Denmark did at length reply 20. that he did very willingly accept of the offered Mediation the very name of Peace being most welcome to him but he could not Treat much less Conclude any thing without his Allies and Confederates The truth is he abhor'd the thoughts of the Peace of Rotschild and had obliged himself but lately by a Treaty with the Emperour the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg to make no Peace with the Swedes without mutual consent of the Confederate Princes King Charles seemed no less averse from the Treaty of Rotschild than the Dane and however Montague did daily tamper with him to encline him to it yet his returns were all delatory because he saw the English posted so as he thought their reputation would never permit them to suffer the Dutch Fleet to sail by the sides of their Ships into Coppenhagen and that then his work would be done gratis if they were together by the ears and he free from having signed any Terms for the benefit of England The English Admiral on the other hand apprehending his danger in being engaged to such a disadvantage pressed his Majesty for a clear answer without delay which not receiving and withall finding that King preparing to be gone in person into Funen where entercourse would be long and difficult and continue this inconvenience The Admiral sent him word that he was sorry he could not all that time know his Majesties resolution and that now he was obliged to pursue some other instructions he had and presently weighing Anchor sailed out of the Sound and posted himself in the Cattegat between the Koll and the Town of Guildeley in Zeland As his Fleet passed by Cronenburg the King of Sweden sent Count Brake and Monsieur Post two Senators of his Kingdom to complement the Admiral and wish him good speed in his undiscovered design And within two hours after sent another Boat to him with an Instrument under his hand and seal accepting the mediation of England upoâ— the Terms of the Rotschild Treaty which was in effect welcom to the English Admiral although he had an important reason to remove the Fleet as he did though he had hoped no other advantage thereby For in the Sound where the Fleet was posted
shall be in Amity with those Confederates or either of them 8 That all the Ports Rivers Roads Harbours and Countryes of Sweden shall be free and open for the English Ships and men to come into reside in and go forth of from time to time as there shall be occasion without any molestation and shall be assisted and furnished with provisions and other necessaries at the same rates that the People â—nd Subjects of the King of Sweden are â— That all reasonable endeavours shall be used by these Confederates â—o withdraw the Elector of Brandenburg and all other Princes â—â—d States from any conjunction with the House of Austria and to Unite them against the said House â— That the said Fleet set out by His Highness as aforesaid shall be continued forth for the purposes aforesaid for so long time as the present season of the year shall permit with respect to the safety of the Fleet and no longer â—he English Admiral was bound up not to admit of any alteraâ—â—â— in the Treaty and the King of Sweden how great soever his â—eed of Englands help was yet immoveably persisted in refusing to sign the Treaty upon these Points First that he could not admit the English the Priviledges in Sweden that all Swedes have because he alledged some sort of Ships were built there in a form particular to be useful in his Wars and for lading Salt also in consideration whereof they had special immunities But he offered to make them equall with the rest of the Nation 2 That he could not exclude their Enemies out of the Baltick Sea For it was not possible for the English alone to suffice for the Commerce of it and if they could yet it was giving them to much advantage in Trade upon his own people and all the bordering Nations upon the Baltick Sea to make them Monopolizers thereof Whilest these things are in discoursing in the Sound the change of Government happened in England and the English Fleet thereby taken off from the prosecution of its first design was made to wait the new directions of the Power then in possession whose Interest differing from the former seemed to espouse that of Holland by undervaluing the Swedes to their very great prejudice But however affairs went in Denmark the struglings at the Hague were no less remarkable which ended at length in a League betwixt the three States to wit England France and the United Provinces Whereby they resolved to perswade or enforce the warring Kings and that against their wills or without consulting with them to a Reconciliation and Peace The Articles of this Convention wherein its Authours shewed they no less minded their own than their Neighbours interest were in all nine The first was May 22 11. 1659. that a Peace should be made betwixt the two Kings upon the foundation of the Rotschild Treaty 2 That the second Article of the said Treaty by which all Forreign hostile Fleets were prohibited to pass the Sound should be wholly exploded and left out or so couched that no Vessels or shipping whatsoever belonging to any of the three States should be comprehended in that restriction but that on the contrary they should be permitted to pass the said Streight at pleasure without any let or interruption 3 That the English Fleet should not joyn it self to either of the two Kings Fleets nor affist nor offend either of them for the space of three whole Weeks counting from the day that notice hereof was given to the Commander in chief of the said Fleet And likewise that the Dutch Fleet which was to be sent for Denmark should observe the same and not joyn with Opdams Fleet who was also to act nothing in prejudice of the Swedes for the said three Months time and that the Fleet to be sent thither should not go to Coppenhagen nor enter the Baltick Sea either by the Sound or by either of the two Belts 4 That the said three States should withdraw all manner of ayd and succours from that King who should refuse equitable terms of Peace and continue so to do until he had declared the contrary 5 That the three States should stand bound for ever for the executing and keeping of the made peace 6 That all Ships whatsoever belonging to the Subjects of the three States as also their Merchandise and lading should be free and exempted in the Sound and both the Belts from any new Impositions or Tolls 7 That England and France should undertake to remove all diffidences and mis-understandings arisen betwixt the King of Sweden and the States General and cause the Treaty of Elbing with its elucidations to be ratified 8 That the three States should use their utmost endeavours to compose the War with Poland as also the difference betwixt the Elector of Brandenburg and the Swedes 9 Lastly that the Articles of this Treaty should be ratified and duly observed by the three States And thus this Treaty notwithstanding the main opposition of the Emperor the Danes and the Brandenburgers Ministers was agreed upon by the three States But being those of England and France did refuse to sign it at present under pretence of waiting further and more plenary Orders from their Principals the States General dispatched an Express to the King of Denmark assuring him that their Fleet. notwithstanding the arrival of Forreign Fleets in the Sound April 29. should follow with the forty Companies designed for his assistance with all possible speed and that they would omit nothing whereby they might remove that oppression that his Kingdom did at present groan under There was no industry omitted for the hastening out of the Dutch Fleet all forreign Commerce and traffick by Sea being forbidden and wholly prohibited until the same were furnished with Marriners This unusual Embargo did extreamly trouble the Merchants especially the Green-land Farers for the season to fish for Whales drew nigh and the loss would be as well great as irrecoverable if it were neglected Seeing therefore that Seamen came but slowly in as unwilling to engage in a War where nothing was to be expected but blows and that they would not be prest as inconsistent with the freedom they pretend they were forced to hire them at excessive rates the price heightening even to forty Guilders a man every moneth At last though with much ado they levied twelve hundred Seamen which were dispersed amongst the Navy which by this time was ready consisting of forty brave Ships of War And now their Land-forces being likewise embarked May 10 3â— they set sail towards Denmark The Danish Agents which resided in Holland had hired several Fluyts and Galliots to carry provisions to Coppenhagen and to transport the Confederate Armies out of Jutland into the Islands but wanting both monies and credit they were stayed behind to the prejudice and dis-reputation of them who were concerned Michael de Ruyter Vice-Admiral of Amsterdam had the present Command of this Fleet for Opdam was absent and
yet General Montague declared in the name of his Colleagues that being the Dutch Commissioners would not define according to the Conventions betwixt the two Commonwealths how many of their Ships should joyn with an equal number of English men of War and how many of both Fleets should after the said conjunction be returned home they were resolved wanting also provisions for so great a multitude to send their whole Fleet back into England This he said they did not with an intent to depart from the Conventions betwixt the two Commonwealths or that they had any new design on foot but really forced to it through want of necessaries for the subsistence of so great a Fleet. The Dutch seemingly endeavoured to divert the English from this resolution and shewing them where and in what manner they might procure what provisions they pleased they besought them being the common Interest was to be carried on with common and conjoyned power they would not withdraw theirs seeing that could not be without a diminution of the dignity and credit of the two Commonwealths a weakening of their Mediation with the two Kings and a manifest retarding of the present Negotiation After this several Propositions were made concerning the number of Ships to be left behind and the English were invited to leave only fifteen of theirs whilest the whole Dutch Fleet continued there until further Orders from the States General but yet with this restriction that they should attempt nothing without communication of Councels with the English Plenipotentiaries and being the English were averse from such odds and so them a solemn Instrument of Assurance under their hands and seals and that one of their Commissioners should as a further testimony of their candor and sincerity not only trust his person in the English Fleet but continue in the same to communicate Councels with Montague and deliberate of what should concern the generality of their affairs according to emergencies Sidney did hereupon confess Sept. 5. that they had no Orders to send away their Fleet at all but on the contrary commands to observe the Hagues Convention But Montague of whose mind Honniwood and Boon also was being urged to declare himself answering very ambiguously broke the conference and next day leaving Coppenhagen went to the Sound and having saluted King Charles at Cronenburg where he was royally treated and all his chief Officers and Captains honoured with Presents he sailed with his whole Fleet towards England then full of Commotion and tumult The sudden departure of the Admiral surprised and troubled the minds of all parties The Swedes were grieved that the Sound their Havens and the Sea lay now open to the prevailing Dutch whilest the Danes interpreting all things in the worst sense fancied that Montague was therefore gone because he would not now war against the Swedes now openly refusing Peace and that all those Truces extorted hitherto from the States General had been prolonged in favour of their Enemies The Dutch also seemed to condemn this with-drawing of the English as happening contrary to their Treaties and even then when they were to act by vertue of them But this was but in outward shew for they did inwardly rejoyce that this Imperious Fleet was gone and they at length at liberty to act without controul But Sidney and his Colleagues were more really trouble at the absence of their Forces not being ignorant how weak their disputes were like to prove against an armed Mediation They were also more nearly grieved at the Admirals return as sensible of the great forces he commanded and his averseness to the present Government And truly they were not deceived for whilest all England weary of the tyranny of the Regicides prepared to vindicate their Liberties by Arms requiring tacitely their Prince but openly a Free Parliament Montague being invited and commanded by the King of Great Britain into whose grace and favour he had lately been restored hastened thither with his Naval forces to assist those just however unfortunate endeavours The day after Montague's departure the Commissioners met again in the Tents where the Danes demanded an Answer to their former Proposals declaring withall that their King induced by the desires and perswasions of the Mediators had consented to and would willingly accept of their Project for Peace so far forth as it agreed with the Hagues Conventions They therefore desired to know whether the King of Sweden had likewise done it protesting they would otherwise proceed no further The English and Dutch Embassadours pressed the same urging the Swedes to declare what Orders their King had given in answer to their just Propositions Rosenhaen being thus put to it replied that they had indeed delivered their King the Mediators Project professing further that His Majesty would omit nothing on His part for the compassing of an equitable and honourable Peace to which end he declared that the Mediatours endeavours should be most acceptable to him provided they interposed only when they were required and that as friends not Arbitrators leaving the disposing of affairs to the Commissioners of both Kings This he said was His Majesties resolution who could not chuse but wonder to see that a Treaty made at the Hague by the three States and that without his knowledge should be also obtruded upon him and that without his consent He further added that it was a thing wholly unpractical that Common-wealths should prescribe Laws to Kings at pleasure and never heard of in History that Mediatours should undertake to press or compel dissenting Princes even against their wills to accept of their fancies and conceptions as Laws This therefore being so his Majesty could not answer to those kind of proposals But if they would treat after the old fashion and according to the method hitherto observed betwixt the Northern Crowns he did not doubt but the way to the so much desired Peace would be plain and easie Monsieur Terlon the French Embassadour arrived there at the same time and declared to the Mediators that the Commissioners had truly and fully told them the Kings sense in order to the present transaction as he himself had understood it from His Majesties own mouth at Cronenburg from whence he came adding that he was very angry with Rosenhaen and Bielke for receiving their Project without his orders and had not pardoned them if he had not mainly interceded for them The Dutch Embassadours being returned to Coppenhagen sent Orders to De Ruyter and Everson to act with all their Forces both by Sea and Land against the Swedes and make war upon them where-ever they met with them The next day they gave the English and French Ministers notice of what they had done which could not at all as they affirmed retard the Peace which was being it could not be procured otherwise to be thus sought for according to the intention of the three States In the mean time they perswaded them to continue their endeavours and that with joynt advice
with their Marriners and men and what ever else shall be provided by Denmark for the said evacuation shall as soon as the transport is done be released without any let or hinderance XXV It shall also be free for all the subjects and inhabitants of the surrendred Regions and Provinces to transport themselves into any other Cities or place to dwell there provided it be done according to the Statutes of the Provinces and priviledges of the Cities out of which they will transmigrate what concerns the goods which in the time of War were carried into Cities for their security the Masters and Owners thereof may redemand them without contradiction and impediment XXVI The former transactions and Covenants to wit those of Stetin Siôder Bromsbro and Rotschild excepting the third Article which is plainly excluded here made betwixt these Noble Kingdoms shall retain their force and vigour in all their Articles and shall be confirmed as they were before the beginning of this War and as if they were inserted word for word in this Treaty unless in as much as they are expresly changed in this XXVII Whereas it is provided by the 22 Article of the Treaty of Rotschild that His Majesty of Denmark shall be obliged according to equity to satisfie his Highness the Prince of Sleswick the Duke of Holsteyn Gottorp after that the Commissioners of both parts as well of the King of Denmark's as of his said Highness have treated transacted and concluded of the matter in difference at Coppenhagen the 22 of May 16â—8 it is agreed by these that all those Covenants and transactions shall be exactly observed and faithfully performed in every particular XXVIII Moreover if any thing should have happened in this or the former War that might breed any enmities or diffidence betwixt the King and kingdom of Denmark and the Duke of Holsteyn Gottorp as well betwixt themselves as their Ministers servants and subjects all that as well out of consideration of their mutual consanguinity and especially of Her Majesty the Queen of Sweden as betwixt the two Royal and Ducal House of Holsteyn Gottorp shall from this day by vertue of this Treaty be composed and wholly forgot and on the contrary a perfect solid and perpetual friendship be established betwixt them His Majesty of Denmark will also when the evacuation is made in Denmark withdraw his Army and forces out of his Highness Countries Fortresses and Cities and also use his utmost endeavour to perswade the Confederates to evacuate such of his Highness Forts and Towns which they possess without any delay XXIX What Kings Commonwealths Powers and Princes soever shall desire to be comprehended in this Peace must require it of both Kings But the Emperour the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg together with their Kingdoms Electorships Dutchies and Provinces are expresly included herein So that His Majesty and Kingdom of Sweden will seek no pretence under no pretext whatsoever against the aforementioned Emperour King of Poland and Electour of Brandenburg because of the ayd given by them this War against the Kingdom of Sweden and its Confederats XXX The Lord Anthony Gunther Earl of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst c. his Successors Feudals and Free-holders together with their Countries Dynasties Lands Goods Jurisdictions and Appurtenances shall be included in this Pacification wherein also John Prince of Anhalt of the Line of Zervest because of the Dynasty of Jeveren and the Lord the Earl Anthony of Oldenburg Lord in Varel and Kniphawsen with his Dynasties Lordships Goods and Rights shall be also comprehended XXXI It is further agreed that all the Cities comprehended in the Hanse League none excepted are likewise included in this so that they may enjoy a free and undisturbed Commerce in both Kingdoms both by Sea and Land and if any thing have happened in this War that might offend either party that also is forgot and buried in eternal Oblivion XXXII And whereas certain secret Articles were concluded about the time of the Rotschild Pacification which are not reiterated in this all such shall be of force as if they were inserted word for word in this Treaty Moreover what Writings soever have been published during this War on either side tending to the prejudice or scandal of the other are hereby wholly taken away and shall be cashiered and prohibited and be no more divulged or reprinted within these Kingdoms XXXIII But that all these things as they are set down as well in word as in deed may be observed and fulfilled now and for the future with all firmness fidelity and sincerity it is mutually promised that these our Covenants shall be amicably confirmed by both Kings Frederick the third King of Denmark and Charles King of Sweden with the subscriptions of their Hands and impression of their Seals and for greater security they shall be signed and sealed by the Senatours of both Kingdoms XXXIV It is also concluded and promised that a Senator and Secretary of both sides shall about the 24 of June next following meet at Elzeneur and bring with them and exchange the Ratification of this Treaty confirmed with the Subscriptions and Signatures of both parties Where also the Swedes shall have with them the Letters of Cession for the Government of Drontheym and deliver them at the same time to the Danish Commissioners as a testimony of the force firmness and observance of the concluded Peace This Treaty being thus Concluded Subscribed and Sealed by the Commissioners of both sides the Embassadours Commissioners and Plenipotentiary Deputies of the most Christian King of France of the Commonwealth of England and of the High and Mighty Lords of the United Provinces did promise in the Names of their Principals and oblige themselves by a reciprocal Caution and Garranty as well general of the three States together as special of each State apart as they do hereby tie themselves in the best Form by a most ample secure and mutual Obligation as Sureties Cautions and Avengers of what is transacted and cause effectually that these covenants be fully carefully religiously performed and observed for ever And that they will also procure the Ratifications of their respective Principals hereupon So that they have been further entreated by the Commissioners of both Kings not only as Mediators but as Sureties Pledges and Avengers of these transactions for greater confirmation and certain assurance of all to Subscribe and Sign these Articles and Treaty together with them dated betwixt Coppenhagen and the Camp the 27 of May Anno 1660. Hugues de Terlon LS. Al. Sidney LS. Rob. Honniwood LS. G. Van Slingland LS. Pet. Vogelsang LS. P. de Huybert LS. W. Haren LS. Olaus Gasberg LS. Axelius Urup LS. Pet. Rees LS. Sch. Rosenhaen LS. Steno Bielke LS. WHilest this Work was in the Press the following Papers came accidentally to hand Which containing a Summary Accompt of things conducing to the illustration of much of the Political part of the foregoing History whose Author chiefly intended
the Military being composed by One who had been publick Minister upon the place during the time of the first War terminated by the Rotschild Treaty in which He was Mediator and during most part of the Second renewed by the Swede upon a pretended inexecution on the Danish part of the said Treaty I have thought good to subjoyn as an useful Appendix to it A Report of the State of Affairs betwixt the two Crowns of Sweden and Denmark made by Sir Philip Meadow upon his return into England in December 1669. AFter the Peace concluded at Rotschild in Febr. 1657. Betwixt the two Crowns of Sweden and Denmark under the Mediation of England and France to the seeming good contentment of both the Kings The one gaining eminent advantages by the acquisition of a new Territory The other avoiding the imminent peril of the loss of his whole Country I was remanded out of Denmark by express order from England and placed with His Majesty of Sweden with intention to begin a new Mediation betwixt Him the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg and had powers and creditives requisite for that purpose In the mean time new and unexpected jealousies arose betwixt Sweden and Denmark which at last broke forth to an open rupture of the Peace so lately established The beginning of August 1658. His Majesty of Sweden rendezvouz'd a Body of his Army at Kiel in Holsteyn and there embarqu'd them but kept his Design very secret He propounded to me to go along with him which I refused considering that his Design must either be upon Denmark or Prussia in neither of which cases it could be proper for me to accompany Him Not into Denmark for there I had been already Mediator and therefore incongruous for me to have been the Spectator of a breach of the Peace I had so lately concluded without having orders from England suitable to such an emergency Not into Prussia because thither I was designed Mediator and therefore ought not to make my self a party by putting my self in company of an Enemy Whereupon I stopp'd in Germany writing immediately into England to communicate what had passed and attending further Orders During these traverses the old Protector fell sick and incapable of making reflection upon affairs in those quarters and soon after died But as soon as I had received new Orders and Creditives from England I embarqued at Travemond and returned for Denmark in quest of His Majesty of Sweden The latter end of October 1658. Admiral Opdam with the Dutch Fleet consisting of about 38 men of War and 70 small Merchant-men and Fluyts upon which were embarqued 3000 Land souldiers passed the Sound and after a sharp encounter with the Swedish Fleet arrived at Coppenhagen Thus was Sweden engaged at the same time in a War with the Emperour Pole Brandenburger Moscovite Dane and Hollander But this powerful arming of our Neighbour-State awakened us in England to consider that we also had an interest to preserve in the Baltick Sea which we had no more reason to believe that the Hollander would do for us at his own charges than that he would imbarque himself in so expensive a War without expecting some satisfactory considerations of return from Denmark Besides though we were willing to see Coppenhagen relieved yet we were not sure the Hollanders assistance would be bounded there and could not be willing to see the King of Sweden ruined by the combined force of so many Enemies The States General made it their work and business absolutely to assist the Dane and never made any overture of accommodation betwixt the two Kings nor had as yet any publick Minister upon the place by whom to do it But England steers in this affair another course propounds not a direct Assistance but a Peace Has no design to make the King of Sweden Master of Denmark for on the contrary the conservation of Denmark is the common Interest both of England and Holland But the proper Interest of England was so to make a Peace as not to suffer the Dane to be ruined by the Swede nor to suffer the Swede to be ruined by the Hollander or in the conditions of the Peace to be subjected to such Laws as he should impose upon him at pleasure but to preserve Sweden not only as a ballance upon the House of Austria which is the common interest of England and France but as the counterpoise upon the Confederate Naval strength of Holland and Denmark which is the peculiar interest of England And besides this England had another interest in this Affair viz. To enable the King of Sweden so to retire himself out of so unhappy a War and upon such equitable terms and conditions as might have both capacitated him and obliged him to give us some reasonable satisfaction and recompence in consideration of the great expences we were necessitated to be at for the securing of his interest together with our own And indeed the most visible medium at that time for stopping the progress of a War betwixt Sweden and Holland and taking up the differences betwixt Sweden and Denmark was a Fleet from England In November 1658. A Fleet of twenty Frigats was sea out under Vice-Admiral Goodson who coming to the height of the Scaw found he could not enter the Cataget for the abundance of Ice and so was constrained to return without effecting any thing only that this warlike appearance from England stopped the 4000 men and twelve ships of War which were ready in the Texel designed for the Baltick under the command of de Ruyter During this I had proposed to both Kings the Mediation of England for composing a second-time the differences betwixt the two Crowns which both of them freely accepted But I could never induce the King of Denmark to treat seperately with the King of Sweden alone he always insisting upon the comprehension and admission of all his Allies to the same Treaty which was directly against the letter of my Instructions In January 1658. A Treaty was made betwixt France and England for re-establishing a Peace betwixt the two Northern Kings upon equitable terms Wherein it was particularly provided that if upon occasion of the succours sent or hereafter to be sent from England to the King of Sweden in order to such a Peace a War should arise with any other Forraign Prince or State France together with England should declare such Prince or State their common Enemy The beginning of April 1659. The Fleet under General Mountague arrived in the Sound My Instructions were to propound a particular Treaty betwixt the two Crowns because a general one in order to an Universal Peace would have been at that time tedious and impracticable and the Peace to be established in pursuance of this particular Treaty was to be under the conditions and qualifications of the Rotschild Treaty as the most proper Medium for accommoding all differences Besides both France and England esteemed it most honourable to assert and
maintain that Peace wherein they had been joint Mediators The issue of my Negotiations was this The K. of Denmark absolutely refused to treat sperately with Sweden the K. of Sweden declares himself willing to treat but not willing to accept of the Rotschild Treaty as the terms and conditions of the Peace Pretending that this would be tacitly to accuse His last enterprise upon Denmark of injustice for if the Dane gave the occasion of the War by entring into new practises and combinations with his Enemies after the former Peace made which he avers they did though both Kings as is usual in such cases highly protest the right of their Cause and the justice of their Armes then sayes he I ought to have better security for the future that the Dane by an innate animosity and desire of revenge fomented by other States start not out upon every occasion to traverse my designs and work me mischief when they shall find me intangled in a remote War as formerly in Poland especially being contiguous with Sweden and so most capable of doing me hurt Besides that He pretended satisfaction for the loss of Thoren and a considerable part of Prussia occasioned by this diversion of his Arms in Denmark As also for the loss of these opportunities in Germany during the vacancy of the Empire which He might have improved by the presence of His Army in those parts and the assistance of France and his other Allies either to have turned aside the Succession from the House of Austria his Hereditary Enemy or to have capitulated advantages for himself with the Emperour that was to be Elected or at least wise to have prevented the conjunction and confederacy betwixt the now Emperour and the Electour of Brandenburg Many other difficulties lay in the way of the Rotschild Treaty amongst which it was not the least that the King had already disposed of to the Officers of his Court and Army the Lands in Schonen and Bleking which by the Treaty of Rotschild are reserved to their respective Proprietors viz. the Danish Nobility However after many instances and solicitations together with the advantage of the Report which was about this time confirmed from all hands that the Peace betwixt France and Spain was intended in good earnest which might probably oblige England to retire home their forces for their own security and slacken any assistance from France and so Sweden left alone to contest with so many Enemies His Majesty began at last to hearken to the Proposition of the Rotschild Treaty and by a Paper in writing signed by His Commissioners bearing date the 21 of April in answer to a former Memorial of mine expresly accepted the said Treaty but then subjoyned to the words of acceptance a provisional clause of better security than what was formerly granted him by the bare disposition of the Rotschild Treaty Which clause I not being satisfied with as that which might be interpreted as elusory of the fore-going words His Majesty soon after declared to me that as to point of future security He would acquiess in the special Garranty of England and France which I had power also to offer Him on the part of England In pursuance of the Instructions sent upon the Fleet under General Mountague and the better to facilitate the work of the Peace by engaging the States General to act in Consort with England and France A Treaty was concluded at the Hague the 11 of May 1659. Betwixt the three States in order to re-establish a Peace betwixt the two Northern Kings upon the root and foundation of the Rotschild Treaty There Weeks time was limited to the Negotiation of the publick Ministers upon the place after the expiration of which Term neither England nor the States were to assist either of the Kings who should refuse the Peace during his refusal The King of Sweden though unbeknown to the States General had already assented to treat upon the foot and foundation of the Rotschild Treaty his safe Conducts prepared his Commissioners nominated I as Mediator propounded Fredericksburg for the place of the Treaty which the King also accepted The Dutch Deputies Extraordinary from the States General to the two Kings who arrived about this time made their instances and applications to his Majesty of Denmark as I had formerly also done to draw from him a suitable concurrence to the Rotschild Treaty But that King still persisted in the same resolution not to treat separately but propounded an Universal Treaty at which the Ministers of his respective Allies and Confederates might be present and to this end nominated Lubec for the place of a general Assembly I urged upon the Dutch Deputies the fourth Article of the Treaty of the Hague wherein 't is covenanted that no assistance was to be given to the Prince that should refuse a Peace upon just and reasonable conditions which reasonable conditions are by the first Article to be expounded the Treaty at Rotschild Now he who refuses to treat which in this case according to the sense of the three Estates was to treat separately refuses a Peace upon what conditions soever The Deputies were at accord with me that His Majesty of Denmark continuing in that resolution their Fleets could no longer assist him and wrote to General Opdam their Commander in chief to the same effect who at that time was with his Fleet in the Belt He notwithstanding continued still to favour under-hand the Dane but durst not so vigorously and openly assist him as otherwise he would partly by reason of the contrary Advise and Orders which he had received from the Deputies of the States but more especially because over-awed by the presence of the English Fleet. This suspension of Assistance on the part of the Hollander though the English Fleet remained Neutral and acted nothing onely obliged the other to the performance of Covenants gave the Swede some considerable advantages who upon this opportunity reduced the Isles of Moenen Falster and Laland together with the capital Town of Naskow under his obedience The truth is the Dutch Deputies found themselves engaged in some difficulties for whereas they supposed that the King of Sweden would have been the refuser of the Treaty and consequently the English Fleet bound up from giving him any Assistance which was the main thing they aimed at and the King of Denmark the accepter and consequently the Dutch Fleet at liberty to assist him they found the quite contrary and so had tied up their own hands by their Treaty made at the Hague This was the state of Affairs in the Northern parts at the time of the Change of the Government here in England and the Parliaments being restored to their former authority And this was the true season of ripening things to a conclusion and if the Negotiation had continued still in the same train and method that is if the Parliament had either immediately sent new powers to me to act according to my former Instructions viz.
the Rotschild Treaty or forthwith dispatched some other person or persons to pursue the same it had certainly issued to a Peace For England France Sweden yea and Holland too being at accord concerning the Medium of the Peace it was not possible that the Dane should stand it out long But no persons appearing from England and I having no authorities from the Parliament the Dutch Deputies began to seek evasions When I urged upon them that they ought not to assist the refusing King their only Reply was this that by the first Article of the Treaty at the Hague the Ministers upon the place were to use their utmost diligence and endeavour with both the Kings which said they I had done with the King of Sweden but not with the King of Denmark which was a meer shift because they knew I could not at that time go to Coppenhagen being destitute of Creditives And now they held themselves no longer obliged by the Treaty at the Hague but de Ruyter with a new Fleet of forty men of War enters the Belt joyns with Admiral Opdam passes on to Coppenhagen all which was expresly against the letter of the said Treaty True it is that about the middle of June 1659 I received a Letter from the Councel of State directed to my self authorizing me to continue my Negotiation with the two Kings as formerly till further order from the Parliament or Councel of State but I neither had Creditives nor Commission nor any thing to exhibit to either of the Kings whereby to constitute and legitimate me as the publick Minister of this Commonwealth And now the Negotiation for the Peace was at a long pause and our Fleet in the mean time at an Anchor in the Sound Only because His Majesty of Denmark had always insisted upon an Universal Treaty in reference to a general Peace His Majesty of Sweden gave me a Declaration in writing which I sent to the Councel of State June the 28 in which he also declared himself willing to treat a general Peace This he did of his own accord not at my instance for all my Instructions directad me only to a particular Treaty betwixt the 2 Crowns His Majesty told me moreover that in case England and France would obtain for him a general Peace in which said Peace he propounded to himself no more than that things betwixt Him the Emperour and the Electour of Brandenburg should return to their former estate without any further demands on either side and for the Pole he should only give him some equitable recompence for the places he should surrender to him in Pruss He would not only admit the Dane to the Rotschild Treaty but release something considerable in the said Treaty in consideration of a general Peace But in case of a separate Treaty with Denmark he would remit nothing of the Rotschild Treaty The 20. of July 1659. The Commissioners Plenipotentiary arrived in the Sound which was three months after the Change of the Government here in England I was put out of the Commission for the Mediation and had Creditives sent me only as Resident A little before this viz. the fourth of the said Moneth a new Treaty was made at the Hague by which the King of Sweden was to restore not only what he had gaine upon the Dane by this last War but also the Island of Bruntholm with the Government of Drontheym in Norway with all its appurtenances a Country of near 200 English miles extent which was formerly granted him by the Rotschild Treaty and by authentick Acts of State incorporated in the Crown of Sweden Besides the remission of the 400000 Ryxdollers which the Dane had formerly promised to pay for satisfaction of damages done to the Swede in Guinea The King of Sweden was also to admit the States General to the Treaty made at Elbing and the Elucidations thereof made at Thoren and both States viz. England and Holland reciprocally oblige themselves not only not to assist the refuser but to compel by joynt force of Arms to an acceptance of the foresaid conditions And thus the State of Affairs was quite altered and new obstacles interposed in the way of the Peace For I. Both Kings were highly dis-satisfied with this manner of proceeding For whereas the first Treaty at the Hague of the eleventh of May was never propounded to either of the Kings as that which should bind or oblige them but only made use of by Me as a private Instruction this was not only publikely propounded but was to be obtruded by a compulsory force England and Holland making themselves not Mediators but Umpires and Arbitrators of the quarrel betwixt the two Kings which they interpreted to a diminution of their Soveraignty by erecting a superiority over them But the King of Sweden was most of all disgusted because England without any concert or communication had with him enters into a Treaty with his open Enemies for so at that time he reputed the States General to impose upon him by a conjoint force Laws and Conditions which he judges altogether unreasonable II. Whereas the King of Sweden had already accepted of the Rotschild Treaty conform to the Agreement made at the Hague of the eleventh of May though not under the notion and formality of the Treaty at the Hague as obligatory upon him but as the counsel and advice of England his faithful Allies and upon the King of Denmark's refusal had in prosecution of the War gained notable advantages upon him the King of Sweden expected both to have profited by his acceptance of the Peace at the instance of England and by the advantages of the War he having after the refusal of the King of Denmark reduced Moenen Falster and Laland Whereas a new Treaty is made at the Hague of the fourth of July in prejudice of the accepting King to clog the Peace on his part with new and burdensome conditions and these to be forcibly imposed upon him in favour of the Refuser Besides that England recoils from their own Agreement and sayes the King as they have made a second so they may still make a third and a fourth Treaty at the Hague III. The tedious and unnecessary delayes which have been used have been a great obstruction in the way of the Peace For if the Peace betwixt the two Crowns had been concluded in the Spring of the year the King of Sweden had had time enough to have transported his Army into Pomeren to have taken the Campagn there to have prevented the infal of the Imperial Army and to have provided Winter quarters for his Troops But the Summer being almost pass'd before the arrival of the Plenipotentiaries and the Peace to be begun anew upon another foot which would necessarily require some longer time The King of Sweden was to seek what to have done with his Army to disband them was not reasonable because though he had made Peace with Denmark yet he had still War with the Emperour Pole
and Brandenburger In Sweden there was no subsistence for them to transport them into Pomeren and there take the Field he could not for the Imperial Army was much superiour to his in strength and had already seized the principal Passes of the Country and was absolutely Master of the Campagne And to have put them into Garisons which above two parts in three consisted of Horse the want of forage had ruined them in few days So that now the King of Sweden holds close to Denmark First as a quarter to his Troops Secondly as a place of refuge and security putting himself upon the Defensive as it were intrenched within those Islands not having strength sufficient to appear before his Enemy upon the Terra firma Thirdly as a Gage or Pledge for the restitution of what he had lost in Pomeren And I have reason to believe that as things now stand the War betwixt Denmark and Sweden will hardly be accommodated but by a general Peace In the mean time I humbly conceive that England in the management of this business hath departed from their proper Interest and that upon these following grounds I. We have wholly dis-obliged the Swede who is Englands counterpoise against the Dane and Hollander The Hollander is sure that the Dane will alwayes side with him against England witness the Arrest of our Merchant-men in the Sound in 1653. We ought to be as sure of the Swede and though not to assist him in the conquest of Denmark yet so to have managed the business of a Peace as to have firmly engaged him in our Interests II. We have lost our reputation It had been honourable for England to have maintained the Rotschild Treaty in which we were Mediators But to equip a mighty Fleet of forty of our best men of War and to keep them out at Sea six Months together to the amazement of all our Neighbouring States without effecting any thing failing of our End and Design is wholly inglorious III. We have lost our Expences The King of Sweden never supposed that England would be at all those vast charges without expecting any return from him but freely propounded several advantages in point of Trade and Commerce by way of recompence and amongst others propounded that the Pitch and Tar and the whole growth and production of Sweden which is for the apparel and equipage of Shipping should be sold at a regulated price to English Merchants only by which means London might have become the Staple of those Commodities But we on the contrary have barr'd our selves from accepting any thing of priviledge or advantage though it be only ratione oneris upon the accompt of our expences and so to be considered as a re-imbursement For by the Agreement of the Hague of the fourth of July England is to compel the King of Sweden to admit the States General to the Treaty at Elbing And by the express letter of the Treaty of Elbing the King of Sweden is obliged to admit the people of the United Netherlands to the same priviledges and advantages which he either hath or shall hereafter grant to any other Forraign Nation whatsoever IV. We oblige cour selves to force the King of Sweden to admit the States General to the Elbing Treaty notwithstanding that by that Treaty the former Treaties made betwixt Queen Christina and the States General one at Stockholm 1640 and the other at Suderacre 1645 are expresly renewed and re-confirmed Both which are Treaties of mutual Defence and by vertue of which in case England become hereafter engaged in a War against Holland the King of Sweden will be obliged to assist Holland against us with four thousand men at his own charges V. We have lost our Opportunity of making the Peace England was once in a manner Arbitrator of this whole affair England propounds the Rotschild Treaty as the Medium of the Peace Holland though very unwilling yet is necessitated to assent thereto For to think that Holland who was in actual War with Portugal and Sweden would at the same time break with England when back'd with France especially his most confident Ally the Dane being reduced to that extremity as to become instead of a help a charge and burthen is to suppose that which is Morally and Politically impossible But as the case now stands England is the least in this business all that we pretend to is to be included in the States Generals Treaty of Elbing wherein they are Principals and we but Accessories VI. We play advantages into the hands of the Hollander our Rival State and that only which stands in the eye and aym of England's greatness For besides the Treaty of Elbing which we engage to obtain for him The Hollander obliges us also to see Drontheym restored to the Dane In which the Hollander consults his own utility for Schonen is the Country which the King of Denmark would have restored but the Hollander profits more by Drontheym when in the King of Denmark's hands than the King of Denmark himself both in point of Trade and in Levies of Men For during the late War betwixt England and Holland the Dutch had seldome less than two or three thousand of those Norwegians in the service of their Fleets Besides that the greatest part or the whole of the Revenue of Drontheym is oppignorated to the Merchants of Amsterdam for debt And indeed the whole Kingdom of Denmark is become so obnoxious upon the accompt of vast Debts that it is in a manner at the disposition of Holland The States General have steered an even and direct course to their Interest They have maintained their Ally they have not only secured Denmark from the power of Sweden but secured it to themselves And being secure of Denmark are now assuring Sweden to themselves also having already weakened the near Amity and correspondence which was betwixt England and Sweden Whereas we after all our Expences are so far from being sure of the friendship of either of the Kings that we are sure of the ill-will of both Of the Dane for appearing with an armed Fleet in the Interests of Sweden of the Swede for no sooner appearing but deserting him They have also obtained their Treaty at Elbing which in rigour of justice they could not pretend to for they themselves formerly refused to ratifie it in due time And to crown all they have heightened their reputation by rendring themselves Masters of their Design We on the contrary have lost our Friend lost our Expences lost our Business lost our Reputation From whence I conclude that in the management of this Affair we in England have departed from Our proper Interest FINIS A Catalogue of Books Printed for and are to be Sold by Thomas Basset at the George in Fleet-street near Cliffords-Inn Folio ' s. 1. COsmography in four Books containing the Chorography and History of the whole World and all the principal Kingdoms and Provinces Seas and Isles thereof By P. Heylin Printed 1669