Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
england_n	king_n	queen_n	sister_n	4,332	5	8.7879	4	true

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A68619	The arte of English poesie Contriued into three bookes: the first of poets and poesie, the second of proportion, the third of ornament.	Puttenham, George, d. 1590.; Puttenham, Richard, 1520?-1601?, attributed name.; Lumley, John Lumley, Baron, 1534?-1609, attributed name.	1589 (1589)	STC 20519.5; ESTC S110571	205,111	267

His tongue a streame of sugred eloquence Wisdome and meekenes lay mingled in his harte In which verses ye see that these words source shop flud sugred are inuerted from their owne signification to another not altogether so naturall but of much affinitie with it Then also do we it sometimes to enforce a sence and make the word more significatiue as thus I burne in loue I freese in deadly hate I swimme in hope and sinke in deepe dispaire These examples I haue the willinger giueÌ„ you to set foorth the nature and vse of your figure metaphore which of any other being choisly made is the most commendable and most common Catachresis or the Figure of abuse But if for lacke of naturall and proper terme or worde we take another neither naturall nor proper and do vntruly applie it to the thing which we would seeme to expresse and without any iust inconuenience it is not then spoken by this figure Metaphore or of inuersion as before but by plaine abuse as he that bad his man go into his library and fet him his bowe and arrowes for in deede there was neuer a booke there to be found or as one should in reproch say to a poore man thou raskall knaue where raskall is properly the hunters terme giuen to young deere leane out of season and not to people or as one said very pretily in this verse I lent my loue to losse and gaged my life in vaine Whereas this worde lent is properly of mony or some such other thing as men do commonly borrow for vse to be repayed againe and being applied to loue is vtterly abused and yet very commendably spoken by vertue of this figure For he that loueth and is not beloued againe hath no lesse wrong than he that lendeth and is neuer repayde Metonimia or the Misnamer Now doth this vnderstanding or secret conceyt reach many times to the only nomination of persons or things in their names as of men or mountaines seas countries and such like in which respect the wroÌ„g naming or otherwise naming of them then is due carieth not onely an alteration of sence but a necessitie of intendment figuratiuely as when we cal loue by the name of Venus fleshly lust by the name of Cupid bicause they were supposed by the auncient poets to be authors and kindlers of loue and lust Vulcane for fire Ceres for bread Bacchus for wine by the same reason also if one should say to a skilfull craftesman knowen for a glutton or common drunkard that had spent all his goods on riot and delicate fare Thy hands they made thee rich thy pallat made thee poore It is ment his trauaile and arte made him wealthie his riotous life had made him a beggar and as one that boasted of his house-keeping said that neuer a yeare passed ouer his head that he drank not in his house euery moneth foure tonnes of beere one hogshead of wine meaning not the caskes or vessels but that quantitie which they conteyned These and such other speaches where ye take the name of the Author for the thing it selfe or the thing coÌ„teining for that which is contained in many other cases do as it were wrong name the person or the thing So neuerthelesse as it may be vnderstood it is by the figure metonymia or misnamer And if this manner of naming of persons or things be not by way of misnaming as before but by a conuenient difference Antonomasia or the Surnamer and such as is true or esteemed and likely to be true it is then called not metonimia but antonomasia or the Surnamer not the misnamer which might extend to any other thing aswell as to a person as he that would say not king Philip of Spaine but the Westerne king because his dominioÌ„ lieth the furdest West of any Christen prince and the French king the great Vallois because so is the name of his house or the Queene of England The maiden Queene for that is her hiest peculiar among all the Queenes of the world or as we said in one of our Partheniades the Bryton mayde because she is the most great and famous mayden of all Brittayne thus But in chaste stile am borne as I weene To blazon foorth the Brytton mayden Queene So did our forefathers call Henry the first Beauclerke Edmund Ironside Richard coeur de lion Edward the Confessor and we of her Maiestie Elisabeth the peasible Then also is the sence figuratiue when we deuise a new name to any thing consonant as neere as we can to the nature thereof Onomatopeia or the New namer as to say flashing of lightning clashing of blades clinking of fetters chinking of mony as the poet Virgil said of the sounding a trumpet ta-ra-tant taratantara or as we giue special names to the voices of dombe beasts as to say a horse neigheth a lyoÌ„ brayes a swine grunts a hen cackleth a dogge howles and a hundreth mo such new names as any man hath libertie to deuise so it be fittie for the thing which he couets to expresse Epitheton or the Quallifier otherwise the figure of Attribation Your Epitheton or qualifier whereof we spake before placing him among the figures auricular now because he serues also to alter and enforce the sence we will say somewhat more of him in this place and do conclude that he must be apt and proper for the thing he is added vnto not disagreable or repugnant as one that said darke disdaine and miserable pride very absurdly for disdaine or disdained things cannot be said darke but rather bright and cleere because they be beholden and much looked vpon and pride is rather enuied then pitied or miserable vnlesse it be in Christian charitie which helpeth not the terme in this case Some of our vulgar writers take great pleasure in giuing Epithets and do it almost to euery word which may receiue them and should not be so yea though they were neuer so propre and apt for sometimes wordes suffered to go single do giue greater sence and grace than words quallified by attributions do But the sence is much altered the hearers conceit strangly entangled by the figure Metalepsis Metalepsis or the Farrefet which I call the farfet as when we had rather fetch a word a great way off theÌ„ to vse one nerer haÌ„d to expresse the matter aswel plainer And it seemeth the deuiser of this figure had a desire to please women rather then men for we vse to say by manner of Prouerbe things farrefet and deare bought are good for Ladies so in this manner of speach we vse it leaping ouer the heads of a great many words we take one that is furdest off to vtter our matter by as Medea cursing hir first acquaintance with prince Iason who had very vnkindly forsaken her said Woe worth the mountaine that the maste bare Which was the first causer of all my care Where she might aswell

Monarkes of the world and all other the memorable accidents of time so as the Poet was also the first historiographer Then forasmuch as they were the first obseruers of all naturall causes effects in the things generable and corruptible and from thence mounted vp to search after the celestiall courses and influences yet penetrated further to know the diuine essences and substances separate as is sayd before they were the first Astronomers and Philosophists and Metaphisicks Finally because they did altogether endeuor theÌ„selues to reduce the life of man to a certaine method of good maners and made the first differences betweene vertue and vice and then tempered all these knowledges and skilles with the exercise of a delectable Musicke by melodious instruments which withall serued them to delight their hearers to call the people together by admiration to a plausible and vertuous conuersation therefore were they the first Philosophers Ethick the first artificial Musiciens of the world Such was Linus Orpheus AmphioÌ„ Museus the most ancient Poets and Philosophers of whom there is left any memorie by the prophane writers King Dauid also Salomon his sonne and many other of the holy Prophets wrate in meeters and vsed to sing them to the harpe although to many of vs ignorant of the Hebrue language and phrase and not obseruing it the same seeme but a prose It can not bee therefore that anie scorne or indignitie should iustly be offred to so noble profitable ancient and diuine a science as Poesie is CHAP. V. How the wilde and sauage people vsed a naturall Poesie in versicle and rime as our vulgar is ANd the Greeke and Latine Poesie was by verse numerous and metricall running vpon pleasant feete sometimes swift sometime slow their words very aptly seruing that purpose but without any rime or tunable concord in th' end of their verses as we and all other nations now vse But the Hebrues Chaldees who were more ancient then the Greekes did not only vse a metricall Poesie but also with the same a maner of rime as hath bene of late obserued by learned men Wherby it appeareth that our vulgar running Poesie was common to all the nations of the world besides whom the Latines and Greekes in speciall called barbarous So as it was notwithstanding the first and most ancient Poesie and the most vniuersall which two points do otherwise giue to all humane inuentions and affaires no small credit This is proued by certificate of marchants trauellers who by late nauigations haue surueyed the whole world and discouered large countries and strange peoples wild and sauage affirming that the American the Perusine the very Canniball do sing and also say their highest and holiest matters in certaine riming versicles and not in prose which proues also that our maner of vulgar Poesie is more ancient then the artificiall of the Greeks and Latines ours comming by instinct of nature which was before Art or obseruation and vsed with the sauage and vnciuill who were before all science or ciuilitie euen as the naked by prioritie of time is before the clothed and the ignorant before the learned The naturall Poesie therefore being aided and amended by Art and not vtterly altered or obscured but some signe left of it as the Greekes and Latines haue left none is no lesse to be allowed and commended then theirs CHAP. VI. How the riming Poesie came first to the Grecians and Latines and had altered and almost spilt their maner of Poesie BVt it came to passe when fortune fled farre from the Greekes and Latines that their townes florished no more in traficke nor their Vniuersities in learning as they had done continuing those Monarchies the barbarous conquerers inuading them with innumerable swarmes of strange nations the Poesie metricall of the Grecians and Latines came to be much corrupted and altered in so much as there were times that the very Greekes and Latines themselues tooke pleasure in Riming verses and vsed it as a rare and gallant thing Yea their Oratours proses nor the Doctors Sermons were acceptable to Princes nor yet to the common people vnlesse it went in manner of tunable rime or metricall sentences as appeares by many of the auncient writers about that time and since And the great Princes and Popes and Sultans would one salute and greet an other sometime in frendship and sport sometime in earnest and enmitie by ryming verses nothing seemed clerkly done but must be done in ryme Whereof we finde diuers examples from the time of th' Emperours Gracian Valentinian downwardes For then aboutes began the declination of the Romain Empire by the notable inundations of the Hunnes and Vandalles in Europe vnder the conduict of Totila Atila and other their generalles This brought the ryming Poesie in grace and made it preuaile in Italie and Greece their owne long time cast aside and almost neglected till after many yeares that the peace of Italie and of th' Empire Occidentall reuiued new clerkes who recouering and perusing the bookes and studies of the ciuiler ages restored all maner of arts and that of the Greeke and Latine Poesie withall into their former puritie and netnes Which neuerthelesse did not so preuaile but that the ryming Poesie of the Barbarians remained still in his reputation that one in the schole this other in Courts of Princes more ordinary and allowable CHAP. VII How in the time of Charlemaine and many yeares after him the Latine Poetes wrote in ryme ANd this appeareth euidently by the workes of many learned men who wrote about the time of Charlemaines raigne in the Empire Occidentall where the Christian Religion became through the excessiue authoritie of Popes and deepe deuotion of Princes strongly fortified and established by erection of orders Monastical in which many simple clerks for deuotioÌ„ sake sanctitie were receiued more then for any learning by which occasion the solitarinesse of their life waxing studious without discipline or instruction by any good methode some of them grew to be historiographers some Poets and following either the barbarous rudenes of the time or els their own idle inuentions all that they wrote to the fauor or prayse of Princes they did it in such maner of minstrelsie and thought themselues no small fooles when they could make their verses goe all in ryme as did the schoole of Salerne dedicating their booke of medicinall rules vnto our king of England with this beginning Anglorum Regi scripsit tota schola Salerni Sivis incolumem sivis te reddere sanum Curas tolle graues irasci crede prophanum Nec retine ventrem nec string as fortiter annum And all the rest that follow throughout the whole booke more curiously then cleanely neuerthelesse very well to the purpose of their arte In the same time king Edward the iij. him selfe quartering the Armes of England and France did discouer his pretence and clayme to the Crowne of Fraunce in these ryming verses

dart her prickles from her and if they come neare her with the same as they sticke fast to wound them that hurt her But of late yeares in the ransacke of the Cities of Cartagena and S. Dominico in the West Indias manfully put in execution by the prowesse of her Maiesties men there was found a deuice made peraduenture without King Philips knowledge wrought al in massiue copper a king sitting on horsebacke vpon a monde or world the horse prauncing forward with his forelegges as if he would leape of with this inscription Non sufficit orbis meaning as it is to be coÌ„ceaued that one whole world could not content him This immeasurable ambition of the Spaniards if her Maiestie by Gods prouidence had not with her forces prouidently stayed and retranched no man knoweth what inconuenience might in time haue insued to all the Princes and common wealthes in Christendome who haue founde them selues long annoyed with his excessiue greatnesse Atila king of the Huns inuading FraÌ„ce with an army of 300000. fighting men as it is reported thinking vtterly to abbase the glory of the Romane Empire gaue for his deuice of armes a sword with a firie point and these words Ferro flamma with sword and fire This very deuice being as ye see onely accommodate to a king or conquerour and not a coillen or any meane souldier a certaine base man of England being knowen euen at that time a bricklayer or mason by his science gaue for his crest whom it had better become to beare a truell full of morter then a sword and fire which is onely the reuenge of a Prince and lieth not in any other mans abilitie to performe vnlesse ye will allow it to euery poore knaue that is able to set fire on a thacht house The heraldes ought to vse great discretion in such matters for neither any rule of their arte doth warrant such absurdities nor though such a coat or crest were gained by a prisoner taken in the field or by a flag found in some ditch neuer fought for as many times happens yet is it no more allowable then it were to beare the deuice of Tamerlan an Emperour in Tartary who gaue the lightning of heauen with a posie in that language purporting these words Ira Dei which also appeared well to answer his fortune For from a sturdie shepeheard he became a most mighty Emperour and with his innumerable great armies desolated so many countreyes and people as he might iustly be called the vvrath of God It appeared also by his strange ende for in the midst of his greatnesse and prosperitie he died sodainly left no child or kinred for a successour to so large an Empire nor any memory after him more then of his great puissance and crueltie But that of the king of China in the fardest part of the Orient though it be not so terrible is no lesse admirable of much sharpnesse and good implication worthy for the greatest king and conquerour and it is two strange serpents entertangled in their amorous congresse the lesser creeping with his head into the greaters mouth with words purporting ama time loue feare Which posie with maruellous much reason and subtillity implieth the dutie of euery subiect to his Prince and of euery Prince to his subiect and that without either of them both no subiect could be sayd entirely to performe his liegeance nor the Prince his part of lawfull gouernement For without feare and loue the soueraigne authority could not be vpholden nor without iustice and mercy the Prince be renowmed and honored of his subiect All which parts are discouered in this figure loue by the serpents amorous entertangling obedience and feare by putting the inferiours head into the others mouth hauing puissance to destroy On th' other side iustice in the greater to prepare and manace death and destruction to offenders And if he spare it then betokeneth it mercie and a grateful recompence of the loue and obedience which the soueraigne receaueth It is also worth the telling how the king vseth the same in pollicie he giueth it in his ordinarie liueries to be worne in euery vpper garment of all his noblest men and greatest Magistrats the rest of his officers and seruants which are either embrodered vpon the breast and the back with siluer or gold or pearle or stone more or lesse richly according to euery mans dignitie and calling and they may not presume to be seene in publick without them nor also in any place where by the kings commission they vse to sit in iustice or any other publike affaire wherby the king is highly both honored and serued the common people retained in dutie and admiration of his greatnesse the noblemen magistrats and officers euery one in his degree so much esteemed reuerenced as in their good and loyall seruice they want vnto their persons litle lesse honour for the kings sake then can be almost due or exhibited to the king him selfe I could not forbeare to adde this forraine example to accoÌ„plish our discourse touching deuices For the beauty and gallantnesse of it besides the subtillitie of the conceit and princely pollicy in the vse more exact then can be remeÌ„bred in any other of any European Prince whose deuises I will not say but many of them be loftie and ingenious many of them louely and beautifull many other ambitious and arrogant and the chiefest of them terrible and ful of horror to the nature of man but that any of them be comparable with it for wit vertue grauitie and if ye list brauerie honour and magnificence not vsurping vpon the peculiars of the gods In my conceipt there is none to be found This may suffice for deuices a terme which includes in his generality all those other viz. liueries cognizaÌ„ces emblemes enseigns and impreses For though the termes be diuers the vse and intent is but one whether they rest in colour or figure or both or in word or in muet shew and that is to insinuat some secret wittie morall and braue purpose presented to the beholder either to recreate his eye or please his phantasie or examine his iudgement or occupie his braine or to manage his will either by hope or by dread euery of which respectes be of no litle moment to the interest and ornament of the ciuill life and therefore giue them no litle commendation Then hauing produced so many worthy and wise founders of these deuices and so many puissant patrons and protectours of them I feare no reproch in this discourse which otherwise the venimous appetite of enuie by detraction or scorne would peraduenture not sticke to offer me Of the Anagrame or posie transposed ONe other pretie conceit we will impart vnto you and then trouble you with no more and is also borrowed primitiuely of the Poet or courtly maker we may terme him the posie transposed or in one word a transpose a thing if it be done for pastime and

spake amysse I cannot it deny But caused by your great discourtesie And if I said that which I now repent And said it not but by misgouernment Of youthfull yeres your selfe that are so young Pardon for once this error of my tongue And thinke amends can neuer come to late Loue may be curst but loue can neuer hate Speaking before of the figure Synecdoche wee called him Quicke conceit because he inured in a single word onely by way of intendment or large meaning Noema or the Figure of close coÌ„ceit but such as was speedily discouered by euery quicke wit as by the halfe to vnderstand the whole and many other waies appearing by the examples But by this figure Noema the obscurity of the sence lieth not in a single word but in an entier speech whereof we do not so easily conceiue the meaning but as it were by coniecture because it is wittie and subtile or darke which makes me therefore call him in our vulgar the Close conceit as he that said by himselfe and his wife I thanke God in fortie winters that we haue liued together neuer any of our neighbours set vs at one meaning that they neuer fell out in all that space which had bene the directer speech and more apert and yet by intendment amounts all to one being neuerthelesse dissemblable and in effect contrary Pawlet Lord Treasorer of England and first Marques of Winchester with the like subtill speech gaue a quippe to Sir William Gyfford who had married the Marques sister and all her life time could neuer loue her nor like of her company but when she was dead made the greatest moane for her in the world and with teares and much lamentation vttered his griefe to the L. Treasorer Ã´ good brother quoth the Marques I am right sory to see you now loue my sister so well meaning that he shewed his loue too late and should haue done it while she was a liue A great counsellour somewhat forgetting his modestie vsed these words Gods lady I reckon my selfe as good a man as he you talke of and yet I am not able to do so Yea sir quoth the party your L. is too good to be a man I would ye were a Saint meaning he would he were dead for none are shrined for Saints before they be dead The Logician vseth a definition to expresse the truth or nature of euery thing by his true kinde and difference Orismus or the Definer of difference as to say wisedome is a prudent and wittie foresight and consideration of humane or worldly actions with their euentes This definition is Logicall The Oratour vseth another maner of definition thus Is this wisedome no it is a certaine subtill knauish craftie wit it is no industrie as ye call it but a certaine busie brainsicknesse for industrie is a liuely and vnweried search and occupation in honest things egernesse is an appetite in base and small matters It serueth many times to great purpose to preuent our aduersaries arguments and take vpon vs to know before what our iudge or aduersary or hearer thinketh and that we will seeme to vtter it before it be spoken or alleaged by them in respect of which boldnesse to enter so deepely into another mans conceit or conscience and to be so priuie of another mans mynde gaue cause that this figure was called the presumptuous I will also call him the figure of presupposall or the preuenter Procatalepsis or the presumptuous otherwise the figure of Presupposall for by reason we suppose before what may be said or perchaunce would be said by our aduersary or any other we do preuent them of their aduantage and do catch the ball as they are wont to say before it come to the ground Paralepsis or the Passager It is also very many times vsed for a good pollicie in pleading or perswasion to make wise as if we set but light of the matter and that therefore we do passe it ouer slightly when in deede we do then intend most effectually and despightfully if it be inuectiue to remember it it is also when we will not seeme to know a thing and yet we know it well inough and may be likened to the maner of women who as the coÌ„mon saying is will say nay and take it I hold my peace and will not say for shame The much vntruth of that vnciuill dame For if I should her coullours kindly blaze It would so make the chast eares amaze c. Commoratio or the figure of abode It is said by maner of a prouerbiall speach that he who findes himselfe well should not wagge euen so the perswader finding a substantiall point in his matter to serue his purpose should dwell vpon that point longer then vpon any other lesse assured and vse all endeuour to maintaine that one as it were to make his chief aboad thereupon for which cause I name him the figure of aboad according to the Latine name Some take it not but for a course of argument therefore hardly may one giue any examples therof Now as arte and good pollicy in perswasion bids vs to abide not to stirre from the point of our most aduantage Metastasis or the flitting figure or the Remoue but the same to enforce and tarry vpon with all possible argument so doth discretion will vs sometimes to flit from one matter to another as a thing meete to be forsaken and another entred vpon I call him therefore the flitting figure or figure of remoue like as the other before was called the figure of aboade Euen so againe Parecnasis or the Stragler as it is wisdome for a perswader to tarrie and make his aboad as long as he may conueniently without tediousnes to the hearer vpon his chiefe proofes or points of the cause tending to his aduantage and likewise to depart againe when time serues and goe to a new matter seruing the purpose aswell So is it requisite many times for him to talke farre from the principall matter and as it were to range aside to th' intent by such extraordinary meane to induce or inferre other matter aswell or better seruing the principal purpose and neuertheles in season to returne home where he first strayed out This maner of speech is termed the figure of digression by the Latines following the Greeke originall we also call him the straggler by allusioÌ„ to the souldier that marches out of his array or by those that keepe no order in their marche as the battailes well ranged do of this figure there need be geuen no example Occasion offers many times that our maker as an oratour Expeditio or the speedie dispatcher or perswader or pleader should go roundly to worke and by a quick and swift argument dispatch his perswasion as they are woont to say not to stand all day trifling to no purpose but to rid it out of the way quickly This is done by a manner of speech

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