natural Allegiance Yea it is not questioned by those that most scruple about the present Settlement but now there are positive Laws requiring those Oaths yet before they are taken the respective Duties both of King and People are to be observed by force of the radical nature of our Monarchy and the fundamental Constitution of Government in our Common Law. 2. For a further Answer we must remind what hath been said of our Hereditary Monarchy which if understood in no other sense than these very Persons are eager to maintain methinks supercedes this Objection For if the Government in their own sense be hereditary then in consequence of it when the Throne is vacant of the Predecessor it is in the same instant fill'd by the next Heir as to Right and Title in Analogy with all other Cases of Inheritance and even from the nature of Inheritance We need not here speak over again what we have about the late King's Abdication and leaving the Throne void we may be allow'd here to suppose it and then 't is evident that upon this ground upon that avoidance without any intervention or Act of the People either in a Convention or Parliament the Crown immediately descended to the next Heir of the Royal Family by Right of Blood or Birth-right 3. So far for their Right As to their Entry and Possession of the Government tho in all such extraordinary Revolutions it hath been safest to be admitted with the Consent of the People yet 't is evident from the same Concession that it is their Inheritance that the next Heir may claim and take possession of himself without the Consent or Act of the People that is he hath right to do so and if he be hindred and kept by force from his lawful Entry without just Cause or his own Consent he is apparently injured And this seems to follow irresistibly from the nature of an Inheritance 4. Accordingly the Duke of Lancaster came into the Parliament and claimed and challenged the Crown as descended unto him by the right Line of the Blood of Hen. 3. and his Claim and Challenge without any Dispute was immediately admitted Upon the Resignation of Edw. 2. his Son Edw. 3. as the first-born and Heir of the Kingdom declares that upon his Father's Concession by the Counsel and Advisement no other Act of the great Men he assumed and took upon him the Government 5. But I need instance in no more when we have considered what passed in Parliament 1 Edw. 4. They declare the King was in Right from the Death of the King his Father very just King and that they take and repute the said Edw. 4. according to his said Right and Title declaring his Title was just and lawful as grounded upon the Laws of God and Nature and also upon the ancient Laws and laudable Customs of the said Realm Agreeable hereunto was the Recognition of King James before-mentioned 6. Now if we apply this to our own Case may I demand What was there left for the Convention to do King James had relinquish'd the Government and left the Throne vacant thereby there was an immediate Descent of the Crown by inherent Birthright to his Daughter if willing to accept it I say what had we to do more than to recognize and declare her to be Queen of England Indeed they did join in their said Declaration the Prince her Husband with her but they seem not to pretend to make either him or her King or Queen their words are these The Lords Spiritual and Temporal and the Commens assembled at Westminster do resolve that William and Mary Prince and Princess of Orange be and be declared King and Queen of England c. Object But why do they not then declare the Princess as immediate Heir to be Queen only or at least before the Prince Sol. This I hope hath been fairly accounted for before Consensus tollit-Errorem especially Consent grounded upon invincible Reasons of State in that Juncture or rather Confusion of Affairs And if we look back upon former times we are not without instances in this particular not much unlike it 2. Edward the 2d denied himself of his Right and actually relinquish'd the Government 't is not material here upon what Motives and his Son with the Father's liking and the Advice of the great Men was King of England during his Father's Life tho before he had sworn invito Patre he would never accept of the Crown yet when he doth accept it he declares he takes it not as the Gift of the People nor any other way but as Primogenitus Regis Haeres 3. Somewhat like it we read concerning Richard Duke of York he was permitted by the true Heir to the Crown tho his own Title to it was upon examination sound defective to possess the Throne for the honour of the King and to maintain Peace during his Life and the true Heir did cedere de jure suo with assurance to enjoy the Crown after the Decease of the King de facto 4. It was indeed enacted 15 Edw. 2. that the things which shall be establish'd for the Estate of the King and of the Realm and People may be treated moved and established by the King and by the Assent of the Prelates Earls Baerons and Commonalty of the Kingdom And there is no doubt but this is the proper course in ordinary Cases 5. But that there is a necessity for a Convention that is no Parliament in some extraordinary Cases to meddle in these high Matters none I think can question Namely if we can suppose the Royal Family extinct at least so far as there is no Heir appears to claim and take the Government upon the demise of the King. Is there not a plain necessity now to preserve all from Confusion for the great Men c. to meet and to consider where to place the Government according to Right or Merit 6. Again we may suppose two or more Rivals for the Crown upon the King's Death when there can be no Parliament that if in being before dying with the King should not the Great Men meet and prevent the Ruin of the Kingdom by Civil Wars by acknowledging and assisting the right Heir as they are bound by their natural Allegiance Yea I may add If a Pretender excluded by the Limitations of the Law should by violence invade the Government what Remedy if the People may not meet especially being invited thereunto by the next Heir qualified by the Law to keep out the Pretender and admit the lawful Heir to take the Government 7. That there may be Limitations put to the Descent of the Crown methinks lies not only in the Nature of Government but hath been the declared sense of the Kingdom i. e. of King Parliament upon all occasions and never denied And if those Limitations are necessary for the preservation of the Whole and our very Constitution as they may be or are clearly expressed in an
Act of Parliament if any one would break thrô and invade the Government he must be prevented by a Convention or the Foundation of the Government is subverted 8. Lastly The Throne being left empty of an Administrator lately in our own Case and we put into a state of Anarchy and great Confusion upon the late King's Departure Did not every Man that had any sense of our Danger and that is all that were not concern'd in the late methods of our Ruin Did not they see then a plain necessity to meet together and apply to the Author of our Deliverance desiring that he would take upon him the Administration of the Government till the Convention should meet and to give out his Summons for a Convention And was not that Convention regularly peaceably and freely chosen and assembled And what did they do but consider where the Right of the Crown now lay and with the Consent of all Parties as before is noted declare WILLIAM and MARY our King and Queen 9. True as yet they were no Parliament but as soon as there was a Possessor of the Throne the Lords and Commons so freely chosen by the subsequent Consent of the King of Themselves proceed into a Parliament and being so recognize the King and Queen and cause Proclamations thereof to be made throughout the Kingdom Which being done we have a King and Queen de facto and no room left to dispute their Title according to Reason 10. Give me leave to resume the Matter fair and plain All saw a necessity that the great Men should meet and some perhaps that now scruple and desire the Prince of Orange to take the Administration of the Government and summon a Convention and in that Exigence what could they do more seasonable and wisely and how could the Prince proceed more regularly and nearer to our Constitution having the Exercise of the Government than by summoning a Convention Or how could the People transact the Election to represent them more freely and quietly than they did And what had the Convention of Lords and Commons so elected to do but to consider where the next Title to the Crown lay and to declare and recognize the present King and Queen with consent of all parties concern'd as before was observed by which Act of the People of England they took and now have as evident a Possession of the Throne as ever any King of England had 11. I say now especially because since the Declaration of the Convention the Body of the Kingdom in Parliament have solemnly again recognized the present King and Queen and they have been since acknowledged by the People at large by Universal Proclamations throughout the Kingdom Obj. But the Assembly at Westminster may be thought but a Convention still and no Parliament because not at first summon'd by the King's Writs Answ However they truly represent the whole Body of the People and the Representers of the Commons and University of the People together with the Lords all concur'd to the Proclamations of the King and Queen and that 's enough certainly to render the Possession of the Throne by them undoubted besides the Solemnities of it at their Coronations by the usual Methods and all Formalities of Law. But let us consider this matter a little nearer 2. I do not say a Parliament can make it self but methinks 't is evident enough that the Persons elected by the People on purpose to be their Representatives in Conjunction with the Lords whose Right it is to sit in Parliament with the consent of the King sufficiently express'd should have both the matter and form of a Parliament 't is true we cannot conceive a proper Parliament in England without a King in Being or Possession but the Writs before can reasonably be supposed to have no further Influence into the being of a Parliament than only for the orderly Proceeding of the Election and signifying the King's Pleasure to have a Parliament To be short if we find the Name and Power of a Parliament given by the Law to Conventions not chosen by the People if we find the Definition of a Parliament given by a Statute to agree exactly to the present Parliament and lastly if we have a Precedent in the case why should we doubt whether the present be a Legal Parliament First That the Name and Power of Parliament hath been formerly given by Law to Conventions of the great Men and the Community of the People without any Election of the People at all and consequently not chosen upon Writs from the King this the learned Dr. Brady labours much to prove in favour of the Crown before as he saith Parliaments were settled as now they are He saith Colloquium Parliamentum Conference and Parliament were expressive one of another and in those great Conventions sometimes only the great Men of the Kingdom as at Runnemede are called a Parliament sometimes also with them the Communitas Populi but these he saith did not include the common sort much less imply the issuing out of Writs and thereupon the Peoples electing their Representatives p. 72. Answ to Mr. Petit. Whence I argue If a Convention heretofore without the Election of the People upon Writs from the King had the Name of a Parliament and concurred with the King to make Laws binding upon the People certainly now a Convention freely chosen by Summons from a Person that had the Administration of the Government in his hand and was in the place of the King though the late King had call'd in his Writs and left the Kingdom and that Exigence of Affairs could not possibly admit any other Remedy I say such a Convention when allowed by the King doth much rather deserve the Name and challenge the Authority of a Parliament The Argument receives much strength if we consider that now the Election of our Representatives so essential to our Parliaments is the great fundamental Priviledg of the People and consequently the King's Writs to that purpose that we may have frequent Parliaments is the Peoples Priviledg also besides the present King cannot be supposed to suffer any thing in his Prerogative who though in another Capacity did in effect send out such Writs and since he took the Crown hath allow'd the Election upon his own Summons for a Convention to serve in order to their being a Parliament what can be thought wanting to the making them a Parliament The People have their Priviledg and the King his Prerogative and while we have the Substance 't is vain to complain of the want of a mere Formality impossible to be had to the Unsettlement of a whole Kingdom Secondly The Definition of a Parliament agrees well enough with our present Parliament as we have it in 1 K. James the first A Parliament is where all the whole Body of the Realm and every particular Member thereof either in Person or by Representation upon their own free Elections are by the Laws of this Realm deemed to
AGREEMENT Betwixt the Present and the Former Government Or a DISCOURSE of This Monarchy whether Elective or Hereditary Also of Abdication Vacancy Interregnum Present Possession of the Crown and the Reputation of the Church of England With an Answer to Objections thence arising against taking the new Oath of Allegiance For the Satisfaction of the Scrupulous By a Divine of the Church of England the Author of a little Tract entituled Obedience due to the Present King notwithstanding our Oaths to the Former LICENS'D Sept. 24. 1689. J. Fraser LONDON Printed for A. C. and are to be sold by Charles Yeo Bookseller in Exon 1689. THE CONTENTS OF THE CHAPTERS CHAP. I. AN Introduction grounded on a general Maxim That unnecessary Changes in Government are to be avoided as dangerous page 3. CHAP. II. The chief Maxims insisted upon as prejudiced by the late Settlement p. 11. CHAP. III. The Government whether Elective or Hereditary and how p. 12. CHAP. IV. Of Vacancy and the supposed Interregnum thereupon by the late King's Abdication p. 31. CHAP. V. Of ABDICATION p. 32. CHAP. VI. Of Vacancy and Interregnum p. 37. CHAP. VII Of the Convention and how it became a Parliament p. 42. CHAP. VIII Arguing from the Possession of the Crown p. 51. CHAP. IX Whether a King can make Laws limiting the Crown p. 58. CHAP. X. The Honour of the Church of England no just Objection against our taking the new Oath p. 60. The APPENDIX The Objection from the Word Allegiance considered p. 66. POSTSCRIPT p. 75. TO THE READER SCruple is an Ague of the Mind it sometimes shakes it and sometimes heats and disturbs the Brain If the Matter be unknown to the Patient and to Doctors we are not certain of the Cure and the less if the Stomach be untoward and the Appetite averse to Medicine in such a Case various Methods used to be tried and Remedies prescribed but through Ignorance of the Cause or some latent Obstruction Skill it self a long time is thrown away at length perhaps a vulgar Medicine given at a venture hits the Distemper and works the Cure. After many learned Doctors charitable Endeavours to deobstruct and ease some good Mens Minds that are shaken with Scruples about the new Oath of Allegiance hitherto in vain if it be yet in vain though I cannot boast of my Skill I make bold to trie a new Practice upon them And I hope my good Reader hath the like Reverence and Value for the worthy Persons that yet labour under may I call it the Disease and the same Zeal and Affection for the Health and Quiet of the Body Politick that I my self have and doth join with me while I do heartily that which I fear Physicians seldom do pray over my Patients for a Blessing from the Great Physician CHAP. I. An Introduction grounded in a general Maxim. The general Maxim Vnnecessary Changes in Government are to be avoided as dangerous UPON any great Revolution it seems much the Concern of the New State so to settle the Government as may offer least matter or occasion of Discontent to the People and consequently to make as little Alteration in the former Maxims and Customs that is in the old Constitution as is possible lest the old Leaven should work again to the prejudice of the new Establishment We may observe in our own History that such publick Grievances as from time to time have been objected by the People to the disquieting and sometimes hazarding of the Government have generally been aggravated with the charge of Innovation as being contrary to our ancient Liberties Rights and Customs and for some Ages in Instances infringing Magna Charta that great Record of the Subjects Priviledges and Codex of our ancient and common Law in which much of our old and happy Constitution consists indeed any Alteration in our Constitution seems to shake the Foundation and frightens the People like an Earthquake This Maxim is commended by three great and well-known Examples 1. Our Saviour's This Caution was sanctified after a marvellous manner by the Wisdom of God in our great Examplar Our blessed Saviour we know was sent into the World to put the Church into a new frame now in his so doing did he reject all that was old or leave out any thing that might be any way serviceable in the new Is it not remarkable that he did resume and make use of as many of the old Materials as could possibly be accommodated to the Edification of the Gospel-Church Did he not take both the Sacraments did he not collect the very Petitions of his Prayer out of the former Usage and allude much in the new Government to be established to that which he found in the old Did he not preach and expound upon the Law of Moses and the ancient Prophets and appeal for his Defence and Justification to their own Books Indeed he seems to have left out nothing of the old Dispensation but what was inconsistent with the new namely that which was typical and expired in the Truth and that which was purely judicial and therefore ceased with the temporal Government of the Jews which our Saviour was not then come to take upon him Now was not all this Accommodation of our Saviour to Moses wisely as well as graciously contrived that the People for whose sakes he was first sent might not be offended or startle and flie from him upon the Scandal of Innovation Yea so tender was our Saviour of them in this Point that during his whole Life both he himself and his Disciples by his Commission addressed only to the Jewish Nation that the greatest Scandal by the Call of the Gentiles might be avoided and they might still appear to be God's peculiar People while there was any the least hopes of them According to their Lord's method and example we afterwards find his Apostles in a great Council held and decreed it as a necessary thing for some time to retain and to practise some legal Ceremonies even after they were all really abolish'd in the Death of Christ that if possible they might thus gain that is reconcile the stubborn People to the new Establishment or at least leave them without excuse Afterwards the fear that possessed the Christian and believing Jews of too great Alteration to be made by the Gospel occasion'd that sober Advice we reade of in Acts 21. 20 21 23 24. of the Church to St. Paul Thou seest Brother how many thousands of Jews there are which believe and they are all zealous of the Law And they are informed of thee that thou teachest all the Jews which are amongst the Gentiles to forsake Moses saying That they ought not to circumcise their Children neither to walk after the Customs Do therefore this that we say unto thee that all may know that the Information against thee is nothing i. e. of no moment but that thou thy self walkest orderly and keepest the Law. 2. Of the Church of England in the
and we find an evil Surmise and groundless Suspition hereof with respect to our late Revolution already fermenting among us and spreading the sowrness of Dissatisfaction Discontent and I fear Faction over too great a part of the Nation and prevailing so far as to dishearten our Friends to animate our Foes to increase our Fears to continue our Troubles and almost shake the Establishment If matters are thus with us I must have leave to say that a Man can hardly do better Service to the Publique at this season than by endeavouring to remove such Popular Mistakes about the Method of our present Settlement and the nature of the Government as seem to have such malevolent Influences and unhappy Effects Now I conceive this is to be done in a good measure by shewing that the Alterations from our former State made in the present Government are not so great or many as our discontented Men imagine and our Enemies suggest But if it be made evident that in a fair and charitable Construction of things we stand firm upon the same Basis we ever did and that the Constitution of the Kingdom founded in our ancient Maxims and Customs with respect to our Government is not alter'd or touch'd by the late Revolution I say if this can be effected I am apt to think many doubting and scrupulous Persons among us may be satisfied and happily reconciled to a better opinion of the present Government and a more cheerful Submission to it If I knew any better Argument to justify our Rulers to vindicate the Government to establish the Kingdom in Peace and Safety and to defeat the Designs and Forces of our Enemies who live and are mighty than this before us I would certainly use it the best I could but I have no better therefore I crave Acceptance of this my Apology and Leave to adventure upon my Task CHAP. II. The Chief Maxims insisted upon as prejudiced by the late Settlement IT may run in the Minds of some scrupulous Persons that there are old Maxims that lie at the Root or Foundation of the Kingdom of England and that these are destroyed or subverted by the new Model and consequently the Constitution of the Government is quite alter'd Those old Maxims may be thought to be such as these 1. That the Government in England is Hereditary 2. That it admits not of an Interregnum 3. That nothing binds the People of England but an Act of Parliament Now perhaps 't is thought that the Government is now made Elective and therefore is not Hereditary Again that it having been declared that by the late King's Abdication there was a Vacancy in the Throne therefore an Interregnum was admitted Lastly that this new Change was made by a Convention and not by a Legal Parliament and therefore we are not bound to own it Such kind of Suggestions as these I fear have created Shyness and Aversion in many good Men from a due Recognition of the present Government if we can make it appear that in truth they are vain and groundless I hope all good Men will be easily entreated to lay aside that Aversion and be sweetned to a better Compliance both for the Sake of the Publique and their own We proceed to consider every one of them in order and the several Grounds or Reasons they seem built upon and whence they are alledged and objected CHAP. III. The Government whether Elective or Hereditary and how IT may be thought by some that by the late Change the Government is made Elective and therefore is altered and is no longer Hereditary as it was before The Vanity of this Argument appears if we make good these two Propositions 1st Our Government was never so absolutely Hereditary as to exclude Election in all respects 2dly In our late Settlement there was nothing done in Prejudice of our Hereditary Government Prop. 1. The first of these Propositions viz. That our Government was never so absolutely Hereditary as to exclude Elections in all respects appears First Because all along in our Histories we find the Words Election and Elected used as previous to the Crowning of our Ancient Kings Some of them came to the Crown without any Colour of Title Some though not next in Blood by the Nomination of the last King. Some only as being next in Blood without such Nomination And lastly Some both by Proximity of Blood and by the Nomination or Testament of the Predecessor Now if in History all these are said to be elected certainly we have no reason to be offended with the Word or imagine that our Government abhors all kind of Election But this is plainly acknowledged by the industrious Dr. Bradie while he is in pursuit of the Hereditary Succession the Saxon Expression saith he concerning Succession and Successor is always the same Feng to Rice render'd usually successit Electus est he took possession of the Kingdom he succeeded he was chosen c. Hist of Success p. 366. Edgar left his Son Heir of the Kingdom and the great Men chose him elegerunt as his Father commanded Harold Henry 1. and K. Stephen obtained the Crown they say by fraud and Violence yet by several old Monks are said to be elected They said some of our Kings that had undoubted hereditary Titles were elected so K. Henry 2. ab omnibus electus so likewise K. John and Richard 3. are said to be chosen as he observes in his parallel p. 412. But to do the Doctor Right I confess he contends earnestly that however the words were used in such cases indeed there was no such thing as Election or proper Election of any of those Kings and that Election signified only Recognition Applause or Proclamation and sometimes only a forc'd Submission at least they were never chosen by the Community of the People as they are now understood but by the great Men of the Kingdom But that Controversy I leave betwixt the Doctor and his Adversaries observing only for my present purpose that our ancient Kings both Saxons and Normans are in the Chronicles of England frequently said to have been chosen or elected So much for the Word and now with the Peace of the ingenuous and laborious Man lately mention'd I would modestly enquire whether we find not some stroaks in our History of a real Election of our Kings in some Instances at least so far as to interrupt the strict Opinion of hereditary Succession And here I have no need to assert the Election of the People or go off from the Doctor 's own ground or concession either about the ancient Practice or the declared Judgment of the Kingdom 1. In the Saxons time the Doctor saith he hath discovered a sure Rule of Succession but this was double either Right of Blood or the Nomination of the preceding King 't is confess'd then that Right of Blood was not the only Rule hence he lays down his ordinary distinction of Jus Haereditarium and Jus Testamentarium yea he tells
us that the Testamentary Heir that is one that comes to the Crown by the last King's Will tho not next in Blood is said to inherit But to apply this distinction methinks it doth two great things it first plainly yields the Cause so far as to the necessary descent of the Crown in Proximity of Blood Secondly It gives a shadow at least of Election if not in the People yet in the King if by his last Will he might pass by the next in Blood and name that is properly to chuse another to succeed him in the Throne Besides if this was anciently done both frequently and lawfully where shall we found hereditary Government in the strict sense of it in the Constitution of the Kingdom or how shall we defend it from being in no wise elective Yea if the King himself upon some considerations might chuse his Successor and set aside the next in Blood without wronging him certainly upon great Considerations the like may be done by both the King and People And we find that Testamentary Heirs of the Crown tho they were indeed named by the King are said to be chosen by the People and yet are also said to inherit and if we observe it narrowly we shall easily note that the words Hereditary and Elective with respect to the Government are some-times confounded in History Successione Haereditariâ eligere was no contradiction The Testament of Ethelwoph Florence of Worcester calls it Epistola Haereditaria by which it is said he set aside his own two Sons as the Doctor notes p. 363. where he tells us moreover what the Law of Succession as well as the Practice then was the Saxon Kings saith he might appoint a Brother's Son or a Bastard to succeed them before their own lawful Issue But to come a little closer I may demand where when or how this Maxim that the Crown of England is necessarily annex'd to Proximity of Blood in the Royal Family came to be of the Foundation or Constitution of our Government That it was never made so by Custom or any other Law or by any other means the learned Doctor yields us by his Refuge in a Testamentary Heir I am assured under the hand of a very learned Lawyer who is a great Friend of the Hereditary Monarchy that this Maxim in contradiction to the former the Crown was alienable and devisable was retained and never contradicted until the Resignation of K. John and since that time how hath it been contradicted or denied either in practice or the declared Judgment of the Kingdom It is evident enough what the sense of the King and Parliament was in Henry 8th's time and since in Queen Elizabeth's and since that in our late Parliaments And nothing to the contrary can I think be fairly inferr'd either from that Act of 7 Hen. 4. that limited the Succession of the Crown to his Sons in order and their Issue or that of Hen. 7. that limited to the Heirs male of his Body and no farther Or the Recognition of K. James the first for by that of Hen. 7. it is plain the Parliament thought they had power to limit the Succession otherwise they would not have meddled with it besides they limited it indeed by extending it only to the Issue male of his own Body And as for the Recognition made to K. James it seems to be the clearest and fullest acknowledgment of an hereditary Succession yet we may observe how it is expressed 't is indeed declared that the Imperial Crown did belong to him and his Royal Progeny and Posterity for ever but 't is not said of necessity notwithstanding any Reason to the contrary it shall actually descend to the next in Blood in order for ever Besides they say in the same Act that this their Recognition could not be perfect or remain to Posterity without the King's Consent that is to make it an Act of Parliament And doth not that imply that hereditary Succession of the Crown was not accounted to be fundamental to our Government before For then it would have been perfect in it self without the King's Consent Besides it seems evidently to follow that the Kingdom at that time judg'd that the Succession of the Crown was limitable by Act of Parliament Yet lest after all this I should be mistaken I make this observable from our own Histories that tho sometimes the next in Blood hath been set aside and for ought I find to the contrary upon Reasons of State may be so again yet it seems the Royal Family have Jus ad Rem and have Right thereunto before any other if any Member of the Royal Family are capable of Government so I think we find it generally carried that is when the next in Blood hath been omitted generally some one either really or in pretence of the Royal Family hath been advanced to the Throne This general Right to the Crown by Blood hath been sometimes pleaded by our Kings and allowed by the People and Parliaments but never denied and tho we cannot say the next in Blood hath an uncontroulable and immediate Right beyond all exception to enjoy the Crown tho we cannot find this Right in the constant usage as Common Law and a Fundamental of our Government yet we may grant that in all Turns and Temptations to the contrary the Right of the Royal Family seems to have countenance if not plain and general Acknowledgment and to pass unquestionable with the silent Testimony of many Ages I am sorry to observe with Daniel that before this last Age seldom or never the third Heir in a right Descent enjoyed the Crown of England It cannot be denied but that our Parliaments have frequently concern'd themselves about the Succession and that our Kings both such as came to the Crown by proximity of Blood as well as those that came to it otherwise have often applied themselves to the Parliament not only for their own Security but to limit and qualify the Succession after them Yea further I think it must be granted as one saith smartly enough That 't is a most dangerous thing to have an Opinion prevail that the King in concurrence with his Parliament should not have power to change the direct Order of Succession though the Preservation of him and his People did depend upon it Yet after all this if Common Vsage be Common Law and continued Practice be our Rule of determining this great Point I think the Royal Family have a radical Right in the Government of England and bids fair for an Interest in the Constitution of the Kingdom for it seems to have governed the Disposition of the Crown all along both before as well as since William the first and that generally with our several Kings and Parliaments ever since we had any I shall leave this easy Observation only take notice of two Concessions which I apprehend considerable The first is that of Dr. Br. he saith the Saxon Kings might appoint a Brother's
it and that by a real as well as by a formal Abdication as before explain'd Government according to Law is essential to our Government otherwise our Lawyers are much out that generally tell us our Government is a Legal Regal or as Fortescue a Political Government in opposition to Despotical Absolute Arbitrary or Tyrannical Government Now though a King do not intend absolutely to abandon all kind of Government yet when he leaves the proper Government and assumes another kind of Government abhor'd by our Constitution he plainly ceaseth to be our Governour in any sense he refuseth to govern politically he would bring in another Species of Government that is destructive of our Constitution and begins in many odious Instances the Execution of Tyranny contrary not only to the Laws that make and limit our Government but contrary to the ends of all Government and instead of protecting destroys his People what can be plainer than that this is to abdicate the Government as King of England A King may kill himself and not intend it To this purpose we have several notable Collections made by others I shall note a few of them Among the Laws of K. Edward C. 17. de Regis Officio the Liberties of the People being mention'd it is said that the King is constituted for the Preservation of them which if he do not nec nomen Regis in eo constabit he doth not retain the Name of a King. Bracton says l. 2. c. 24. Est enim Corona Regis facere Justitiam Judicium pacem tenere sine quibus consistere potest nec tenere i. e. The Crown of the King is to do Justice and Judgment and to preserve Peace without which he cannot subsist But above all the Words of K. James to his Parliament March 21. 1609. are remarkable The King is bound by a double Oath to preserve the Laws tacitly as being King and expresly by his Coronation-Oath So as every just King is bound to observe the Paction made with his People by his Laws framing the Government thereunto and a King leaves to be King and degenerates into a Tyrant as soon as he leaves off to govern by Law in which case the King's Conscience may speak to him as the poor Woman to Philip of Macedon Either govern according to Law or cease to be King. Answerable hereunto is the Civilians Maxim Tyranni in Exarcitie decidunt Jure sue Haereditario i. e. Tyrants by their Tyranny lose their Hereditary Right of Government for the Ill of Monarchy is Tyranny K. Charles's Answ to 19. Prop. From what hath been said it seems plain that a King by relinquishing the Legal and usurping an Arbitrary or Tyrannical Government does as effectually abdicate the Government as King as a Merchant that turns Pirate abdicates his Trade or a Husbandman that leaves off his Husbandry and resolves to cast the fortune of his Life upon robbing on the High-way abdicates his Plough Lastly 't is so evident in those that give us the sense of the word that there is a real Abdication as we have considered it in distinction to a formal that no body that will take the pains to examine can doubt it Not only Grotius de Jure Belli Pac. lib. 2. c. 4. s 4. Non tantum verbis sed re potest but Calvin in his Lexic Jurisd tells us Generum abdicat qui Sponsam repudiat he that divorces his Wife doth abdicate his Son. So Homo liber qui seipsum vendit abdicat se statu suo saith Brissonius de verb. sign that is he which sells himself abdicates himself from his former state And Budaeus Comment de Origine Juris Abdicare se Magistratu est idem quod abire penitus Magistratu 1. For the Application of the Word so explained And to all that had been said to prove the late King's Abdication compleat and undeniable it ought to be remembred that in the very times of Popery here a submitting to Papal Usurpations and Authority contrary to our Laws was deem'd a Disinherison of the Crown What shall we say of the late King 's voluntary studied and deliberate invading his own Authority and subjecting the whole Ecclesiastical State to a forreign Power to the utter Extirpation of our Reformed Constitution so firmly settled in the special Laws of the Land to that purpose Considering also how this in a little time must inevitably ruin the Civil State which is intimately inter woven with the Ecclesiastical in their just Liberties and true Religion their very Consciences and Lives not being safe from the Snares and Inquisitions and even Massacres of the most cruel tyrannical and barbarous Religion in the World. 2. This in conjunction with the late King's Proceedings in civil Matters needs no Aggravation The Crown of England is glorious in a threefold Excellency the Legislative Executive and Military Power Now sor one of our own Kings to do that industriously and by many designed deliberate Acts which is rank Treason against the King and Kingdom which at least hath a tendency to destroy the King with respect to his Crown and Dignity what is this but to destroy himself For a King to divest himself of the Legislative Power by the use of all Artifices of Fraud and Force to destroy the fundamental Priviledges of Election and consequently the very Being of a legal Parliament his executive Power by refusing to govern by Law and setting up an arbitrary tyrannical Government Lastly his legal standing military Power laying aside the Militia and resolving to stick to an illegal Army what is this but to relinquish the Government of England to throw away all Regal Authority to violate break in pieces and trample upon the Crown to declare to all the World he will be King no longer and to abandon the Authority which he had to govern by Law according to the Constitution of the Kingdom his Duty to his People as King and the special Bond upon his Soul in his solemn Coronation-Oath 3. But at last to crown all when the Noise of the Prince's Coming had brought him a little to himself and he begins to feel the danger that his late daring Pranks of Tyranny had brought him into he adviseth with his wise Council what to do Should he trust his People in Parliament No Should he trust his melting Army No Should he trust his dreadful Son in Law No. What then as the evil Spirit rent and tore the Body when he was forc'd to leave it so he did all the mischief he could by calling in his Writs for a Parliament dismissing his Judges carrying away the Broad Seal and putting an end to all kind of Government among us as before and then leaves us in absolute Anarchy and a way of Confusion upon a necessity apprehended of his own creating of dispossessing us he flies to his trusty and wel-beloved the French King thus at once delivering his Person and in consequence directly betraying his Kingdom into the Power of
be personally present Wherein we have two Propositions 1st That every particular Subject either in Person in the House of Peers or by Representation in the House of Commons are by the Laws of this Realm deemed personally present in Parliament 2dly That where the whole of the Realm are thus either in Person as Peers or by their Representatives upon their own free Elections present there is a Parliament 1. So that the Essence of a Parliament seems to consist in two things with respect to the two Houses The Presence of the Peers in their own Right and of the Representatives of the People by Virtue of their Election and to be entire without the Consideration of any previous Writs from the King. 2. Indeed we cannot well conceive that a Parliament properly so can be so without a King in being not for want of Writs to summon but for want of an occasion and reason of their being if the King be the Person with whom they are to parly caput Principium finis Parliament But seeing the Peers of the Realm and the Representatives of the Commons upon their own free Elections are assembled and the King in being allows approves and ratifies their Assembly to be a Parliament by his subsequent Assent as King to that manner of Summons which he before he was actually King invited them to and advises with them and makes use of them as his Parliament It is plain to me that they have the entire Substance of a lawful Parliament and that the King's Writs in such a case are but a separable Accident and that we should look upon our selves and the whole Body of the People as present there and acting or consenting to all the Laws made by the King and them 3. And lastly we are not without a plain and direct Precedent in the case upon King Charles the second 's happy Restauration as every one observes which is in terminis made the pattern by this King and Parliament in the late Act declaring themselves to be a Parliament though it wanted the previous Writs of Summons which could not be had And though 23 of the Statutes made by that Parliament were afterwards confirm'd 13 Car. 2. c. 7. yet the rest of the Acts made by them have been taken to be of as much force by the Judges though not so confirm'd And this of the 12 Car. 2. 1. is one of them as all other Laws made by our Kings whose Titles have been afterwards question'd with the Peoples Concurrence have been ever held valid Thus we have the Publique Judgment of two Kings and of the Body of the whole Kingdom in two Parliaments that such Writs of Summons before-hand are not necessary in all Cases and in particular in our Case to the Constitution of a true and Legal Parliament And who have most reason to understand and to judg and determine such publick and high Points concerning the Nature of Parliaments the King and Kingdom assembled together or Men of a single and private Capacity How far our Consent and Sense is concern'd in the Determination of those we have chosen and in some sort trusted with our politick Interest and in whom the Law lately mention'd saith We are deemed to be present I urge not but it may be worthy to be considered The Words of the Parliament being about to declare the Right of Richard the 3d. are these and I think them very pertinent The Parliament is of such Authority and the People of this Land of such a Nature and Disposition as Experience teacheth that Manifestation or Declaration of any Truth made by the three Estates of this Realm assembled in Parliament and by Authority of the same maketh before all other things most faithful and certain quieting of Mens Minds and removeth the Occasion of Doubts and seditious Language Which God grant CHAP. VIII Arguing from the Possession of the Crown I Have now finished the greatest part of my Undertaking and how I have vindicated the late Revolution and reconciled our present State to our ancient Constitution as an Hereditary Monarchy and admitting no Interregnum my Reader will be my Judg. As also of what I have said touching Abdication and Vacancy in the Throne of the Convention and their just and regular Proceedings in their Invitation of King William and Queen Mary to take upon them the Government of these Kingdoms and lastly of the Legality of the present Parliament and thereby obviated or answered the Objections made against the present Government From any or all of these as I intended I submit to his serious Consideration and candid Censure 2. But if all that I have hitherto said fail of my end in giving full satisfaction to such as scruple the taking the new Oaths of Allegiance to all the Arguments that have been so well inlarged upon by others I shall only resume that that hath been often insisted on taken from the Possession of the present King and Queen with the easy and just consequence of it If the Body of the Kingdom as represented by the Lords and Commons duly chosen or scattered over the Kingdom by their open uninterrupted and general Recognitions and Proclamations and their Coronations with all the Methods and Formalities of Law can give or can own and approve the Possession of the Throne and declare and manifest William and Mary King and Queen as no body can doubt they are certainly and must be acknowledged to be our King and Queen de facto Now hence it follows 1. Then we owe them Obedience due by Law for then we are their Subjects And we cannot conceive of Soveraignty without Authority nor of Subjection without Obedience This the Statute of Hen. 7. plainly supposeth due to the King in being and consequently that such an one is not a King in Name only but in Dignity and Power And the Subject may obey him fight for him and consequently take the military Oath an Oath to be faithful in that highest Act of his Service and doth assoil him from any Crime in so doing in Reason Law and Conscience 2. Hereupon the learned Lord Coke and Judg Hales affirm without Hesitancy That a King de facto and not de jure is within the great and ancient Statute of Treason 25 Edw. 3. 3. Now if we enquire why Treason may according to Law be committed against a King de facto the Reason is obvious namely because the Law looks upon him as really our King. As Treason they say cannot be committed against a King by Right only and hath not Possession which must be upon the like Reason because the Law doth not regard one out of Possession and cannot protect us or administer Justice to us as King of England 4. Hence it seems to follow first If the Subject may be guilty of Treason against the King in being it implies he owes the Duty that is contrary to Treason to the same King and what is that but Fealty or Fidelity that is a
being made by a King de facto with his Parliament but the reason why it could not oblige was taken from the matter of it it diverted the Descent and Succession of the Crown according to Right of Inheritance 3. The Argument that a King de facto hath no Power to make Laws to limit the Crown because he is supposed to have no Right to the Crown himself I say this seems not cogent 'T is true 't is supposed he had no Right at first and his Usurpation cannot be thought to create any just Title to the Crown yet when he hath it hath not he Right or rather Authority in Law by his Possession to use it that is to make Laws If not then all the Laws he makes even those for Peace and Justice are void for want of Authority which this very Law against the Entail of Hen. 4. denies I grant all positive Laws made by a rightful King or by an Usurper are equally voidable i. e. repealable But if we speak of such Laws as are void of themselves it seems to me they must be so one of these two ways Either for want of due Authority to make Laws Or with respect to something in the Matter of such Laws as is destructive of them For the first way 't is granted me that a King de facte only hath Authority enough to make Laws generally speaking if his Laws therefore be not of force to limit the Succession 't is for another reason mention'd before taken from that special Matter of the Right of Inheritance which it is thought cannot be infringed by any Law of Man. Hence 't is still a doubt with me whether a King de facto hath not an equal Power with the most rightful King to make any Law even touching the Crown as any thing else Suppose a King de facto after some Contests about the Succession settle the Crown as it ought to go Is not such a Law a good Law Wherein can it fail neither in Matter nor Authority Again the most rightful King in and by his Law limits the Crown as it ought not to be Is that Law a good Law No Power can make a Law that is malam in se to be bonam I confess I see no difference in the Legislative Power of a King regnant whether with or without Right especially seeing the Parliament which is the Body of the Kingdom choose the Matter and give Authority to the Laws as well as the King. But this Nicety need not trouble us under their present Majesties whose Title to the Crown I hope is unquestionable as well as their Possession of it Besides there is no room for this Objection among all our Scruples about the Oath of Allegiance for in our private Capacity we are not to answer for Errors in Government If the Succession can be supposed to be limited in any Point amiss how can we help it What 's that to our Duty how are we concerned The Law doth not require us to assert or swear to the Act of setling the Crown for the future it requires only our Obedience to our present gracious King and Queen and we do our Duty if we look no further CHAP. IX The Honour of the Church of England no just Objection against our taking the new Oath Obj. I Have heard it offer'd by some that tho it be lawful to submit to the present Government and to take the new Oath of Allegiance yet by our doing it the Church of England suffers in her Honour and her distinguishing Character of Loyalty Sol. I have some Reason to hope that with several Persons not perfectly reconciled or satisfied this is the last Objection that remains unanswered I shall therefore briefly with all the Strength I have at present set my self to remove it and so conclude 1. I confess Loyalty hath been reckoned the Character of the Church of England and in a great measure very deservedly but if we mean such Loyalty as doth distinguish her from all other Churches of Christians in the World it may be an Argument of Singularity and Reflection upon all other Protestant Churches as well as Popish Principles and Practices as some lately have made manifest demonstration And how honourable or laudable that is I determine not but it may be considered 2. I perceive the Movers of this Objection do not say that 't is unlawful to take the new Oath and indeed that is granted in the nature of the Objection for if the Oath be refused only because 't is dishonourable to take it 't is supposed to be in it self lawful tho not expedient And indeed the Argument would have force enough if there were not some heavier Thing than Honour to be put into the other Scale 3. And thus the present Argument is not directly Matter of Conscience but of Prudence For the Matter in genere and in its first Consideration is granted to be indifferent and 't is to be determined to be good or evil by the Addition of something to it in our special and secondary Consideration Now here you lay Honour and Reputation in the Scale and this hath its Weight but if we put Necessity against Honour and Reputation the Weight of these is inconsiderable and what is the Consequence Why that which we thought was not to be done because it was dishonourable we see it must be done because 't is necessary This is the Law of Prudence and Expediency changeth sides that which was expedient not to be done for the sake of Reputation 't is now expedient it should be done when the Necessity of it appears with its greater Weight 4. You already perceive how easily this applies it self to the Case in hand admitting something of Dishonour may in general and prima facie attend the Action for the very granting it to be an indifferent thing in it self whether I take this Oath or not plainly determines the Case and puts an end to the Controversy 5. For I boldly and peremptorily pronounce that if it be indifferent it hath such Additions and Circumstances as cannot but make it an indispensible Duty Rebus sic stantibus from the Argument or Ground of Necessity viz. both Precepti Medii 6. First There is a necessity of the Precept or Law that makes it to be our Duty to take this Oath which is but the Security of our Allegiance 't is required by the Nature of our Constitution and immemorial Custom which is our Common Law 't is required from the Paction betwixt Prince and People to secure each other by their respective Oaths 't is required by virtue of the Statute of Hen. 7. whereby we are to acknowledg the King regnant to whom alone we owe Allegiance and must secure it And lastly 'T is expresly required in the Laws of our own making by our Representatives in the present Parliament in and by which Parliament the King and Queen have equally sworn and plighted their Troth to us Whence Protection and
Populi the Preservation of three Kingdoms is concern'd and in danger and the more by the Colour of our pretended Allegiance I think there is much weight in the words of a late Author I can be sure saith he of nothing if I am out in this Notion That no Oath can bind any longer than the Obligation thereof is consistent and reconcileable with Salus Populi the Welfare the Spiritual and Temporal Welfare of the People which is the sole End of all Government And seeing the Safety and Preservation of the Community depends upon the Promise of Allegiance to the supream Governor for the time being and the Subjects are under a plain necessity either to hazard or ruine the Publick or to transfer their Allegiance they may certainly do it lawfully yea are bound to do it by the Law of Laws Salus Populi suprema Lex Secondly So much briefly for the Law of Nature Now do not the Holy Scriptures warrant the same Do we find any either in the old or new Testament that scrupled or were question'd for their Obedience to the Powers in being I think the present Reverend and Learned Dean of Sarum Dr. Pearse hath a Sermon in print to prove Submission to Governments a Fundamental of the Christian Religion I am sure our Saviour and more largely St. Paul require our Obedience to the Powers that are without any Consideration of their Title merely because of their Authority and Administrations in which the Apostle expresly founds the Duty of Subjection for Conscience sake The Arguments to this purpose lately urged from Romans 13. by several worthy Authors I despair of ever seeing tolerably answered to whom I refer my Reader only let us meditate those notable Counsels of God by the Prophet Seek the Peace of the City Babylon where the People were Captives to their Tyrannical Enemies and pray unto the Lord for it for in the Peace thereof ye shall have Peace Jer. 29. 7. Thirdly Lastly Is there not sufficient in our own Laws to justify our Allegiance to a King regnant without our being satisfied touching his Title Have we not the Authority of former Ages Is not our Statute-Book a clear Testimony of it In what time was it ever denied Who was ever censured or punished for granting it Are not all such Kings who reign'd without Right recorded as Kings of England and their Laws as authentick and obligatory Is it not evident then that Allegiance due to a King regnant with right or with none is agreable to the State and Principles of this Monarchy and founded in the Usage and Common Law of England But that which methinks should put the matter beyond Question is the known and often mentioned Stat. of 11 Hen. 7. 1. grounded as it speaks the sense of the Nation upon Reason Law and good Conscience And though the worthy Author of Considerations and others have with a great deal of strength argued hence to satisfy the Scruples of our Brethren and it cannot be expected that I should add any thing very considerable yet I shall very briefly observe a few things for our purpose from it 1. 'T is thereby acknowledged that a King de facto hath the Name and Stile of a King of England 2. We are to recognize such a one as our Soveraign Lord. 3. That Allegiance is due to such a King from all his Subjects 4. That by reason of the same Allegiance they are bound to serve him even in his Wars 5. That they are never hereafter to be question'd tho the lawful King should recover his Right for so doing their true Duty and Service of Allegiance as the Words are 6. That War made against such a King by his Subjects is Rebellion All these things are plain in the Letter of that Law which hath continued unrepealed or unquestion'd for above two hundred Years and consequently so long hath been the approved sense of the whole Nation That Allegiance and true and faithful Service is due to our soveraign Lord for the time being whatever his Title be Hence it follows that in the sense of the Law a King de jure only is not King. The Statute saith the King for the time being and seeing we can have but one King he that hath only right to be King is no King in being or for the time being Hereupon I suppose the great Lawyers inform us that the King de jure only is not within the Purview of the Statute of Treason is not as they say Seignior le Roy. Consequently if Treason cannot be committed against a King de jure while he is out of Possession Allegiance cannot be due to him which is a Duty we owe to the King as our Soveragin Lord and none in the Eye of the Law is so but the King in Possession thus the formal reason of the Oath of Allegiance to the late King ceasing if he be no King in Law because out of Possession the Obligation of that Oath with respect to him ceaseth also besides much of the matter of our former Oath is gone too for we were sworn to bear true Allegiance to him in revealing and preventing Treasons against him and now he is not an Object capable of Treason But they also tell us Treason may be committed against a King regnant without Right and if so 't is thence evident that Allegiance is due to him against which Treason is directly contrary Treason is an Offence against our natural Allegiance which appears from the form of Endictments the words are Contra debitum Fidei Ligeantiae suae against the Duty of Faith and true Allegiance so near are they to the very Words in the Oath of Allegiance In a word to apply it Are not William and Mary now regnant and in full Possession of the Government To deny this is to impose upon our Senses Are they not our Soveraigns also to whom we owe Allegiance This to question is against all kind of Law May we be guilty of Treason against them Then supposed Allegiance to their Enemy seems to be a degree towards that Treason and to be a treasonable Principle if brought into Act it tends apparently to the Death of the King and Queen and how far the very Opinion is from Imagination and consequently from the Formality of Treason should be soberly considered at least to abate our consure of the Government that with some Severity requires our Allegiance and if it may be to perswade us to timely Conformity therein The Sum is I think we cannot justify our refusing to take the new Oath of Allegiance to King William and Queen Mary without destroying Acts of Parliament changing the Laws of England and razing the Principles and Laws of Nature The Words of II Hen. 7. cap. 1. bearing to our Purpose are these The King our Sovereign Lord calling to his remembrance the Duty of Allegiance of the Subjects of this his Realm and that they by reason of the same are bound to serve their Prince
for the time being for the defence of him and the Land against every Rebellion Power and Might reared against him And that 't is not reasonable but against all Laws Reason and good Conscience that the said Subjects any thing should lose or forfeit for doing their true Duty and Service of Allegiance It be therefore ordained that from henceforth no Persons that attend upon the King and Soveraign Lord of this Land for the time being in his Person and do him true and faithful Service of Allegiance be in no wise convict c. POSTSCRIPT IF in the foregoing Discourse I have abused the Law in Terms or otherwise as 't is not unlikely being out of my way I beg pardon of the Learned in that Faculty I have nothing to plead in Excuse but an honest Intention FINIS ERRATA Page 58. for Chap. VIII read Chap. IX Page 60. for Chap. IX read Chap. X. Books lately Printed for Awnsham Churchil at the Black Swan at Amen-Corner THE late Lord Russel's Case written by the Right Honourable Henry Lord De la Mere. fol. An Historical Account of making the Penal Laws by the Papists against the Protestants and by the Protestants against the Papists By Samuel Bluckerâ—… Barrister of Grays-Inn fol. Obedience due to the Present King notwithstanding our Oaths to the Former Written by a Divine of the Church of England 4 to A modest Enquiry Whether St. Peter was ever at Rome and Bishop of that Church 4 to The Spirit of France and the Politick Maxims of Lewis XIV laid open to the World. 4 to Memorials of the Method and Manner of Proceedings in Parliament in Passing Bills 8 o. Dr. Burnet's Tracts in Two Volumes 12 o. A Collection of Texts of Scripture with short Notes upon them And some other Observations against the Principal Popish Errors 12 o. Dr. Daniel Whitby's Treatise of Worship of Images Of Communion in one kind His Treatise of Tradition in two parts His Consideration for taking the Oaths to King William and Queen Mary Dr. Worthington of the Resurreâ—… 8 o. Mr. Masters of Submission toâ—… Providence 8 o. Foxes and Firebrands 8 o. 1st and 2d parts A Third Part in the Press Mr. Bold's Sermon on occasion of the Brief for Irish Protestants An Answer to Bishop Lake's late of Chichester Declaration of his dying in belief of the Doctrine of Passive Obedience c. Sir William Temple's Observations on Holland 8 o. Miscellania 8 o. Dr. Carswel's Assize Sermon at Abingdon August 6. 1689. Mr. Selden's Tabl 〈…〉 4 to A List of the present Parliament Lords and Commmons Present Cases stated about Allegiance to King William and Queen Mary Debates of the late Oxon and Westminster Parliaments 8 o. Monsieur Jurieu's Accomplishment of Scripture-Prophecies compleat New System of the Revelations 12 o. Voyage to Syam 8 o. Vid. Cron. Ecl. Licti Seld. 171. Fortise de Leg. Brad. Gloss p. 38. In Vit. Hen. 1. Rigâ—â—â—â—â—â— Royal Family Next Heir 25 Ed. 3. Stat. 6. Praemunire Provisors Ed. 1. Letter to the Pope Vid. Blounts Law dict Fâ—â— All Land in Abeyance or in Fie of some Man. Rule in Law. Edgar was set aside being neither in Body or Mind fit to govern Ingulph With full consent in Parliament the Queen of Scots was desired to be disabled Burl. Letter And of late the Duke of York Noted before Walsingham Hist As they did in Rich. 3. that famous Case Dr. Brad. p. 390. Vid. Dr. Brady p. 386. As Hen. 8. did Necessitas Pracepti Necessitas Medii Dr. Donne Oliver's Vsarpation answers not our Case 1. Nature Calv. Case By Sanderson Case of Engag p. 109 Lect. 5. de leg S. 19. Exod. 31. 13. 2. Scripture 3. Our Laws