thought to bee triumphed ouer rather then conquered It were an infinite taske to write all which Tacitus relates of the valour and warlike disposition of the Germans being a Nation louing rest and hating Idlenes puniâ—hing cowardice with Death and reputing it an inexplable shame for a subiect to see his Prince slaine in Battailâ— and returne aliue without him As much or more hee reports from Iulius Agricola then Proconsul of Britany of our ancient British Nation whose factions and dissentions amongst themselues gaue occasion to the Roman victory and not the Roman valour wherein hee confessed them no way to stand inferiour To strengthen this assertion History will afford an euidence almost in euery corner of the world wherein wee shall find the North by sundry conquests to haue preuailed against the South In the East parts wee find that Ciâ—gis Can a Northerne Tartar conquered the Indians That the Tartarians also conquered the Armenians and yet the Armenians had such aduantâ—ge against the Southerne people that the Mamalukes esteemed a strong Nation in Aegypt were first chosen out of Armenia Also wee find that the people of Caâ—haâ— subdued the Chinois and the Indians Wee read also that Mahomet a Saracen Sultan of Persia hired certaine Northerne Scythians with whose strength hee ouerthrew the Caliph of Babylon who dwelt afterwards in Turcomania Neither wants America many examples in this kind and no question but many others haue been drowned in obliuion for want of History We find that the people of the North in this Continent preuailed against the South and conquered Mexico which was afterward subdued againe by Cortese and by later discouery of our English nation we are giuen to vnderstand that the people about Terra de Laboradore are a fierce warlike people in so much as rather then they would yeeld themselues to be taken captiue by our men they haue been seene to make away themselues To goe no further then our own countrey who knowes not how many famous ouerthrowes haue in later Ages beene giuen to the Spaniards and the French especially to the later who haue feared the vtter vndoing of their State yet neither of these two great Kingdomes could euer attempt any thing against the English worthy Chronicle or obseruation If any man obiect the actions of King William the Conquerour wee can answer many wayes first that hee wanne the soueraignty not meerely by the sword but by Agreement and composition challenging a promise from King Edward the predecessour and being fortified with a strong faction of the nobility of the Realme and moreouer the malice of the Subiects against Harald being an vsurping Tyrant gaue great spurres to his victory wherefore wee cannot iudge this a true Conquest yet hath England beene conquered of the Danes a more Northerne people and suffered many inconueniences of the Scots but yet were neuer able to conquer them vtterly or bring them vnder subiection although fewer in number and neerâ— their Confines Now for the second clause that the people of the Middle Region are more prouident in preseruation of Common-wealths is warranted out of the same grounds for to this two things are necessary to wit Armes and Counsell whence they vsed to paint Pallas armed to signifie that not only strength but Counsell was necessary for the establishmenâ— of Kingdomes The Southerne people as we haue shewed being altogether addicted to contemplation haue beene vnable either to defend themselues or repell an enemy On the other side the people of the North hauing strength sufficient to assault for want of prudence and counsell could neuer long enioy their Conquests so that wee shall seldome read of any great Empire established of either But the middle people hauing strength to subdue the Southerne and policy enough to ouercome the strength of the North haue established many great and famous Empires Here for an ample example wee may produce the State of the Roman Empire which borrowed Lawes and discipline from the Graecians nauticall Scienâ—es from the Sicilians and Punicks military discipline from their dayly exercise and therefore was it no great wonder that in state and glory they surmounted all other Nations On the other side wee finde many famous victories atchieued by the Northerne people yet could they neuer leaue behind them any large Empire but as easily lost as wonne their Kingdomes Thus fared it with the Gothes the Hunnes the Heruli and the Vandals which with so many strong Armies inuaded Europe and Asia who neuerthelesse for want of Wisdome and foresight could not hold what they got or settle therein any state of long continuance 4 The extreame Regions in manners actions and customes are cleane opposite the one to the other The middle partake of mixture of both That the manners of men depend on the naturall complexion and temper is warranted as well by experience as approued testimony of our best Philosophers For howsoeuer grâ—ce oâ— education may make a change yet this is extraordinary and these raines once loosed men easily returne to their former disposition How much the Northerne man differs from the Southerne in naturall constitution wee haue formerly â—aught out of which wee cannot but conclude a great disparity in manners and customes Yet â—o shew a moâ—e speciall and euident demonstration wee will make a particular enumeration of such affections as are incident to the Nortâ—ernâ— Sothernâ— man out of the comparison make ouâ— iudgement First therefore it is manifest out of ancient and moderne obseruation that the Northerne man hath beene â—axed of too much leuity and inconstancy The Southerne man contrariwise of too much peruerse stubbornesse as well in opinion as affection The reason of both wee haue before specified to bee their naturall complexion which in the former is inclined to sanguine in the later to Choller Adust and melancholy whereof the one is the more subiect to change or impression then the other Galen deriuing all vertues from the humours of the body makes Chollâ—r the mother of prudence melanchâ—ly of constancy bloud of mirth fleame of mansuetude Out of the mixture of which humours infinite variety ariseth And because these humours are seldome equally or proportionally combined and tempered together they become the sources of infinite vices Which Inequality of temperament is rather found in the extreame regions And therefore no maruaile if they are obserued to haue beene subiect to greater vices then those of the middle region For the mutability and leuity of the Northerne Nations wee can haue no greater argument then the change of religion It is written of the Ostrogothes and Visigothes that being expulsed by King Attila they besought Valens that hee would grant them a dwelling place conditionally promising that they would submit themselues as well to the lawes of the Empire as to the Christian Religion Which hauing obtained they fled from their promise and perfidiously burnt the Emperor aliue The Gothes as soone as they came into Italy embraced the Christian Religion but soone ranne into
but also themselues practised such commerce as well for the benefit of their Common-wealth as the increase of their particular estate Two memorable examples we haue in Henry the third King of England and Laurence de Medices Duke of Florence whereof the former gaue many and large priuiledges to all the Hance Townes in his Kingdomes which were in Number about 27 The other himselfe for his owne priuate commodity exercised the Trade of Merchandize yet was this man most ingenious and a great louer of learned Men. CHAP. IX Of Pedography Riuers Lakes and Fountaines in the Earth 1 WE haue formerly treated of Hydrographie or the description of the Water now are we by Gods assistance to proceede on to Pedographie which is a description of the Firme Earth or Dry-Land 2 The Land is a space contained in the superficies of Earth distinguished from the Water The Earth in this place is not taken as in the former part of Geographie for the whole Terrestriall Spheare composed of Earth and Water Neither yet as it is vsually taken in Naturall Philosophy for an Absolute Elementary body whose causes and affections are to bee searched out but Topographically for a place or habitable space on the dry-land This dry-land distinguished from the Water by its Firmenesse and Constancy being noâ— subiect as the Water to motion and inconstancy was therefore if we belieue the Poet called Vestâ— according to that verse Stat viterra suâ vi stando Vesta vocatur Neither wants this fable of Vesta a sufficient morall First because Vesta was faigned to bee a keeper and protectour of their houses which may very well agree to the Earth which not only sustaines and beares vp all buildings and houses but also affords all commodities and fruits wherewith housholds are maintained Secondly Vesta was fained to be the Goddesse to whom the first fruits were offered in sacrifice which may well square with the nature of the Earth from which all fruits are originally deriued and therefore as it were of due ought all first fruits to bee consecrated to her altar Two other Parallels betwixt the Goddesse Vesta are added by Natalis Comes First because Plutarch sheweth in his Symposiacks that the Tables of the Ancients dedicated to Vesta were made round in forme and fashion of the Earth Secondly because the seat of Vesta was imagined to bee in the liquid Aire immoueable and not subiect to motion which well agrees with the common conceiued opinion of the Earth But these two rather expresse the nature of the whole Terrestriall Spheare then of the land diuided from the Waters This description of the dry-land separated from the Waters we haue termed Pedographieâ— because the Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 commonly deriued from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a foote signifies as much as a firme place whereon men may haue sure footing to which is consonant the Hebrew word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which seemes most probably deriued from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies as much as Terere to weare out or waste because the Earth is dayly troden and worne with our feet The proprieties of the Earth appertaining to a Cosmographer are many and various wherefore to auoid confusion wee haue diuided them into these heads 3 The Adiuncts of a Place in the Land are either Naturall or Ciuill The Naturall are such as are in bred in the Earth 4 The Naturall may bee againe diuided into Perpetuall or Casuall Perpetuall are such as alwayes or most ordinarily continue the same 5 The Perpetuall proprieties are againe twofold either Absolute or Comparatiue The Absolute I call such as agree to the Land without any respect to the Sea 6 Of the former sort are such as belong to the Figurature of the Soile wherin three things are most remarkeable 1 Riuers Fountaines and Lakes 2 Mountaines Valleyes and plaines 3 Woods and Champian Countreyes 7 A Riuer is a perpetuall course of water from a certaine head or fountaine running from an higher to a lower place on the earth Riuers are by some Geographers more curiously distinguished into 2 sorts whereof the first are setled or stayed Riuers which slide away with a more equall and vniforme course The later are called Torrents or stickle waters which are carried with a far greater violence In a Riuer three things are chiefly remarkeable First the Fountaine or Spring secondly Whirle-pooles Thirdly the Mouth of it The spring is the place where at first the water sensibly breakes out of the Earth As Nilus in Africke is thought to haue his first head at the mountaines of the Moone A Whirlepoole is a place in a Riuer where the water falling into a Deep trench is whirled teurned round The Mouth is the place where any Riuer finds a passage our either into the sea or into another greater Riuer which in latine is tearmed ostium or a gate Whence they call Septem ostia Nili which are seuen mouths by which it fals into the Mediterranean This gaue the name to many Citties and Townes in England as Plimmouth Darâ—mouth Portsmouth Axmouth with many others Now for as much as all water is by nature heauy and therefore couets the lowest place The course of all Riuers must needes bee from a higher to a lower place whence we may guesse the hight of lands For it is necessary that for euery mile wherein the water glides forward on the earth there be made an allowance of 2 foote at least in the decliuity of the ground For although water will slide away at any inequality yet could not the water bee wholesome and retaine any reasonable swiftnesse of motion without this allowance Hence we may probably find out the huge hight of the Alpes about all the places in Europe because out of them spring foure great Riuers which runne foure wayes whereof the two greatest are the Danow which receiues into it 60 Nauigable riuers and so disburthens it selfe into the Euxine Sea far remote and the Rhene Of Lakes and Riuers many memorable matters may be spoken all which we will reduce to these heads 1 Their Generation and first originall 2 Their Appearance 3 Their Place in the earth 4 Their Vertues and effects all which we will comprehend in these Theoremes following 1 All Riuers haue their first originall from the sea the mother of Riuers The originall of fountaines and Riuers on the earth is a matter of great difficulty and for ought I know not yet found out of our greatest Philosophers yet being willing to goe as farre as I can I will glaunce at probabilities and first set downe other mens opinions Some haue beene of opinion that in the bowels of the earth are hid certaine vast concauities and cauernes which receiuing into them a great quantity of raine-Water haue giuen originall to Lakes and Fountaines Hence they giue the reason why these fountaines are perpetuall Because the raine-water receiued into these cauernes being extraordinary great is sufficient to nourish such springs of water vntill the
the distance of two places in the same Hemispheare without the Equatour 255 3 Of the distance of places differing only in longitude in diuerse Hemispheares 260 4 Of the inuention of places differing onely in Latitude either in the same or diuerse kindes of Latitude 261 5 To find out the distance of places differing in Longitude and Latitude by the square roote 262 6 How to performe the same by the tables of Signes Tangents and Secants 264 7 To find out the distances of places by resolution of the sphericall Triangle 266 8 Of the Inuention of the distance by the Semicircle 271 9 Of the expression of the distance on the Globe or Mappe 273 To my Booke PArue nec inuideo sine me Liber ibis in Aulam Hei mihi quòd Domino non licetire tuo Goe forth thou haplesse Embrion of my Braine Vnfashion'd as thou art expresse the straine And language of thy discontented Sire Who hardly ransom'd his poore Babe from fire To offer to the world and carelesse men The timelesse fruits of his officious pen. Thou art no louely Darling stampt to please The lookes of Greatnesse no delight to ease Their melancholy temper who reiect As idle toyes but what themselues affect No lucky Planet darted forth his Rayes To promise loue vnto thy infant-dayes Thou maist perhaps be marchandize for slaues Who sell their Authors wits and buy their graues Thou maist be censur'd guilty of that blame Which is the Midwifes fault the Parent 's shame Thou maist be talke for Tables vs'd for sport At Tauerne-meetings pastime for the Court Thou maist be torne by their malicious phangs Who nere were taught to know a Parents pangs How eas'ly caâ—â—roud Ignorance out-stare The coâ—eliest weeds thy pouerty can weare When all the Sisters on our Isis side Are ofâ— sworne seruants to aspiring pride And our râ—â—owned Mother Athens groanes To see her garden set with Cadmus sonnes Whose birth is muâ—uall strife whose destiny Is onlâ— to be borne to fight and dy Prometheus is chain'd fast and cannot moue To steale a little fire from mighty Ioue To people new the world that we may see Our Mother teeme with a new progenie And therefore with thy haplesse Father proue To place thy duty where thou findest loue When thou arriu'st at Court thou long may'st stay Some Friends assistance to prepare thee way As in a clowdy morning I haue done When enuious Vapours shut me from the Sunne When all else enter see thou humbly stand To begge a kisse from thy Moecenas hand If he vouchsafe a looke to guild thy state Proclayme him Noble thy selfe fortunate GEOGRAPHIE THE FIRST BOOKE CHAP. I. Of the Terrestriall Globe the matter and forme 1 GEOGRAPHIE is a science which teacheth the description of the whole Earth The Nature of Geographie is well expressed in the name For Geographie resolued according to the Greeke Etymologie signifieth as much as a description of the Earth so that it differs froÌ„ Cosmographie â—s a part from the whole Forasmuch as Cosmographie according to the name is a description of the wholâ— world coÌ„prehending vnder it as well Geographie as Astronomie Howbeit I confesse that amongst the ancient Writers Cosmographie hath been taken for one the selfe-same science with Geographie as may appeare by sundry treatises meerely Geographicall yet intituled by the name of Cosmographie This Science according to our approued Ptolomie is distinguished from Chorographie foure wayes First because Geographie describeth the whole Spheare of the Earth according to its iust quantity proportion figure and dispositions which the principall parts of it haue as well in respect of one another as of the whole Terrestriall Globe so that it only vndertakes the chiefe and most noted parts such as are sines creekes nations cities promontories riuers and famous mountaines But the Chorographer separatly handleth the lesser parts and matters of smaller moment such as are hillocks brooks lakes townes villages and Parishes without any respect at all to the places adioyning as conferring them with the Sphaericall fabricke of the whole Earth Which by the same Author is well illustrated by an example drawne from the Painters Art For wee see that a Painter desirous to draw out and represent the head of any liuing creature will first draw out the lineaments of the first and greatest parts as the eyes eares nose mouth forehead and such like only caring that they may challenge a due and iust proportion and symmetrie one with the other not regarding the lesser particles and ornaments in each of these wanting perhaps space competent to accomplish it But if the same Painter would striue to expresse only an eye or an eare he might take space enough to designe out euery smaller lineament colour shadow or marke as if it were naturall for in this he cares not to make it correspondent to the whole head other parts of the body So happens it to the Geographer who willing to delineate out any part of the Earth as for example our Realme of England he would describe it as an Iland encompassed round with the sea figured in a triangular forme only expressing the principall and greater parts of it But the Chorographer vndertaking the description of some speciall and smaller part of England as for example the City of Oxford descends much more particularly to matters of small quantity and note such as are the Churches Colledges Halls Streets Springs giuing to each of them their due accidents colours lineaments and proportion as farre forth as Art can imitate Nature Neither in this kind of description needs there any consideration of the places adioyning or the generall draught of the whole Iland The second difference betweene Geographie and Chorographie assigned by Ptolomie consists in this that Chorographie is commonly conuersant in the accidentall qualities of each place particularly noting vnto vs which places are barren fruitfull sandy stony moist dry hot cold plain or mountainous and such like proprieties But Geographie lesse regarding their qualities inquires rather of the Quantities measures distances which places haue aswell in regard one of the other as of the whole Globe of the Earth assigning to each region its true longitude latitude clime parallell and Meridian 3ly Geographie and Chorographie are said to differ because Geographie stands in little need of the Art of Painting for as much as it is conuersant the most part about the Geometricall lineaments of the Terrestriall Globe clayming great affinity with the Art called of the Greekes Ichnographie whose office is to expresse the figure and proportion of bodies set forth in a plain superficies But contrariwise Corographie requires as a help necessary the Art of Painting forasmuch as no man can fully and perfectly expresse to the eye the true portraict of cities townes castels promontories and such other things in their true colours liuelyhood and proportion except they bee skilled in the Art of Painting So that this part is by some likened to that Art which the
receiued errour as we haue mentioned that there is a certaine Rocke or Pole of Load-stone some degrees distant from the true Pole of the world which the Magneticall needle in it's variation should respect This Pole they haue imagined to be in the same Meridian with that which passeth by the Azores whence they haue laboured to shew the reason why the Compasse should not vary in that place which they explaine by this Figure Let there be a circle describing the Spheare E AF the Horizon EF the Articke Pole A the Antarticke â— The Pole or Rocke of Loadstone placed out of the Pole of the Earth B. Let there bee placed a magneticall directory needle in H it will according to their assertion tend to the point B by the magneticall Meridian H B which because it concurres with the true Meridian B A or H A there will be no variation at all but a true direction to the North Pole of the Earth But let this magneticall needle be placed in the point D it is certaine according to this opinion that it will tend to the Pole of the Loadstone B by the magneticall Meridian D B. Wherefore it will not point out the Pole of the Earth A but rather the point C because these two Meridians come not into one and the selfe-same Hence they haue laboured with more hope then successe â—o find out the longitude of any part of the Earth without any obseruation of the Heauens which I confesse might easily be effected if this coniecture might stand with true obseruation But how farre this conceit swarues from the experience of Nauigatours one or two instances will serue to demonstrate For if the variation had any such certaine poles as they imagine then would the Arch of variation bee increased or diminished proportionally according to the distance of the places As for example If in the compasse of an hundred miles the Compasse were varied one degree then in the next hundred miles it would vary another degree which would make two degrees But this hath often been proued otherwise by diuerse experiments of Nauigations mentioned by Gilbert and F. Wright I will only produce one or two If a ship saile from the Sorlinges to New-found-land they haue obserued that when they come so farre as to finde the Compasse to point directly North without any variation at all then passing onward there will bee a variation toward the North-East but obscure and little then afterward will the Arch of this variation increase with like space in a greater proportion vntill they approach neere the â—ontinent where they shall find a very great variation Yet before they come a shoare this variation will decrease againe From which one instance if there were no other we might conclude That the Arch of variation is not alwaies proportionable to the distance which granted quite ouerthrowes that conceit of the Poles of variation Beside this if there were two such magneticall Poles there can be but one common Meridian passing by them and the Poles of the Earthly Globe But by many obseruations collected and obserued by Ed. Wright and others there should be many magneticall Meridians passing by the Poles of the world as in the Meridian about Trinidado and Barmudas the Meridian about the Westermost of the Azores lastly the Meridian running amongst the East Indian Ilands a little beyond Iaua Maior the magneticall and true Meridian must needs agree in one Now for as much as all these magneticall Meridians passe by the Poles of the earth there can no cause be assigned why the magneticall Poles should bee said to bee in one rather then another and if in any then in all Whence it must needes follow that as many magneticall Meridians as you haue to passe by the true Poles of the world so many paire of magneticall Poles must you haue which will be opposite to all reason and experience 1 The point of Variation as of Direction is only Respectiue not Attractiue It was supposed by the Ancients that the Direction and Variation of the Loadstone was caused by an Attractiue point which drew and enforced the lilly of the Compasse that way which errour tooke place from another common-receiued opinion that all the other motions of the magnet were reduced to the Attractiue operation but the errour was corrected by one Robert Norman an English-man who found this point to bee Respectiue and no way Attractiue Whose reason or demonstration is not disapproued by Dr Gilbert although in other matters hee sharply taxeth him His experiment is thus Let there be a round vessell as we haue described ful of water in the midle of this water-place an iron-wier in a conuenient round corke or boat that it may swimme vpon the water euen poyzed let this iron-wire be first touched with the load-stone that it may more strongly shew the point of variation let this point of variation be D let this iron-wire rest vpon the water in the corke for a certaine time It is certainly true that this iron-wire in the cork will not moue it selfe to the margent or brinke of the vessell D which certainly it would doe if the point D were an attractiue point 3 The variation of euery place is constant and not variable This hath beene ratified by the experience of Nauigatours which in the selfe-same Regions haue neuer missed the true variation which they haue assigned them before If any difference bee assigned in variation to the same Region wee may impute it to their errour which obserued it arising either from want of skill or conuenient instruments Neither can this euer be changed except some great deluge or dissolution happen of a great part of land as Plato records of his Atlanticke Ilands 4 The variation is greater in places neere the poles of the Earth This proportion is not to be taken vniuersally but commonly for the most part yet would it haue truth in all places if all other things were correspondent It is obserued that the variation is greater on the coasts of Norway and the Low-countries then at Morocco or Guinea For at Guinea the magneticall needle inclines to the East a third part of one Rumbe of the Compasse In the Ilands of Cape-Verde halfe in the coasts of Morocco two third parts In England at the mouth of Thames according to the obseruation of D. Gilbert and Ed. Wright though some deny it one whole Rumbe in London the chiefe city of it eleuen degrees and more which we also find or thereabout in Oxford The reason is because the magneticall motiue vertue is stronger in the greater latitude increasing towards the pole and the large Regions of land lying toward the Pole preuaile more then those which are situate farther off 12 Thus much for the Variation The Declination is a magneticall motion whereby the magneticall needle conuerts it selfe vnder the Horizontall plaine toward the Axis of the Earth What wee haue hitherto spoken of Direction and Variation magneticall was such as might be
place whereunto the Arabians came being a part of Thessaly where such dwell who only cast their shaddowes one way to wit Northward but Arabia their naturall Countrey being supposed to be included in the Torrid Zone where the shaddowes were said to be cast both wayes they are said to wonder The reason why our shaddowes at noone are cast alwayes toward the North and the others toward the South is related before to be because the shaddow doth alwayes occupie or possesse the place opposite to the Sunne or light body 12 The Periscij are such in habitants whose shaddowes are mooued round about them in a circular forme In some places of the earth the Noone-shaddowes take not their beginning from our heads but of one side and are extended forward to the plaine of the terrestriall Horizon and so mooued round about the Opacous body as about a Gnomon whence they are called Periscij which is as much to say as men hauing shaddowes mooued round about such is their habitation which are included in the Frigid Zone circumscribed within the Polar circles and the Poles Here the Sunne neuer directly passeth by the crowne of their heads but at one side so that they haue the Pole for their verticall point but the Equatour as it were for their Horizon These Periscij are of two sorts for some are contained in the Arcticke circle the other in the Antarcticke whereof both are as yet vndiscouered especially the Antarcticke being farthest off from our climate 1 The habitation of the Amphiscij comprehends 7. Parallels of the Heteroscij 41. of the Periscij 6. Moneths Of the nature and accidents of these three sorts of people there needs no more to be spoken then wee haue deliuered before in this Chapter Neuerthelesse for a recapitulation of our former doctrine in this the precedent Chapter it will not be amisse to insert this table of Climates set out by our exactest Geographers wherein is expressed as it were to our view the respect and seuerall accidents which belong to these seuerall inhabitants 13 Thus much for the Inhabitants absolutely considered The inhabitants compared one with the other according to their position are the Perioeci Antoeci and Antipodes 14 The Perioeei are those inhabitants which dwell in the two opposite points of the Parallell circle 15 The Antoeci are such as dwell vnder the same Meridian but in diuers Parallels equally distant from the Equatour 16 The Antipodes are such as inhabite vnder one Meridian but vnder two Parallels equidistant from the Equatour and two opposite points of those Parallels A Table of the Climates belonging to the three sorts of Inhabitants Pag 229. Inhabitants belonging to severall Climats Climes Parallels The longest summer day Hou Scr. Latitude elevation of Pole Scr. Degr. The breadth of the Climats Deg. Scr The places by which the Climates passe  0 0 1 12 0 12 15 0 0 4 18 4 18 The beginning from the Aequatour  1 2 3 122 30 1 45 8 34 12 43 8 25 Sinus Arabicus or the Red Sea Amphiscij 2 4 5 13 0 13 15 16 43 20 33 7 50 Meroe an Iland of Nilus in Aegypt  3 6 7 13 40 13 45 23 10 27 36 7 3 Siene a Ciâ—ty in Africa  4 8 9 14 0 14 15 30 47 33 45 6 9 Alexandria in Aegypt  5 10 11 14 30 14 45 36 30 39 2 5 17 Rhodes and Babylon  6 12 13 15 0 15 15 41 22 4â— 3â— 4 30 Rome and Hellespont  7 14 15 15 30 15 45 45 29 47 20 3 48 Venice and Millaine  8 16 17 16 0 16 15 49 21 50 33 3 13 Podalia and â—he lesser Tartary  9 18 19 16 30 16 45 51 58 53 17 2 44 Batavia and Witâ—enberge   20 17 0 17 â—â— 54 â—9 55 â—4 2 17 Râ—stoch 11 22 23 17 30 17 45 â—â—â—7 57 34 2 0 Ireland and Moscovy Ieteroscij 12 24 25 18 0 18 15 58 26 59 14 1 40 Bohus a Castle in Norwey  13 26 27 18 30 18 45 59 59 60 40 1 26 Gothland  14 28 29 19 0 19 15 61 18 61 53 1 13 Bergis in Norwey  15 30 31 19 30 19 45 62 25 62 54 1 0 VViburge in Finland  16 32 33 20 0 20 15 63 22 63 46 0 52 Arotia in Sweden  17 34 35â— 20 30 20 45 64 6 64 30 0 44 The mouth of Darecally a riuer of SwedeÌ„  18 36 37 21 0 21 15 64 49 65 6 0 36 Diverse places of Norwey  19 38 39 21 30 21 45 65 21 65 35 0 29 Suecia Alba Russia  20 40 41 22 0 22 15 65 47 65 57 0 22 With many Ilands  21 42 43 22 â—0 22 45 66 6 66 14 0 17 Therevnto adioyning  22 44 45 23 0 23 15 66 20 66 25 0 11 Wanting speciall names  23 46 47 23 30 23 45 66 28 66 â—0 0 5 And Landmarkes  24 48 24 0 66 31 0 0 Island vnder the Aâ—tick circle  Here the Climats are accouÌ„ted by the moÌ„ths from 66 Degr. Menses 1 67 15 These Climates are supposed to passe by Diverse Ilands within the Artick circle as These names being originally Greeke are taken from the diuerse manner of dwelling of one nation in respect of another The Perioeci are called such as dwell as it were about the Hemispheare in the same Parallell in two opposite points the one in regard of the other being Easterne the other Westerne so that they are supposed to differ the one from the other 180 degrees which is the semicircle where we are to note that these degrees are to be numbred not in a greater but a lesser Parallell which is lesse then the Equatour For they which are vnder the Equator it selfe in 2 opposite points are to bee accounted rather Antipodes although for ought I see the name might agree The Antoeci as the name imports are such as dwell one against another hauing one selfe-same Meridian and equall distance from the Equatour the one in the Northerne the other in the Southerne Hemispheare The Antipodes otherwise called Antichthones may popularly bee described to bee such as dwell feet to feet one against the other so that a right line being drawne from one side to the other will passe by the Center of the world whence they precisely are distant the one from the other 1800 in a greater circle wherein they are distinguished from the Perioeci which are diuided by the degrees of a lesser circle such compared one to the other are the Americans and the Easterne Indians about the riuer Ganges the Inhabitants of Peru and Calecute those of Peria Summatra to England I finde no other Antipodes but the Sea or at least some parcell of land in the South continent neere Psittacorum Regio Here is to be noted that the former definition of Antipodes giuen by the ancients was only to bee vnderstood of the knowne habitable
into miles The reason may bee explained in this Figure wee will imagine EF to bee the lesser EG the greater latitude There will remaine an Arch of the Meridian FG which being multiplied by 60 being part of a great circle will make the nuÌ„ber of miles answerable to that distance For an example we will take two Citties of England Oxford and Yorke The latitude Oxford we take to be 31 degrees 30 minutes of Yorke 54 degrees 30 minutes The lesser latitude subtracted from the greater there will remaine three degrees which being multiplied by 60 will render 180 Italian-miles the Distance of thse two places 2 If two places in latitude only distant be situate in diuerse kindes of latitude adde the latitude of the one to the other and the whole summe shall be the distance As for example in the former Diagram imagining as in the former case BD to be the Meridian of those distant places and AC the Equatour we will suppose the one place to bee situate towards the North Pole as G the other towards the South as in H then as appeares by sense will the distance bee the Arch of the Meridian GH whereof GE and EH are parts whereof it is compounded wherefore it must needs follow that those parts added together make the whole distance for example we will take Bellograde in Europe and the Cape of good hope in Africa which haue neere the same longitude to wit 48 degrees 30 minutes but they differ in latitude in such sort as the former hath of the Northerne latitude 44 degrees 30 Minutes the other of Southerne latitude about 35 degrees 30 minutes These two numbers added together will make 80 degrees which being multiplied by 60 will produce 4800 miles the distance of those places 9 Hitherto of the distances of places which are Vniforme that is to say of such as differ either only in longitude or onely in latitude wee are next to consider of such distances as are various wherein the places differ both in longitude and latitude 10 The Inuention of such a distance may bee performed two wayes either Abstractiuely by the resolution of Triangles or else Mechanically by instruments The former againe may bee two wayes either by the Right-line Triangle or by the Sphericall The inuention of the distance by the Rigt-line Triangle depends on these following Propositions declaring two wayes of inuention 11 The first is by a Rectangle Triangle barely considered by it selfe according to this Theoreme 1 The square Root of the number made of the differences of longitude and latitude of two places distant will shew the distance of those places The ground of this Proposition is taken from the 27 Proposition of the first booke of Euclide where it is demonstrated that the square of the Hypotenusa or greatest side of a Rectangle Triangle is equall to the two squares made of the two other sides which being well vndersâ—ood will lend an easie light to this proposition To performe which we must first take the difference of longitude which is imagined to make one side of this Triangle Then wee must obserue also the difference of latitude which is supposed to make another side Then are we sure by the former Proposition of Euclide that the squares of these two sides are equall to the square of the Hypotenusâ— or third side which is to be sought out and expresses the distance betwixt those places wherfore we must first multiply these two sides in themselues whence they will become squares 2. We must adde them together 3 We must out of the totall extract the quadrat root which will shew the distance as suppose according to this Figure two Cities dâ—stant and differing both in longitude and latitude wherof the one shall haue in longitude 21 degrees in latitude 58 the other is supposed to haue in longitude 26 degrees in latitude 52. Here first I subtract the lesse longitude out of the greater to wit 21 out of 26 and the residue will bee 5 which I suppose to be one side of the Rectangle Triangle Then likewise I subtract the lesse latitude as 52 out of 58 the residue will be 6 which I make the other side of my Triangle which done I multiplie 6 in it selfe and it makes 36 which is the square of one side Then I multiply 5 in it selfe and the product will be 25 the square on the other side These two squares added together by the foresaid Proposition must be equall to the square of the Hypoteneus orthird side 61 whereof the square root being extracted will shew the side it selfe which will be 7 7 25 which is the distance If any man desire to know this distance according to miles he must reduce the degrees of longitude and latitude into miles according to our former rules before he begin to worke because as wee haue shewed the degrees of longitude being measured in the Parallells are not alwayes equall the Parallels being somewhere greatâ—r somewhere lesser This way must needs bee more exact in that a Mile is a smaller part then a Degree and as Pitiscus notes the Fractions which fall out in extraction of roots can hardly bee reduced to any proportion Neuerthelesse this way of finding out the distance by a Right-line Triangle howsoeuer common and receaued is very vnperfect and subiect to great errour especially in places far distant for as much as it supposeth the Meridians with the Parallels on the Globe to make true squares whereas indeed all the Meridians meet in the pole and so by consequence cannot make true squares But yet this errour is far lesse in a lesser distance because in a small space of earth the roundnesse and conuexity of the Earth is insensible or at least of very small importance so that this way cannot be altogether vnusefull 12 Another is found out more exact then the former by the tables of Signes Tangents and Secants This is performed by finding out the numbers whereof the former is called Inuentum primum or the first found number The second Inuentum secundum or the second found number The working of which Probleme depends on these rules 1 Multiply the Right Signe of the difference of the longitude into the summe of the complement of the lesser latitude and diuide the product of that multiplication by the totall summe then by the rules of Signes and Tangents the Arch of that Quotient found out will giue the first found number 2 Multiply the right signe of the lesser latitude by the totall signe and hauing diuided the product thereof by the signe of the complement of the first number subtract the Arch of that quotient out of the greater latitude which giues the second found number 3 Then multiply the signe of the complement of the first found number into the signe of the complement of the second found number and hauing diuided the product by the Totall Signe Let the Arch of the quotient be sought out by the Tables which Arch subtracted
Sâ—aniard and therefore must not deserue so much of Spaine as his golden Indies otherwise Augustus Cesars image had bin better lost then found and the Bishop receiued small thankes for his Perasitick presentation 5 That America should euer suffer such a deluge as to be lost for so large a time will sooner bee admitted as a pleasant discourse in table talke then purchase credit as a likely History it seemeth to be doubted by Mercator a great Geographer of latter times inferiour to none before named whether ouer this tract of laÌ„d were ouerwhelmed with Waters in the generall deluge which he was induced to beleeue out of the disparity of the Soile Herbes Beasts and Inhabitants with ours in Europe and other parts of the world This opinion I hold not sound in Diuinity yet seemes it backt with more strength of humane reason then Plato's fable of this imaginary Atlantick Iland Much more could I speake of the vncertainty of this first argument were I not afraid to tire my Reader too much But this North-west passage is a long voyage and hath bin for a long time sought and therefore I hope ingenious men will pardon my long discourse 2 The second reason is taken from a Relation reported by Gemma Frisius of three Brothers who in ancient time passed through this straite into America which accident gaue it the name of Fretum Trium Fratrum by which appellation it is knowne at this day This argument I take to be more weake then the other as depending on vncertaine report Indebted I know not to what approued History But where History is vncertaine reasonable coniecture must challenge precedency I will heere by way of doubt aske these few questions whether these three Brothers before mentioned passed through this straite or not If not no good Argument can hence bee grounded of such a passage or if they passed through I demaund whether they returned to their Country or not to make a relation If they returned not how could such a report with probability be brought home vnto vs 3 If they returned home how could such a memorable Action bee forgotten and not committed to any certaine History especially in such a Monkish age wherein out of ignorance and want of experience the most petty Inuentions were admired for great matters The reason as yet makes me to suspend my iudgment of Decision till I find better 3 The third reason drawne from antiquity best vrged and husbanded by Sr Humfry Gilbert for this North-west passage depends on a certaine Relation of Indians in ancient time cast by tempest on the coasts of Germany Pliny relates out of a report of Cornelius Nepos who wrote 57 yeares before CHRIST that certaine Indians were inforced by violence of tempest vpon the Germane coasts which were afterward presented by the King of Sueuia to Quintus Metellus Celer then Proconsul of France wherevpon Pliny inferres in his 2 Booke 66 Chapter that it is no great wonder though there be a sea North where there is so much moisture To confirme this opinion of Pliny and report of Cornelius Nepos they produce the testimony of the excellent Geographer Dominicus Marius Niger who sheweth how many wayes the Indian Sea extendeth it selfe reciting the same report of certaine IndiaÌ„s that were carryed by tempest through the North-seas from India vpon the Borders of Germany as they were following their Trade of Merchandize The argument grounded vpon these Testimonies will staÌ„d thus These fore-named Indians arriuing on the coasts of Germany must come of necessity either by the South-east South-west North-east or North-west The three other coasts seeme altogether improbable and therefore this opinion of the North-west seemes more worthy credit first they came not by the South-east because the roughnesse of the Seas occasioned by stormie windes and strange currents in those places about Cape bona Speranza seconded by the smallnesse of their Canoas wherein the Indians vsually trauailed seem to stand against suâ—h a long voyage 2 They could not well come a long by the shore of Africk and so passe into Europe because the windes doe there commonly blow Easterly off from the shore so that the currenâ— driâ—ing that way would sooner haue carried them Westerly vpon some part of America where they should by all likely coniecture haue perished in that great Atlanticke Sea either in that huge and great Atlanticke Sea either by shipwracke or want of prouision in so small a vessell 3 If they had ouercome all these dangers which wise men would hardly take vp vpon trust It seemes hard they should not haue first touched vpon the coasts of the Azores Portugall Spaine England or Ireland before they should arriue at the coasts of Germany 4 For the reason before-named they could not come from the South-west because the current which commeth from the East striketh with such violence on the straites of Magellane running with such swiftnesse into the South-sea or Mare del Zur that a shippe without great burden cannot without much difficulty arriue at our Western Ocean through that narrow rea What then shall we imagine of an Indian Canoa managed by such vnskilfull marriners 5. To proue these men to be true Indians and neither Africans nor Americans seemes to be warranted because the Inhabitants of Africa America neither had nor scarce know other kind of Boates then such as beare neither mastes nor sailes but such as are are only carried along by the shores except of later times such as haue bin instructed by the Turkes on the coasts of Barbarie or by the Spaniards in America This argument I confesse is wittily spunne out by my renowned country-man Sr Humfry Gilbert whose ability seemes to haue made a haruest out of the stubble Neuerthelesse in my conceipt it promiseth in the conclusion more then the premises can well warrant For first it seemes not to me a matter so cleare out of question whether these ship-wrackt people cast in vpon the coasts of Germany were true Indians or not because so farre as my coniecture leadeth me being grounded on Historie the name of Indians out of the ignorance of those times hath been giuen by the Romans to many other forraigne Nations farre distant especially to the Aethâ—opiaÌ„s in Africk which beside the testimony of diuerse ancient Historians too tedious to relate may seeme probable out of that end of a verse of Horace Vltra Garamantas Indos where for ioyning together two Nations so separat in place the former being in Africk the other almost in the farthest verge of Asia he seemed as ignoraÌ„t of the distance as the people 2 How should these Westerne inhabitants know these men to be true Indians whose condition place and language they neuer vnderstood 3 Why might not these men come from some of the Ilands in the Atlantick Ocean 4 The reason against it drawne from the current striking with such force on the streits of Magellane is contradicted by the experience of latter Nauigators much more I
Geographer to obserue in those matters shall generally be comprised in this Theoreme 1 Woods in these dayes are not so frequent nor so great as in ancient times We cannot imagine otherwise then that the Earth soone vpon the flood bearing in her wombe the seeds of all vegetals being inwardly moistned and outwardly comforted with Heat should presently abound with plants of all sorts in so much as in a short time each thing propagating it selfe by communication of his own seeds the whole Earth was ouergrown as one forrest but afterwards as man began to spread and multiply on the face of the Earth these Woods and Thickets began to suffer chastisement vnder the hand of laborious husbandry For first to open a passage from one place vnto another and that some parcels of ground should as pastures bee diuided from Woody acres it was necessary that this great plenty of trees should suffer a decrease yet little had this beene noted in so vast a store had not the inuention of building of houses by little and little turned great forrests into Cities which for the most part owed not only their first originall but also their daily reparation to Trees and Timber but aboue all the greatest deuourer of Woods and Forrests is Fire an element fed and nourished almost of no other matter For to let passe the ordinary vse of fire in euery house and family which in so infinite a multitude of people in so many yeeres since the Flood must require an extraordinary proportion of wood and fuell how many Arts haue beene since inuented depending onely vpon this Element we will goe no farther then the Art of Liquefaction fining of gold and other mettals found out in the bowels of the Earth wherein the couetousnesse of men hath been as vnsatiâ—ble as the fire To this which wee haue said may probably be opposed two things first the power and inclination of euery Creature to multiply and propagate it selfe Secondly the industry of mankind in seconding that inclination Whence it may bee coniectured that great woods should by durance increase to a greater quantity for the former no man will deny but that plants and trees left to themselues will commonly propagate their kind neuerthelesse it cannot preuaile so much as the other which procure the decrease first because the Earth being dryer now then soone vpon the Flood cannot so much further the growth of vegetals as then it did Secondly because as wee haue said this growth in a populous Countrey cannot bee so great as the diminution since few or no houses can want so necessary an Element as fire To the second wee answer that mans industry hath done somewhat in plantation of groues and such like but how little is this in comparison of the huge and vast forrests in time by man wasted and consumed We shall read of Germany that in the time of Caesar it seemed a wilde Countrey hauing many great woods and forrests but few Cities but now the case being altered we shall find the Cities both in number and greatnes increased and the Woods diminished Two instances may suffice the one of the Forrest of Ardenna in Lutzemburg accompted in Caesars time 500 miles ouer now scarce 50. The other of Sylua Hyrcinia which heretofore if we beleeue Histories reached so far as a man could trauaile in 60 dayes but now is made the onely limit or bound diuiding Bohemia from the rest of Germany The like may bee obserued almost of euery other Countrey reduced to ciuility 2 Places moderatly situated towards the North or South Pole abound more in Woods then neere the Equatour This situation wee vnderstand to comprehend almost all the temperat Zone reaching either way so farre as 60 degrees or there about The demonstration of this Theoreme depends of these two foments of all plants Heat and Moisture both which concurre not only to the abundance and fertility but also to the greatnesse of all plants for it is most certaine that wheresoeuer these two vitall succours are wanting or deficient there must be a great scarcity of trees fruits herbage and such like This is the cause why the Regions far North neere about the Pole beyond 60 degrees haue not onely scarcity of trees but haue them such as are of a farre smaller quantity then other Regions lying more temperate For the internall and naturall heat is almost extinguished with the extremity of cold and the moisture as it were dried vp by the frosty disposition of the Region To this cause may wee ascribe that which Geographers haue deliuered concerning Island that for want of Timber they couer their houses with fish-bones digging out houses in the sides of Rockes and mountaines Moreouer that the meere defect of moisture may cause a scarcity of growth may bee proued by many places 1 because temperate Regions which are Mountainous and lying higher produce trees of small length Bodin testifies as a thing very remarkeable that hee hath obserued oakes in France not exceeding 3 or 4 feet But this is no great wonder with vs in England sith in the dry and barren plaines about Salisbury there are many examples not much different All which we can ascribe to no other cause then the want of moisture On the other side as great or greater a defect of heat moisture is found neere the Equatour by reason of the externall heat of the Sunne which in all plants and vegetalls not onely euaporates the moisture and by consequence causeth drowth but by the extraction of Internall heat leaueth a greater cold behind correspondent to that humour in a man which we call Melancholy and choler-adust But this extremity of heat causing this defect of internall heat moisture wee place not directly vnder the Equinoctiall because we haue shewed it to be more temperate but rather vnder the Tropicks which by experience are found scorched with great heat How subiect these places vnder the Tropickes are to this sterility we need goe no farther then Libia and Numidia to confirme Places by the report of trauailers indigent not onely of Woods and Trees but almost of all vitall succours Whereas the Woods Forrests dispersed almost in euery region of Europe and the more temperate parts of Asia are celebrated of all writers Yet whereas wee haue defined the chiefest places for the growth of Woods to be towards the North so farre as 60 degrees or there-abouts wee cannot warrant this as an absolute generall obseruation because some places lying very low and subiect to much moisture though situat more Southerly may enioy this proportion as we haue formerly shewed of trees neere the Riuer Hiarotis recorded by Strabo to haue their noone shadowes of 5 furlongs as also of certaine trees in America neere Riuo Negro wherein as Peter Martyr writes a King dwelt with all his family But these places howsoeuer situat towards the South are as Geographers deliuer vnto vs most times of the yeere ouerwhelmed with Water consisting all of marish
grounds yet these few instances drawne from the particular disposition of the Earth it selfe cannot much impeach our proposition which takes notice only of the situation of the Earth in respect of the cardinall points of North and South compared with the Heauens CHAP. XI 1 HItherto haue we treated of the Absolute adiuncts of the land we are now to speak of the Relatiue which imply a respect of the Land to the Sea 2 From this Termination of the land with the sea there ariseth a twofold distinction The first is of the land into Continent and Ilands 3 A Continent is a great quantity of land consisting of many Kingdomes and Regions not diuided by Water the one from the other An Iland is a parcell of land compassed round with the sea An Iland is called in Latin Insula quasi in salo because it stands in the Sea some would haue it in English termed an Iland as it were Eye of the land But this deriuation seemes affected and not naturall it might seeme more naturally to be deriued from the French L'Isle But wee will not dispute of the name It is enough to vnderstand that an Iland is a portion of the habitable Earth euery where enuironed with the sea orat least with some great Riuer but this last sense seemes more improper then the other yet oftentimes vsed as Meroe in Africa an Iland of Nilus and the Iland of Eely in England To this is opposed the Continent as that land which being not diuided and separated by the sea containes in it many Empires and Kingdomes as Europe Asia Africke America all which as farre as wee can yet gather are vnited and ioyned together in one continuate land Strabo affirmes out of this in his 1 Boooke and first Chapter of Geographie that the whole Earth is one Iland sith all these knowne parts of the Earth are compassed about with the sea on euery side But this opinion cannot stand with reason or moderne obseruation First because this acception is too large for as much as an Iland is properly taken for a smaller part diuided from the rest of the land and opposed to the Continent whereas if this sense were admitted the distinction of land into Continent and Iland would haue no place or at least the same in a diuerse respect might bee called a Continent and an Iland But it is plaine that Ilands were alwayes opposed to the continent to which although separate by Water they were supposed to belong as to Europe Asia Africke America or Magellanica or some other as Geographers haue reduced them Secondly because it was a bold coniecture to thinke the whole world to consist only of those parts found out in Strabos time For besides the two parts of America since that time discouered by Columbus another great portion is since that time found out in the South by the coniecture of Ferdinando de Quir comming neere the quantity of Europe Asia and Africa Which howsoeuer it be round enuironed with sea and thâ—refore might seeme an Iland yet in respect of the greatnes of it and the many regions and kingdomes it containes it may well bee reputed a continent To which many lesser Ilands belong 1 It is probable that Ilands were not from the first creation but were made afterwards either by the vniuersall deluge or some other violence of the Water It hath been the opinion of diuerse learned men that Ilands werâ— not onely before the Flood but from the first creation of the world because they seeme no lesse to make for the ornament of the Earth then diuers Lakes and Riuers dispersed on the Land But this argument seemes very weake first because a greater ornament seemes to consist in vniformity then confusion besides the ornament must not bee measured by our phantasie but Gods Almighty pleasure and will expressed in his owne workmanship and that hee created Ilands in the beginning is the thing in question That Ilands were not from the Creation many probable reasons are alleaged First â—rom the words in the 1 of Genesis Dixit verò Deus congregentur aequae quae sub coelo sunt in locum vnum appareat arida factum est ita vocauit Deus aridam terram congregationesque Aquarum appellauit maria By which may be collected that the waters were gathered together in their own place by themselues and therefore had no such intercourse betwixt Land and Land as now they haue admitting Ilands wherefore it is more probable that such Ilands as now appeare were either caused by that Vniuersall Deluge of Noah or by some other Accidents for it is most certaine that the Sea on the Land some-where gaines and other-where in recompence of it it looseth againe as may appeare by the 14 of Genesis where it is said of the comming together of certaine Kings Hi omnes conuenâ—runt in vallem Syluestrem quae nunc est mare salis out of which it is euident that that parcell of ground which was a woody place in the time of Abraham was before the time of Moses become the Salt Sea Many examples of the like are giuen vs by Pliny in his Naturall History which we shall haue occasion to vrge hereafter And therefore it is no hard thing to belieue that since the first beginning of the world all Ilands might bee produced in this sort Another argument by which they would â—stablish this opinion is that wee see almost all Ilands of the Earth not onely inhabited of mankind but also furnished with diuerse kindes of Beasts some tame some wilde some wholesome some venomous some vsefull some altogether vnprofitable Now it seemes very vnlikely that men bâ—ing in elder times and now also in most places of the Earth altogether vnskilfull in the Art of Nauigation should venture so farre on the maine Ocean to people Countreyes so far distant sith at this day wherein Nauigation is arriued at a great perfection hauing the helps both of the Chart and Compasse altogether vnknowne vnto the ancients wee see most Nations very scrupulous in searching out farre remote Countreyes But admit this were ouercome by mans Industrie which no doubt is much increased by Necessity yet cannot it bee very probable that so many sundry kindes of beasts should in this sort bee transported for howsoeuer wee coniecture concerning such beasts as necessarily serue for mans sustenance yet seemes it hard to thinke that man should bee so improuident and enuious to the place of his own Habitation as to transport rauenous venomous vnwholesome and vnprofitable creatures for by no other meâ—nes but by transportation can such beasts bee imagined to bee brought into Ilands For the first originall of all creatures in the Creation was in or neere Paradice which wee shall proue to haue been â—n the Continent of Asia the second Seminary was in the Arke which by the testimony of the Scriptures was first disburthened in the same Continent How from hence they should spread themselues into Ilands is the
mankind any thing idle or vnnecessary It was embraced and cherished by many Nations euen till this day which no doubt had long since beene lost had not vse and profit seconded the Inuention Neither is it probable that Almighty God should create that vaste Masse of Water that it should bee an Element for fishes to liue onely or that as some guesse it should somewhat mitigate the extremity and drouth of the Sunnes heatâ— But that men should by this meanes haue an easie and ready way to communicate and â—â—aâ—ficke one with the other which may appeare as well by many Testimonies out of the sacred Scripture namely Psal. 104 vers 25. Esâ—â— 26. ver 1 2. as also by the example of King Salomon the wisest of all Kings who by this meanes got great store of gold from Ophir to build the Temple as will appeare in 1 Kings and the 9 Chapter The second reason therefore may bee drawne from the exercise of Merchandize and tâ—ansportation of commodities which cannot bee administred without Sea-voyages first because greater store of Merchandize may be carried in a ship then in a Cart Waggon or any other Instrument ordinarily in vse Secondly because in ships greater variety of wares may bee brought from diuerse places to which a Waggon cannot without great difficulty approach or not at all Thirdly because wares and such commodities cannot so quickly bee conuayed in the land from places farre distant as on the sea nor with so little cost and charges The commodities conuayed from one Countrey to another are chiefely three stuffes and other matters necessary for apparell victuals and food Physicall Druggs all which no man will deny to be most profitable for the vse of mankind Moreouer it is not to bee imagined that nature produceth such commodities onely for the priuat behoofe of some one country wherin they grow First because such commodities in some countries are found in such abundance that the same place seemes not to need them And nature were vaine if the vse were not required India mittit Ebur molles sua thura Sabai Secondly because other Nations altogether want such things which abound in other countreyes without the which not withstanding they cannot well liue A fourth reason may bee drawne from the promotion of Religion sciences which cannot well be atcheiued without Sea-voyages or Nauigation For the former wee need goe no farther then the holy Scripture which giues large testimony of such voyages In the old Testament as well as in the new we haue recommended to all posterity the industrie of the Queen of Saba who is said to haue come from the vttermost parts of the Earth to heare the wisdome of Salomon And how should the Gospell of Christ haue beene diâ—ulged to diuerse Nations had not the Apostles dispersed themselues and passed the Sea in ships to conuay their sacred message to diuerse Nations and Kingdomes neither is it lesse euident in the propagation of Learning and humane Sciences First out of the example of many and famous worthy Philosophers who trauailed far to conuerse with learned men of other Nations to enrich their mindes with knowledge Secondly out of the first propagation of Learning into our parts which wee shall finde as it were foot by foot to follow Nauigation Hence wee see that from the Hebrewes and Chaldees it was deriued to the Tyrians from them to the Egyptians so to the Romans and thence to most parts of Europe A fourth reason may bee taken from the necessity of transporting Colonies into forraine countryes for as after the vniuersall Deluge of the world the people dayly encreasing were enforced in tract of time to disperse themselues into diuerse Countreyes so euery Countrey left to it selfe and not much molested with famine or deuoured by warres will at length grow too populous vnable to sustaine its owne weight and relieue its owne Inhabitants Whence it hath been a policy practised by most Kings States in such eases to make forrayne expeditions and send forth Colonies into other Countreyes lesse peopled to disburden their owne of such encombrances as we see the Kings of Spaine to haue sent many into the West-Indies and we at this day discharge many Idlers into Virginia and the Barmudas Here alâ—o is the Art of Nauigation vsefull without which the Seas could not be passed nor forraine Countreyes knowne Fiftly Nauigation seemes to bee of greater importance for the defence of a Countrey against forraine Nations because Sea-fights are lesse dangerous and inconuenient to the Land then Land-fights All these arguments haue their force and life to proue the profit of this excellent Science Many arguments may bee drawne to proue the vse of it for pleasure and delectation which being well vsed hath his place amongst other of Gods especiall blessings This delight will first shew it selfe in the mutuall commerce and society with other Nations Sith a man as Aristotle affirmes is by nature inclined to mutuall society and cannot reape greater pleasure then in such coniunctions And as one Man with another findes solace so one Nation with another especially in the variety of sundry manners customes rites and dispositions Secondly in the contemplation of wise Nature who hath endowed diuerse countreyes with diuers Minerals Plants Beasts and such commodities then which variety nothing can be more delectable to an ingenious vnderstanding To all which we may add as a Corollary the Honour which hath been giuen to Nauigation by Princes and States as well of former as later yeeres In ancient times wee read that Ptolomy Philadelphus that learned King of Egypt who furnished himselfe with so rich a Library 277 yeeres before Christs Incarnation gaue great incouragement to Nauigation and maintained the passage through Sinus Arabicus or the Red-Sea by which the commodities of India and Arabia were brought to Alexandria and from thence dispersed through diuerse places of Europe Asia and Africa This was afterward seconded and cherished by the Romans at which time Egypt was made subiect to their dominion But the Roman Empire being afterwards rent in pieces by the Gothes Vandals Lumbards and Saracens all trafficke betwixt nations began a while to cease till such time as the inconuenience being knowne a new Mart was set vp at Capha in Taurica Chersonesus belonging at that time to the Genois Thence was it deriued to Trebizond and afterwards to Samerchand where the Indian Turkish Persian Merchants were wont to trade with the Venetians This Art was afterwards set vp and reuiued by the Sultans of Egypt through the passage of the Red-Sea till such time as it was in a manner taken away by the Portugals Spaniards English and Dutch who haue found out for themselues a better way by the Cape of good Hope to the East Indies and by this meanes much abated the Trafficke of Alexandria and the wealth of the Venetians Neither in this Age of ours haue there wanted great Potentates who haue not onely endowed this Trade with great and ample priuiledges