Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
england_n	great_a	king_n	philip_n	3,390	5	9.0449	4	false

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A68619	The arte of English poesie Contriued into three bookes: the first of poets and poesie, the second of proportion, the third of ornament.	Puttenham, George, d. 1590.; Puttenham, Richard, 1520?-1601?, attributed name.; Lumley, John Lumley, Baron, 1534?-1609, attributed name.	1589 (1589)	STC 20519.5; ESTC S110571	205,111	267

His tongue a streame of sugred eloquence Wisdome and meekenes lay mingled in his harte In which verses ye see that these words source shop flud sugred are inuerted from their owne signification to another not altogether so naturall but of much affinitie with it Then also do we it sometimes to enforce a sence and make the word more significatiue as thus I burne in loue I freese in deadly hate I swimme in hope and sinke in deepe dispaire These examples I haue the willinger giueÌ„ you to set foorth the nature and vse of your figure metaphore which of any other being choisly made is the most commendable and most common Catachresis or the Figure of abuse But if for lacke of naturall and proper terme or worde we take another neither naturall nor proper and do vntruly applie it to the thing which we would seeme to expresse and without any iust inconuenience it is not then spoken by this figure Metaphore or of inuersion as before but by plaine abuse as he that bad his man go into his library and fet him his bowe and arrowes for in deede there was neuer a booke there to be found or as one should in reproch say to a poore man thou raskall knaue where raskall is properly the hunters terme giuen to young deere leane out of season and not to people or as one said very pretily in this verse I lent my loue to losse and gaged my life in vaine Whereas this worde lent is properly of mony or some such other thing as men do commonly borrow for vse to be repayed againe and being applied to loue is vtterly abused and yet very commendably spoken by vertue of this figure For he that loueth and is not beloued againe hath no lesse wrong than he that lendeth and is neuer repayde Metonimia or the Misnamer Now doth this vnderstanding or secret conceyt reach many times to the only nomination of persons or things in their names as of men or mountaines seas countries and such like in which respect the wroÌ„g naming or otherwise naming of them then is due carieth not onely an alteration of sence but a necessitie of intendment figuratiuely as when we cal loue by the name of Venus fleshly lust by the name of Cupid bicause they were supposed by the auncient poets to be authors and kindlers of loue and lust Vulcane for fire Ceres for bread Bacchus for wine by the same reason also if one should say to a skilfull craftesman knowen for a glutton or common drunkard that had spent all his goods on riot and delicate fare Thy hands they made thee rich thy pallat made thee poore It is ment his trauaile and arte made him wealthie his riotous life had made him a beggar and as one that boasted of his house-keeping said that neuer a yeare passed ouer his head that he drank not in his house euery moneth foure tonnes of beere one hogshead of wine meaning not the caskes or vessels but that quantitie which they conteyned These and such other speaches where ye take the name of the Author for the thing it selfe or the thing coÌ„teining for that which is contained in many other cases do as it were wrong name the person or the thing So neuerthelesse as it may be vnderstood it is by the figure metonymia or misnamer And if this manner of naming of persons or things be not by way of misnaming as before but by a conuenient difference Antonomasia or the Surnamer and such as is true or esteemed and likely to be true it is then called not metonimia but antonomasia or the Surnamer not the misnamer which might extend to any other thing aswell as to a person as he that would say not king Philip of Spaine but the Westerne king because his dominioÌ„ lieth the furdest West of any Christen prince and the French king the great Vallois because so is the name of his house or the Queene of England The maiden Queene for that is her hiest peculiar among all the Queenes of the world or as we said in one of our Partheniades the Bryton mayde because she is the most great and famous mayden of all Brittayne thus But in chaste stile am borne as I weene To blazon foorth the Brytton mayden Queene So did our forefathers call Henry the first Beauclerke Edmund Ironside Richard coeur de lion Edward the Confessor and we of her Maiestie Elisabeth the peasible Then also is the sence figuratiue when we deuise a new name to any thing consonant as neere as we can to the nature thereof Onomatopeia or the New namer as to say flashing of lightning clashing of blades clinking of fetters chinking of mony as the poet Virgil said of the sounding a trumpet ta-ra-tant taratantara or as we giue special names to the voices of dombe beasts as to say a horse neigheth a lyoÌ„ brayes a swine grunts a hen cackleth a dogge howles and a hundreth mo such new names as any man hath libertie to deuise so it be fittie for the thing which he couets to expresse Epitheton or the Quallifier otherwise the figure of Attribation Your Epitheton or qualifier whereof we spake before placing him among the figures auricular now because he serues also to alter and enforce the sence we will say somewhat more of him in this place and do conclude that he must be apt and proper for the thing he is added vnto not disagreable or repugnant as one that said darke disdaine and miserable pride very absurdly for disdaine or disdained things cannot be said darke but rather bright and cleere because they be beholden and much looked vpon and pride is rather enuied then pitied or miserable vnlesse it be in Christian charitie which helpeth not the terme in this case Some of our vulgar writers take great pleasure in giuing Epithets and do it almost to euery word which may receiue them and should not be so yea though they were neuer so propre and apt for sometimes wordes suffered to go single do giue greater sence and grace than words quallified by attributions do But the sence is much altered the hearers conceit strangly entangled by the figure Metalepsis Metalepsis or the Farrefet which I call the farfet as when we had rather fetch a word a great way off theÌ„ to vse one nerer haÌ„d to expresse the matter aswel plainer And it seemeth the deuiser of this figure had a desire to please women rather then men for we vse to say by manner of Prouerbe things farrefet and deare bought are good for Ladies so in this manner of speach we vse it leaping ouer the heads of a great many words we take one that is furdest off to vtter our matter by as Medea cursing hir first acquaintance with prince Iason who had very vnkindly forsaken her said Woe worth the mountaine that the maste bare Which was the first causer of all my care Where she might aswell

to one of his priuie chamber who sued for a pardon for one that was condemned for a robberie telling the king that it was but a small trifle not past sixteene shillings matter which he had taken quoth the king againe but I warrant you the fellow was sorrie it had not bene sixteene pound meaning how the malefactors intent was as euill in that trifle as if it had bene a greater summe of money In these examples if ye marke there is no griefe or offence ministred as in those other before and yet are very wittie and spoken in plaine derision The Emperor Charles the fift was a man of very few words and delighted little in talke His brother king Ferdinando being a man of more pleasant discourse sitting at the table with him said I pray your Maiestie be not so silent but let vs talke a little What neede that brother quoth the Emperor since you haue words enough for vs both Or when we giue a mocke with a scornefull countenance as in some smiling sort looking aside or by drawing the lippe awry or shrinking vp the nose the Greeks called it Micterismus Micterismus or the Fleering fruÌ„pe we may terme it a fleering frumpe as he that said to one whose wordes he beleued not no doubt Sir of that This fleering frumpe is one of the Courtly graces of hicke the scorner Or when we deride by plaine and flat contradiction Antiphrasis or the Broad floute as he that saw a dwarfe go in the streete said to his companion that walked with him See yonder gyant and to a Negro or woman blacke-moore in good sooth yeare a faire one we may call it the broad floute Or when ye giue a mocke vnder smooth and lowly wordes as he that hard one call him all to nought and say thou art sure to be hanged ere thou dye quoth th' other very soberly Sir I know your maistership speakes but in iest CharieÌ„tismus or the Priuy nippe the Greeks call it charientismus we may call it the priuy nippe or a myld and appeasing mockery all these be souldiers to the figure allegoria and fight vnder the banner of dissimulation Neuerthelesse ye haue yet two or three other figures that smatch a spice of the same false semblant Hiperbole or the Ouer reacher otherwise called the loud lyer but in another sort and maner of phrase whereof one is when we speake in the superlatiue and beyond the limites of credit that is by the figure which the Greeks call Hiperbole the Latines Dementiens or the lying figure I for his immoderate excesse cal him the ouer reacher right with his originall or lowd lyar me thinks not amisse now wheÌ„ I speake that which neither I my selfe thinke to be true nor would haue any other body beleeue it must needs be a great dissimulation because I meane nothing lesse then that I speake and this maner of speach is vsed when either we would greatly aduaunce or greatly abase the reputation of any thing or person and must be vsed very discreetly or els it will seeme odious for although a prayse or other report may be allowed beyoÌ„d credit it may not be beyoÌ„d all measure specially in the proseman as he that was speaker in a Parliament of king Henry the eights raigne in his Oration which ye know is of ordinary to be made before the Prince at the first assembly of both houses ould seeme to prayse his Maiestie thus What should I go about to recite your Maiesties innumerable vertues euen as much as if I tooke vpon me to number the starres of the skie or to tell the sands of the sea This Hyperbole was both vltra fidem and also vltra modum and therefore of a graue and wise Counsellour made the speaker to be accompted a grosse flattering foole peraduenture if he had vsed it thus it had bene better and neuerthelesse a lye too but a more moderate lye and no lesse to the purpose of the kings commendation thus I am not able with any wordes sufficiently to expresse your Maiesties regall vertues your kingly merites also towardes vs your people and realme are so exceeding many as your prayses therefore are infinite your honour and renowne euerlasting And yet all this if we shall measure it by the rule of exact veritie is but an vntruth yet a more cleanely commendation then was maister Speakers Neuerthelesse as I said before if we fall a praysing specially of our mistresses vertue bewtie or other good parts we be allowed now and then to ouer-reach a little by way of comparison as he that said thus in prayse of his Lady Giue place ye louers here before That spent your boasts and braggs in vaine My Ladies bewtie passeth more The best of your I dare well sayne Then doth the sunne the candle light Or brightest day the darkest night And as a certaine noble Gentlewoman lameÌ„ting at the vnkindnesse of her louer said very pretily in this figure But since it will no better be My teares shall neuer blin To moist the earth in such degree That I may drowne therein That by my death all men may say Lo weemen are as true as they Then haue ye the figure Periphrasis holding somewhat of the disseÌ„bler by reason of a secret intent not appearing by the words Periphrasis or the Figure of ambage as when we go about the bush and will not in one or a few words expresse that thing which we desire to haue knowen but do chose rather to do it by many words as we our selues wrote of our Soueraigne Lady thus Whom Princes serue and Realmes obay And greatest of Bryton kings begot She came abroade euen yesterday When such as saw her knew her not And the rest that followeth meaning her Maiesties person which we would seeme to hide leauing her name vnspoken to the intent the reader should gesse at it neuerthelesse vpon the matter did so manifestly disclose it as any simple iudgement might easily perceiue by whom it was ment that is by Lady Elizabeth Queene of England and daughter to king Henry the eight and therein resteth the dissimulation It is one of the gallantest figures among the poetes so it be vsed discretely and in his right kinde but many of these makers that be not halfe their craftes maisters do very often abuse it and also many waies For if the thing or person they go about to describe by circumstance be by the writers improuidence otherwise bewrayed it looseth the grace of a figure as he that said The tenth of March when Aries receiued Dan Phoebus raies into his horned hed Intending to describe the spring of the yeare which euery man knoweth of himselfe hearing the day of March named the verses be very good the figure nought worth if it were meant in Periphrase for the matter that is the season of the yeare which should haue bene couertly disclosed by ambage was by and by blabbed out by naming the day of the

them but as our ordinary talke then which nothing can be more vnsauourie and farre from all ciuilitie I remember in the first yeare of Queenes Maries raigne a Knight of Yorkshire was chosen speaker of the Parliament a good gentleman and wise in the affaires of his shire and not vnlearned in the lawes of the Realme but as well for some lack of his teeth as for want of language nothing thing well spoken which at that time and businesse was most behooffull for him to haue bene this man after he had made his Oration to the Queene which ye know is of course to be done at the first assembly of both houses a bencher of the Temple both well learned and very eloquent returning from the Parliament house asked another gentleman his frend how he liked M. Speakers Oration mary quoth th' other me thinks I heard not a better alehouse tale told this seuen yeares This happened because the good old Knight made no difference betweene an Oration or publike speach to be deliuered to th' eare of a Princes Maiestie and state of a Realme then he would haue done of an ordinary tale to be told at his table in the countrey wherein all men know the oddes is very great And though graue and wise counsellours in their consultations doe not vse much superfluous eloquence and also in their iudiciall hearings do much mislike all scholasticall rhetoricks yet in such a case as it may be and as this Parliament was if the Lord Chancelour of England or Archbishop of Canterbury himselfe were to speake he ought to doe it cunningly and eloquently which can not be without the vse of figures and neuerthelesse none impeachment or blemish to the grauitie of their persons or of the cause wherein I report me to theÌ„ that knew Sir Nicholas Bacon Lord keeper of the great Seale or the now Lord Treasorer of England and haue bene conuersant with their speaches made in the Parliament house Starrechamber From whose lippes I haue seene to proceede more graue and naturall eloquence then from all the Oratours of Oxford or Cambridge but all is as it is handled and maketh no matter whether the same eloquence be naturall to them or artificiall though I thinke rather naturall yet were they knowen to be learned and not vnskilfull of th' arte when they were yonger men and as learning and arte teacheth a schollar to speake so doth it also teach a counsellour and aswell an old man as a yong and a man in authoritie aswell as a priuate person and a pleader aswell as a preacher euery man after his sort and calling as best becommeth and that speach which becommeth one doth not become another for maners of speaches some serue to work in excesse some in mediocritie some to graue purposes some to light some to be short and brief some to be long some to stirre vp affections some to pacifie and appease them and these common despisers of good vtterance which resteth altogether in figuratiue speaches being well vsed whether it come by nature or by arte or by exercise they be but certaine grosse ignorance of whom it is truly spoken scientia non habet inimicum nisi ignorantem I haue come to the Lord Keeper Sir Nicholas Bacon found him sitting in his gallery alone with the works of Quintilian before him in deede he was a most eloquent man and of rare learning and wisedome as euer I knew England to breed and one that ioyed as much in learned men and men of good witts A Knight of the Queenes priuie chamber once intreated a noble woman of the Court being in great fauour about her Maiestie to th' intent to remoue her from a certaine displeasure which by sinister opinion she had conceiued against a gentleman his friend that it would please her to heare him speake in his own cause not to coÌ„deÌ„ne him vpon his aduersaries report God forbid said she he is to wise for me to talke with let him goe and satisfie such a man naming him why quoth the Knight againe had your Ladyship rather heare a man talke like a foole or like a wise man This was because the Lady was a litle peruerse and not disposed to reforme her selfe by hearing reason which none other can so well beate into the ignorant head as the well spoken and eloquent man And because I am so farre waded into this discourse of eloquence and figuratiue speaches I will tell you what hapned on a time my selfe being present when certaine Doctours of the ciuil law were heard in a litigious cause betwixt a man and his wife before a great Magistrat who as they can tell that knew him was a man very well learned and graue but somewhat sowre and of no plausible vtterance the gentlemans chaunce was to say my Lord the simple woman is not so much to blame as her lewde abbettours who by violent perswasions haue lead her into this wilfulnesse Quoth the iudge what neede such eloquent termes in this place the gentleman replied doth your Lordship mislike the terme violent me thinkes I speake it to great purpose for I am sure she would neuer haue done it but by force of perswasion if perswasioÌ„s were not very violent to the minde of man it could not haue wrought so staÌ„ge an effect as we read that it did once in Aegypt would haue told the whole tale at large if the Magistrate had not passed it ouer very pleasantly Now to tell you the whole matter as the gentlemaÌ„ inteÌ„ded thus it was There came into Aegypt a notable Oratour whose name was Hegesias who inueyed so much against the incoÌ„modities of this transitory life so highly commended death the dispatcher of all euils as a great number of his hearers destroyed themselues some with weapoÌ„ some with poyson others by drowning and hanging themselues to be rid out of this vale of misery in so much as it was feared least many moe of the people would haue miscaried by occasion of his perswasions if king Ptolome had not made a publicke proclamation that the Oratour should auoyde the countrey and no more be allowed to speake in any matter Whether now perswasions may not be said violent and forcible to simple myndes in speciall I referre it to all mens iudgements that heare the story At least waies I finde this opinion confirmed by a pretie deuise or embleme that Lucianus alleageth he saw in the pourtrait of Hercules within the Citie of Marseills in Prouence where they had figured a lustie old man with a long chayne tyed by one end at his tong by the other end at the peoples eares who stood a farre of and seemed to be drawen to him by the force of that chayne fastned to his tong as who would say by force of his perswasions And to shew more plainly that eloquence is of great force and not as many men thinke amisse the propertie and gift of yong men onely but rather of old

or vndue iteration or darke word or doubtfull speach are not so narrowly to be looked vpon in a large poeme nor specially in the pretie Poesies and deuises of Ladies and Gentlewomen makers whom we would not haue too precise Poets least with their shrewd wits when they were maried they might become a little too phantasticall wiues neuerthelesse because we seem to promise an arte which doth not iustly admit any wilful errour in the teacher and to th' end we may not be carped at by these methodicall men that we haue omitted any necessary point in this businesse to be regarded I will speake somewhat touching these viciosities of language particularly and briefly leauing no little to the Grammarians for maintenaunce of the scholasticall warre and altercations we for our part condescending in this deuise of ours to the appetite of Princely personages other so tender quesie complexions in Court as are annoyed with nothing more then long lessons and ouermuch good order CHAP. XXII Some vices in speaches and vvriting are alwayes intollerable some others now and then borne vvithall by licence of approued authors and custome THe foulest vice in language is to speake barbarously this terme grew by the great pride of the Greekes and Latines Barbarismus or Forrein speech wheÌ„ they were dominatours of the world reckoning no language so sweete and ciuill as their owne and that all nations beside them selues were rude and vnciuill which they called barbarous So as when any straunge word not of the naturall Greeke or Latin was spoken in the old time they called it barbarisme or when any of their owne naturall wordes were sounded and pronounced with straunge and ill shapen accents or written by wrong ortographie as he that would say with vs in England a dousand for a thousand isterday for yesterday as commonly the Dutch and French people do they said it was barbarously spoken The Italian at this day by like arrogance calleth the Frenchman Spaniard Dutch English and all other breed behither their mountaines Appennines Tramontani as who would say Barbarous This terme being then so vsed by the auncient Greekes there haue bene since notwithstanding who haue digged for the Etimologie somewhat deeper and many of them haue said that it was spoken by the rude and barking language of the Affricans now called Barbarians who had great trafficke with the Greekes and Romanes but that can not be so for that part of Affricke hath but of late receiued the name of Burbarie and some others rather thinke that of this word Barbarous that countrey came to be called Barbaria and but few yeares in respect agone Others among whom is Ihan Leon a Moore of Granada will seeme to deriue Barbaria from this word Bar twise iterated thus Barbar as much to say as flye flye which chaunced in a persecution of the Arabians by some seditious Mahometanes in the time of their Pontif. Habdul mumi when they were had in the chase driuen out of Arabia Westward into the countreys of Mauritania during the pursuite cried one vpon another flye away flye away or passe passe by which occasioÌ„ they say when the Arabians which were had in chase came to stay and settle them selues in that part of Affrica they called it Barbar as much to say the region of their flight or pursuite Thus much for the terme though not greatly pertinent to the matter yet not vnpleasant to know for them that delight in such niceties Solecismus or Incongruitie Your next intollerable vice is solecismus or incongruitie as wheÌ„ we speake false English that is by misusing the Grammaticall rules to be obserued in cases genders tenses and such like euery poore scholler knowes the fault cals it the breaking of Priscians head for he was among the Latines a principall Grammarian Cacozelia or Fonde affectation Ye haue another intollerable ill maner of speach which by the Greekes originall we may call fonde affectation and is when we affect new words and phrases other then the good speakers and writers in any language or then custome hath allowed is the common fault of young schollers not halfe well studied before they come from the Vniuersitie or schooles and when they come to their friends or happen to get some benefice or other promotion in their countreys will seeme to coigne fine wordes out of the Latin and to vse new fangled speaches thereby to shew themselues among the ignorant the better learned Another of your intollerable vices is that which the Greekes call Soraismus Soraismus or The mingle mangle we may call the mingle mangle as wheÌ„ we make our speach or writinges of sundry languages vsing some Italian word or French or Spanish or Dutch or Scottish not for the nonce or for any purpose which were in part excusable but ignorantly and affectedly as one that said vsing this French word Roy to make ryme with another verse thus O mightie Lord of loue dame Venus onely ioy Whose Princely povver exceedes ech other heauenly roy The verse is good but the terme peeuishly affected Another of reasonable good facilitie in translation finding certaine of the hymnes of Pyndarus and of Anacreons odes and other Lirickes among the Greekes very well translated by Rounsard the French Poet applied to the honour of a great Prince in France comes our minion and translates the same out of French into English and applieth them to the honour of a great noble man in England wherein I commend his reuerent minde and duetie but doth so impudently robbe the French Poet both of his prayse and also of his French termes that I cannot so much pitie him as be angry with him for his iniurious dealing our sayd maker not being ashamed to vse these French wordes freddon egar superbous filanding celest calabrois thebanois a number of others for English wordes which haue no maner of conformitie with our language either by custome or deriuation which may make them tollerable And in the end which is worst of all makes his vaunt that neuer English finger but his hath toucht Pindars string which was neuerthelesse word by word as Rounsard had said before by like braggery These be his verses And of an ingenious inuention infanted with pleasant trauaile Whereas the French word is enfante as much to say borne as a child in another verse he saith I vvill freddon in thine honour For I will shake or quiuer my fingers for so in French is freddon and in another verse But if I vvill thus like pindar In many discourses egar This word egar is as much to say as to wander or stray out of the way which in our English is not receiued nor these wordes calabrois thebanois but rather calabrian thebaÌ„ filanding sisters for the spinning sisters this man deserues to be endited of pety larceny for pilfring other mens deuises from them conuerting them to his owne vse for in deede as I would wish euery inueÌ„tour which is the

Selected quad for the lemma: england_n

Text snippets containing the quad