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A15542
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The rule of reason, conteinyng the arte of logique, set forth in Englishe, by Thomas Vuilson
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Wilson, Thomas, 1525?-1581.
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1551
(1551)
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STC 25809; ESTC S102785
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107,443
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347
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The rule of Reason conteinyng the Arte of Logique set forth in Englishe by Thomas Vuilson An. M.D.LI. ¶ To the most excellent Prince and our most redoubted souereigne Lord Edward the sixt by the grace of God Kyng of England Fraunce and Ireland Defendour of the faith and of the Churches of England and Irelande in yearth the supreme heade your moste faithfull and obedient subiect Thomas Vvilson wisheth long life with moste prosperouse Reigne IF my power habilite were answerable to my good wil most excellent Prince and souereigne Lord this token of mine huÌ„ble duetie which I now offer vnto your Maiestie shoulde be as great preciouse as by reason of the coÌ„trarie it is base and slender wherefore I most humbly beseche your Maiestie in no worse parte to accepte this litle offer theÌ„ as the present of a true faithfull subiâ—cte which would haue brought better if his power had bene therafter But â—olowing the exaÌ„ple of poore men in the auncieÌ„t Histories of Plutarche and other writers muche commended I offer vnto youâ— highnesse parte of suche fruictes as haue growne in a poore studeÌ„tes gardin This fâ—uict bâ—ing of a straunge kynde such as no Englishe grounde hath before this time and in this sorte by any tyllage brought forth maie perhaps at the first tasting seme somewhat rough and harshe in the mouth because of the strauÌ„genesse but after a litle vse and familiar accustomyng thereunto I doubt not but thesame wil waxe euery one daie more pleasaunt then other But in simple and plaine woordes to declare vnto your Maiestie wherin my witt and earnest endeuour hath at this season trauailed I haue assaieâ— through my diligence to make Logique as familiar to Thenglishe man as by diuerse meÌ„nes industries the most parte of the other the liberall Sciences are For considering the forwardenesse of this age wherein the very multitude are prompte ripe in al Sciences that haue by any mans diligence bene sett forth vnto them weighyng also that the capacitie of my country men the EnglishnacioÌ„ is so pregnaunt and quicke to achiue any kynde or Arteâ— of knowlege whereunto wit maie attain that they are not inferiour to any othâ—r And farther poÌ„dering that diuerse learned meÌ„ of other couÌ„treis haue heretofore for the furtheraunce of knowlege not suffred any of the Sciences liberal to be hidden in the Greke or Latine tongue but haue with most earnest trauaile made euery of them familiar to their vulgare people I thought that Logique among all other beyng an Arte as apte for the English wittes as profitable for there knowlege as any the other Sciences are myght with as good grace be sette forth in Thenglishe as the other Artes heretofore haue bene And therefore I haue so farre as my sleÌ„der practise hath enabled me enterprised to ioyne an acquaintaunce betwiene Logique and my countrymeÌ„ from the whiche they haue bene hetherto barred by tongues vnacquaynted Notwithstandyng I must nedes coÌ„fesse that the Printer hereof your Maiesties seruaunt prouoked me firste hereunto vnto whome I haue euer founde my selfe greately beholdyng not onely at my beyng in Cambrige but also at all times els when I moste neded helpe But as touchyng the thyng self though I haue not done it with so good perfectioÌ„ as the worthinesse of the Arte requireth or as some other better learned could do yet I hope that wheras now it is dedicated vnto your highnesse and so made commune to all my good will shall want no fauorers in that I haue first labored to bring so noble a mistreâ—se both of reason and iudgemeÌ„t acquainted with so noble a couÌ„tre here to be made of a strauÌ„ger a free denisen wherin I take not vpon me so connyngly perfectely to haue writen of the said Arte as though none could do it better but because no Englishman vntill now hath gone through with this enterprise I haue thought mete to declare that it maie be done And yet herein I professe to be but as a spurre or a whet stone to sharpe the peÌ„nes of someother that they may polishe and perfect that I haue rudely grossely entered And albeit I do herein take vpon me no more but to bee as a poore meane man or simple personne whose charge were to be a lodesman to conuey some noble princesse into a straunge land where she was neuer before leauyng the enterteinyng the enrichyng and the deckyng of her to suche as were of substauÌ„ce and furniture according yet if this worke maie now at the first enteraunce haue the saufe coÌ„duict and protection of your moste Royall Maiestie I trust it shall in processe appere and proue that I haue not altogether in vain taken vpon me this straunge labour but rather to very good purpose and effect atteÌ„pted thesame I knowe your grace for your owne studie litle nedeth any helpe of suche an Englishe treatise beyng so well trauailed both in the Greke in the Latine for the same purpose through the helpe of those right worthie men Sir Ihon Cheke and Sir Antony Cooke your Maiesties teachers and Scholemaisters in all good litterature But to fede to satisfie the thirste and desire of suche Englishemen as for defaulte of the said tongues could otherwise not come to the knowlege of Logique I haue iudged it labour worth to geue the preceptes and Rules thereof in English that all men according to the gifte that to euery one is measured maie be the more prouoked to folowe the examples of your Maiestie aswell in studiousnesse desier of knowlege as also in the exercise of all vertue and pryncely worthinesse wherinto your grace hath made a goodly entrie In which most godly trade if your grace shall continue together with the feare of God and the moste reuerent obseruacion of his most holy coÌ„maundementes and Gospell wherein at this daie al EnglaÌ„d to their incomparable ioye and comforte doth see and find your Maiesties chief delite to be it cannot be doubted but that the same shal be to the wicked a terrour to the godly a comforte to this Realme of England a perpetuall defence and sauegardeâ— and to al Christian Kynges either now liuyng or hereafter to come an example of Kyngly worthynesse and a myrroure of Pryncely gouernaunce And where as to the most noble Kinges of Israel and Iuda the lord for their sundrie vertues gaue sundry giftes of his grace as to Dauid his dearling puissaunce and might against his enemiesâ— to Salomon wisdome and richesse to Aza innocencie of life and purenesse of ReligioÌ„â— to Iosaphat prudence of Kyngly regiment to sette good ministers and officers vnder him to good Kyng Iosias the aduauncemeÌ„t of Godes true seruice and the rotyng vp of Idolatrie to Ioathan a longe and prosperous Reigne in all godly rest quietnesse all these noble giftes of Regal excellencie shall the lord your guide gouernour vouchesafe to powre vpoÌ„ your highnes to endewe you with all in whome are nowe planted suche graffes of his heauenly grace
be graunted to be false Neither caÌ„ it be by any meanes possible that both of theÌ„ should either be true or false at one and thesame tyme. Alwaies prouided that there be no doubtfulnes in the wordes for if one worde signifie diuersely then maie bothe proposicions be either true or false at one and thesame tyme. As thus The fleshe of Christ profiteth greatly The fleshe of Christ profiteth nothyng at all In these two proposicions there is no contradiccion or gainsaiyng but that thei both maie be true at one anâ— thesame time coÌ„sideryng thei are both diuersely taken Christes fleshe eaten and chewed with our tethe profiteth nothyng Christes fleshe torne vpoÌ„ the crosse profiteth muche as the whiche purchaseth to al beleuers life for euer ¶ The maner of reasonyng If we be iustified frely through the onely merites of Iesus Christe Then this is false that we are not iustified onely through the merites of Iesus Christ but the other is true ergo this is false ¶ The vse Of Priuacion Contradiccion and of contraries that immediatly folowe coÌ„dicional argumentes are made with the addicion of some one coniunccion of the which when the one is true the other must nedes be false as thus Either the soule is immortall or els it is not immortall but the first is true ergo the second is false ¶ Of wordes differyng THen haue wee the vse of this place when we reason proue that one thyng is not thesame that another is as thus King Lud is not thesame that Iulius Cesar or Brutus was Kyng Lud buylded London of whom the citee had his name beyng called Luddes toune and afterwarde by alteracion of letters called London Ergo neither Cesar nor Brutus builded thesame DiscordaÌ„tes called opposita are not thesame that wordes differyng are called differentia For asmuche as where discordaÌ„tes beâ— one thyng onely is set against another one As for example Nothyng can be set against brightnes as discordant but onely darkenesse nothyng caÌ„ be set against heate but onely cold and so in other But in this place there maie many thynges differ from some one thyng and whatsoeuer is not thesame that another is maie bee called a worde differyng in Latine differens or disparatum Socrates is a man ergo he is not an ore a stone a horse or any other thyng els Thynges differ foure waies either by nombryng As euery singuler man diffâ—râ—th one from another Iames is one and IhoÌ„ is another Other differ in thâ—ir kynde when thei are comprehended vnder diuerse kindes as Beâ—uuis of Hampton Arundell his horse or els Alexander and Bucephalus Other differ by the generall worde wheÌ„ thei are comprehended vnder diuerse generall wordes as Baptisme matrimonie th one comprehended vnder a Sacrament of God the other vnder a certain ordinauÌ„ce of God Lastly wordes differ by their moste generals wheÌ„ thei are placed in diuerse predicameÌ„tes A kyng manhod th one is placed emoÌ„g the relatiue is the seconde in qualitie ¶ The generall rule We cannot make thynges that doe muche differ to be of one nature ¶ The maner of reasonyng We reason from wordes differyng negatiuely altogether From suche as differ in nomber we reason thus Suche a one is called Thomas therfore he is not thesame that Ihon is Peter is not Paule nor yet Paule is Peter Faithe is not woorkes nor yet workes are faithe From suche as differ in kynd thus I am a man therefore I should not be vsed like a brute beast FroÌ„ such as differ by the general word I did borowe plain clothe of the why doest thou require raysed veluet of me From suche as differ in predicameÌ„t Uertue is a qualitie of the mynde therfore it is no substance AFter knowlege atteined exercise is moste necessary And happie shal he be that vnto skill addeth practise for then learnyng is best coÌ„firmed when knowlege is put in vre Therfore consideryng I haue sette forthe the places I thynke it necessarie after knowlege of the same to describe matters by euery one of them as thei lye in order that other maye lykewyse when anye question commeth in controuersie go thorowe the places themselfes with it and examine euery worde by euery seueral place And to make this thyng more plain I wyll go through the places with one certaine worde and loke what helpe I shall finde there for knowlege of the same The worde shall be a kyng or a Magistrate The definition The definition of a magistrate Euery Kyng or magistrate is the minister of god for a good ende to the punishynge of naughtye persones and to the confortyng of godlye men The general rule The Minister of God The kynde Either a tiraunt or a godlye kyng th one ruleth accordyng to his lust the other accordyng to right and Iustice. Wordes yoked The officer the office to beare an office if the office can not be spared the officer can not be spared Adiacentes necessarily ioyned Wisedome earnest labour cunnyng in sciences skylfull both of warre and peace these all must nedes be in euerye Magistrate Adiacentes adioyned casually To be liberal to be frugall to be of a temperate life all these happen to be in good magistrates Dedes necessary To defende Religion to enact godlie lawes to punishe offendours to defend the oppressed all these are necessarye in a kyng and are neuer found in any tiraunt The thyng conteynyng Moses Dauid Salomon Ezechiaâ— Iosias Charles the Emperour Edwarde the .vi. of that name Kynge of England The efficient cause God himselfe or els the ordinaunce of God The second efficient cause Unquiet people rebelles disobedieÌ„t people are the cause why magistrates are ordeyned The ende of a magistrate This ende he muste nedes obserue that alwayes the people lyue in quietnes and in honeste conuersation passe their whole life The effecte or els thynges done by a Magistrate Peace is made the realme enriched all thinges plentuous but where a tiraunt ruleth al thinges are contrary The authoritie The .xiij. to the Romaines let euery soule be subiecte to the powers .i. Peter .ij. Be subiecte to the kyng Thynges incâ—dent The scepter is a token of Iustice euen as the sword is a signe of reuengement or wrathe paiyng of Subsidies taxes tributes rent or any suche like yeomen of the gard and all other walters souldiours in warre the obedience of the subiectes the honour geuen vnto him triumphes made runnyng at the tylte fightynge at the Barriers fightynge at the tourney Al these are coÌ„tingentia to a king that is although these thinges be not in a coÌ„moÌ„ wealth yet maye there be a kynge yea and although there be no kynge in some commune weale yet these thynges may be euery echone of them as it was in Athenes where the people had the rule of the common weale and all was referred to theire Iudgement ¶ Similitudes That whiche the shepeherd is to the shepe the same is the magistrate to his subiectes That which the maister of the shippe is to the ship