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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
england_n	crown_n	duke_n	king_n	7,040	5	3.9405	3	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A42668	The history of four-footed beasts and serpents describing at large their true and lively figure, their several names, conditions, kinds, virtues ... countries of their breed, their love and hatred to mankind, and the wonderful work by Edward Topsell ; whereunto is now added, The theater of insects, or, Lesser living creatures ... by T. Muffet ...; Historie of foure-footed beasts	Topsell, Edward, 1572-1625?; Topsell, Edward, 1572-1625? Historie of serpents.; Gesner, Konrad, 1516-1565. Historia animalium Liber 1. English.; Gesner, Konrad, 1516-1565. Historia animalium Liber 5. English.; Moffett, Thomas, 1553-1604. Insectorum sive minimorum animalium theatrum. English.; Rowland, John, M.D.	1658 (1658)	Wing G624; ESTC R6249	1,956,367	1,026

undamnified and prevent each perillous tempest by preparing speedy flight or else by swift pursuite made upon their enemies might both overtake them encounter with them and make a slaughter of them accordingly But if it fortune so at any time that this Dog take a wrong way the Master making some usual signe and familiar token he returneth forthwith and taketh the right and ready race beginning his chase afresh and with a clear voice and a swift foot followeth the game with as much courage and nimbleness as he did at the first Of the DOG called the GRAY-HOUND in Latin Leporarius WE have another kinde of Dog which for his incredible swiftness is called Leporarius a Gray-hound because the principal service of them dependeth and consisteth in starting and hunting the Hare which Dogs likewise are indued with no lesse strength then lightness in maintenance of the game in serving the chase in taking the Buck the Hart the Doe the Fox and other beasts of semblable kinde ordained for the game of hunting But more or lesse each one according to the measure and proportion of their desire and as might and hability of their bodies will permit and suffer For it is a spare and bare kind of Dog of flesh but not of bone some are of a greater sort and some of a lesser some are smooth skinned and some are curled the bigger therefore are appointed to hunt the bigger beasts and the smaller serve to hunt the smaller accordingly The nature of the Dogs I finde to be wonderful by the testimony of all Histories For as John Froisart the Historiographer in his 4 lib. reporteth A Gray-hound of King Richard the second that wore the Crown and bare the Scepter of the Realm of England never knowing any man besides the Kings person when Henry Duke of Lancaster came to the Castle of Flint to take King Richard the Dog forsaking his former Lord and Master came to Duke Henry fauned upon him with such resemblances of good will and conceived affection as he favoured King Richard before he followed the Duke and utterly left the King So that by these manifold circumstances a man might judge his Dog to have been lightened with the lamp of foreknowledge and understanding touching his old Masters miseries to come and unhappiness nigh at hand which King Richard himself evidently perceived accounting this deed of his Dog a Prophecy of his overthrow Of the DOG called the LEVINER or LYEMMER in Latin Lorarius ANother sort of Dogs be there in smelling singular and in swiftness incomparable This is as it were a middle kinde betwixt the Harier and the Gray-hound as well for his kind as for the frame of his body And it is called in Latin Levinarius a Levitate of lightness and therefore may well be called a Light-hound it is also called by this word Lorarius a Loro wherewith it is led This Dog for the excellency of his conditions namely smelling and swift running doth follow the game with more eagerness and taketh the prey with a jolly quickness Of the DOG called a TUMBLER in Latin Vertagus THis sort of Dogs which compasseth all by crafts fraudes and subtilties and deceits we Englishmen call Tumblers because in hunting they turn and tumble winding their bodies about in circle wise and then fiercely and violently venturing upon the beast doth suddenly gripe it at the very entrance and mouth of their receptacles or closets before they can recover means to save and succour themselves This Dog useth another craft and subtilty namely when he runneth into a Warren or fetcheth a course about a Conyburrough he hunts not after them he frayes them not by barking he makes no countenance or shadow of hatred against them but dissembling friendship and pretending favour passeth by with silence and quietness marking and noting their holes diligently wherein I warrant you he will not be overshot nor deceived When he cometh to the place where Conies be of a certainty he cowcheth down close with his belly to the ground provided alwayes by his skill and policy that the winde be never with him but against him in such an enterprise and that the Conies spy him not where he lurketh By which means he obtaineth the scent and savour of the Conies carryed towards him with the winde and the air either going to their holes or coming out either passing this way or running that way and so provideth by his circumspection that the silly simple Cony is debarred quite from his hole which is the haven of their hope and the harbour of their health and fraudulently circumvented and taken before they can get the advantage of their hole Thus having caught his prey he carryeth it speedily to his Master waiting his Dogs return in some convenient lurking corner These Dogs are somewhat lesser then the Hounds and they be lancker and leaner beside that they be somewhat prick eared A man that shall marke the form and fashion of their bodies may well call them mungrel Gray-hounds if they were somewhat bigger But notwithstanding they countervail not the Grey-hound in greatness yet will he take in one dayes space as many Conies as shall arise to as big a burthen and as heavie a load as a horse can carry sor deceit and guile is the instrument whereby he maketh this spoil which pernicious properties supply the places of more commendable qualities Of the DOG called the THEEVISH DOG in Latin Canis furax THe like to that whom we have rehearsed is the Theevish Dog which at the mandate and bidding of his Master fleereth and leereth abroad in the night hunting Conies by the air which is sevened with the savour and conveied to the sense of smelling by the means of the winde blowing towards him During all which space of his hunting he will not bark lest he should be prejudicial to his own advantage And thus watcheth and snatcheth up in course as many Conies as his Master will suffer him and beareth them to his Masters standing The Farmers of the Countrey and uplandish dwellers call this kind of Dog a Night Cur because he hunteth in the dark But let thus much seem sufficient for Dogs which serve the game and disport of hunting Of Gentle DOGS serving the Hawk and first of the SPANIEL called in Latin Hispaniolus SUch Dogs as serve for fowling I think convenient and requisite to place in the second Section of this treatise These are also to be reckoned and accounted in the number of the Dogs which come of a gentle kind and of those which serve for fowling there be two sorts the first findeth game on the land the other findeth game on the water Such as delight on the land play their parts either by swiftness of foot or by often questing to search out and to spring the bird for further hope of advantage or else by some secret sign and privy token bewray the place where they fall The first kind of such serve the Hawk the second the net

of Fishermen as also huntsmen in that behalf being careful and earnest to learn and understand of them if any such were except you hold opinion that the Beaver or Otter is a Fish as many have believed and according to their belief affirmed as the bird Pupine is thought to be a fish and so accounted But that kind of Dog which followeth the fish to apprehend and take it if there be any of that disposition and property whether they do this thing for the game of hunting or for the heat of hunger as other Dogs do which rather then they will be famished for want of food covet the carcases of carrion and putrified flesh When I am fully resolved and disburthened of this doubt I will send you certificate in writing In the mean season I am not ignorant of that both Aelianus and Aetius call the Beaver Kunapotamion a water Dog or a Dog-fish I know likewise thus much more that the Beaver doth participate this property with the Dog namely that when fishes be scarce they leave the water and range up and down the land making an insatiable slaughter of young Lambs untill their paunches be replenished and when they have fed themselves full of Flesh then return they to the water from whence they came But albeit so much be granted that this Bever is a Dog yet it is to be noted that we reckon it not in the beadrow of English Dogs as we have done the rest The sea Calfe in like manner which our Countrey men for brevity sake call a Seel other more largely name a Sea Veale maketh a spoil of fishes between rocks and banks but it is not accounted in the Catalogue or number of our English Dogs notwithstanding we call it by the name of a Sea-Dog or a Sea-Calf And thus much for our Dogs of the second sort called in Latin Aucupatorii serving to take fowl either by land or water Of the delicate neat and prety kind of DOGS called the SPANIEL GENTLE or the COMFORTER in Latin Melitaeus or Fotor THere is besides those which we have already delivered another sort of Gentle Dogs in this our English soil but exempted from the order of the residue the Dogs of this kind doth Callimachus call Melitaeos of the Island Melita in the sea of Sicily which at this day is named Malta an Island indeed famous and renowned with couragious and puissant Souldiers valiantly fighting under the banner of Christ their unconquerable Captain where this kind of Dogs had their principal beginning These Dogs are little prety proper and fine and sought for to satisfie the delicateness of dainty dames and wanton womens wils instruments of folly for them to play and dally withal to trifle away the treasure of time to withdraw their mindes from more commendable exercises and to content their corrupted concupiscences with vain disport a silly shift to shun irksome idleness These puppies the smaller they be the more pleasure they provoke as more meet playfellowes for minsing mistresses to bear in their bosomes to keep company withal in their Chambers to succour with sleep in bed and nourish with meat at bord to lay in their laps and lick their lips as they ride in their Waggons and good reason it should be so for courseness with fineness hath no fellowship but featness with neatness hath neighbourhood enough That plausible proverb verified upon a Tyrant namely that he loved his Sow better then his Son may well be applyed to these kind of people who delight more in Dogs that are deprived of all possibility of reason then they do in children that be capeable of wisdom and judgement But this abuse peradventure reigneth where there hath been long lack of issue or else where barrenness is the best blossom of beauty The virtue which remaineth in the SPANIEL GENTLE otherwise called the COMFORTER NOtwithstanding many make much of those prety puppies called Spaniels Gentle yet if the question were demanded what property in them they spie which should make them so acceptable and precious in their sight I doubt their answer would be long a coining But seeing it was our intent to travail in this treatise so that the Reader might reap some benefit by his reading we will communicate unto such conjectures as are grounded upon reason And though some suppose that such Dogs are fit for no service I dare say by their leaves they be in a wrong box Among all other qualities therefore of nature which be known for some conditions are covered with continual and thick clouds that the eye of our capacities cannot pierce through them we finde that these little Dogs are good to asswage the sickness of the stomach being oftentimes thereunto applyed as a plaister preservative or born in the bosom of the diseased and weak person which effect is performed by their moderate heat Moreover the disease and sickness changeth his place and entreth though it be not precisely marked into the Dog which to be truth experience can testifie for these kinde of Dogs sometimes fall sick and sometimes die without any harme outwardly inforced which is an argument that the disease of the Gentleman or Gentlewoman or owner whatsoever entreth into the Dog by the operation of heat intermingled and infected And thus have I hitherto handled Dogs of a gentle kind whom I have comprehended in a triple division Now it remaineth that I annex in due order such Dogs as be of a more homely kinde Dogs of a course kinde serving many necessary uses called in Latin Canes rustici and first of the Shepherds Dog called in Latin Canis Pastoralis THe first kinde namely the Shepherds hound is very necessary and profitable for the avoiding of harmes and inconveniences which may come to men by the means of beasts The second sort serve for succour against the snares and attempts of mischievous men Our Shepherds Dog is not huge vast and big but of an indifferent stature and growth because it hath not to deal with the bloudthirsty Wolfe sithence there be none in England which happy and fortunate benefit is to be ascribed to the puissant Prince Edgar who to the intent that the whole Countrey might be evacuated and quite cleared from Wolves charged and commanded the Welshmen who were pestered with these butcherly beasts above measure to pay him yearly tribute note the wisdom of the King three hundred Wolves Some there be which write that Ludwal Prince of Wales paid yearly to King Edgar three hundred Wolves in the name of an exaction as we have said before And that by the means hereof within the compass and term of four years none of those noisom and pestilent beasts were left in the coasts of England and Wales This Edgar wore the Crown royal and bare the Scepter imperial of this Kingdom about the year of our Lord Nine hundred fifty nine Since which time we read that no Wolf hath been seen in England bred within the bounds and borders of this Countrey marry

there have been divers brought over from beyond the Seas for greediness of gain and to make money for gazing and gaping staring and standing to see them being a strange beast rare and seldom seen in England But to return to our Shepherds Dog This Dog either at the hearing of his Masters voice or at the wagging and whistling in his fist or at his shrill and hoarse hissing bringeth the wandering weathers and straying Sheep into the self same place where his Masters will and wish is to have them whereby the Shepherd reapeth this benefit namely that with little labour and no toilor moving of his feet he may rule and guide his flock according to his own desire either to have them go forward or to stand still or to draw backward or to turn this way or take that way For it is not in England as it is in France as it is in Flanders as it is in Syria as it is in Tartaria where the Sheep follow the Shepherd for here in our Countrey the Shepherd followeth the Sheep And sometimes the straying Sheep when no Dog runneth before them nor goeth about and beside them gather themselves together in a flock when they hear the Shepherd whistle in his fist for fear of the Dog as I imagine remembring this if unreasonable creatures may be reported to have memory that the Dog commonly runneth out at his Masters warrant which is his whistle This have we oftentimes diligently marked in taking our journey from Town to Town when we have heard a Shepherd whistle we have rained in our horse and stood still a space to see the proof and tryall of this matter Furthermore with this Dog doth the Shepherd take Sheep for the slaughter and to be healed if they be sick no hurt or harm in the world done to the simple creature Of the MASTIVE or BANDOG called in Latin Villaticus or Catenarius THis kind of Dog called a Mastive or Bandog is vast huge stubborn ugly and eager of a heavie and bourthenous body and therefore but of little swiftness terrible and frightful to behold and more fierce and fell then any Arcadian cur notwithstanding they are said to have their generation of the violent Lion They are called Villatici because they are appointed to watch and keep farm-places and Countrey Cotages sequestred from common recourse and not abutting upon other houses by reason of distance when there is any fear conceived of Theeves Robbers Spoilers and Night-wanderers They are serviceable against the Fox and Badger to drive wilde and tame Swine out of Medowes Pastures Glebelands and places planted with fruit to bait and take the Bull by the ear when occasion so requireth One Dog or two at the utmost is sufficient for that purpose be the Bull never so monstrous never so fierce never so furious never so stern never so untamable For it is a kind of Dog capeable of courage violent and valiant striking cold fear into the hearts of men but standing in fear of no man in so much that no weapons will make him shrink nor abridge his boldness Our Englishmen to the intent that their Dogs might be more fell and fierce assist nature with art use and custom for they teach their Dogs to bait the Bear to bait the Bull and other such like cruell and bloudy Beasts appointing an over-seer of the game without any Collar to defend their throats and oftentimes they train them up in fighting and wrestling with any man having for the safegard of his life either a Pikestaffe a Club or a sword and by using them to such exercises as these their Dogs become more sturdy and strong The force which is in them surmounteth all belief the fast hold which they take with their teeth exceedeth all credit three of them against a Bear four against a Lion are sufficient both to trie masteries with them and utterly to overmatch them Which thing Henry the seventh of that name King of England a Prince both politick and warlike perceiving on a certain time as the report runneth commanded all such Dogs how many so ever were in number should be hanged being deeply displeased and conceiving great disdain that an ill favoured rascal Cut should with such violent villany assault the valiant Lion King of all beasts An example for all subjects worthy remembrance to admonish them that it is no advantage to them to rebell against the regiment of their Ruler but to keep them within the limits of loyalty I read an History answerable to this of the self same Henry who having a notable and an excellent fair Falcon it fortuned that the Kings Falconers in the presence and hearing of his grace higgly commended his Majesties Faulcon saying that it feared not to intermeddle with an Eagle it was so venturous a Bird and so mighty which when the King heard he charged that the Falcon should be killed without delay for the self same reason as it may seem which was rehearsed in the conclusion of the former history concerning the same king This Dog is called in like manner Catenarius a Catena of the chain wherewith he is tyed at the gates in the day time lest being loose he should do much mischief and yet might give occasion of fear and terror by his big barking And albeit Cicero in his Oration had pro S. Ross be of this opinion that sueh Dogs as bark in the broad day light should have their legs broken yet our Countrymen on this side the Seas for their carelesness of life setting all at cinque and sice are of a contrary judgement For Theeves rogue up and down in every corner no place is free from them no not the Princes palace nor the Countrymans cotage In the day time they practise pilfering picking open robbing and privie stealing and what legerdemain lack they not fearing the shameful and horrible death of hanging The cause of which inconvenience doth not only issue from nipping need and wringing want for all that steal are not pinched with poverty some steal to maintain their excessive and prodigal expences in apparel their lewdness of life their haughtiness of heart their wantonness of manners their wilful idleness their ambitious bravery and the pride of the sawcy Salacones me galorrounton vain glorious and arrogant in behaviour whose delight dependeth wholly to mount nimbly on horse-back to make them leap lustily spring and prance gallop and amble to run a race to winde in compass and so forth living altogether upon the fatness of the spoil Other some there be which steal being thereto provoked by penury and need like masterless men applying themselves to no honest trade but ranging up and down impudently begging and complaining of bodily weakness where is no want of ability But valiant Valentine the Emperor by wholesome lawes provided that such as having no corporal sickness sold themselves to begging pleaded poverty with pretended infirmity and cloaked their idle and slothful life with colourable shifts and cloudy cozening should

but those which served the Leontick Altars meaning Nemeaea sacra instituted for the honour of Hercules were transformed diversly but of all these we have already expressed our opinion namely to believe and think so basely of mankinde created after Gods Image as once to conceive or entertain one thought of such passing of one from another were most lewd and Diabolical but to conceive them as allegories by which the mindes of the wise may be instructed in divine things and God his judgements as it is Poetical so is it not against any point of learning or good Religion As that which hath been already expressed most notably describeth the nature of the Lion which so that succeedeth hath the same use for the manifestation of the dignity and honour of Beast First of all therefore to begin with his understanding and to shew how neer he cometh to the nature of man It is reported by Aelianus that in Lybia they retain great friendship with men enjoying many things in common with them and drinking at the same Well or Fountain And if at any time he being deceived in his hunting and cannot get to satisfie hunger then goeth he to the houses of men and there if he finde the man at home he will enter in and destroy except by wit policy and strength he be resisted but if he finde no man but only women they by railing on him and rebukes drive him away which thing argueth his understanding of the Lybian tongue The sum and manner of those speeches and words which she useth to affright and turn them away from entering houses are these Art not thou ashamed being a Lion the King of Beasts to come to my poor cottage to beg meat at the hands of a woman and like a sick man distressed with the weakness of body to fall into the hands of a woman that by her mercy thou mayst attain those things which are requisite for thy own maintenance and sustentation yea rather thou shouldst keep in the Mountains and live in them by hunting the Hart and other Beasts provided in nature for the Lions food and not after the fashion of little base Dogs come and live in houses to take meat at the hands of men and women By such like words she enchanteth the minde of the Lion so that like a reasonable person overcome with strong arguments notwithstanding his own want hunger and extremity he casteth his eyes to the ground ashamed and afflicted and departeth away without any enterprise Neither ought any judicious or wise man think this thing to be incredible for we see that Horses and Dogs which live among men and hear their continual voyces do discern also their tearms of threatning chiding and rating and so stand in aw of them and therefore the Lions of Lybia whereof many are brought up like Dogs in houses with whom the little children play may well come to the knowledge and understanding of the Maurisian tongue It is also said they have understanding of the parts of men and women and discern sexes and are indued with a natural modesty declining the sight of womens privy parts And unto this may be added the notable story of a Lion in England declared by Crantzius which by evident token was able to distinguish betwixt the King Nobles and vulgar sort of people As the ears of Horses are a note of their generosity so is the tail of Lions when it standeth immoveable it sheweth that he is pleasant gentle meek unmoved and apt to endure any thing which falleth out very seldom for in the sight of men he is seldom found without rage In his anger he first of all beateth the earth with his tail afterwards his own sides and lastly leapeth upon his prey or adversary Some creatures use to wag their tails when they see suddenly those which are of their acquaintance as Dogs but Lions and Buls do it for anger and wrath The reason both of one and other is thus rendred by Aphrodiseus The back-bone of such Beasts is hollow and containeth in it marrow which reacheth to the tail and therefore there is in the tail a kinde of animal motion and power For which cause when the Beast seeth one of his acquaintance he waggeth his tail by way of salutation for the same reason that men shake hands for that part is the readiest and nimblest member of his body but Buls and Lions are constrained to the wagging of their tails for the same reason that angry men are light fingered and apt to strike for when they cannot have sufficient power to revenge they either speak if they be Men or else bark if they be Dogs or smite their sides with their tail if they be Lions by that means uttering the fury of their rage to the ease of nature which they cannot to the full desire of revenge But we have shewed before that the Lion striketh his sides with his tail for the stirring up of himself against dangerous perils for which cause Lucan compareth Caesar in his warlike expedition at Pharsalia against his own Countrey before his passage over Rubicon whilest he exhorted his souldiers to a Lion beating himself with his own tail in these verses Inde mora solvit belli tumidumque per amnom Signa tulit propere sicut squallentibus arvis Aestiferae Lybies viso Leo cominus hoste Subsedit dubius totam dum colligit iram Mox ubi se saevae stimulavit verbere caudae Er●xitque jubas vasto grave murmur hiatu Infremuit tum torta levis si lancea Mauri Haereat aut latum subeant venabula pectus Per ferrum tanti securus vulneris exit There are many Epigrams both Greek and Latine concerning the rage force friendship and society of Lions with other beasts whereof these are most memorable the first of a Hare which through sport crept through the mouth of a tame Lion whereof Martial writeth in this sort teaching her to flie to the Lions teeth against the rage of Dogs in these verses Rictibus his Tauros non eripuere magistri Per quos praeda fugax itque reditque lepus Quodque magis mirum velocior exit ab hoste Nec nihil à tanta nobilitate refert Tulior in sola non est cum currit arena Neo caveae tanta conditur ille fide Si vitare canum morsus lepus improbe quaeris Ad qnae confugias ora Leonis habes There is another of the same Poets about the society of a Ram and a Lion wherein he wondereth that so different natures should live together both because the Lion forgetteth his prey in the Woods and also the Ram the eating of green grass and through hunger both of them constrained to taste of the same dishes and yet this is no other then that which was foretold in holy Scripture the Lion and the Lamb should play together the Epigram is this Massyli Leo fama jugi pecorisque maritus Lanigeri mirum qua posuere

placed in the middle are lesser and they in the uttermost part are greater as also higher then those which are low In this Beast the teeth are both great sharp and long being joyned to the rest in the lower jaw and in the upper severed with so great space that the lower teeth may be received therein These when the Beast liveth are covered with his lips but when he is dead they are otherwise his lips being through driness shrunk together His fore-teeth are very big and as long as two Roman fingers for at the very root thereof it cannot be comprehended in less then two Roman fingers and a half compass In his tooth there is a certain small hollowness through all the length thereof which notwithstanding doth not appear except the tooth be broken The lower jaw is very hard and stiffe having three teeth unequal in quantity as the upper four Between the great tooth and the first cheek tooth of the under jaw there is a void space to the quantity of one finger from which the first is presently placed lesser then the other two to this there is another greater close adjoyning and after this there is also a third greater then the second In the upper jaw in that middle space which I said was of one Roman finger between the great tooth and the first cheek-tooth there is a very little tooth and without any form coming so smally out of the jaw that there is no lower tooth which may answer to the same After that in the space of half a finger there is a second to which there is joyn'd a third and after this a fourth between themselves the upper and the lower cheek-teeth and so are joyned together as they agree in the manner of a comb the two first teeth in the lower jaw and the second and third in the upper jaw are of the same figure as the compass of the tops of the Crowns of the Kings of England and France The third is of the same figure in the lower jaw and the fourth of the upper jaw except that the interior side of both the gums which is nearer to the throat by nature is taken away There was no other teeth joyned to these in both the jaws But I do not know whether there be any more teeth in the gum beyond the reach of ones finger in the farthest row or behinde the teeth But this I know that to all appearance there was none remaining and it may be that his lips were cut or slit down beyond nature to shew his teeth It liveth of flesh and the female is more cruel then the male though lesser and one of either sex was brought out of Mauritania into England in a Ship for they are bred in Lybia If they have any appointed time of copulation it is near the month of June for in that month the male covereth the female We have shewed already that Lions may be tamed and that also hath been manifest in London both in the Tower and in the City for there the Lions did play with their Keepers and kiss them without harm as Doctor Cay saith he saw them do but these Beasts were so fierce and wilde as they could never be tamed for when soever their Keeper should change or remove them from place to place he was constrained first of all to strike them so hard with a club upon the head that they should lie half dead and so put them in a sack or wooden chest made of purpose with holes in it for respiration and expiration to carry them to and fro from one lodging to another after an hour they revived again like a Cat but when they were to be taken out of the hutch or chest he was constrained likewise to astonish them again with his club but afterwards they grew to invent an Engine to put the Beast in and take him out of the hutch with a rope or cord and so do remove them from place to place The Keepers affirmed that they did seem much to disdain the Lions and oftentimes endevoured to fight with them but they were kept asunder with grates they would not hurt a little Dog when he was put to them but when they were hungry but if a great Dog were put unto them they tore him in pieces although their bellies were never so full When they are angry they utter a voyce like an angry Dog but they double the Arr twice and also bigger then any Dogs proceeding out of a large breast and wide arteries much like to the howling of a great Mastive that is shut up in a close room alone against his will Some say it is longer then a Dog but it did not so appear in England for we had many Mastive Dogs as long as it but yet was it every way greater then any other kinde of Dogs It is but a vain report that some have said when a Man or Beast is bitten with an Ounce presently Mice flock unto him and poyson him with their urine For it was seen in England that two of the Keepers were wounded and shrewdly bitten by one of the Ounces and there followed them no other harm then that which followeth the biting of an ordinary Dog or like a small incision with a knife He never fighteth but at the head and that treacherously if he perceive his adversary to be too strong or too great for him and that by counterfeiting quietness benevolence and peace as if he meant no harm for so he served a great Mastive Dog in England at the first sight he seemed to applaud his comming looking cheerfully upon him and wagging his tail presently he fell down on his belly as it were to invite the Dog to come near him by his submission lastly he got close unto him creeping as though he would play with him putting out one of his feet as Cats do when they play wherewithal the great Dog grew secure and began nothing to mistrust the Beast at length when the Ounce saw his opportunity he suddenly leaped upon his neck and took him by the throat and pulled it out after he had killed him with his nails he opened the Dogs breast and taking out his heart did eat it before all the people in most cruel manner thus far Doctor Cay speaketh of the Ounce and beside him no other Author that I know The gall of this Beast is deadly poyson it hateth all creatures and destroyeth them especially men and therefore it may well be said to be possessed with some evill spirit It loveth none but his own kinde And thus much for the Ounce Of the ORYX. THis Beast in Pliny and Oppianus is called Orynx and Oryx and my conjecture is that his name is derived from Oryssein which signifieth to dig Saint Jerom and the Septuagints for Theo Deut. 14. and Isa 51. translate Oryx but David Kimbi and the better learned men interpret it a wilde Ox. But the Hebrew Dischon may in my opinion be so

Exemplo monstrante viam In English thus Experience teacheth art by use of things When as example plainest way forth brings Being also beaten to powder and outwardly applyed they do close and solder up wounds and conglutinate sinews that are cut and consolidating them again in the space of seven days and to perform this cure the better Democritius adviseth to keep them in Honey The ashes of Earth-worms duly prepared cleanseth Sordious stinking and rotten Ulcers consuming and wasting away their hard lips or callous edges if it be tempered with Tar and Simblian Honey as Pliny affirmeth Dioscorides saith that the Honey of Sicilia was taken for that nf Simblia in his time Their ashes likewise draweth our Darts or Arrows shot into the body or any other matter that sticketh in the flesh if they be tempered with Oil of Roses and so applyed to the place affected The powder also cureth Kibes in the heels and Chilblanes on the hands as Marcellus testifieth for hurts that happen to the sinews when they are cut in pieces Quintus Serenus hath these verses Profuerit terrae Lumbricos indere tritos Queis vetus rancens sociari axungia debet It is good saith he to apply to sinews that are dissected The powder of Earth-worms mixed and wrought up with old rammish and unsavory Barrows grease to be put into the grief Marcellus Empiricus Besides the powder of Earth-worms and Axunger addeth further Grounswell and the tender tops of the Box-tree with Olibanum all these being made up and tempered together to make an Emplaster he counselleth to be applyed to sinews that are laid open cut asunder or that have received any puncture or suffer any pain or aking whatsoever Pliny saith that there cannot be a better medicine found out for broken bones then Earth-worms and field Mice dryed and pulverised and so mixed together with Oyl of Roses to be laid in the form of an emplaster upon the part fractured Yea to asswage and appease pain both in the joynts and in the sinews of Horses there hath not been found out a more notable Medicine as we may well perceive by the writings both of Russius Absyrtus and Didymus whereupon Cardan hath observed that all pains whatsoever may be mitigated by their apt using Carolus Clusius saith that the Indians do make an excellent unguent of Earth-worms against the disease called Erysipelas being a swelling full of heat and rednesse with pain round about commonly called S. Anthonies fire And thus it is prepared They first take Earth-worms alive feeding them either with the leaves of Moeza or else with fine Meal until by this means they grow fat afterwards boiling them in an earthen vessel remembring ever to scum the same they do strain them boyling them yet again to the consistence almost of an emplaister which if it be rightly prepared is of a yellow colour And this Medicine may well be used for any burning or scalding My purpose is not to vouch all those authorities I might concerning the admirable Nature and vertue of Earth-worms for so I think I might alledge six hundred more which is not meet to be inserted in this place I will therefore now passe to their qualities and medicinal uses for irrational creatures Pelagonius much commendeth Earth-worms as an excellent medicine for the Bots or Worms that are in Horses and in the bodies of Oxen and Kine affirming that the best way is to put them alive into their Nosthrils although without question it were far better to conveigh them into their maws by the means of some horn Tardinus adviseth to give the powder of Earth-worms with some hot flesh to Hawks when they cannot exonerate nature or how Faulkeners tearm it I know not For that saith he will loosen their bellies Moles do also feed full savorly upon them and if they fall a digging it is strange to see with what sudden hast and speed then poor Worms will issue out of the ground In like sort Hogs and Swine as Varro writeth by their turning up the mud and rooting in the earth with their snowts do by this means dig up the Worms that they may eat them Albertus Magnus saith that Toads do feed upon Worms Bellonius saith that Lizards and Tarentinus that the Sea-fish called Gryff or Grample doth greedily devour them and finally experience it self witnesseth that Frogs Eels Gudgeons Carps Breams Roches and Trowts do satisfie their hungry guts by feeding upon them Aristotle in his eight Book De Nat. Animal Cap. 3. describeth a certain Bird that liveth in the waters which Gaza interpreteth Capella though the Philosopher calleth it Aix and some have called it Vdhellus that liveth for the most part upon Worms yea Thrushes Robin-red-breasts Mun-murderers and Bramblings Hens Chaffinches Gnat-snappers Bull-finches and all sorts of Crows will feed upon them and therefore it is that there be more Crows in England then in any other Countrey in the world respecting the greatnesse because here the soil being moist and fat there is abundance of Earth-worms serving for their food as Polydorus Vurgilius in his first Book of the History of England which he dedicated to King Henry the eight hath excellently delivered The people of India if we will credit Monardus do make of these Worms divers juncats as we do Tarts Marchpanes Wafers and Cheese-cakes to eat instead of other dainties And the Inhabitants of West-India do devour them raw as Francis Lopez testifieth The people of Europe in no place that ever I heard or read of can endure them to be set on their Tables but for medicinal uses only they desire them Plautus useth in stead of a proverb this that followeth Nunc ab transenna hic turdus Lumbricum petit It is an allegory taken and borrowed from a gin or snare wherewith Birds are taken by which Chrysalus the bond-man bringing certain Letters to Nicobolus an old man signifieth and giveth warning that the weak old man was by the reading of the letter no otherwise ensnared intangled and deceived then some Birds are taken by subtile and crafty sleights For Transenna is nothing but a deceitful cord stretched out to take Birds especially Thrushes or Mavisses withall and Worms is their proper food which while they endevour to entrap they themselves are deceived and taken Surely I should not think that those Fishers and Anglers be very wise who to take Worms use to pour lye or water into the earth wherein Hemp Southern-wood Centory Worm-wood or Vervin have been long soaked or any other strange moisture causing them by this mean to issue forth out of the earth for the Earth-worms by this kinde of dealing being made more bitter unsavoury and unpleasant no fishes will once touch or tast them but rather seek to avoid them But contrarywise if they will let them lie a whole day in Wheat-meal putting a little Honey to it and then bait their hooks with them they will be so sweet pleasant and delectable as that the unwary Fish will sooner