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england_n	church_n	king_n	religion_n	6,583	5	5.6955	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A65093	The works of the famous antiquary, Polidore Virgil containing the original of all arts, sciences, mysteries, orders, rites, and ceremonies, both ecclesiastical and civil : a work useful for all divines, historians, lawyers, and all artificers / compendiously English't by John [i.e. Thomas] Langley.; De rerum inventoribus. English	Vergil, Polydore, 1470?-1555.; Langley, Thomas, d. 1581.	1663 (1663)	Wing V596; ESTC R28374	121,672	340

The Crouch or Crosse Friers began about the year of our Lord 1215. by the device of Syracus Bishop of Jerusalem which shewed Helen mother of Constantine where the Crosse lay hid and in memorial of the Cross he caused this brotherhood and Colledge of Friers to bear the Cross and yet they never knew what the Cross weighed in their bodies or in their hearts and forasmuch as they were sore wasted Innocentius the third renewed the Religion CHAP. IV. Black and Grey-Fryers the Trinity-order● Brigidians Jesuits new Hermites and Bonhomes ABout the time of Innocentius the third arose two famous founders of two superstitious Sects I mean Dominick the Spaniard and Francis the Italian of the Country of Vmbria Dominick at the first was a Canon but because he could not suffer to have a superiour and was also weary of the Cloyster he invented a new fraternity named Dominicans Black-Fryers or Fryers-Preachers because they had the charge to preach the Gospel without mixture of any Pharisaical leven The new guise of their Vesture made innocent Innocentius to wonder But Honorius the third by his Bull honourably admitted them the year of our Lord 1220 and Gregory the 9th put the matter all out of doubt canonized Dominick and by his Bull under Lead allowed him for a Saint Frances that was first of the Friers Augustines thinking that sect not to be sufficiently furnished with Hypocrisie began a new trade of living in the Mount Appenninus in a place named commonly Laverna doubtless a ground worthy for such a foundation as was beside the Word of God it was set up in the time of Honorius aforesaid They were named Minoribes of the humility and lowliness of heart that they should have but that was smally regarded and farthest from their study Two years after the year of our Lord God 1229 Francis was sanctified by Gregory and made a Saint Francisoans afterward fell at contention for the rules of their profession They that failed somewhat of the unperfect perfection of them retained the name of Minorites still the other entituled themselves Observants more worthy to be called Obstinate The latter fellows were brought in●o England by King Edward the 4th and were greatly inhanced by the famous Prince King Henry the 7th At the same time was Clara the Virgin Countrey-woman to Saint Francis which was a great Foundress of Nuns of the same Rule that Francis gave his Covent of them sprung the bastard Penitencers in the dayes of John the 22 and the year of our Lord 1315. The Order of the Trinity under Innocentius was begun by John Matta and Felix Anachorita in France in the County of Meldine Then also was founded or else not long after in the time of Martin the fourth the Religion of Virgins or Servants by one Philip of Florencia a Physitian and Benedict the 11th confirmed it in the year of our Lord 385. The Order of Brigidians was instituted by Brigidia a Widow that was Princess of Sueta under Vrban the 5th in the year of our Lord 1370 it was as well of men as women albeit they dwelt severally by themselves The Family of Jesuits was the Invention of Johannes Columbinus in the City of Senes in the time of the same Urban the year of our Lord 1368 they were no Priests nor consecrated persons but were men of the lay sort given and addicted to prayer and had the name of Jesuits because that name of Jesus should be often in their mouth they be much like to our Beads-men in England The Sect of new Hermites began in Urbin a City in Italy in the Countrey of Umbria where Polidore Virgil was born and was the device of one Petrus an Hetrurian and they had in the same City a goodly Hospitall or Guild-Hall The Bonhomes were instituted in England by Edmund son of Richard Earl of Cornwall which was brother to Henry the third and was elected King of the Romans and heir apparent to the Empire by the principal Electors about the year of our Lord 1257. The speciall head place of that Religion was Astrige where the noble King Henry the eighth hath now a goodly Palace This Edmund brought the bloud of our Saviour as it was said into the Realm CHAP. V. The original of sacred Knights and white sect WHilest the City of Jerusalem before our Christian men had conquered it in the year of our Lord 1099 was in subjection to the Saracens the Latine Christians that lived there tributaries purchased a licence to build near unto the Holy Sepulchre dwelling houses and among other they made an Hospital of our Lady to receive the strange Pilgrims and appointed a Provost to entertain them This was in Silvester the first his time the year of our Lord three hundred twenty and four and renewed the year of Christ one thousand three hundred ninety and seven in the time of Celestine the third Bishop of Rome After the pattern of this house was devised a like house of Virgins in memorial of Mary Magdalen to receive the Women that resorted thither It began in the 2d Vrbanes dayes the year of our Lord 1099. Notwithstanding because the multitude of Latine Pilgrimes waxed very great they builded three Hospitals of Saint John Baptist as some say Albeit some think it was of John Eleemosinarius that was the Patriarch of Alexandria in the reign of the Emperour Phocas This Sect one Gerardus adorned with a white Cross in a black vesture grand Captain of these Knights was Ramundus when Clement the fifth had the See of Rome about the year of our Lord 1310 yet some affirm that the beginning of them was in the 3d Alexanders dayes the year of Christ one thousand one hundred seventy and nine and they be called of the order of Saint John or Knights of the Rhodes because they won the Rhodes from the Turks which afterwards they lost again in January in the year of our Salvation one thousand five hundred twenty three albeit they did long defend it manfully The Temples order was begun in Gelasius the second his dayes in the year of Christs Incarnation one thousand one hundred twenty and eight by Hugo Paganus and Gaufridus de sancto Alexandro they were named Templers because they kept in a part of the buildings near to the Temple they kept Bernardus rule in their living But Clement the fifth deposed them partly for that they renounced the Faith and conspired with the Turks and partly for other notable crimes The order of Teutonicks or Dutch Lords began in Jerusalem by a Dutch man whose name is not known Their office was to fight against the enemies of Christs Cross it began in the dayes of Clement the third the year of Christs incarnation 1190. Petrus Ferdinandus a Spaniard began the order of Saint James Knights that lived after St Austins rule under Alexander the third and in the year of our Lord one thousand one hundred and sixty in the same

Carthagenians were first Merchants 151 Casting Lots 64 Casting money abroad 193 Cecrops 15 22 Centauri was found by Chiron 58 Ceres 68 Ceres's Image 117 Ceremonies why they were so named 214 Chaldees 46 48 Chalices of Wood 243 Chalices of silver and gold 244 Chamberlains 175 Chariots 92 Charms 61 Chances 95 Chanters 166 Chattering of birds 64 Cherry-Trees 126 Cheese making ibid. Chesse 95 Chip-Axe 147 Chiromancy 62 Chiron authour of Salves 58 Chius 95 Chrysippus 4 Chrism 197 Christ authour of our Priesthood 167 Crystal 114 Christmas Lords 195 Christening of Infants 163 Churches and Church-yards 202 Cicero 39 Circenses 97 Circumeision 161 Civil Crown 104 Civil Law 67 Cleanthes 3 Cleophantus invented colours 119 Clergy 165 Clocks 82 Cock-boat 150 Coyning 111 Comedies 34 Commendations to dead bodies 141 Common-wealth 70 Common-women 153 Communion 216 Compasse 148 Confession 219 Confirmation 197 Conjurers 166 Constantine forbade putting to death on the Crosse 203 Constantine born in England first Christian Emperour 297 Consuls of Rome 73 Corax gave rules of Rhetorick 39 Corn-sowing 123 Corona triumphalis 104 Corporaces 244 Corpus-Christi day 137 Covering of Scaffolds 143 Councils 292 Counting by nails 54 Cranes or Vernes 90 Cratus taught the Grammer in Rome 28 Cries 99 Crosse-bowes 90 Crosse-dayes 236 Crosse forbidden to be made 203 Crowns of Brazen plate 103 Crowns of divers sorts 104 Cups were crowned 104 D. DAyes of every moneth 79 Dayes turned into Feries 230 Dayes named of the Planets 231 Daphnis found the Shepherd's Carolls 32 Dardanus Trezenius 44 Darts 89 David sung in Meter 30 42 Decking of Churches 191 Declamator 39 Decrees 74 Dead bodies 139 241 Daedalus slew his Nephew 148 Dedication-dayes 237 Dedicating of Churches 205 Degrees of kindred inhibited to marry 200 Deifying of the Emperour 140 Delaying of Wines 125 Demaratus taught the He●rurians Letters 25 Demaratus 120 Democrasie began in Rome 74 Democrasie 69 Democritus 11 Demosthenes 39 Denouncing the Dictator 71 Detany 59 Division of Nations 13 Divorcement 18 Diagoras 4 Dialls 81 Dialogues 47 Debutades 120 Dice 94 Dictators first in Rome 73 Dictator's Ossice ibid. Dying of Wooll 129 Dying of hair 152 Diocesses 174 Dioclesian 297 Diodorus 23 Dionysius 40 122 Diriges or Exequies 239 Disguising 195 Divers Divisions of the year 77 Divers divisions of the day 82 Divers kinds of meter 31 Divers manner of Paper 86 Diversity of speeches 12 Divisions of the night 83 Dreams 65 Drinking on Maundy-Thursday 192 Druides 46 Drumslades in Warr 45 Dulcimers 44 Dunging Land 123 E. EAster 234 Easter appointed to be kept on the Sunday 230 Easter instituted by the Apostles 233 Easter to be kept in March ibid. Eating of flesh 127 Eclipse of the Sun and Moon 50 Eggs. 128 Egyptians 49 Egyptians are superstitious 157 Egyptian Letters 23 Egyptians found Geometry 52 Egyptians found the year 76 Election of the Bishop of Rome 177 Electors of the Emperour ibid. Eleazer driveth out Spirits 61 Embring-dayes 226 Embroidering 130 Ennius called the Poets holy 29 Empedocles 38 Endymion perceived the course of the Moon 50 Enos 23 Epicarmus 24 Epicurus 4 Epicurus taught the Grammer first 28 Epulones 89 Ethiopians 21 Ethiopians opinion of man 10 Evander brought Letters into Italy 25 Even and odde 96 Eumolphus 24 Excommunication 181 Exercises 93 Extream Unction 198 F. FAmous Physitians 57 Fanes 51 Fasting 224 Faunus 3 Feasts instituted by the Apostles 235 Feasts instituted at the Council of Lyons 236 February 78 Faeciales Sacerdotes 188 Feeding of Birds 64 Ferry-Boats 151 Fetters 76 F. was taken of the Aeolians 25 F. for V. consonant ibid. Fidlers and Pipers 45 Fighting on horseback 92 Figures of Arithmetick 54 Fire 7 109 Fire and Water given in token of chastity 19 First Masse of Priests 192 First Church of the Christians 202 First Church in Rome ibid. Fishing 128 Flesh was not eaten before Noah 225 Flying of Birds 64 Five parts of Philosophy 47 Fore-heads 154 Frederick Feltrius's Library 85 Fullers craft 129 Funerals 138 Funeral Playes 94 G. GAley 150 Games 92 Garlands 103 Gates of Marble 133 Geomancy 62 Gymnosophists 46 Glasses to look in 111 Glasse 113 Glew 147 God's Nature 5 God made man 12 God what he is 6 God was the author of Lawes 68 God is made man 158 God's mercy ibid. Goddesses of favour 43 God-father and God-mother 163 God-brother and God-sister 201 Gold 107 110 Good Angels 2 Goshauke 143 Grace at meat 231 Grammer two parts 27 Gravers in Marble 134 Grecians learned in Egypt 49 Gregory established the single life of Priests 200 Greek Letters 25 Greek stories 37 Grinding 123 Guns and when they were first made 90 H. HAbergeon 89 Hallowing of the Priests Vestures 244 Hangings 130 Harness 89 Harp 108 Harp who found it 43 Hebrew letters 25 Hebrews were authors of Poetry 29 Hebrews were authours of Philosophy 47 Hebrews after Josephus found Geometry 52 Hebrews ordained Democrasie 70 Hechwall 57 Hellen found the Cross 203 Helmets 89 Herb called Balin 57 Herbs were created for man ibid. Hercules 96 Hereticks 289 Heroical Verse 31 Hiperbius 127 Hippocrates 55 Histories 36 Hoye 150 Holy bread 251 Holy-dayes 205 Holy-water 206 Honey 126 Horses 91 Hostanes wrote books of Magick 60 Hours 81 Houses 132 Hunting 128 Hunting-staves 90 Husbandry 122 I. JAcob made a league 99 January 78 Janus 22 Janus coyns of brasse 111 Javelins 89 Icarius 124 Idaei dactyli 108 Ides 80 Idolatry 20 Jehosuah 99 Iginius made first orders 170 John Baptist 209 John Guthenbergus found Printing 85 Images 115 249 Images of Kings 20 Images of Wax 191 Institution of wedlock 14 Instruments of husbandry 123 Instruments of Physick 57 Job 30 156 Joseph ibid. Iron 107 Isaac digged pits 136 Isis 21 Jubilee 281 Julius Caesar made the year perfect 78 Jupiter 3 Justes in Rome 146 Justing-Spears 89 K. KEele 150 Keeping the Sacrament in Churches 217 Kingdomes began in Egypt 69 Kings how they behaved themselves 70 Kings of Rome 72 Kings and Queens of England 184 Kings and Priests were anointed 196 Kindred inhibited to marry 200 Kissing the Bishop of Rome's feet 183 Knights wear Rings for difference 112 Knights of the Rhodes 269 Knights of St. James 270 Knights of Jesus Christ ibid. Knitting nets 129 L. LAbyrinths 136 Labourers pass the time with Songs 24 Lacedemonians manner of War 45 Lacedemonians offerings 102 Laity 164 Lamech had 2 Wives 201 Lame men may not be Priests 173 Lammas-day 237 Lamps 191 Latine stories 37 Law 66 Law for drinking of wine 184 Law-makers 68 Lawes of mourning 239 Lawes natural 66 Lead 107 Leagues 99 Leap-year 79 Legends 223 Leg-harness 89 Lent 225 Leontinus Gorgias's Image 117 Letanies 247 Letters 23 Letters to accompt withall 54 Letting of blood 59 Lever 108 Levites 66 Liberty of the old Satyres 34 Libraries 84 Licinius Calvus 75 Lycurgus 68 Lydians 110 Lighter 150 Line 147 Linnen 129 Linus 30 Livius Andronicus ibid. Looking-glasses 111 Lots 64 Lucretia 154 Lupercalia 96 M. MAgitians 46 Magi. 61 Magick 60 Mahomet's Sect. 276 Maids of

and Eudoxas were condemned because they did deny the Holy Ghost to be God The third was at Ephesus Celestine the First then occupying the See of Rome There was Nestor's heresie abolished that said Mary the Virgin was Mother of Christ a man but not as he was of God and that the Person of the Godhead and his Manhood were two sundry Persons The fourth was at Chalcedonie under Leo the First where Eutyches an heretick was condemned These four Saint Gregory thought worthy to be admitted and allowed to the establishing of our Religion The fifth was solemnly kept at Bizance at the Commandment of Vigilius Bishop of Rome and in this was Theodorus reasoned with which affirmed that Mary did bear onely a man and not God and man for that cause the Council there then decreed That Christ's Mother should be called Theotocos or Deipara that is Bearer of God and the Acts of this Council were received by Gregory The sixth Council Constantine the fourth at the request and suit of Agathon called also at Bizance where 200 Bishops condemned Macarius of Antioch This Council was accepted by Hadrian the First That no Council might be legitimate or lawfully assembled without the Bishop of Rome's consent and assenr was the constitution and decree of Marcellus the First and afterward Julius Damasus and Gregory ratified the same Martin the Fifth made a Law That every tenth year the Bishop of Rome and all Christian Princes should meet together to consult of matters concerning our Religion and Christian Faith It was decreed at the Council of Nicene That every Bishop should twice yearly have a Synod or Senes general within his Diocess to correct and reform such things as were out of order But now the matter is so handled that Senes be onely Courts to gather their Senage and Proxy with a Procession and a Sermon that the half understand not other correction I hear of none CHAP. V. Of the first persecutors of Christians and first Martyrs CHRIST which came into this World and was Incarnate to bear witnesse unto the truth had for his true testimony great envy of the Jews insomuch that they persecuted him to the vile death of the Cross for his earnest record and report of the truth and they did no lesse pursue the Apostles and Messengers of the truth For when they following the example of their Master did openly declare the Word of truth and namely Peter did sorely rebuke the wickednesse of the Jewes in putting to death Christ the author of life advertising them to repent and amend the Jewes were so furious that first they murthered Stephen as the Acts of the Apostles testifie because he was a vehement witnesse of the truth This Stephen did two years continually after Christ's death dispute with all the Learned men of Alexandria Cyrene Cilicia and Asia and by heavenly wisdome confounded their worldly reasons and humane learning Wherefore they were so sore vexed with hate and malice against him that they violently thrust him out of the City and then cruelly stoned him to death Thus Stephen was the first open maintainer and defender of our Christian Religion Afterward as Luke telleth so bitter and sharp persecurion did burst out against the Christians that were in Jerusalem that they were enforced to stray abroad and were scattered throughout all Jewry and Samariae saving that the Apostles remained and so journed still at Jerusalem Notwithstanding this persecution was the occasion of great furtherance of the Gospel by reason they ceased not but preached still the word every where with great increase and augmenting of the faithfull number Among the Heathen Nations Nero was the first Prince that persecuted our Religion universally and put Peter and Paul to death and consequently many other innocents were slain cruelly For when of a devillish mind that he had he could not spare even his Country but either for displeasure of the ruinous houses which grieved him to behold or else desirous to see a resemblance of the burning of Troy he set on fire the most part of the City of Rome with so huge a flame that it burned six dayes and six nights continually to the impoverishing of many thousands of rich Citizens Then to mitigate the shamefull and abominable deed and to stint the bruit and slanderous report that went on him for that flagitious fact there were forged false witnesses to say the Christian men did this act and so many simple innocents smarted for that Tyrant's pleasure and to obdurate himself in mischief he proclaimed an open Persecution against all that professed the Name of Christ Not long after Domitian renewed another affliction of the Christians and Trajanus raised the fourth Marcus Antonius and Lucius Aurelius Commodus stirred up the fifth Persecution Aelius Pertinax moved the sixth Maximinus procured the seventh Decius the eighth Valerianus the ninth Aurelianus caused the tenth And Dioclesianus began the eleventh which was sorest sharpest and of longer continuance then any of all the rest in such sort that Scripture-books were burned and Churches plucked down Christian Magistrates that did bear any office were deposed Souldiers were enforced to deny their faith or else forego their goods and forbear their lifes by a general Proclamation Neither were the three cruel Tyrants Maxentius Licinius and Maximianus behind with their parts but were as busie as the best to procure trouble to the Christian people Constantinus born in England then called Britain was the first Christian Emperour that advanced and defended the causes of our Religion and preserved Christian men in peace and quietnesse In all these Persecutions many did suffer Martyrdome as divers Histories record but Stephen was the first Martyr of the New Testament For John Baptist died before the consummation of the old Law After this example many other ensued and sustained like crosses for the truth sake which all now reign with God To whom alone be all glory honour and praise world without end So be it The End of the Eighth Book Polidore Virgil. The Ninth BOOK CHAP. I. Of Buttons and other Garments of the Ancients THe Invention of a Button is a thing worthy of consideration wherewith the Antients did fasten their Coats together or sometimes their Girdles In its lowest part it had the biggest circumference and so went smaller towards the top like a Pyramide it was made and joyned to the rayment with a Golden or Brazen thred that it might without out difficulty be moved backwards and foreward The most noble and rich men had their Buttons made of Gold The men sort of people used Silver The poorest Brasse or Iron Souldiers did wear Silver Buttons But Aurolianus at first allowed them to be made of Gold for this Souldiers as Vopiscus testifies Emperours had the summity or top of their Buttons made of Jewels and sometimes the whole Button it self The Emperour Leo commanded that souldiers should use such Buttons