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england_n	church_n	head_n	supreme_a	4,494	5	9.0477	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A16183	A large examination taken at Lambeth, according to his Maiesties direction, point by point, of M. G. Blakwell, made Arch-priest of England, by Pope Clement 8 Vpon occasion of a certaine answere of his, without the priuitie of the state, to a letter lately sent vnto him from Cardinall Bellarmine, blaming him for taking the oath of Allegeance. Together with the Cardinals letter, and M. Blakwels said answere vnto it. Also M. Blakwels letter to the Romish Catholickes in England, aswell ecclesiasticall, as lay.	Blackwell, George, 1546 or 7-1613.; Bellarmino, Roberto Francesco Romolo, Saint, 1542-1621.	1609 (1609)	STC 3104; ESTC S121306	104,118	220

gloriosè erigas quam contristaueras laetamfacias Ecclesiam nec iam solùm veniam merearis à Domino sed coronam Vale viriliter age confortetur cor tuum Romae die 28. Septembris 1607. Reuerendae admodum D. V. frater seruus in Christo Robertus Cardinalis Bellarminus The same in English ¶ To the very Reuerend M. George Blakwell Arch-priest of the English Robert of the holy Church of Rome Cardinall Bellarmine sendeth greeting REuerend Sir and Brother in Christ It is almost fortie yeeres since we did see one the other But yet I haue neuer beene vnmindfull of our ancient acquaintance neither haue I ceased seeing I could doe you no other good to commend you labouring most painefully in the Lords vineyard in my prayers to God and I doubt not but that I haue liued all this while in your memorie and haue had some place in your prayers at the Lords Altar So therefore euen vnto this time we haue abidden as S. Iohn speaketh in the mutuall loue one of the other not in worde or letter but in deede and trueth But a late message which was brought vnto vs within a few dayes of your bonds and imprisonment hath inforced mee to breake off this silence which message although it seemed heauie in regard of the losse of your pastorall function which you haue exercised in that Church yet withall it seemed ioyous because you drew neere vnto the glory of Martyrdome then the which thing there is no gift of God more happy that you who haue fed your Flocke so many yeeres with the word and doctrine should now feede it more gloriously by the example of your patience But another heauy tidings did not a litle disquiet and almost take away this ioy which immediatly followed of the aduersaries assault and peraduenture of the slip and fall of your Constancie in refusing an vnlawfull Oath Neither truely most deare brother could that oath therefore be lawfull because it was offered in sort tempered and modified for you know that those kind of modifications are nothing els but sleights and subtilties of Satan that the Catholique faith touching the Primacie of the See Apostolike might either secretly or openly bee shot at for the which faith so many worthy Martyrs euen in that very England it selfe haue resisted vnto blood For most certaine it is that in whatsoeuer words the Oath is conceiued by the aduersaries of the faith in that Kingdome it tends to this end that the Authoritie of the head of the Church in England may bee transferred from the successour of S. Peter to the Successour of K. Henry the eight For that which is pretended of the danger of the Kings life if the supreme Bishop should haue the same power in England which he hath in all other Christian Kingdomes it is altogether idle as all that haue any vnderstanding may easily perceiue For it was neuer heard of from the Churches infancie vntill this day that euer any Pope did commaund that any Prince though an Heretike though an Ethnike though a Persecuter should be murdered or did approue of the fact when it was done by any other And why I pray you doth onely the King of England feare that which none of all the other Princes in Christendome either doeth feare or euer did feare But as I said these vaine pretexts are but the Trappes and Stratagemes of Sathan of which kinde I could produce not a few out of ancient Stories if I went about to write a booke and not an Epistle One onely for example sake I will call to your memory S. Gregorie Nazianzene in his first Oration against Iulian the Emperour reporteth that hee the more easily to beguile the simple Christians did insert the Images of the false gods into the pictures of the Emperour which the Romanes did vse to bow downe vnto with a ciuill kind of reuerence so that no man could doe reuerence to the Emperours picture but withall he must adore the Images of the false gods Whereupon it came to passe that many were deceiued and if there were any that found out the Emperours craft and refused to worship his picture those were most grieuously punished as men that had contemned the Emperour in his Image Some such like thing me thinkes I see in the Oath that is offered to you which is so craftily composed that no man can detest Treason against the King and make profession of his Ciuil subiection but he must be constrained perfidiously to denie the Primacy of the Apostolicke See But the seruants of Christ and especially the chiefe Priests of the Lord ought to be so farre from taking an vnlawfull Oath where they may indamage their Faith that they ought to beware that they giue not the least suspicion of dissimulation that they haue taken it Which thing that worthy Eleazar did most notably performe who would neither eate Swines flesh nor so much as faine to haue eaten it although hee saw the great torments that did hang ouer his head lest as himselfe speaketh in the second booke of the Maccabees many yong men might be brought through that Simulation to preuaricate with the Law Neither did Basill the great by his example which is more fit for our purpose carrie himselfe lesse worthily towards Valens the Emperour For as Theodoret writeth in his History when the Deputie of that hereticall Emperour did perswade Saint Basill that he should not resist the Emperour for a little Subtiltie of a few points of Doctrine that most holy and prudent man made answere That it was not to be endured that the least syllable of Gods word should be corrupted but rather all kinde of torment was to be embraced for the maintenance of the Trueth thereof Now I suppose that there want not amongst you who say that they are but Subtilties of Opinions that are conteined in the Oath that is offered to the Catholicks and that you are not to striue against the Kings Authoritie for such a litle matter But there are not wanting also amongst you holy men like vnto Basill the Great which will openly auow that the very least syllable of Gods Diuine Trueth is not to bee corrupted though many Torments were to be endured and death it selfe set before you Amongst whom it is meet that you should be one or rather the Standerd-bearer and Generall to the rest And whatsoeuer hath bene the cause that your Constancie hath quailed whether it be the suddennes of your apprehension or the bitternesse of your persecution or the imbecillitie of your old age yet we trust in the goodnesse of God and in your owne long continued vertue that it will come to passe that as you seeme in some part to haue imitated the fall of Peter and Marcellinus so you shall happily imitate their valour in recouering your strength and maintaining the trueth For if you wil diligently weigh the whole matter with your selfe truely you shall see it is no small matter that is called in

and other commendable authors haue Card. Alanus in respon ad Iustitiam Anglicanam Sixtus Senens in bihliotheca Sancta S. R. cont Tho. Bell. R. P. cont Morton pag. 69. to the memorie of posteritie recorded in their writings Neither is there cause why any man should haue so much as the least suspicion that the sense aforesaid was admitted by the Magistrate to the intent to deface or impaire or despoile the dignitie Apostolicke Surely such apprehensions bred out of iealousie are for the most part deceitful Masters and beget feare where there is no feare But to pursue my intended course that also which is deliuered by the most Illustrious Cardinall Caietane in his answere to the Parisiens Caietan tom 1. tract 1. Apologiae parte 2. cap. 13. doeth concurre vnto my defence that either of these points may truely be determined concerning the Pope both that he hath a supreme power in matters temporall and that he hath not a supreme power in matters temporall because they are both of them true in a right understanding The affirmatiue is true in order to things spirituall the negatiue is true directly or as things temporall are considered in themselues So as there can no errour growe by either of the two decisions Thus saith he And this opinion likewise the best Catholicke writers haue inserted into their bookes viz. that the Pope forasmuch as hee is but of a finite and Alphons Mendoza in relectione de Regno Dominio Christi num 15. Petrus de Arragon quaest 67. art 1. bounded capacitie and is many times ignorant of the order and proportion of temporall things how they may make vnto a spirituall end is not therefore in an absolute manner to haue dominion ouer temporals but only after a limited and prescribed rule as he is able according to the measure of humane intelligence to discerne how temporals may be auaileable to things spirituall The same opinion doe I finde deliuered by another sound Catholicke author in these words That the Popes power in Temporals is limited and that he Ioan. Pedrezzanus in respons ad Veneros may not dispose of them but to a certaine proportion that is so farre as is necessarie for a spirituall end Seeing therefore the Popes power in temporals is in this sort tied and restrained why should we incurre so heauie a reproofe for affirming that the Pope hath not power to depose our King in as much as the perturbation of the Church and the ouerthrow of the Catholickes with vs in their goods and possessions and the indamaging of many soules were thereby like to ensue Let your Amplitude heare not mee but the defender of your owne assertion against the Venetians whose words are these The power of the highest Ioan. Pedrezzanus in Respons ad Venetos Bishop is limited that it may not dispose of temporals beyond the necessity of a supernaturall end To these also may be adioyned your most excellent Amplitudes own opinion In regard of the persons the Pope cannot as he is Pope Ioan. 5. de Rom. Pontif. cap. 6. by his ordinarie power though there be iust cause depose temporall princes in that manner as hee deposeth Bishops that is as their ordinarie Iudge but he may as the supreme spirituall prince alter kingdomes take them from one and giue them to another if neede so require for the sauing of soules Which wordes doe plainely strengthen our admittance of the Oath For the words of the oath are that the Pope hath not authoritie to depose the King or to dispose any of his Maiesties kingdomes or dominions And the common vnderstanding doeth with the Magistrate encline to no other conceit then to this The Pope as he is Pope for it cannot reach vnto that construction as he is the chiefe spirituall prince And when the oath is propounded to be taken the sense thereof apprehended by the Magistrate is restrained to an ordinary power For they who exhibite the oath are as farre as may be from any thought of an extraordinary or indirect power residing in the Pope Besides if your Amplitudes most mild disposition could but in the least part conceiue the ruines of Catholicke families which the refusall of this othe would bring vpon vs assuredly you would not dissent from vs who by most wofull examples doe finde that from thence were like to proceede not onely the losse and hazard of soules but the lamentable extirpation of the whole Catholicke state amongst vs. Sith therefore wee doe sensibly finde that the authoritie of the supreme Bishop touching the deposition of our King cannot tende to the promoting of Spirituall matters but to the ouerthrow of them why should wee be thus shaken vp as hauing reuolted from the Faith and denied the Primacie Apostolicke who mainteine nothing but what is generally concluded on amongst Diuines Suarez saith In summe all these temporals Suarez disput 16. de Excommun maior sect 1. Salmeron tom 4. 416. doe fall but indirectly vnder the power spirituall that is in order vnto a spirituall end And Salmeron Peters power is giuen onely to edification which in other words is vsually said The key not erring And speaking of the Popes power he saith If it tend to destruction it is not abilitie Idem ibidem pag. 420. or power but impotencie and defect wee can doe that which we can iustly doe Martinue Nauar. Relect. cap. Nouit de Iudic. notab 3. pag. 106. Aspilcueta treating of Ecclesiasticall power hath these words It shall therefore extend it selfe so farre vnto things temporall as the order of things supernaturall doth require and no further With these let Couarruuias bee ranged Couar tom 2. pag. 506. num 7. The resolution of this question is plaine that wee conclude the definition of the Catholicke Church euer reserued that the Bishop of Rome hath not either actually or habitually a temporall iurisdiction ouer the whole world no not ouer Christians themselues further then may be necessary for the more commodious and easie vse of the spirituall iurisdiction and power I might longer flote in this currant of learned men which doth plenteously flow out to my defence concerning the Oath For who so shall with an indifferent eye beholde the dangers we are in would easily find that the power of the supreme Bishop in the deposition of our King cannot as the case standeth tall within the compasse of any order to releiue things spirituall but breaketh forth to the suppressing of all which hath beene hitherto well setled in the same Whence it may appeare into how miserable a condition those ouer-heauie sharpe animaduersions doe cast me that through the subtilties of Sathan I did consent that the Primacie of the See Apostolicke should bee either openly or couertly shot at that the oath doth in this Realme tend to that end that the authoritie of the head of the Church might be transferred in England from the Successour of S. Peter vnto the Successour of Henry 8

question by this Oath but one of the principall heads of our faith and foundations of Catholicke Religion For heare what your Apostle S. Gregorie the Great hath written in his 42. Epistle of his 11. booke Let not the Reuerence due to the Apostolique See bee troubled by any mans presumption for then the state of the members doeth remaine entire when the head of the faith is not bruisedby any iniurie Therefore by S. Gregories testimonie when they are busie about disturbing or diminishing or taking away of the Primacie of the Apostolicke See then are they busie about cutting off the very head of the faith and dissoluing of the state of the whole body and of all the members Which selfe same thing S. Leo doeth confirme in his third Sermon of his Assumption to the Pope-dome when he saith Our Lord had a speciall care of Peter and praied properly for Peters faith as though the state of others were more stable when their Princes minde was not to bee ouercome Whereupon himselfe in his Epistle to the Bishops of Vienna doeth not doubt to affirme that he is not partaker of the diuine Mysterie that dare depart from the soliditie of Peter Who also saith that hee who thinketh the Primacie is to be denied to that See he can in no sort lessen the Authoritie of it but by being puft vp with the spirit of pride doeth cast himselfe headlong into hell These and many other of this kind I am very sure are most familiar to you who besides many other bookes haue diligently read ouer the Visible Monarchie of your owne Saunders a most diligent writer and one who hath worthily deserued of the Church of England Neither can you be ignorant that those most holy learned men Iohn B. of Rochester and Thomas More within our memorie for this one most weightie head of doctrine led the way to Martyrdome to many others to the exceeding glory of the English Nation But I would put you in remembrance that you should take heart and considering the weightinesse of the cause not to trust too much to your owne iudgement neither be wise aboue that is meete to bee wise And if peraduenture your fall haue proceeded not vpon want of consideration but through humane infirmitie and for feare of punishment and imprisonment yet do not preferre a temporal libertie before the libertie of the glory of the Sonnes of God neither for escaping a light and momentarie tribulation loose an eternall weight of glory which tribulation it selfe doeth worke in you You haue fought a good fight a long time you haue wel-neere finished your course So many yeeres you haue kept the faith doe not therefore loose the reward of such labours do not depriue your selfe of that Crowne of righteousnesse which so long agone is prepared for you Doe not make the faces of so many your both brethren and children ashamed Vpon you at this time are fixed the eyes of all the Church yea also you are made a spectacle to the world to Angels to men Doe not so carie your selfe in this your last Act that you leaue nothing but laments to your friends and ioy to your enemies but rather the contrarie which we assuredly hope and for which wee continually powre forth prayers to God Display gloriously the banner of Faith and make to reioyce the Church which you haue made heauie So shall you not onely merit pardon at Gods hands but a Crowne Farewell quite you like a man and let your heart bee strengthened From Rome the 28. day of September 1607. Your very Reuerend Masterships brother and seruant in Christ Robert Cardinall Bellarmine Endorsed To the very Reuerend Master George Blakwell Arch-priest of England M. BLAKWELS answere to Card. Bellarmines Letter ¶ Reuerendissime in Christo Pater Illustrissime Cardinalis Bellarmine DOleo plurimùm quòd Illustrissima Amplitudo vestra de me propter Catholicam fidem incarcerato tam duram conceperit mihi terribilē opinionem Hactenus per Dei gratiam ne in minimo quidem articulo fluctuâsse me memini qui certò definitè ad sublimem maiestatem summam authoritatem Sedis Apostolicae pertineret Quod ad iuramentum spectat fateor me illud suscepisse sed in eo sensu qui in Catholicorum scriptis probatus apparet nullâ labe temeritatis aspersus Sensus enim meus ter repetitus acceptus à Magistratu iam etiam publicè typis propagatus hic est Summum Pontificem non habere imperialem ciuilem potestatem ad libitum ex suo appetitu deponendi nostrum Regem Talem potestatem Catholici Theologi nunquam tribuerunt Sanctissimo Diui Petri successori vt Illustrissimus bonae memoriae Cardinalis Alanus alij non contemnendi Card. Alanus in Respons ad Iustatiam Anglicanam Sixtus Senens in Bibliotheca Sancta S. R. cont Tho. Bell. R. P. contra Morton pa. 69. scriptores in monumentis suis ad posteritatis memoriam notauerunt Neque est cur quisquam vel minimam suspicionem habeat illum sensum admissum esse à Magistratu deformandae causâ aut imminuendae aut spoliandae dignitatis Apostolicae Certè tales ex suspicione nati conceptus sunt plerunque fallacissimi magistri faciunt timorem vbi nullus est timor Sed vt pergam quam institui tenere viam Illud etiam ad defensionem meam accedit quod positum est ab Illustrissimo Cardinale Caietano Caietan tom 1. tract 1. Apologiae part 2. cap. 13. in responsione suâ ad Parisienses quòd vtrumque verè determinari possit de Papâ quòd habet supremam potestatem in temporalibus quòd non habet supremam potestatem in Temporalibus quoniam vtrumque verum est ad sanum intellectum Affirmatio namque est ve●● in ordine ad spiritualia negatio verò est vera directè seu secundùm seipsa temporalia Vnde nihil ex vtraque decisione erroris accidit Haec ille Illam etiam sententiam in libros suos praestantissimi Alphons Mendoza in relectione de regno dominio Christi num 15. Catholici scriptores coniecerunt videlicet ad summum Pontificem cùm finitae limitatae sit capacitatis multoties ipsum lateat ordo proportio rerum temporalium Petrus de Arragon quaest 67. art 1. in finem spiritualem ideo ad ipsum nequaquam spectare omnibus modis rerum dominari sed solùm iuxta taxatum praefinitum Canonem quo secundùm humanum intelligentiae modum ipse Papa dispicere valet quâ viâ temporalia spiritualibus deseruiant Atque eandem sententiam lego ab alio scriptore valdè Catholico hisce verbis expressam In temporalibus Pontificis potestatem esse limitatam Ioan. Pedrezzanus in resp ad Venet. de illis posse disponere vsque ad certam quandam mensuram videlicet quatenus finis spiritualis exigat Cùm ergo ad hunc modum arcta astricta sit

held by the law of God cum recta fide with a right faith 35 But here it being obiected that although the said oath was framed to meete with the opinion before by him mentioned yet that this his restraining of it thereunto doeth not attaine to that which he knew was intended by it For in his said letter to the Cardinall he doth cite sundry authors which speake of another kinde of authoritie ascribed to the Pope and tending by a nice distinction to this effect that in ordine ad spiritualia in order to things spirituall and indirectly all kings and princes with their kingdomes and countries are subordinate and subiect vnto him insomuch as if he see cause and that kings and princes will not be aduised by him in matters of the Church apperteining to their saluation he may not onely Excommunicate them but proceeding by degrees depose them absolue their subiects from their oathes of Allegeance and rightfully commaund them if neede be to beare armes against them which is as lewd and traiterous an opinion as the former and doeth tend to the same end with it though vnder diuers pretences So as if hee tooke the oath but with relation onely to the first opinion leauing himselfe free as touching the second it was all one as if he had not taken it at all and therefore being pressed to cleare this point he answereth as hereafter followeth 36 First he doth acknowledge the obiection to be very pertinent and rightly collected out of his letter confessing this second opinion not to come behinde the first either for the earnestnesse of those that defend it or for their learning and sufficiencie being such indeede as doe in credite farre ouersway the estimation of their opposites Cardinall Bellarmine himselfe hath laboured much in it and these authors following doe ioyne with him in that point Henricus Iohannes Driedo Iohannes de Turre crematâ Albertus Pighius Thomas Waldensis Petrus de Palude Cardinall Caietane Franciscus Victoria Dominicus Soto Nicolaus Sanderus to which number this Examinate saith he could adde diuers others as Martinus Aspilcueta Couarruuias c. Of which opinion Cardinall Bellarmine saith that it is communis sententia Catholicorum Theologorum the common opinion of Catholicke Diuines albeit Alexander Carerius and Rodericke Sancius doe affirme as much for the other In this number this Examinate confesseth that he did range himselfe in his late letter to the said Cardinall as inclining rather to his side then to the other being notwithstanding bound to neither of them vpon any danger of declining from the Catholicke faith So as if now hee vse his libertie therein as touching his Maiestie hee hath as he supposeth Cardinall Bellarmine himselfe for his author therein 37 For where there is this clause in the oath of Allegeance I doe further sweare that I doe from my heart detest and abiure as impious and hereticall this damnable doctrine and position that Princes which be excommunicated or depriued by the Pope may be deposed or murthered by their Subiects or any other whatsoeuer Cardinall Bellarmine saith that it was neuer heard of ab intio nascentis Ecclesiae vsque ad haec nostra tempora vt vllus Pontifex Maximus Principem vllum quamuis haereticum quamuis Ethnicum quamuis persecutorem caedi mandauerit from the first birth of the Church vnto these our times that any Pope euer commaunded any prince though an heretick though an Ethnicke though a persecuter to be slaine And that therefore the feare which is pretended of the Kings life if the Bishop of Rome had the same authoritie in England which hee hath in other Christian kingdomes is vaine and that all pretences tending that way are but stratagemata Satanae the deceits of Sathan The which affirmations of the Cardinals being true the same for ought this Examinate seeth doe iustifie the said part of the oath by him taken euen the very same which of all other parts in it is most misliked by many Catholickes in England For it must needs be granted generally that were it not in respect of the Popes excommunication of Kings and princes his deposing of them from their Crownes and his absoluing of their subiects from their Allegeance it could neuer be lawfull for any of them to rise vp against their lawfull kings and Soueraignes vnder whom they were borne And it is all one in this Examinats iudgment for the Pope to command a king to be murthered as to doe and commaund that whereby the same is by others of duetie to be effected And then it followeth out of the Cardinals words that it can neuer be lawfull by the Popes authoritie either direct or indirect for any subiect vpon any pretence whatsoeuer or vnder the countenance of any authoritie to excommunicate and depose Kings or absolue their Subiects from their Allegeance to lay violent hands vpon his Souereigne which is in effect that part of the oath aboue mentioned whereunto this Examinate did sweare 38 Furthermore because it was againe tolde this Examinate that this his last answere to part of the said oath stood after a sort but vpon an inference of the Cardinals meaning and was no way sufficient to satisfie the aforesaid obiection hee this Examinate renued his former desire of proceeding by such degrees as hee himselfe thought most fit for the discharge of his duety both to God and his Maiestie and thereupon saith that he beleeueth in his conscience that the Pope is S. Peters successour and the head of the Catholick Church and that although materiall and worldly keyes may open and shut vpon fauour and friendship yet the keyes of the kingdome of heauen doe respect no mens persons be they poore or rich noble or ignoble high or low kings or subiects so as in his iudgement none may be exempted from the Popes Excommunication when there is iust cause vpon due consideration of all circumstances to inflict it adding thereunto that hee holdeth it to be the duety of all Christian kings and princes to submit themselues in causes of religion to the Bishop of Rome as vnto their chiefe Bishop and Pastor of their soules Which profession thus made this Examinate desired that one point in his former Examination published in print might here be receiued as part of his answere to the obiection aboue specified Sect. 16. 39 For there this Examinat as he truly saith M Blakwels Exam. pag. 18 19. Being vrged to explicate himselfe touching the sence he relied vpon out of his Maiesties words when he took the oth of Allegeance in that it was said hee might so vnderstand them as not withstanding his oath that dutie which was expected was no way satisfied because his Maiesties meaning was euident that hee did account it to proceed from appetite and rashnesse in any of the Bishops of Rome whosoeuer who presuming to Excommunicate any King should by the same either absolue his Subiects from their obedience or excite them to beare Armes against him or authorize

answering resolutely that he did and that in so affirming hee deliuered his conscience clearely as in the sight of God he was required for the better assurance to be giuen thereof to signifie his iudgement sincerely and truely what hee thinketh of the assertions following which doe thwart directly his iudgement so setled as he hath professed touching the first 300. yeeres after Christ 48 Nos illa non mouent quòd Martyres dicuntur De abdic Hen. 3. lib. 1. cap. 3. mortem tolerâsse vt Tyrannos Ecclesiae infestos deponerent minimè sategisse Quia vt laudabile est cùm resistere nequeas ita vbi possis resistere religionis ac patriae bosti nolle nefarium perniciosum est That is Those things mooue vs not that Martyrs are sayd to haue endured death and not endeuoured any wayes to depose Tyrants being enemies to the Church For as not to resist the enemie of your religion and countrey when you are not able is commendable so when you are able not to do it is wicked and pernicious The holy Bishops might most lawfully haue excommunicated Allen defence against the Iust. of England cap. 5. pag. 107. the Arrian Emperours and haue warranted their Catholick subiects to haue defended themselues by armes against them but they did not so by reason of greater forces of the persecutors Moreouer there is no question but the Emperours Idem ibidem Constantius Valens Iulian and others might haue beene by the Bishops excommunicated deposed and all their people released from their obedience if the Church or Catholickes had had competent forces to haue resisted And to the purpose last mentioned Quòd si Christiani olim non deposuerunt Neronem Diocletianum Bellar. de Rom. Pontif. lib. 5. cap. 7. Iulianū Apostatam atque Valentem Arrianum similes id fuit quia deerant vires tēporales Christianis Nam alioqui jure poterant id facere That is If the Christians of ancient times did not depose Nero and Diocletian and Iulian the Apostata and Valens the Arrian and such like it was because temporal forces were then wanting to the Christians for otherwise they might lawfully haue done it 49 To these Assertions being thus pressed vpon him after sundry tergiuersations in respect of the dignitie of the persons whose words were before mentioned and of the discredit and danger he should cast himselfe into by intermedling with their opinions yet in regard of his duetie to God to his Maiestie and to the trueth so farre as he is able to discerne it at the last he answereth that howsoeuer the said assertions may be politicall yet surely in his iudgement they are not Theologicall that hee wondreth how it commeth to passe that these and the like sayings are so frequent of late dayes in many writers considering that neither in the bookes of godly martyrs during the first 300. yeeres after Christ nor in the writings of the most principall ancient fathers for many yeeres after there is so much as a syllable to this Examinates remembrance that tendeth that way 50 Besides hee saith that if these conceits should grow to be in credit the reputation of the Apostles must needes decrease as hauing bene in their times but Temporizers which M. Blackwood a sound Catholicke doth collect out of certaine words of Buchanans tending in effect to the same purpose with the former assertions where shewing that the Christians in Tertullians time notwithstanding they had sufficient forces did not thinke it lawfull to beare armes against their Emperors as aboue this Examinate hath said he the said M. Blackwood writeth in this sort Blackuodei Apolog. pro Regibus pag. 259. Paulus vtendum foro praecepit Larurtam hypocrisn sub personâ religionis latêre voluit Potestatibus obedientiam edixit quia resisti non posset Christianos viribus auctos ad armacessantes ad arma concitat Imperiumque franget That is Did Paul commaund men to temporize Was it his meaning that masked hypocrisie should lurke vnder the semblance of religion Did hee iniayne them obedience to higher powers because they could not resist Did he excite Christians being once increased in strength to take armes and ouerthrow the Empire And a little after he sheweth out of Clemens Peters disciple speaking of the great tumult that Caiphas made in Ierusalem that the Christians etsi numero plures virtute potiores propter Numinis obedientiam occidi maluisse quàm occidere though more in number and mightier in power yet for their obedience to God they chose rather to be killed then to kill and thereupon doth describe the duety of subiects and the armour of Christians which are prayers and teares 51 Moreouer this Examinate doubteth not as he saith but that the Bishops of Rome in Tertullians time and afterwards were as godly and zealous Popes as any haue liued since that they very well knew what authority did belong vnto them and that if the aforesaid assertions had bene good Diuinitie then considering the numbers force and abilitie of Christians in those dayes the said Popes out of question would haue left some monument of their zeale in the execution of their authority and of the Christians readinesse hauing force to resist their Emperors whereas none such indeed are to bee found For these and many other such reasons as might bee brought for this purpose this Examinate saith that he doth wholy disallow the said assertions propounded vnto him as tentations to try him and that therefore he doth rest in the iudgement before by him set downe without all kinde of euasions and equiuocations whatsoeuer professing that if he could set downe his minde more plainely herein he would haue bene very willing thereunto 52 Againe this Examinate being required that because he had formerly inuolued himselfe into sundry difficulties to the distaste of his Maiestie and the State by some his intricate and vncertaine answeres heretofore made he should to the point now propounded vnto him answere directly and vpon his learning credit and reputation he saith that indeede hee doth not remember that euer any Pope vntill Gregorie the seuenth did adde to Excommunication any clause of their authoritie to depose Emperors or kings or to absolue their subiects from their allegeance or to commaund them vnder paine of Excommunication to beare armes against them and D. Thomas handling this point doth onely relie Tho Aquin. 2● 2● quaest 12. art 2. therein vpon Gregorie the seuenth Also he confesseth that when Gregorie so dealt with the Emperour there was great dislike and repining at it as it may appeare by Otho Frisingensis and Sigebertus Otho Frising lib. 6 cap. 35. whom he would not haue named hee saith because Baronius hath laid a touch vpon them of Schisme as rather enclining to the Emperours then to the Popes when there was dissention betwixt Idem de gestu Frid. lib. 1. cap. 1. Sigebert in Anno 1088. them had it not bene that Vincentius in his

praedecessoris nostri quae incipit Vnam Sanctam nullum volumus vel intendimus praeiudicium generari nec quod per illam Rex regnum regnicolae praelibati amplius Ecclesiae sint subiecti Romanae quàm antea existebant Sed omnia intelligantur in eodem esse statu quo erant ante definitionem prafatam That is Wee will not neither is it our purpose that any preiudice come vnto the King or the kingdome by that definitiue sentence and declaration of Pope Boniface the 8. of worthy memorie our predeccssour beginning thus Vnam Sanctam nor that by force thereof the King the kingdome and people aforesaid should be subiect to the Church of Rome more then formerly they were But that all things be vnderstood to be in the very some state as they were before the aforesaid definitiue sentence was giuen 93 Moreouer also this Examinate saith to the same purpose next before spoken of that besides the said Clement diuers other men of meaner calling haue beene bold to refell some of the arguments whereupon the said Constitution was built as Cardinall Bellarmine that of the two swords and diuers moe though this Examinate cannot now set down their words only he saith he is well assured that Huge Cardinalis doeth make a better exposition to this Examinates vnderstanding of the said place of Ieremie then Boniface did So as if it happen that the present Pope doe make any resolution against the said oath of Allegeance besides the exceptions taken before vnto it by this Examinate he further addeth how it may well come to passe that the next Pope will alter it and that in the meane time it may be as lawfull for graue and learned Catholickes to take exceptions vnto it as it hath beene for any other to empeach the said Constitution of Boniface or any part thereof But this Examinate doeth well hope that the present Pope in his great wisedome will preuent this course and approoue the graue iudgement of Petrus de Alliaco Cardinall of Cambray who in his Treatise of the Reformation of the Church of Rome offered to the Councell of Constance begun Anno 1414. doeth write in this sort In hoc non debet Pet. de Alliaco de reform Roma ecclesiae Papa aut eius Curia c. Herein as touching the Reformation of the body of the whole Church and of the particular Church of Rome the Pope or his Consistorie ought not to reiect the deliberation of a generall Councell because as the glosse 19. distinct super cap. Anastasius saith the Pope is bound to require a Councell of Bishops when any point of faith is to be handled quod non solum intelligo c. which I doe not onely vnderstand of the Articles of faith but of difficult matters that touch the vniuersall state of the faithfull Church which Archidiaconus 15. dist c. Sicut noteth where approouing the said glosse he addeth qòod nimis periculosum esset fidem nostram committere arbitrio vnius hominis that it were too dangerous a matter to commit our faith to the arbitrement of one man and that therefore the Pope in new and hard cases was accustomed to haue recourse to the deliberation of a Councell That it is a matter of great difficultie and importance and such as doeth very greatly concerne the whole Church whether the Pope will hold it fit to determine either generally that he hath no authoritie inspiritualibus or particularly that it is not lawfull for Catholickes in England to take the said oath of Allegeance this Examinate is out of doubt and is therefore so farre of the said Cardinals minde that neither of the said points are to be discussed and concluded without some great and mature deliberation 94 This Examinate being here demaunded whether he had seene a Booke lately come forth intituled A Treatise tending to mitigation towards Catholicke Subiects in England and amongst diuers things in it whether hee had considered of certaine words vsed by the Earle of Salisburie as they are set downe in the Preface of the said Treatise and of the Authour of that Booke his answere vnto them he confesseth in euery particular that he hath The Earles words are there cited thus that hee hath beene a long time sorie that some cleare P. R. his treatise tending to mitigation Praefat. pag. 20 explication of the Papall authoritie hath not beene made by some publike and definitiue sentence Orthodoxall c. that not onely those Princes which doe acknowledge this authoritie meaning the Popes might be secured from feares and ielousies of continuall Treasons and bloody assassinates against their persons but those Kings also which doe not approoue the same and yet would faine reserue a charitable opinion of their Subiects might know how farre to repose themselues in their fidelitie in ciuill obedience howsoeuer they seeme diuided from them in point of conscience 95 These words hauing bene in this sort laide before this Examinate after he had well marked both them and the answere vnto them hee was with some difficultie at the last induced to deliuer his iudgement as touching the said answere saying that hee liked very well of the first and third part thereof as touching the Popes authoritie so farre forth as it concerneth his power and charge to looke to all Christs sheepe without exception of great or small people or Potentates not onely for their instruction and direction in spiritualibus but likewise if neede require for their spirituall castigation by the censures of the Church interdiction and Excommunication not to bee decreed or published without iust cause graue and vrgent motiues and due forme also of proceeding by admonition preuention intercession and other like preambles prescribed by Ecclesiasticall Canons to be obserued 96 But as touching the second part of his answere this Examinate doubteth how it may either satisfie the said Earle or any other that is of sound iudgement For whereas the said authour faith that although there be a question betwixt the Canonists and the Catholicke diuines whether the Pope haue such an authoritie in temporalibus directly or indirectly as by them is disputed of and by this authour is briefly touched yet both parts doe fully agree that there is such an authoritie left by Christ in his Church for remedie of vrgent causes for that otherwise he should not haue sufficiently prouided for the necessitie thereof hee this Examinate doeth see and acknowledge the trueth and importance of the iust exceptions that are alreadie and may hereafter peraduenture be taken to that answere 97 For where the Earle of Salisburie wished some cleare explication of the Popes authoritie by some publicke and definitiue sentence the said authours answere is insufficient when hee saith that both parts viz the one defending the Popes authoritie directly and the other indirectly were fully agreed for the said authoritie c. but onely differed about the manner how and in what sort it was giuen vnto him by Christ which

37. euery Catholike man is bound in conscience to employ his person and forces by direction of such as are vertuous intelligent in such cases but especially c. of Christs Vicar in earth whose soueraigne power and authoritie c. may best instruct and warrant a Christian Souldier how farre when and where either at home or abroade in ciuill or forreine warres made against the enemies or rebels of Gods Church he may and must breake with his temporall Soueraigne 131 Furthermore this Examinate saith that he cannot chuse but confesse from his heart that he doeth dislike and disallow all the Arguments Card. Allens Admonition to the Nobilitie of England published in a booke about the yeere 1588. Which did tend to perswade the late Queenes subiects to take part with the forces of the king of Spaine because she was deposed by the Popes Sentence and in some other respects therein mentioned and likewise all the perswasions and resolutions which were sent into Ireland during the late rebellion of the Earle of Tyrone either from Salamanca or from any place else tending to the same purpose with the former for example 132 That the late Queene being deposed and her D. Iohn D'Aquila his Proclamation Subiects absolued from the oath of their fidelitie by the highest Bishop vnto whom hee that reigneth in the highest the King of kings had giuen all power to plucke vp destroy plant and edifie ita vt ipsos Reges temporales si ad spirituale aedificium expedierit vsque ad depositionem à Regno puniat so as he may punish temporall kings if it be auaileable to spirituall edification be it to the deposition from their kingdomes the Irish were bound by the commandements of God and the obedience which they did owe to the highest Bishop to toyne with Don Iohn D'Aquila sent thithey from the King of Spaine by the Popes intreatie 133 That for asmuch as the Bishop of Rome had Ibidem now procured forces to be sent vnto them the Irish for the defence of their faith they should all vpon notice of the said Don Iohns proclamation with all their power come vnto him and that he would prosecute to death as heretiques and hatefull enemies to the Church all those who contemning his counsell should continue their obedience vnto the English 134 That it was lawfull for the Bishop of Rome Determinat Salaman● 1602. by force of armes to punish those who doe oppugne the Catholtcke faith that the warre vndertaken by Tyrone authoritate summi Pontificis by the Popes authoritie against the late Queene that oppugned the Catholicke faith was iust and that all the Catholicks were bound to ioyne with him with a great merit and hope of the greatest eternall retribution that they deserued as much thereby as if they bare armes against the Turke that all those Catholickes did sinne mortally that did follow the tents of the English against Tyrone that they could neuer obtaine euerlasting saluation nor bee absolued from their sinnes by any Priest except they did first repent and forsake the English that the same iudgement likewise was to bee giuen of them who in that warre did fauour the English with armes and prouision paid their ancient tributes or did contribute any thing vnto them and that they who folowed Tyrone were no rebels nor denied any obedience that was due nor did vsurpe vniustly the landes of the Queene but did rather by a most iust warre free their Countrey from a wicked Tyrant and defend the Catholicke faith as it became Christians and Catholickes 135 With the consideration of these things this Examinate saith his very heart is wounded finding such strength of wit pretences of religion so intolerably abused to the effusiō of blood and for priuate respects such as in his conscience God doth not allow nor the doctrine of the Catholicke Church agreed vpon doth approoue And he is the more moued herewith he auoweth partly because so many worthy English writers haue of later yeeres runne into this violent course labouring to vpholde it with all their strength and abilitie of learning and partly for that hee feareth except it may please God to moue the Popes heart for the staying of it what issue it will haue in the end Sanguis petit sanguinem blood will haue blood The Church did encrease by the suffrings of Martyrs but it may perhaps decrease by seeking of blood That hitherto was neuer accounted the seede of the Church And touching the reasons from Spaine carry what colour they shall yet neuer was it heard of before for ought this Examinate hath read that the subiects of any King might not assist their Soueraigne in his warres without the Popes allowance And besides it is not likely that the king of Spaine will in his princely iudgement approue that as D. Iohn D'aquila saith the Pope may depose any king from his Crowne if it be expedient for the Church If the Irish had not engaged themselues too farre in the rebellion then on foote before this Spanish Generall his Proclamation they could neuer out of doubt haue bene much moued with it It was the conquering of the Kingdome for his Master that he aimed at or otherwise their faith for him might haue lien in the dust Kings haue their owne ends in such cases and not the Popes Neither was the determination of Salamanca of any greater weight The authors of it sought to promote their Soueraignes affaires as if they had bene better Statesmen then Diuines For it will hardly appeare either in the Scriptures or in any ancient Father or Councel that subiects did euer merite heauen by bearing of armes against their Soueraignes 136 Here this Examinate was further put in minde of the charge which is imposed vpon the Romish priests now as it seemeth vnder his gouernement how they are to proceede for the aduancement of the Catholicke faith Thus hereof diuers haue written being men of great estimation 137 The zeale and duetie of Gods Priests is notably Card. Allen Admon pag. 32. 33. commended vnto vs in the cause of Athalia c. whom Ichoiada the high Priest calling vnto him forces both of the Priests and people caused to be slaine loe this is the Zeale and authoritie of Priests for the maintenance of righteousnesse and religion 138 Priests and Prophets haue bene principall workers Idem ibidem pag. 34. and Gods ministers in the depriuation of princes wherein the Prophet Elie was so notorious that to his honour it is thus saide of him in holy writ Hee cast downe kings and destroyed them and of Elizeus in the same place thus He neuer feared prince nor could of no man be ouercome And thus it was in the old Testament 139 That in the new Testament the Priestes haue Idem ibidem pag. 34. 35. much more soueraigne authoritie and the prince farre streighter charge to obey loue and cherish the Church that now euery kingdome that doeth not