to Henry Arthur being dead the Father with a dispensation from Pope Julius II. gave her to his second Son by whom she had onely one Daughter alive called Mary Henry who passionately desired to have Male issue sought to Divorce her under colour of invalidity in the dispensation This afforded matter for a long and tedious process which depended from the year 1528. to 1534. In the beginning of this year 1534 affair the Pope being in War with the Emperour gave orders to Cardinal Campeggio his Legate in England so to manage the Trial that the procedures might run in favour of Henry thereby vex Charles V. but a reconciliation being pieced up betwixt the Pope and the Emperour the case of the Divorce betwixt Henry and Catharine changed countenance because the Pope intended to oblige Charles by favouring his Aunt This change provoked Henry so that he prohibited all his Subjects to pay any Peter-pence to the Receivers and the Pope by and Evocation brought the Trial to Rome where the business went very slowly on Henry who could no longer indure these delays published his Divorce with Catharine of Spain and in the year 1535. Married Anne Bullen Sometime after News whether true or false was brought to Rome that there had been a Comedy Acted before the King of England wherein the whole Court of Rome the Pope and Cardinals had been shamefully expos'd and turned into ridicule This was News indeed that over-heated the spleen of all those who thought themselves concerned and set them on revenge which made them out-run the constable in pronouncing Sentence the 24. of March whereby the Marriage of Henry and Catharine was declared good and valid and upon that account Henry ordained to adhere to her and in case of refusal that he should ipso facto be Excommunicated Henry on the other hand took the alarm as hot as they when he had seen this Sentence Well said he let the Pope be Bishop of Rome and for my part I 'll be Master within my own Kingdom And so he was as good as his word for he issued out a Proclamation wherein he declared himself head of the Church of England prohibited the paying of Peter-pence to the Pope's Receivers and got this Declaration confirmed by Act of Parliament though in all other things he retained the Roman Religion and afterwards published severe Proclamations against the Doctrine of Luther In Germany the State of affairs was nothing better they began to take up Arms for King Ferdinand had seised the Dutchy of Wittenberg from Prince Ulrich and the Landgrave of Hesse had by Force of Arms retaken and restored it to its lawfull Master The Emperour who feared that things might not stop here was in good earnest angry with the Pope for starting so many difficulties to obstruct the holding of a Council and thereupon wrote expostulatory Letters to Rome But within a few days after the receipt of these Letters Clement fell sick of a Distemper that carried him out of the world about the end of September 1534. PAUL III. Pope Clement dies Paul III. succeeds him Cardinal Farnese succeeded to him and was chosen the same day the Conclave was shut up At first he took the name of Honorius V. but at his Inauguration he quitted that and took the name of Paul III. He wanted not Vertue though the character he went under was of a reserved and slye man Besides all his other qualities he was consummated in the knowledge of affairs having been Cardinal under six Popes and all along employed in important Negotiations he was also chief of the Cardinals as being Dean of the Sacred College which advantages did not a little facilitate his year 1537 The Pope in the beginning of his Pontificate gave some signs of his intentions to reform the Church but little came on 't Also in the year 1536. Fruitless attempts of Paul III. for the reformation of the Court of Rome he made a Bull for a Reformation and named Cardinals to act in it This also was without effect In fine well perceiving that he would be accused of having made all these steps without any design of touching the abuses of the Court of Rome for his own Justification he resolved to renew his design of reformation He named four Cardinals and five Prelates to whom he gave commission to make an exact collection of all the abuses that deserved amendment They observed four and twenty abuses in the administration of Ecclesiastick affairs and four in the Government of Rome of which they gave the Pope a particular account These articles were examined in a Consistory but Nicolas Schomberg a Jacobin Cardinal of Santo Sixto withstood that reformation and having made use of the same reasons which Francis Soderini Cardinal of Volterre had used in the time of Adrian he had the same success that is to say he took the Pope off from all these designs of Reformation year 1538 The Pope calls a Council in the Town of Vicenza where the Legates goe but no body appears So that Paul III. having now no other affair to mind but that of a Council published a new Bull for convocating it in the City of Vicenza under the Dominion of the Venetians and that the Prelates might have time to repair to the place he appointed the first of May 1538 for the opening of the Assembly Henry King of England who slipt to occasion of exercising his pen against Rome wrote against that Bull as well as against the former and made the same declarations as he had done before protesting year 1538 that he no more owned the Assembly at Vicenza for a true Council than he had done that which was to have been held at Mantua the Legates in the mean time went to Vicenza to make the overture of the Council on the day prefixt And the Pope An interview of the Pope Emperour and K. of France being at Nice where the Emperour and the King of France were come to see him and to confer about means of restoring peace to their subjects endeavoured to perswade them to send their Prelates to Vicenza but both desired time to consult their Bishops about the matter So that the Legates who were to preside in the Council to wit Campeggio Simmonetto and Alexander stayed three Months at Vicenza expecting the Prelates who never came of this they gave the Pope an account who was fain to recall them by a Bull dated July 28. 1538. and to defer the opening of the Council till Easter following This was the year wherein Paul III. The Pope thunders a Bull of Excommunication against Henry VIII King of England losing all patience towards Henry King of England let fly a Bull of Excommunication against him The Pope had entertained hopes of reclaiming him by patience and besides that he was loath to let that thunder go out of his hands which men were grown now almost proof against But Henry proceeded so incorrigibly that there was now no
the Emperour and all his Court. At length in August following the peace was concluded at Passau the Landgrave of Hesse was enlarged liberty of Conscience granted to all the banished Ministers recalled and the Interim was abolished THE HISTORY OF THE Council of TRENT BOOK V. JULIUS III. THE Pope finding himself eased of a Burthen that had lain heavy upon him by the breaking up of the Council resolved with himself to keep out of the Briars The Pope has enough of Councils neither does the Emperour care for them and not to run into such straits again Nevertheless to perswade the world that he was concerned at that Rupture or rather to convince them what a useless thing a Council was he himself undertook the Reformation of the Church and for that end appointed a numerous Congregation of Cardinals but this as all the other designs of Reformation presently vanished it produced nothing but a great many Debates so that within a few Months it was wholly laid aside Nor was there any more talk of reassembling the Council which was at this time interrupted for almost ten Years Charles the V. who had been the great stickler for the Convocation of the Council had not now the same interests to prompt him his main design was the greatness of his Family and he had made it his business to render the Empire hereditary as the Kingdom of Spain and his other Dominions were He thought to have accomplished his ends by depressing the Protestant Princes and the Pope and that the Council of Trent was the fittest instrument for that purpose And indeed this Emperour had got so great an Ascendant over the minds of all of his Family that he could perswade them to any thing even contrary to their own interests his Brother Ferdinand was King of the Romans and by consequence apparent Emperour and he had prevailed with him that the Empire should be shared betwixt him and his Son Philip as the Antonins had done heretofore Mary Queen of Hungary their Sister who was wholly at Charles his Devotion for reasons perhaps not fit to be named had perswaded Ferdinand to admit of that partnership but Maximilian Ferdinand's Son perceiving that by that design he was like to be frustrated of the hopes of succeeding his Father in the Empire defeated all the intrigues So that the Prospects of Charles being at an end with his hopes the Council was no more in his thoughts and Julius cared far less for it than he It is true the Rupture of the Council and the peace of Passau had quite exstinguished the Pope's hopes of ever seeing the revolted Germans reduced again to the obedience of the holy See But to comfort himself for the loss of the Germans he drew from a remote Corner of the World I know not what a kind of subjects who submitted themselves to the Authority of his See Sultacan who call'd himself Patriarch of the People which inhabit betwixt Euphrates and the Indies comes to Rome to render homage to the Pope The same course had been taken by Pope Eugenius IV. who whilst they were undermining the Foundations of his Dominions in the Council of Basil on the other hand fed his vanity and underpropt his tottering Dignity by the vain homages of the Greeks who in the Council of Florence came to submit to him and by a counterfeit Pomp of pretended Armenians who desired instruction from him this is a kind of Comedy that takes mightily at Rome Paul III. during his Pontificate had also with great Solemnity and Ceremonies received the homages of one Stephen who had taken the name of Patriarch of Armenia the greater and who came to Rome attended by an Archbishop and two Bishops upon design of recognising the Pope for head of the Church and now under Julius a certain man named Simon Sultacan who called himself Patriarch of all the People that inhabit betwixt the River Euphrates and the Indies came to demand the Confirmation of his Patriarchship from the Pope as from the Vicar of Jesus Christ The Pope made him a Bishop and then gave him the Patriarchal Pall that happy accident was loudly proclaimed abroad and the great encrease that the holy See received by the submission of so many People who owned its Authority was made a matter of great triumph but to these Apparitions of Grandure there succeeded somewhat more substantial for the Glory of the See of Rome year 1553 Edward VI. King of England died the sixth of July 1553. His Father Henry VIII had shaken off the Yoke of the Pope's Power without any innovation in Religion Edward King of England dies his Sister Mary succeeds to him and restores the Catholick Religion 1553. And Edward under the Regence of the Duke of Sommerset had compleated what his Father began and introduced a Reformation into the Church of England But he lived not long enough to establish and confirm that great Work by his last Will he had disinherited his two Sisters Mary and Elizabeth the Daughters of his Father Henry the former Daughter of Catharine of Aragon who was divorced and the second Daughter of Anne Bullen whom Henry had caused to be beheaded He had appointed the Lady Jane Gray his Cosin and Daughter to a Sister of Henry to be Heir of the Crown Jane was proclaimed Queen but her Reign was of short continuance and cost her her Life Mary was advanced to the Crown both by the Privilege of her Birth and by the Will of her Father who had appointed that if Edward should die without Children Mary should succeed and that Elizabeth should succeed to Mary Mary being in the Throne pretended at first that she would alter nothing in Religion though she professed herself to be a Catholick but great hopes were conceived at Rome that this Queen might be usefull in reducing that Kingdom to its ancient Obedience And therefore Julius presently named Cardinal Pool for the Legation of England But the Cardinal durst not undertake the Journey without great Circumspection because he had been banished the Kingdom and degraded of his honour and therefore he wrote to the Queen and negotiated his return by Giovanni Francisco Commendone and having received a favourable answer he set out on his Journey The Parliament of England being called declared the Marriage of Henry VIII with Catharine of Aragon the Queens Mother valid and by consequence pronounced the Divorce unlawfull And the Acts made in the Reign of Edward were Repealed and Religion reinstated in the same condition it was in when Henry died The confirmation of the Marriage of Henry was a great step towards an accommodation with Rome seeing the Marriage of Henry and Catharine could not be declared lawfull without admitting the Dispensation of Julius II. who had dispensed with Henry to Marry his Brother's Widow So that the Parliament by that procedure owned that the Pope has Power to dispence with the Laws of God and by consequence acknowledged him Head of the
been able to stir up so many people all would again return into the Bosome of the Church from which they had fallen off Next year was employed in negotiating an accommodation betwixt the Catholick and Protestant parties wherein the Elector of Mentz and the Palatine endeavoured all that lay in their power But the Emperour finding that such tentatives for healing of Religion would never succeed persisted in his thoughts of calling a Council He wanted a pretext for using of Force and hoped to find one in a Council because the Protestants would be obliged to submit to it and if they year 1533 refused he would have law on his side to force them He therefore sent to Rome to represent to the Pope and College of Cardinals the necessity of calling a Council without any delay The Emperour presses a Council and not obtaining it makes his first Edict in favour of Protestants This demand was seconded by the Ambassador of the King of France and though the Pope was resolved not to grant yet durst he not flatly refuse it He therefore consented to it but under conditions that rendred the thing impossible for he purposed the holding of a Council at Bologna Piacenza or in some other Town of the Ecclesiastick State well foreseeing that the Germans would never agree to that He also declared that none but Bishops and Abbots should have a decisive Vote which was not the free Council that the Germans so urgently desired The Emperour perceiving that nothing was to be expected on that side at length resolved to restore Peace to Germany which he did by the Edict of Nuremberg dated July 23 1532. whereby he gave full liberty to all States Princes Towns and private Persons to enjoy and live in the Religion that they had chosen without molesting of others and without being molested by any till the sitting of the next Council which the Pope should be solicited to call within six months and open within a year This was the first Edict of toleration that the Protestants obtained in Germany which extremely netled the Court of Rome Things however were husht up and after all they found that the Emperour was not so much to be blamed For the Protestants obstinately refused to make head against Solyman who with a formidable Army was coming to powr in upon Austria unless that indulgence were granted them So that the fear of the Turks whom Charles had to doe with was the sole cause of his moderation A second interview betwixt the Pope and the Emperour the Pope refuses a Council but after grants it on conditions which the Protestants refuse to accept So soon as that War was ended and the Turks driven out of Austria the Emperour renewed his design of concluding the affairs of Religion in Germany He made a journey into Italy and had a second interview with the Pope at Bologna In this interview they had a fresh conference about the necessity of holding a Council the Pope persisted to oppose it and if at any time he seemed to condescend yet stood he firm that the Council should be held upon the conditions he had proposed Charles who had no other interest in the affair than that of his Authority which he desired to settle by obliging the Germans to live under the same Laws was not very much troubled upon what conditions a Council were held provided the Lutherans accepted them They therefore agreed betwixt themselves to send Ambassadors to the Elector of Saxony to incline him to accept of the conditions proposed by the Pope The Elector desires leave to communicate the affairs to the Assembly of Protestants which was to be held at Smalcalde the 23 of June the same year And indeed he did so but the Assembly rejected the Pope's propositions and persisted in demanding a free Council to be held in Germany where every one might have freedom to speak their minds and wherein judgment should be pronounced according to the word of Go without any respect had to the Authority of the Pope Traditions or Canons Their Answer was long and argumentative of which Copies were sent to the Pope and the Emperour and afterwards Printed with the Pope's propositions The Pope dissatisfied with the Emperour enters into a league with the King of France This interveiw of the Pope and Emperour did not all contribute to the cementing of their friendship for they began to entertain Jealousies one of another the Pope could not relish those reiterated instances that the Emperour made to him for calling a Council to which he had an incurable aversion But above all that which most increased their misunderstanding was the Judgment given by the Emperour upon the debate which the Pope had with the Duke of Ferrara concerning the Towns of Rheggio and Modena Both parties agreed to refer that affair to the determination of the Emperour that as Umpire he might give Sentence therein The Emperour pronounced against the Pope and confirmed the Duke of Ferrara in the possession of those two Towns So that the Pope being ill satisfied with the Emperour took a resolution of entring into a strict alliance with the King of France and at the same time to raise the Grandure of his Family he Married Catharine of Medicis his Neice to Henry second Son to that King and for the accomplishment and confirmation of the Treaty the Pope gave the King of France an interveiw at Marseilles Amongst other things that past at that interveiw the Pope required of the King that he would use his interest with the Protestants of Germany and especially with the Landgrave of Hesse to take them off from demanding a Council or that they should demand it on conditions more easie for the Court of Rome The King attempted it but could not succeed however the Landgrave of Hesse yielded in some things and consented that the Council might not be held in Germany provided the place of its meeting were out of Italy and in a Town where the Council might be free The King himself proposed to the Pope the Town of Geneva an dundertook to get the Protestants to accept of it This proposal seemed strange to the Pope who perceived that the King of France was no fit Agent to transact matters according to the intentions of the Court of Rome and therefore they thanked him for the pains he had taken and desired him to proceed no farther so that a stop was put to that Negotiation in the beginning of the year 1534. year 1534 Henry King of England shakes off the Pope's authority without any innovation in Religion The same year the Court of Rome had the trouble to see one of the most considerable Members of the Roman Church fall off from it whilst they endeavoured to recover Germany they lose England Henry VIII had Married Catharine Infanta of Spain Aunt by the Mother to the Emperour Charles V. This Princess by a former Marriage had been Wife to Prince Arthur elder Brother
he understood the Intentions of the Emperour and King of France without expecting the demand that these Princes designed to make to him issued forth immediately the Bull of Convocation for a Council to be held in the City of Trent and appointed the 15. of March to be the first day of its Meeting The Emperour was not pleased that this Publication was made without asking his Advice however he put the best Face he could upon it as purposing to appear the principal Actor in this whole Affair and sent to all the Courts in Europe to invite the Princes to send their Prelates to Trent He Assembled the Divines of Louvain appointing them to reduce the Matters in Controversie into certain Heads to be presented to the Council They thereupon made two and thirty bare Conclusions without any Reasons or Arguments to back them and Charles the Fifth who loved to be Supreme as well in Matters of Religion as in the Affairs of State afterwards confirmed them by an Edict The King of France would needs doe the same and Assembled the Divines of Paris at Melun to consult about the Matters that were to be demanded in the Council but they could not agree for some were for demanding the restitution of the Pragmatick Sanction and the Decrees of the Councils of Constance and Basil Others were against it because that would be to declare themselves against the King and overthrow the Agreement that he had made with Leo X. So nothing being fixt upon there they stood to the twenty five Points of Doctrine which the Sorbonne had published two Years before The Pope appoints Legates to preside in the Council and sends them to Trent The Pope did what lay in his Power to content the Emperour who had conceived a great displeasure that after he had laboured so much and had had so great a hand in calling of this Council yet the Bull should be published without asking his consent but for all that went on still to hasten the accomplishment of what he had alone begun He named three Legates to preside in the Council The Cardinal of Monte called otherwise Cardinal of Praeneste Marcello Corvino Cardinal of Santacroce and Reynold Pool and English Man of the Bloud-Royal of England The first was Cardinal Bishop the Second Cardinal Priest and the Third Cardinal Deacon The last was chosen more for Pomp than Necessity because of the Grandure of his Family and that it might appear that though the Kingdom of England had made defection from the Church yet those who continued in their Obedience were still honoured and esteemed The Pope dispatched the Legates with the Bull of Legation without the Plenepotentiary Bull because he would have time to consider in what Form he should give it but some time after their Arrival at Trent they received their Plenepotentiary Bull. At the same time the Pope made a Second Bull of that Nature whereby he gave them power to adjourn the Council to any other place if they thought fit because he was not certain whether Trent might agree with them or not but this second Bull was not then sent but kept secret The Legates did not approve of the Plenepotentiary Bull because it ordered them to proceed in all things according to the resolutions of the Council whereas on the contrary their intention was that in all things the Council should comply with them That Place of the Bull must therefore be mended and there was trouble enough about it before they could agree upon the Form of the Legates Commission there having been no precedents for such kind of Legations In all former Councils that had been held for four or five hundred Years the Popes always presided in Person except in the Council of Basil which in the beginning had the Legates of Pope Eugenius for Presidents but the Name of that Council was so odious to the Court of Rome that they lookt upon it as a crime to imitate anything that had been done there The Presidents arrive at Trent and remain there a long while alone The Legates arrived at Trent the thirteenth of March two days before the Council was to be opened The Poe had given but very short warning for there was no more than three Months betwixt the last Bull of Convocation and the opening of the Council and the remote Prelates as the Germans Spanish and French could not be present in so short a time However the Pope knew what he did for it concerned him to have none there in the beginning but Italians and such as he could dispose of at his pleasure because in the Preliminaries the manner of proceeding during the whole sitting of the Council was to be regulated and thereupon depended the Authority which the Pope was to keep in his own Hands of being Absolute and Supreme in all the deliberations of that Assembly The Legates in the mean time could not open the Council on the day prefixt because they found no Body at Trent and when Don Diego de Mendoza the Emperour's Ambassadour came who arrived ten days after he found none there but the Legates and three Bishops In the beginning the Legates communicated to Don Diego and that small Number of Bishops the Letters which they received from Rome as if they intended to Act nothing without their Participation but it was not long so The Legates perceived that the Ambassadour and the Bishops getting thereby Footing began to meddle too much They therefore wrote to Rome that there should be always two Letters sent them one which might be Communicated to all and another private for themselves alone they likewise demanded a Cipher for the safe communication of Affairs of Weight and Moment and thus did they prepare themselves to receive the inspirations of the Holy-Ghost The Month of March was now spent without any appearance at Trent and the Legates were ashamed to open a Council with no more than three Bishops Orders were thereupon to be expected from Rome and whilst they stayed for them the Ambassadours of Ferdinand King of the Romans arrived and were admitted into the Congregation Now began Disputes about precedence to arise for Don Diego de Mendoza the Emperour's Ambassadour challenged his place immediately after the Legates before Cardinal Madoncio otherwise called Cardinal of Trent who was present and before all the Cardinals that might afterwards appear An expedient was found out to place them so that none should be above another but that decided not the Controversie to Rome it must go and thither the Legates sent it year 1545 At the same time a Diet was held at Wormes wherein the Emperour caused Intimation to be made to the Protestants of the holding of a Council The Emperour gives intimation to the Protestants of the Convocation of a Council and upon their refusing to submit to it concludes a League with the Pope against them but they protested against that Assembly and even refused to give the Emperour any assistance against
are somewhat rough and unpleasant Those of that Nation who had been chosen Popes made choice of Latin names that at least by their names they might not sound harsh in the year 1555 ears of the Romans Afterward they made a mystery of that change and the Cardinals who are chosen to fill the holy See would thereby signifie that they have renounced all their former Characters that they may become new men Cardinal Santa Croce would not change his name that he might give all to understand that he had been the same man in the Cardinalship as he intended to be in the Papacy He had gained the reputation of a grave and severe man and of a high and steady Soul but he lived not long enough to give a proof of what he could doe So soon as he was exalted to the Pontifical Chair he laid a design of calling the Council again for setling the affairs of Religion and that the Council might be happy in its proceedings he thought it his own duty to begin with a thorough Reformation of the Clergy and Court of Rome which had been often proposed by his Predecessours but never heartily meant by most of them All his designs perished with him for he died of an Apoplexie the last day of the same Month of April So that he filled the Chair but two and twenty days PAUL IV. Paul IV. chosen He was of the House of the Caraffa's The twenty third of May following the Cardinals chose Giovanni Pietro Caraffa who took the name of Paul IV. They made him take an Oath that he should convene the Council within two years and that he should not for the first two years of his Pontificate create more than four Cardinals because the sacred College was very numerous and full The Character of his temper hitherto made him a man of a severity that was somewhat morose and rough He had been a Theatin Monk year 1555 and when advanced to the Purple had still retained the austerity of his Profession so that that Election allarmed all those who dreaded a Reformation As he was a man who had always affected a great austerity of life and was besides haughty to the highest degree so it was feared that if once he set upon a design of Reforming the Court of Rome he would bring it about what ever came on 't but they were soon rid of all these fears for he presently laid aside that affected severity of life He still retained a morose humour This Pope was proud and insolent to the highest degree which being joyned to an insupportable haughtiness he became the most proud and insolent man living Never was there Pope of Rome that carried it with greater Pomp and Grandure The Steward of his house having asked him how he intended to be served for the future like a great Prince answered he He would be crowned with greater Pomp than any of his Predecessours and affected never to appear abroad but in great State and Splendour The English Ambassadours who came to render homage to the holy See arrived just upon the day of his Exaltation which he took as a good presage The Ambassadours falling down at his feet begg'd pardon for the whole Kingdom The Pope took them up granted them what they desired and without being solicited erected Ireland into a Kingdom in favour of the King and Queen This was a very surprizing Act and no body understood the mystery of it nor could any imagine what he drove at in giving the name of Kingdom to an Island which the Kings of England peaceably possest under that Title But that was a fetch of Roman Policy Henry VIII after his separation from the Church of Rome had erected Ireland into a Kingdom and had left it to Edward under that Title Now the Pope pretending to have the onely right of disposing of Crowns and erecting States into Kingdoms had a design to oblige Queen Mary to quit the Title of Queen of Ireland but perceiving very well that that would prove too hard a task he thought it better without saying any thing and as being ignorant of what Henry had done to erect that Countrey into a Kingdom that so Mary might enjoy the Title of it as holding it of the Pope and not deriving it from her Father Moreover with an imperious Air and full of Authority he told the Ambassadours that the Revenues and Church Lands must forthwith be restored to the Clergy and the Tribute of St. Peter be setled again as formerly Queen Mary endeavoured to give the Pope satisfaction as to that but she could not prevail because most of the great men of the Nation were in actual and hereditary possession of the Revenues of the Church and could not be brought to part from them So that all that she could doe was to restore what she her self possessed and what had been annexed to the Crown The Diet at Ausbourg makes an Edict of Liberty which offends the Pope Whilst matters went in this manner at Rome and in England the Diet at Ausbourg which began in February last was still continued The Germans devised several means for putting an end to the controversies about Religion but seeing they were not likely to take effect they were forced to settle a Peace by making all the Princes within their own Territories supreme in matters of Religion The Protestants moved that it might be permitted to Bishops and Abbots to change their Religion without losing their Dignities and Revenues but that did not pass The Catholicks on the other hand urged that those States which had accepted the Interim some seven years before should not have the liberty of returning again to the Confession of Ausbourg but at length they yielded and so all the States enjoyed full liberty of Conscience nay and the Lutherans were maintained in the possession of the Church-Revenues which they had already allotted for the entertainment of their Ministers and Schools Pope Paul the most haughty and passionate man living fell into a furious rage against this Edict of Liberty He publickly threatned the Emperour and Ferdinand King of the Romans that he would make them repent the injury they had done to the holy See He exhorted them to recall those Edicts wherein if they failed he threatned to proceed against them with as severe Censures as he intended to use against the Lutherans he said that all the misfortunes that had befallen Charles proceeded from the wrath of God against him because of his indifference and that he had not vigorously bestirred himself in reducing Germany to the obedience of the holy See which he might have done In this manner and with such kind of Discourse he entertained the Emperour's Ambassadour and the Cardinal of Ausbourg He observed the same Character with all other Ambassadours telling them often that he was above all Princes that he expected not that any of them should treat with him as his equal that he could alter and take away Kingdoms
under both kinds the third that Priests might be allowed to Mary and the fourth that they might pay no more Annats and that a national Synod might be called in Poland for adjusting the Differences about Religion He broke forth into a rage when the Proposals were made to him and all these things concurring together made him resolve to call a Council at Rome He ordered the Ambassadours to acquaint their Masters that he intended to celebrate a Council in the Church of Lateran and declared the same in a Congregation of Cardinals On his Coronation-day being the six and twentieth of May a great many Cardinals with the Ambassadours of Princes being with him at Table he said that he had acquainted Princes with his design merely out of form and civility that he would make them sensible what the Holy See can doe when it is possest by a resolute and couragious Pope that he well foresaw that his Proposal would displease them because of the Place that he had pitcht upon but that though they should not send one Prelate to his Council he would not be much concerned and that he well knew how far his Authority reached Whilst matters went thus at Rome news came that by the mediation of Cardinal Pool the Emperour and the King of France had made a Truce for five Years Peace is made betwixt the Emperour and the King of France the Pope breaks it off this News vexed the Pope to the heart because it broke all his measures and suited not at all with the design he had of engaging the King of France in the War of Naples and of making use of the Arms of that Prince for seizing that Kingdom however he pretended to be glad at it But he could not forgive Cardinal Pool to whom he owed so great obligations for having reduced England to the obedience of the Holy See for he sought a pretext to break with him he deprived him of his Legateship and put into the Inquisition his Friend Thomas de S. Felix Bishop Della Cava Immediately he dispatcht two Legates one into France and another into Germany under pretext of essaying to convert the Truce into a Peace But instead of endeavouring to make peace Caraffa his Legate in France perswaded the King to break the Truce and offered him absolution from his Oath The Princes of the house of Guise solicited him to that action but the rest of the Court looked upon that perfidiousness with abhorrence There was onely one thing that stuck with Henry II. and that was that the Pope being extremely old he could not hold out long that after him another would come who might take other measures and that so he would be left alone in the mire into which the Pope had plung'd him The Cardinal of Lorrain a man for expedients found out one presently he told the King that he must get the Pope to create so many Cardinals of the French faction that the King might always be sure of having in the holy See a man at his Devotion This was a cross ill laid trap however Henry was caught in it and did whatsoever they would have him doe But these Negotiations could not be kept so secret but that the Emperour began to suspect that the work that was preparing for him was of the Pope's cutting out for the Legate that was sent to him made but very small Journeys and when he came to Maestricht he had orders from Caraffa to come into France to stop there and not to goe to the Emperour though he was but two days Journey from him The Pope breaks with the Emperour and undertakes a War which prov'd fatal to him The Pope seeing his Train pretty well laid sought for no more but a fair pretext to break with the Emperour which he presently found in that Ascanio Colonna and Marco Antonio his Son were protected at Naples The Pope had excommunicated both deprived them of all their Lands and Estates and given their Forfeitures to his Nephew Montorio with the Title of Duke of Pagliano The Colonna's fled to Naples from whence they made frequent inrodes upon the Ecclesiastick State and especially upon the Lands that had been taken from them The Pope was mad with the Emperour because his Enemy had found refuge within the Territories of that Prince and spoke of Charles and Ferdinand in very outragious terms in presence of their Ambassadours and Friends In fine he resolved to make open War he secured all suspected Persons and shut up several Cardinals and Gentlemen in the Castle of St. Angelo Nay and year 1556 contrary to the Law of Nations he cast into Prison Garcillasso di Vega King Philip's Ambassadour and Postmaster of the Empire he gave protection to those that were banished out of Naples and broke open the Emperour's packets When the Duke of Alva who was then Viceroy of Naples expostulated with him for these injuries threatning that if he persisted in so doeing his Master would right himself by the Law of Arms the Pope made answer that he was a free Prince that as he was not to give account of his Actions to any so as Pope he might call all men to an account of theirs and that nothing could move him to fail in what he was obliged to doe for the maintenance of the Church At length the Duke of Alva finding that fair means could not prevail with him and that great preparations were making in the Pope's Territories thought it his part to take the start and declare War first which he did the fourth of September 1556. He seized almost that whole Countrey which is called Campania di Roma keeping it in name of the succeeding Pope and put Rome it self into a fright The Pope fell to fortifying the City and forced all even the Monks to labour at the Works There was a weak place at the end of the Street called Flaminia where stood a stately Church of our Lady that hindered the fortifications The Pope was about to demolish it but the Duke of Alva sent to entreat him not to doe it promising not to take advantage of that place In the mean time the Duke thinking it enough to have put Rome in a fright drew off and did not lay siege to the place This was the Year wherein Charles made a Resignation of all his Dignities and retreated to a solitary Life having first made over his hereditary Dominions to his Son The resignation of Charles the V. and the Empire to his Brother People hereupon made reflexions much to the disadvantage of the Pope for they compared his haughtiness with the humility of that great Prince who being born in the height of honour and having lived in so great Glory had freely renounced all the Pomps and Vanities of the World whereas on the other hand Paul having been first a Bishop and having afterwards betaken himself to a Monastery of Theatins came out again to be a Cardinal and at the age of 80 Years
from the Church of Rome and Catholicks themselves took Liberty to speak The whole Discourse both of Catholicks and Protestants was about the Debates and Factions in managing of Affairs especially the matter of Reformation And according to the French way of raillery it was presently in every body's mouth that the Council of Trent had far more Authority than that of the Apostles for whereas the Apostles said It seemeth good to the Holy Ghost and to us the Fathers of Trent said barely It hath seemed good to us quite excluding the Holy Ghost Germany slighted the Council to the highest Degree for the Prelates of that Nation had not been present in this last Convocation which notwithstanding was the most Solemn of all Very few Bishops were there for the Kingdoms if Hungary and Poland none at all from England Swedeland Danemark and the low Countries The French Prelates came onley at the latter end and reckoning them all together with the Spaniards they did not exceed the number of forty Bishops all the rest were Italians of a few more than two hundred Prelates which made up the Council there were above an hundred and fifty from Italy And therefore it had the Name of the Council of the Pope and Italians The Pope confirms the Council by a Bull. The Court of Rome was very glad that the Council was ended they mattered not much what Decrees it had made provided it could make no more The Pope died not then of his sickness and had double Cause of rejoicing at the same time both that he had recovered his health and was also discharged of the burthen of the Council He was so overjoyed that without boggling he declared that he would confirm it and even add some new Reformations That Declaration allarmed the Court of Rome though the Reformations of the Council went not very far however no body was willing to part from any of their Rents and Profits and that nevertheless they must have done had the Decrees of the Council been religiously observed Most of the Cardinals were of opinion that the Pope should moderate the Articles which might incommode the Court of Rome before he confirmed them and alledged that that would serve for two ends First it would as we have said ease them of several incommodious Regulations and then it would confirm the Pope in his Superiority over the Council by reforming it But in fine after that a great many Congregations of Cardinals had been held upon that Subject the opinion of confirming it without any alteration prevailed Some perswaded the Pope to it by Arguments of Piety Honour and Sincerity to his word But the deciding Cast was put in by Hugo Boncompagno Bishop of Vieste in Apulia He alledged that the Confirmation of the Council was so far from diminishing the Authority of the Pope and the Grandure of the Court of Rome that it would much advance it provided a Barriere were set to put a stop to the Rashness of Doctours and hinder them from interpreting the Council according to their several Fancies and Interests It was his advice then that the Judges themselves should be prohibited from medling with the Interpretation of the Sense of the Council and that it should be ordained that in all doubtfull matters recourse should be had to the Holy See and its Interpretations submitted to And thus he made it appear that by so doeing the Court of Rome would always have the absolute Disposal of every thing that pinched them because in confirming the Council the Holy See reserved to it self the Power of interpreting it He said that there was no Law so plain and express nor so rigorous which might not be turned to a commodious and a favourable Sense by means of Exceptions and Qualifications If there be any thing then in the Council that pinches the Holy See and Court of Rome it will be a very easie matter to avoid it by expounding it as one pleases But the Council cannot be made use of said he to the Prejudice of the Court of Rome because all the force of its Execution will depend on the Holy See to which recourse must be had for Interpretation This Overture was worth a Cardinals Cap to the Bishop and it appeared so convenient and good that all agreed to it Thus the matter was resolved upon and the Pope on the six and twentieth of December gave the Bull of Confirmation wherein he forbids under pain of Excommunication the publishing of any Commentaries or Observations upon the Council ordaining in all doubtfull Cases Recourse to be had to the Holy See Within some Months after the Pope made a Promotion of Nineteen Cardinals to reward those who had faithfully served him in the Council and neither Marco Antonio Colonna Archbishop of Taranto nor the Bishop of Vieste were forgotten FINIS ERRATA In the Historical Reflexions Page 20. line 5. reade if according p. 37. l. 26. for of r. from p. 60. l. 20. r. exalting p. 102. l. 6. r. sufficiently p. 113. l. 9. for prompted r. permitted In the History Page 1. l. 1. for fifteenth r. sixteenth p. 60. l. 28. for Madoncio r. Madruccio p. 148. l. 3. r. actu p. 193. l. 3. for had bred r. and bred p. 200. l. 16. betwixt the words sort and made add who p. 245. in the Marginal Note for 19. Session r. 16. p. 251. l. 7. for Dominions r. Dominion p. 275. l. 23. dele it p. 457. l. 8. for Revenue r. Reverence p. 575. l. 3. for means r. mean A TABLE of the most remarkable matters contained in this History A. ADRIAN succeeds to Leo. Page 11 Desires to reform the Church ibid. But cannot succeed in that design of Reformation Page 13 Sends a Letter into Germany confessing that the Church and Court of Rome are corrupted Page 14 He dies Page 16 Altemps Cardinal Nephew of Pope Pius IV. a zealous Protectour of the rights and pretensions of the See of Rome Page 305 Ambassadours Danes Ambassadour of France comes to the Council Page 106 The Emperour's Ambassadour present to the Council five demands in Writing Page 318. The French Ambassadours are received in Council make Speeches and receive no Answer Page 339 They receive new Instructions from France Page 398 Protest against the Decree of the Reformation of Princes and have Orders to withdraw Page 556 They goe to Venice Page 564 Ambrosio Catarino maintains the Opinion of St. Austin and of the Protestants about Works that precede Grace Page 118 And about the certainty that one may have of being in the state of Grace Page 123 His strange Opinion about Predestination Page 132 What his judgment is of the Priests intention in administring Sacraments Page 151 Amiot Bishop of Auxerre protests in Council in name of his Master Henry II. of France Page 198 Arembold of a Genoese Merchant being made a Bishop 〈◊〉 chosen for the distribution of Indulgences in Germany p. 3 He gives that charge to the Jacobins which offends the
Conspiracy of Amboise p. 283 A Council denied to the Emperour unless upon conditions which the Protestants would not accept p. 36 But afterwards granted upon conditions that are rejected by the Protestants p. 37 Called but in vain at Mantua and Vicenza p. 42 46 And then at Trent p. 52 Where with ten Bishops that were arrived the Congregation began to handle Preliminaries p. 65 The form of the Council of Trent and what had been that of ancient Councils p. 71 A Debate concerning the Title of the Council p. 74 About the Order p. 77 About the Seal to be used for Letters p. 78 To amuse the Council the Creed is published p. 79 But three moderate Divines at the Council p. 116 The Council is puzzled in forming Decrees and essays by their ambiguity to give all content p. 133 It is transported to Bologna under pretext of bad Air at Trent p. 166 And divided part of the Prelates removing to Bologna and part staying at Trent p. 167 c. It is opened again at Trent for the second Convocation p. 192 And suspended because of the War of Germany p. 245 The Pope has enough of Councils neither does the Emperour care for them p. 249 The Council opened again at Trent under Pope Pius IV. p. 311 It begins with the Books to be prohibited and the Indices Expurgatorii p. 313 It is publickly said that the Council is not the Council of the Vniversal Church but of the Pope p. 357 The Bishops complain that the Council is taken up about trifles p. 386 Some Bishops apparently ill satisfied with the Infallibility of the Council p. 393 A Letter from the Emperour to the Pope and Council about the Disorders of the Council p. 490 The Council ill satisfied with the Peace of Orleans that the King of France had made with the Huguenots p. 499 The Legates seek out means of concluding the Council speedily and the Count de Luna opposes it p. 441 New troubles are started p. 551 The Council precipitates to its end the Spaniards oppose it p. 572 Confirmation of the Council demanded of the Pope but all are not of that mind p. 575 The Council is confirmed by a Bull of Pius IV. p. 588 Croisades their Original p. 3 The Cup demanded by the French p. 304 And by the Germans about which the Divines give their Opinions p. 347 Both join in that point p. 355 The restoring of it to the Germans is moved p. 380 It is referred to the Pope p. 385 Cruelties practised in several Kingdoms against Protestants p. 256 D. DAnes Ambassadour of France comes to the Council and makes a long Harangue p. 106 Decrees made with a great deal of difficulty and affected Ambiguity to give all content p. 133 The Decrees concerning Penance opposed by the Divines p. 221 The Decree about the Reformation of Princes cause great Trouble v. Legates An abstract of that Decree p. 560 Degradations their Original and Progress p. 212 Diet of Nuremberg where the hundred Grievances were presented p. 17 Diet of Ratisbonne where a Decree past against Luther p. 18 Diet of Spire where Attempts were made to divide the Protestants p. 29 Diet of Ausburg where the Protestants present their Confessions and depart without accommodation though attempted p. 32 Another Diet as Spire where the Emperour gives a new Edict of Liberty till the next Council p. 54 Another at Ausburg where the Protestants promise to submit to the Council p. 171 There the Emperour makes the Interim and a Decree of Reformation p. 176 A Third Diet at Ausburg for composing the troubles of Religion p. 257 Where an Edict of Liberty is made which offends the Pope p. 261 A Diet at Naumburg in Saxony p. 293 Daily Distributions p. 332 Dominico à Soto and Luigi di Catanea both Jacobins and Thomists differ about the Point of Grace p. 128 E. EDict of Wormes against Luther p. 9. Edict of January in favour of the Protestants made at St. Germains en Laye p. 312 Edward King of England dies and Mary his Sister succeeds to him who restores the Catholick Religion p. 252 The Electorate of Saxony transferred to the Branch of Maurice p. 171 The Electour of Brandenburg sends his Ambassadours to the Council p. 215 Elizabeth Queen of England succeeds Mary her Sister and re-establishes the Reformation p. 274 Emperour v. Charles V. England during the Reign of Henry VIII shakes off the Pope's Authority without any innovation in Religion p. 39 The Catholick Religion is maintained there by Queen Mary 〈◊〉 the death of Edward her Brother to whom she succeeded p. 252 Episcopacy and Vehement Contests about the Point p. 413 c. 422 c. 435 c. 448. and elsewhere The Eucharist serves for matter to be treated in the tenth Session p. 170 Exemptions granted by the Pope in prejudice of Ordinaries p. 138 ExtremeVnction and Penance handled in the fourteenth Session p. 218 F. FArnese v. Paul III. and Octavio Farnese Du Ferrier Ambassadour of France learned in Antiquity p. 356 He speaks in Congregation after the Cardinal of Lorrain and his Speech nettles the Council p. 442 Another Speech of his after the reading of the French King's Letters in Council which acquainted the Fathers with his Victory over the Protestants p. 476 He protests against the Decree of the Reformation of Princes and makes a Speech which pricks the Prelates to the quick p. 561 Francis I. absolved by Pope Clement VII from the Oaths which he had taken in Prison p. 21 He dies p. 167 Francis II. dies and Katherine of Medicis his Mother assembles the States at Orleans p. 291 The French present their Memoires containing thirty four Demands p. 460 Frederick Electour of Saxony is made Prisoner wounded and condemned to death by the Emperour Charles V. p. 169 Can neither be moved by Prayers nor threats p. 171 Frederick Nauseus Bishop of Vienna sent to the Council with Paolo Gregoriani Bishop of Zagabria in Sclavonia by the King of the Romans p. 198 Free will handled in the VI. Session p. 125 G. GIacomo Cocco Archbishop of Corsou is of the mind that no opinion which could be interpreted in a sound sense should be condemned p. 133 Grace serves for matter to the Council in the VI. Session p. 113 Catarino's opinion about works that precede Grace p. 118 A Dispute about the Preparations to Grace and the Merit of Congruity p. 119 A Debate about the certainty that one may have of being in the State of Grace p. 123 The Thomists are divided about the matter of Grace â—il â—a p. 128 The hundred Grievances proposed to the Pope at the Diet of Nuremberg p. 17 The Grisons recall Thomas Planta Bishop of Coire p. 220 Gropper a Divine and Lawyer votes for the abolition of Episcopal Jurisdiction and Ecclesiastick Tribunals p. 210 He is refuted by Baptista Castello Promooter of the Council about the Subject of immediate appeal to the Pope p. 211 H. HEnry VIII King of
England writes against Luther p. 9. Shakes off the Pope's Authority without any innovation in Religion p. 39 Is excommunicated by Pope Paul III. p. 47 Henry II. King of France succeeds to Francis I. p. 167 He clashes with the Pope and sends not his Prelates to the Council p. 193 Causes Amiot his Ambassadour to protest against the Council p. 198 Then publishes a Manifesto against the Pope p. 200 Does all that lies in his Power to ruine the Protestants in his Kingdom p. 278 His death p. 279 Herman Archbishop of Cologne is excommunicated by the Pope and obliged to resign his Archbishoprick p. 90 Of the Hierarchy of the Church p. 405 I. IAmes Lainez General of the Jesuits creates no small trouble to the Council about Precedence p. 377 His Speech against the Divine Right of Episcopacy and what it produced p. 426 Another Discourse of his in favour of the Court of Rome p. 529 The Imperialists leave the City of Rome p. 28 Indices Expurgatorii and their Original p. 313 The Inquisition setled at Naples and causes a great Sedition p. 170 The Intention of the Priest in administring the Sacraments according to the Judgment of Ambrosio Cararino p. 151 The Interim made by the Emperour at the Diet of Ausburg p. 176 Much opposition made to the Establishment of it p. 179 Interviews betwixt the Emperour and the Pope the first the second 37. the third p. 44 An Interview of the Pope Emperour and King of France p. 47 A fourth Interview betwixt the Pope and the Emperour p. 52 A fifth p. 53 Julius II. Excommunicated Lewis XII King of France p. 2 He dies ibid. Julius III. formerly named John Maria di Monte succeeds to Paul III. p. 182 He clashes with the King of France p. 193 Sends into France Ascamo della Corna his Nephew to hinder the King from protecting the Duke of Parma and from calling a national Council p. 195 At one dash creates fourteen Italian Cardinals p. 232 His Death and Successour p. 257 The Jurisdiction of Bishops is the matter as to Reformation for the thirteenth Session p. 201 The Jurisdiction of the Tribunals of the Church their Original and Progress p. 206 Gropper votes for its abolition p. 210 Divers Regulations concerning Episcopal Jurisdiction p. 225 Justification and Imputed Righteousness p. 121 K. KAtherine of Medicis Queen Regent of France assembles the States at Orleans p. 291 Her designs for Reformation p. 299 and 312 L. LAinez v. James Lainez The Landgrave of Hesse attempts an Agreement betwixt Luther and Zuinglius but without Success p. 30 Is made Prisoner by the Emperour p. 169 The Legates complain that there appeared Division in the very Session and pretend to enter upon business p. 76 Oppose the beginning with Reformation p. 78 Make a Translation of the Council upon Pretext of bad Air. p. 164 Propose the Decree of the Reformation of Princes and the Ambassadours oppose it p. 546 The more they press the mater the greater noise it makes p. 553 The Protestation of the French Ambassadours against that Decree p. 556 The Legates press the Conclusion of the Council p. 572 Leo. X. created Pope and his Character p. 2 Causes Indulgences to be published in Germany by the advice of Cardinal Santiquatro and gives a great part of the profit of them to his Sister p. 3 Publishes a Bull for the Indulgences p. 6 Thunders a Bull against Luther and his Doctrine p. 7 Lewis XII King of France excommunicated by Pope Julius II. p. 2 Forms a Party against Julius II. and gets the Cardinals to assemble at Pisa for Election of another Pope ibid. Lewis d'Avila sent by the Emperour to Rome to solicite the Re-establishment of the Council p. 183 Luigi di Catanea and Dominico à Soto differ about the Point of Grace p. 128 Luther publishes Theses against the Doctrine of Indulgences which are answered by other Theses set out by John setzel a Jacobin who caused the Theses of Luther to he burnt p. 5 He is cited to appear at Ausburg before Cardinal Cajetan p. 6 Has two Conferences with the Cardinal without success and appeals to a Council ibid. He burns the Pope's Bull and Book of Decretals p. 8 Is cited to Wormes before the Emperour Charles V. ibid. But would neither recant nor condemn his Doctrine p. 9 An Edict past against him at Wormes ibid. Confirmed by a Decree at Ratisbonne p. 18 Abstracts are made of Lutheran Writings p. 145 M. THE Malecontents pass a severe censure vpon the Decrees of the Council p. 141 Mantua chosen by Paul III. for the place of holding the Council p. 44 The Cardinal of Mantua Legate dies at Trent p. 486 Marcello II. created Pope will not change his Name according to the Custom of other Popes and whence what Custom hath arisen p. 257 His Character and death that happened by an Apoplexy two and twenty days after his Exaltation p. 258 Marriage is reduced to eight Articles p. 473 Decrees and Canons are formed concerning that matter p. 544 Clandestine Marriages occasion fresh Debates p. 548 Mary succeeds her Brother Edward to the Crown of England and restores the Catholick Religion p. 252 She is rigorous against the Protestants p. 256 Her death p. 274 Marinier a Carmelite is not of opinion that Traditions should be made a Point of Faith p. 83 Will have the Name of Justifying Faith onely giv'n to that which works by Charity p. 117 Defends with Ambrosio Catarino the opinion that one may be certain of being in the State of Grace p. 123 Mass v. Sacrifice Maurice invested by the Emperour in the Electorate of Saxony whereof his Cousin Frederick had been dispossessed p. 171 Takes up Arms for the Liberty of Germany and of Religion p. 243 Maximilian King of Bohemia and of the Romans suspected of Lutheranism p. 286 Melancthon named with Bucer and Pistorius to speak for the Protestants p. 50 Is one of twelve who were opposed to a like number of Catholick Doctours in the Conference of Wormes p. 273 Mendicant Friars raise a great Debate upon occasion of Preaching and the Pulpits which they had seized p. 91 Misunderstanding betwixt the Pope and the Council and amongst the Fathers of the Council themselves p. 337 Morone Cardinal Legate in Spain under Julius III. p. 257 Is appointed first President of the Council by Pius IV. p. 489 Comes to Trent and went to the Emperour at Inspruck p. 448 Returns to the Council p. 506 N. NAvagiero Cardinal named Legate for presiding in the Council arrives at Trent with orders to endeavour a strict Reformation p. 502 Naumburg a Town of upper Saxony where the Protestant Princes held an Assembly p. 293 Nuncio's ill received by the Protestants in Germany p. 244 Nuremberg the Place of the Diet where the Hundred Grievances were presented p. 17 O. OCtavio Farnese Duke of Parma General of the Pope's Forces p. 111 Offerings and Oblations in what manner they may be permitted p. 154 Opinions about