giue backe so did Mironides of Athens against the Thebanes whereby hee gotte the victory When Valerius Leuius fought against Pirrhus and had kilde a priuate Souldiour holding vp his sword all bloody made bothe the hosts beléeue that he had kylled king Pyrrhus wherefore his enemies supposing them selues to be destitute by the death of theyr Captaine all abashed theygaue ouer the fight When a barbarous alien in battaile had brought worde to Q. Sextorious that Herculeius was slaine he slewe him straght with his dagger least he should haue borne those newes any further to haue discouraged the armie Captaines are in like case well to consider howe they followe theyr enemies till the battaile be perfourmed for he that with his people disordered persueth the enemie may sometime giue the conquest from him selfe as Q. Fabius Maximus consull béeing sent to succour the Sutrines against the Hetruscines the whole force of his enemies assayling him hée dissembling as though hee feared them made showe of flight til he had gotten the aduauntage of ground the other following out of order were by him not onely surprised but also bereaued of cheir Campe. ¶ Obseruations aswell for the victor as conquered WHere victory is attained it is most necessary especially for Christians reuerently to giue thanks to the most high almighty God humbly to ackowledge his grace and goodnes in all theyr accomplishmentes and this to be doon with all humilitie vpon theyr knées yet enery mā to kepe his place wherin the Captaine is to vse great respect not through the affiaunce of his victory to leaue him selfe disordered for so sometimes from a victor he may become vā quish◠as T. Martius a Romane knight being gouernour of the residue of the host that remained after the death of the two Scipioes this T. Martius perceiuinge the two hostes of the Persians not lyinge farre from hym carelesse and out of order through affiaunce of theyr victory which before they had attained perswaded with hys Souldieurs to set vpon the host that laye next vnto him in the midde of the night where they made suche a slaughter that there was not so much as a messenger left aliue to beare tidinges of this miserable mischaunce then giuing hys souldiours some small respyt to refreshe them the same night with all spéede preuenting the same of any thing doone inuaded the other armie and thus twyce in one night inioyed like happy chaunce of Battel and still following oportunitie be euery where destroyed the Persians and restored Spaine againe to the Romanes The victor after fight is so to deuide the spoyle as there may fall out no contention he must not forget to burie his dead that shall be slaine in the conflicte hee must raunsome home suche of hys Souldiours as the enemie holdeth prysoners to deale fauourably with hys enemies that are taken prysoners by hym selfe not onelie wynneth theyr hartes but maketh hym the more renowned These thinges thus perfourmed he is eyther to followe the aduauntage of hys seruice or else to retyre to some place of securitye where they may rest The persued haue vsed to scatter money in the way to hynder the followers By this meane Triphon King of Siria escaped Antiochus Horse men and when the Gaulles should fight with Attalus they deliuered all theyr Golde and Siluer to bee kept of certayne men that might scatter it abroade if it happened they were put to flyght to the intent they might the more easely escape theyr enemies béeing hyndred with the gathering vp of the pray but Galltroppes were to a more purpose to hynder Horse men and were better chepe to bée scattered about then eyther Golde or Siluer When Q. Sertorius was put to flight of Quintus Metellus Pius hée supposed it not a thinge sure inough to flye but also he warned hys Souldiours to disparple them selues diuers wayes assigning them a place whether he would haue them to resorte Some to preuent the worste would beginne the fight a little before night to the ende that if they were ouerthrowne through the darkenes of the night they might the better scape away What might farther be sayd I leaue to the discretion of the skylfull Captaine and will bréefely speake of other necessaries not amisse to be remembred for some other purposes ¶ Marching through vnknowen places AN armie that shall marche through places that be vnknowen but especially being in the enemies countrie must vse great diligence for béeing belayde either as they are to passe riuers straights or other places of aduauntage fitte to hide ambushes Alexander vsed to haue such places discribed in mappes which should be hanged in the Campe to be viewed by all whereby they might learne to knowe the places the distaunces the wayes the hilles the Riuers the fennes the straightes the wooddes and all places of perill fitte for the enemie eyther to take aduauntages or to hyde ambushes Ambushes haue sometimes béene discouered by the raysing of great dust or when Dooues or Byrdes hath béene séene to flye about in flockes turninge to and fro and hath not séemed to light but the surest way is to haue wise and diligent scoutes and banquerers to view those places to sée the Country cléere And as troupes may fal into these daūgers by marching thus vnawares so they must wisely fore sée that they be not trained into them by crafte as the Fideniens who lying for Romulus as hee should passe which hee by espiall gettinge intellgence of laying part of his armie in secréet ambushe then approching where his enemies were from whom he fayned fearefully to flie and they hastely persuinge him hee brought them where his ambushes were layd who assailing them on euery side easely slewe them Some of purpose hath put foorth a pray and by suffering the enemie to take it hath belayed theyr passage which way they should driue it and by this meanes haue intrapped them They must therefore take héede not hastely to bite at euery baite or vnaduisedly chop vpon such things as are contrarie to reason if many of the one side be driuen away by a fewe of the other or if a few on the one side assaulte many of the other or if some sodaine flight be made not standing with reason let thē in these causes iudge the worst so shall they be assured to be least beguiled ⧠To passe Riuers and Straightes what hath beene practised TO passe Riuers some haue cut out a Trench lyke a raine howe or halfe moone filling it full of woode and settinge it then on fire by these meanes haue passed This policie was vsed by Q Sextorius in Spaine likewise by Pelopidas a Theban against the Thessalonians When Cressus might not wade ouer the Riuer Hal is neither yet could make Boate nor bridge he cast a ditche behinde his armie and turned the course an other way Caesar in Fraunce tooke the benefit of a Woode where in he left certaine companies which after hée was marched away caste a Bridge ouer a Riuer
of knowledge shall sometime bréede to much rashnes and sometime againe to little courage A Captaine that might be thought worthy should aswell haue knowledge how to gouerne as experience how to traine wherein he is to vse great diligence instructing them in theyr order of aray the vse of theyr weapons teachinge them to know the soundes of Drummes He must in no wise be iniurious to the Souldiour for his paye but as carefully he must vse diligence to get it so as chéerefully he must paye euery may his due hée that neglecteth this neglecteth his owne credite and reputation nay more his honesty neither is it fitte hée should goe vnpunished that barreth or deminisheth a soul diour of hys paye A Captaine should bée loouing and comfortable to his companie and as he is to correcte and punishe them for their faultes so he is to commend and incourage them in theyr well dooinges some consideration a Captaine should haue for the carriage of conuenient necessaries for his souldiours when they goe to the fielde yet no more then must néedes he had he shold haue some store of Hatchets to cut bowghes to make their Cabbines for want of which they breake many Swordes to conclude a Captaine that can carefully consider of his Souldiours necessities and leuinglie prouide to furnishe theyr wantes shall haue bothe vnfayned looue and dutifull obedience of hys Souldiours without the which he is not onely assured to loose his credite but many times in more perrill of his owne company then of the enemy ⧠Of a Liefetenaunt THe Liefetenaunt of a companie in his Captaines absence hath authority to directe all and in his Captaines presence to disburthen him of some inferiour toyles His place requires knowledge in the fielde trust to his Captaine fréendship to his inferiour officers and looue to the Souldiours In discharging his duetie his office is painefull and therafter to be considered if his Captaine be gratefull ⧠The Ensigne AS the Ensigne in the fielde is the honour of the bande so the Ensigne bearer in like case shoulde bée honoured by his company and this reputation is best attained by his owne curteous demeanour towards the souldiours the looue of whom concerneth greatly his owne safety in all perrilles and attempts M. Furius Camillus séeinge his armie begin to stagger and to stande at a staye thrust his Ensigne bearer amongst his enemies in whose recouery the Souldiours taking courage charged againe a freshe The Ensigne bearer therefore should be a man of curteous disposition towardes the Souldiours couragious and chéerefull when he is before the enemie in any distresse resolute rather to loose his life then to loose hys Cullours ⧠Of the Sarieant IT is requisite in euery bande that besides a Captaine a Lieftenaunt and an Ensigne there bee for euery hundred men a Sarieant this Sarieant should bee a man of good experience of quicke and liuely spirite and able to take paine He should be a father amonge Souldiours makinge the Captaine or Leifetenaunt priuie to theyr wantes and to sée all thinges equally distributed amongest them that there be no cause of discention he ought in gentle and fréendly manner to appease all strifes and contentious quarrelles that shall fall out amongest Souldiours and if by curtesie he can not perswad thē let him then bring the offenders to punishment He must be ready to trayne and practise such as he shal finde to be vnperfit in their weapons gentely to shewe them the best and readyest way Hee must sée them to marche straight in theyr ranckes carrying their weapons orderly without any communication or loude speaking amongst them A good Sarieant in a bad company shall finde busines more then inough tell they bée well trayned and is therefore to be considered of by his Captayne The Drummes IT is necessarie that euery company haue two drums the one to be stil resident with the Cullours the other to marche with the Troupes as vpon occasion they shall be drawne foorth These Drummes must bée perfect to sounde a call a march a charge a retrait a larum and such lyke poyntes of warre And for that they are many times sent on messages to the enemy about prisoners or other causes it were conuenient they should be discréet and sober least they should be vndermined The Chyrurgion A Good and skilfull Chyrugion is a necessary man to bée had in a companie suche a one as should worke accordinge to arte not practisinge newe experimentes vpon a poore Souldiour by meane whereof many haue béene vtterly mayned by a Chyrurgions practise that other wise might haue doon very well A Chyrurgion knoweth what salues oyntmentes oyles balmes and instrumentes are requisite to bée had and must haue them in readines hée should not lykewise in the time of seruice be without his bauldricke that he might be knowne it serueth his turne likewise in the night to passe the watche without the worde when vppon occasion hée must goe to his cures The Clarcke of the Band. THe Clarke of the bande is to bée placed by the Captaine a man of great trust and hath to kéepe the Countes and recconinges betwéene the Captaine and his Souldiours His greatest commendation is to write to reade to cast accountes to bée honest and iuste betwéene the Captaine and his Souldiours Of the Corporall or Launceprezado IT is much beneficiall for the redines for seruice that accompany of men should be deuided into fower squadrons the weapons equally deuided and to be committed to the charge of foure Corporalles who is not onely to exercise them in the vse of their weapons to sée them continually furnished with all necessaries and the shotte to be still prouided with poulder match bullets and such lyke but especiallie to haue care to the kéeping of theyr furniture cleane and seruiceable A companie that is thus deuided and the Corporall dutifull in hys place is very readie eyther to watch or warde or to manie other purposes where one or two squadrons are to be drawne foorth and may suffice for some seruices A wise Corporall that thinketh to come to credit will vse dilligence in his place because it is his first step of preferment and for his more ease he hath his Launceprezado or deputie to assist him Of a priuate Souldiour IN the choyse of a Souldiour his manners and conditiones is first to bee respected otherwise you may make choyse of an instrument of many mischéefes the composition and abilitie of his body is then to be considered in the like manner his sufficencie for yeeres In England when seruice happeneth we disburthen the prisons of Théeues wee robbe the Tauernes and Alehouses of Tospottes and Ruffines wee scoure both Towne Cuntrie of Rogges and vagabons And is not a Captaine that is furnisht with such a company like to doo great seruice and to kéepe them in good discipline In other Countries where they vse the seruice of malefactours they admit them not for souldiours but they send them to theyr
place by order or hauing of more or better men The necessity happeneth when they shall perceiue by deferringe of Battel it must néedes fall out to theyr discomodity as when famishment were ready to assaile them or when the enemie looketh for some newe supplie in these causes it were better to attempt Fortune where she may fauour rather then by deferringe to sée thy certaine ruine Vigesius giueth counsaile neuer to bring an armie to fight except they hope to haue the victory for what greater signe is there to loose then not to beleeue to bee able to winne to adde incouragement therefore to Souldiours there hath béene seuerall practises vsed by diuers L. Silla in the warres against Archelaus Mithridates Liefetenaunt at Pirea perceiuing his Souldiours had little stomacke to fight so weried then with continuall labour that they were glad to desire to fight Q Fabius knowing the Romaines to be of so liberal honest nature that by spiteful and contumelous dealing they would be soone mooued vexed and gréeued and looking for no honest nor equall dealinge of the Persians who were his enemies sent vnto Carthage Ambassadours to intreate of Peace which was consented vnto but with such proude and vnreasonable conditions that the whole armie of the Romanes were thereby stirred and incouraged to fight When Agesilaus had pight his fielde not farre from Orchomeno a Cittie that was in league with him and perceiuing that manie of his armie had theyr treasure and chéefe riches in the Campe hee commaunded the townes men to receiue nothing into the towne belonging to his armie to the intent his Souldiours might fight the more fiercelie knowing they should fight for liues and goodes Fabius Maximus fearing that his souldiours would not continue the fight manfully by reason they might quickly fly to their shippes commaunded they should be set on fire before he would begin the battaile Some haue constrained their men to fight through necessity takinge away from them al manner of hope of sauing them selues vnlesse they did ouercome And there is nothing to concitate the mindes of men more to incouragement then perswasion for him that knoweth howe to speake well for it kindleth the minde and humaine passions of a man it taketh away feare it ingendreth obstinacie to fight it discouereth deceiptes it sheweth perrilles and the way to auoide them it prayeth it promiseth rewardes it reprehendeth it threateneth it incourageth the mindes eyther of hope eyther else of dispaire Epaminondas being ready to enter battaile with the Lacedemonians to the ende that the strength of his Souldiours might be holpen by some ser uent meane pronounced to them in his exhortation that the Lacedemonians had determined if they gotte the victorie to slaie all theyr men to make theyr wiues and children bonde for euer and to beate down the Cittie of Thebes flat to the ground these wordes did so mooue the Thebanes to such heate and furie that at the first incounter they ouercame the Lacedemonians It is much beneficiall for Captaines aduisedlie to consider of the Captaine of his enemies whether he be rashe or politique whether he be fearefull or hardie whether he be more stronge in horsemen or in footemen and there after to vse his owne aduauntage Hannibal perceiuing that Fuluius the Romane Captaine was negligent and attempted many thinges vnaduisedly takinge the aduauntage of a miste that had some thinge obscured the ayre he made a small troupe of his Souldiours to shewe them selues to those that kept watche in the Romane tentes Fuluius hastelie rushing towards them with his Hoste Hanniball on the the other side inuaded his Campe and breaking out in the backe of the Romanes slue their captaine with 8000 of theyr best men at armes Iphicrates of Athens hauing knowledge that his enemies were accustomed to eate still at one time of the day hee therefore commaunded that his owne people should take theyr repast some thing more timelier then raunging foorth in battaile in that instant that his enemies should haue fallen to their victualles he so dalied with them as hée would neither giue them battaile neither suffer them to depart when it drewe towardes night with drawing him selfe as though he went to his lodging and kéeping his men still ready armed his enemies being aswell wearied with longe standinge and with long fasting made hast to refresh them selues and to betake them to theyr victualles Iphicrates bringinge foorth his armie againe on the suddaine setting on his enemies easely ouer came them It is many times behoueful for Captaines to 〈◊〉 from fight when the enemie is brought into some desperate passion through famine or other like naturall necessities and this caused the Lacedemonians béeing certified by theyr spyes that the Messenians were sette on such a rage that they came to the battaile men women and Children which caused the Lacedemonians to to deferre the fight Like wise when Caesar in the cyuill warre had inclosed the Host of Affranius and Petricus within a trench that they were pyned with thyrst in so much that they became desperate destroying all that would withstande them or proffered them fight which being perceiued by Caesar kept in his men supposing it then no time to begin The like respect is to be had that in fight they bring not the enemie into any extreame desperation so to inclose them that dispayre should make them fighte which caused Hanniball when he had inclosed the Germaines at Tarsimenus by which constraint they fought excéeding féercely to open his armie and to make them away to get out beating them downe as they fled with out any perrill to his owne people The like was vsed by L Marcius a Romane Knight when he had inclosed the Carthaginenses and so did Agesialus with the Thebanes When Themistocles had vanquished the power of Xerxes he would in no wise agrée that the bridge shold be broken ouer the which they should returne sayinge it were better to driue them out of Europe them to fight in dispaire All thinges thus considered and a willingnes setteled through the armie to fight let them force that the charge be not giuen in a furie which yet was neuer seconded by vertue for it bréedeth disorder and breache of araie that if victorie be not had at the very first brunte theyr confidence beginnes to quaile and then followeth presente discomfiture Nowe other wise where resolution with order is obserued there is no difficultye that may arise but will bee an occasion to confirme and strengthen theyr courage with hope of victorie which is neuer wanting where order and resolution are linked togeather Hanniball neuer gaue fight but he was still prepared with some Stratagem wherewith to amaze his enemies which many times did stand him in steede for the attaining of seuerall victories The spreading of rumours duringe the fight affirming the Captaine of the enemies to haue béene slaine hath manie times holpen as Iugurth in the battaile against C. Marius by the same policie made the Romanes to
that he was to passe the which they likewise fortified till his comming and that he was passed When Pericles of Athens being driuen by them of Peloponesus into a place inuironed with sléepe hilles where was but two wayes to escape before the one way where he intended to get out he caused a ditche to bée cast of great breadth vnder pretende to shut out his enemies and to the other side hée lead his Hoste as though hee would there haue broken foorth wherefore hys enemies beléeuinge he might in no wyse escape that way where he him selfe had cast the ditche withstoode him with all the power on the other side then Pericles hauinge bridges prepared for the purpose caste them ouer the ditche on the other side where he conueied ouer his armie no man being there to let him When Spartacus was inclosed by L. Varinus hee pitched vp stackes heere and there before the entring of his Campe and set thereon dead car cases clad and Harnised to make a showe vnto them a farre of that watch and warde was dilligently kept and leauing fiers in euerie quarter of the Campe by this couller he deceiued his enemies conueying away his Hoste by night wythout interruption Darius to deceiue the Scithes at his departing lefte Dogges and Asses in the Campe whose barking and braying caused the enemies to thinke how Darius had still remained there With the like errour the Genowayes blinded the Romanes ⧠Fugitiues and Runnagates HAnniball hauing certaine of his men that were latelie fledde and knowing the enemie to haue spyes in the Campe he pronounced openly that those runnagats were gon by his assignement to harken and spy what his enemies entended the Romane spyes returned these newes to theyr companies whereupon these fugitiues were taken theyr handes cut of and thus sent backe againe to Hanniball When Hanno vnderstood that 4000. Gaulles which hée had hired would leaue him and goe to the Romanes because they were vnpayd of certaine menthes wages he durst not punishe them for feare of sedition but promising them very liberallie to rewarde the iniurie they had sustayned by theyr long forbearinge of theyr paye which for the time did some what appease them then presently sending his most trusty Stewarde to Otacilius Consull this Steward fayning to flye away about a controuersie happening betwéene his Captaine and him in a certaine accompt that was betwéene them hée tolde him further that the next night 4000 Gaulles should be sent out to get pray and pillage if it pleased him to take any aduauntage Otacilius neyther hastelie creditinge this runawaies tale neyther thinkinge it a matter to bée dispysed layed an ambushe for them of his best approoued Souldiours and incoūtering the Gaulies which Hanno of purpose had sent foorth put them all to the Sword and in the fight were some of themselues slaine in lyke manner which satisfied the expectation of Hanno accordinglie ⧠Obseruations aswell for those that shall beleager as for the beseeged FOr the surprising or taking eyther of Towne Fort or Castell it is eyther to bée doone by Composition by Mininge by Famine by batterie so by assault But of al other that victory is to be accounted most worthy that is obtained by honourable composition rather then by spillinge of blood Mining if the Scituation wyll permit it is next to be preferred both for expedition and lightnes of charge The Captaine that mindeth to surprise eyther Towne Forte or Castle by famine is sometime inforced to it when the Scituation is so stronge as it admitteth no other forceable meane other whyles they vse it of policy for the safety of their owne people but it is necessary in theyr setting downe to intrench them selues so surelie euery way that neyther behinde they might bee indaungered by any force that should purposedly come to annoy them vnawares neither from the towne they might receiue preiudice by issuing out vpon any sodaine Canuazado Where battery is to be presented the flankers are first to be displaced the breach being after made the assaulte must then spéedelie be giuen that they neither haue respite to fortefie the breach nor leasure to strengthen themselues within I speake not here of Treasons or other corruptiones whereby many townes hath béene bought and solde the be séeged are well to consider of that and to kéepe good watch and warde to preuent many other practises let them lyke wyse take héede of stalles howe they bee drawne foorth for by such meanes they are many times betrayed the lyke respect they must haue whome they receiue in neyther trusting to any apperaunce of outward showe nor to any pretence that they come for theyr succours till there be good assuraunce had what they bée for Townes haue some times receiued theyr enemies vnder the Ensignes of theyr fréendes that should haue come to theyr ayde ⧠Allarmes IT hath euer béene a custome amongest Souldiours of experience sometimes to giue Allarmes to theyr fréendes whome they would eyther prayse or discommende according to the readines they founde to bee amongst them and although they vsed this as a necessary meane to induce theyr Souldiours to be the more care full yet styll in this sorte to deceiue them is a meane rather to make them secure then heedefull when they shall finde them selues to be so often mockt The Allarmes that are giuen by enemies are most vsually for the accomplishment of some exployte sometimes to trayne to ambushe sometimes to cast some bridge sometimes to plant ordenaunce sometimes to make discouery eyther of order number or strength but when any Allarme shall be giuen in the night it is very expedient to chaunge the worde There bée many skilfull Souldiours that thinkes it better vppon occasion to make secréetepreparation and readines and not to take Allarme in such sort as the enemie should perceiue it and to maintaine theyr opinions they aleadge sundry reasons the which Iomitte with many other matters vntill my oportunitie may better serue A KALENDER containing the square roote of any number from 100. to 10000. Seruing for the orderinge of iust squares and sufficient for the Imbatteling of any number By Barnabe Riche Souldiour Malui me diuitem esse quam vocari ⧠Fourmes of Battels which necessary and which vnnecessarie THe antiquitie longe sithens before either Muskette Caliuer or Hargubuse was knowen armed theyr people with Crosbowes Targettes Longe swordes Glaues Partisines Halberdes and such other like shorte weapons in the ordering whereof he euer had the aduauntage that in the fourme of his imbattelinge could bring most men to fight whereupon they framed many proportions which were both requisite and beneficial as the seruice then required but as time hath nowe altered the manner of fight would serue to no purpose at all For example the one if hee had séene the enemie imbattailed in a Triangle he would presently haue ordered himselfe into a sheare battaile incounteringe one of the corners of his aduersarie according to this figure Againe for the